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ADVANCEMENTS IN

ENTOMOLOGICAL
TREATMENT OF
HONEY BEES AND
OTHER BENEFICIAL
POLLINATORS
Dr. Joseph A. Resnick, Ph.D.
Principal Research Fellow
Institute of Marine Biotechnology
University Malaysia Terengganu
Development of LTIP
Low Toxicity Integrated Pest Management Product
Development of LTIP
Low Toxicity Integrated Pest Management Product
Abstract

Feral and commercial honey bee populations are at great risk of dying due to
a number of factors including use of chemical pesticides, parasite infestations
by trachea and varroa mites, rodents, amphibians, hive diseases, e.g.,
AFB/EFB (American/European Foul Brood Disease) and the Hive Beetle.
More recent studies now point to Man as a potential threat to the honeybee.
Current products used to both treat and prevent infestation, although
marginally effective, are costly with some containing chemicals and
compounds that have been found to have migrated into the human food chain.
These may be lethal to other beneficial insects, are difficult to use and may
not be readily available in some more remote regions of the world. Expense
of present products to small/large producers, alike, is also a major
consideration. Of further concern is overburden/use of chemical pesticides,
e.g., nicotinomides, used to remedy honey bee infestations. Such use can
result in possible negative genetic impact and consequences to targeted
individuals, target-vectors and future apis phylogeny/ontogeny. This paper
discusses recent advancements in development of a novel delivery system
wherein conventional treatment modalities, e.g., bee cakes, wafer-type sheets,
foggers that deliver nicotinomides, and products placed on paper (strips) are
replaced with microcapsules configured to enable delivery of low-toxicity,
natural fumigant pesticides made from the melaleuca tree and natural
beeswax.

Common Beehive Types
Commercial Hive Natural Beehive
Differences in Hive Structure
European Honeybee
Stingless Honeybee (Melipona)
A Clean Hive Is A Productive Hive
Experimental Hive USA

Experimental Hive Malaysia

The Major threats facing Bee Colonies today



Predators
1. Rodents
2. Moths (Wax Moth, Pepper Moth, Bee Moth)
3. Insects (ants, aphids, mites)
4. Amphibians (tree frog, salamanders)
5. Animals (bears, tapirs, fox, skunks, opossum)
6. Climate Change
7. Man

Hive Management and Maintenance
1. Keeping the Hive Clean





Bee Larva infested with Varrowa Mites
Air Sacs infested with Trachea Mites
Recent Evidence, Causes of
Hive Morbidity
Honeybee deaths are on the rise across the world, and
researchers are working to find the cause. With as
many as 40 or 50 percent of commercial U.S. bee
hives lost to colony collapse disorder, according to
the New York Times, scientists are eyeing a relatively
new class of pesticides as a likely culprit.
Neonicotinoids, which are chemically similar to
nicotine, have already been shown to interfere with
bees' capacity to learn scents, hampering their efforts
to collect food.

Conventional Treatment Products
Apistan
















Sucrocide
Mite Away II
Apiguard
2 INCHES
3 INCHES
2 INCHES
4 INCHES
LTIP (Low ToxicityIntegrated Pest Management Product)
Effectiveness Treatment vs Result
4x
More Effective than
Conventional
Treatment
Modalities
Apistan
Apiguard
MiteAeay
Sucro
Cide
Effectiveness of LTIP vs Conventional
Products during 180 Day Test Program
At Green Mtn. Lab, Lenoir, NC, USA
March 1, 2014 through August 30, 2014

LTIP
Apistan
Apiguard
Sucrocide
Novel Delivery System: Nano Spheres
Manufactured Nano Spheres
Creation of the manufactures


Benefits of Nano Spheres and Nanocapsules
Composed of 100%
natural components
More efficient/effective
enabling increased
bioavailability
Quick and easy to use
Less expensive than
conventional treatment
products
Stress-eliminators
for individual members of
the colony
Ergonomically-friendly
Helps to increase
honey output yields
More easily transported by
individuals to hard-to-
reach areas deep within the
hive.
Interesting Facts About Bees


It takes 12 bees their entire lifetime to make just one teaspoon of honey.
Honey bees visit 2 million flowers to make one pound of honey
Field bees visit 50 to 100 flowers during each trip.
Honey bees fly 12 and 15 miles per hour.
Honey bees flap their wings 12,000 times per minute.
Honey bees are covered in hairs designed to trap pollen. Even their eyes have hair on them! As they
collect pollen for their hive the bees bodies transfer it from flower to flower and that's how
pollination occurs.
Honey is essentially dehydrated nectar from flowers. Bees eat honey and pollen from flowers. They
ferment the pollen first and mix it with honey in order to be able to digest it.
One honey bee hive visits about 225,000 flowers per day.
A strong hive may contain up to 60,000 honey bees.
All the worker bees are female. The drones or male bees have only one job and that is to mate with
the queen. The drone mates one time then he dies.
The queen bee can mate with up to 45 drones. But the average number is 13.
The queen goes on a mating flight several days after she emerges. Once a queen bee is mated, she
keeps the drone's sperm alive inside her for the rest of her life. She never mates again.
A queen bee lays up to 2000 eggs a day (an average of one every 45 seconds) and may lay a million
eggs in her entire lifetime.
The queen bee decides to lay a fertilized egg which will be a worker bee or new queen or an
unfertilized egg which will develop into a drone.

References

1. Garcia-Viguera C., Greenaway W., Whatley F.R. (1992) Composition of propolis from two different Spanish regions, Z. Naturforsch. 47c,
634637.

2. Marcucci M.C. (1995) Propolis: chemical composition, biological properties and therapeutic activity, Apidologie 26, 8399.

3. Resnick, J.A., NASA Spinoff, May, 2013, Saving the Honeybee, http://contest.techbriefs.com/2013/entries/sustainable-technologies/3266

4. Valcic S., Montenegro G., Mujica A.M., Avila G.,Franzblau S., Singjh M.P., Maiese W.M., Timmermann B.N. (1999) Phytochemical,
morphological and biological investigations from central Chile, Z. Naturforsch. 54C, 406416

5. [1] AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE (ARS). CCD Action Plan.
Washington DC: USDA, 2007. Avaliable at:
http://ars.usda.gov/is/br/ccd/ccd actionplan.pdf. Accessed in: Jun.
04th, 2013

6. The CCD Steering Committee.(2006) Washington D.C.

7. Department of Agriculture (USDA),(2006-2007). Research and development programs

8. Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Baltimore, MD

9. National Institute of Food and Agriculture.(2006) (NIFA), Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)

10. CCD Action Plan. (2007), Which may also be referenced at-(www.ars.usda.gov/is/br/ccd/ccd_actionplan.pdf)

11. RMANNCO Labs, NC-(North Carolina). (2013), Micro-encapsulation processes and re-introduction of bee
honeycombs. Secondary testing laboratories for USDA Certification located in CA-(California)

12. Stewart Research and Consulting. (2013) Research and Development Department, Gonzales, Texas 78629
Scientific Microscopic Imaging Study involving locating and identifying pesticide residues from 200 microns-50-
nm-(nanometers) and less. Contact Stewart Research at - rs@stewart-research.com

13. Contact Dr. Resnick, Team Leader, for additional information or see: http://www.rmannco.com/low-toxicityipm-
products.html
.
DR. JOSEPH A. RESNICK
PRINCIPAL RESEARCH FELLOW
INSTITUTE OF MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA TERENGGANU

@ JOSEPH.RESNICK@UMT.EDU.MY
For Additional Information Contact:


Thank You

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