Advanced Power Electronics

Biyani's Think Tank
Concept based notes

Advanced Power Electronics
(B.Tech)

Disha Mehtani
Lecture
Deptt. of Electrical and Electronics
Biyani Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jaipur

2
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any kind arising to anyone in any manner on account of such errors and omissions.
Advanced Power Electronics 3

Preface

I am glad to present this book, especially designed to serve the needs of the
students. The book has been written keeping in mind the general weakness in
understanding the fundamental concepts of the topics. The book is self-explanatory
and adopts the Teach Yourself style. It is based on question-answer pattern. The
language of book is quite easy and understandable based on scientific approach.
Any further improvement in the contents of the book by making corrections,
omission and inclusion is keen to be achieved based on suggestions from the
readers for which the author shall be obliged.
I acknowledge special thanks to Mr. Rajeev Biyani, Chairman & Dr. Sanjay
Biyani, Director (Acad.) Biyani Group of Colleges, who are the backbones and main
concept provider and also have been constant source of motivation throughout this
Endeavour. They played an active role in coordinating the various stages of this
Endeavour and spearheaded the publishing work.
I look forward to receiving valuable suggestions from professors of various
educational institutions, other faculty members and students for improvement of the
quality of the book. The reader may feel free to send in their comments and
suggestions to the under mentioned address.

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Author

4

Syllabus

ADVANCED POWER ELECTRONICS

Syllabus:
6EX4 ADVANCED POWER ELECTRONICS

Unit-1 AC Voltage Controllers: Principle of On-Off Control, Principle of Phase
control, Single Phase Bi-directional Controllers with Resistive Loads, Single Phase
Controllers with Inductive Loads, Three Phase full wave AC controllers, AC Voltage
Controller with PWM Control.

Unit-2 Inverters: Principle of Operation, Single-phase bridge inverters, Three phase
bridge Inverters: 180 and 120 degree of conduction. Voltage control of Single Phase
and Three Phase Inverters, Current Source Inverters, Harmonics and its reduction
techniques.

Unit-3 Cycloconverters: Basic principle of operation, single phase to single phase,
threephase to three-phase and three phase to single phase cycloconverters. Output
equation, Control circuit.

Unit-4 DC Power Supplies: Switched Mode DC Power Supplies, flyback converter,
forward converter, half and full bridge converter, resonant DC power supplies,
bidirectional power supplies.

Unit-5 AC Power Supplies: Switched mode power supplies, Resonant AC power
supplies, bidirectional AC power supplies. Multistage conversions, Control Circuits:
Voltage Mode Control, Current Mode Control


Unit 1
Ac voltage controllers

Q1. Give introduction about ac voltage controllers. Explain principle of on- off
control.
Ans:
If a thyristor switch is connected between ac supply and load, the power can
be controlled by varying the rms value of ac voltage applied to the load and
this type of power circuit is known as ac voltage controller. The most
application of ac voltage controllers are:
I. Industrial heating
II. On-load transformer tap changing
III. Light controls
IV. Speed control of induction motors
V. AC magnet controls
For power transfer, two types of control are normally used:
1. On-off control
2. Phase angle control
In on-off control, thyristor switches connect the load to the ac source for a few
cycles of the input voltage and then disconnected for a few cycles.
In phase control, thyristor switches connect the load to the ac source for a portion
of each cycle.

Principle of on -off control:
The thyristor switch connects the ac supply to load for a particular
time,the switch is turned off by a gate pulse. The on time consists of an
integral number of cycles. The thyristors are turned off at the zero voltage
crossisngs of input voltage.
6

The output voltage is found from:

Note that k is called the duty cycle, and the power factor and output
voltage vary with the square root of k.

Q2. Explain principle of phase control.
Ans.
The principle of phase control can be explained with the following circuit.

k V
n m
n
V V
t d t V
m n
n
V
s s rms o
s rms o
2 / 1
2
0
2 2
) ( sin 2
) ( 2

Due to the presence of diode D1, the control range is limited. The rms output
voltage can only be varied between 70.7 to 100%. The output voltage and
input current are asymmetrical and contain a dc component.
This circuit is a single-phase half-wave controller and is suitable only for low
power resistive loads, such as heating and lighting. Since the power flow is
controlled during the positive half-cycle of input voltage, this type of
controller is also known as unidirectional controller.
The rms value of the output voltage is found from:

The average value of the output voltage is:

Q3. Describe Single Phase Bi-directional ac voltage Controllers with Resistive
Loads.
Ans:
The problem of dc input current can be prevented by using bidirectional or
full-wave control.
During the positive half cycles of input voltage, the power flow is controlled
by varying the delay angle of thyristor T1 and thyristor T2 controls the power
floe during the negative half cycles of input voltage. The firing pulse of T1
and T2 are kept 180 degree apart.
Single Phase Bi-directional ac voltage Controllers with Resistive Loads are
shown in this figure.

2 / 1
2 / 1 2 2
2
2 2
)]
2
2 sin
2 (
2
1
[
)]} ( sin 2 ) ( sin 2 [
2
1
{
s o
s s o
V V
t d t V t d t V V
) 1 (cos
2
2
)] ( sin 2 ) ( sin 2 [
2
1
2
s
o
s s dc
V
V
t d t V t d t V V
8

The rms value of the output voltage is:

Q4. Describe Single Phase Bi-directional ac voltage Controllers with inductive
load.
Ans:
In practice, most loads are inductive to a certain extent. A full-wave controller
with an inductive load is shown next.
The gating signals of thyristors could be short pulses for a controller with a
resistive load. However, they are not suitable for inductive loads. When
thyristor T2 is fired, thyristor T1 is still conducting due to the inductive load.
By the time the current of T1 falls to zero and T1 is turned off, the gate current
of T2 has already ceased. Consequently, T2 will not be turned on. This
difficulty can be resolved by using a continuous gate signal with a duration of
- .

However a continuous gate pulse increases the switching loss of thyristors. In
practice a train of pulses with short duration are used to overcome the loss
problem.
The rms value of the output load voltage is found from:

2 / 1
2 / 1
2 2
2
2 sin
(
1
) ( sin 2
2
2
s o
s o
V V
t d t V V
2 / 1
2 / 1
2 2
2
2 sin
2
2 sin
(
1
) ( sin 2
2
2
s o
s o
V V
t d t V V

Q5. Describe three phase full wave controllers.
Ans:
The unidirectional controllers, which contain dc input current and higher
harmonic content due to the asymmetrical nature of the output voltage
waveform, are not normally used in ac motor drives. A three-phase
bidirectional control is commonly used. The circuit diagram of a three-phase
full-wave controller is shown next.
For 0 < < 60
o
:

For 60
o
< < 90
o
:

For 90
o
< < 150
o
:

2 / 1
)
8
2 sin
4 6
(
1
6
s o
V V
2 / 1
)
16
2 cos 3
16
2 sin 3
12
(
1
6
s o
V V
2 / 1
)
16
2 cos 3
16
2 sin
4 24
5
(
1
6
s o
V V
10

Q6. Explain ac voltage control with PWM.
Ans:
The input power factor of controlled rectifiers can be improved by PWM type
of control. The naturally commutated thyristor controllers introduce lower-
order harmonics in load and the supply side. The performance of ac voltage
controllers can be improved by PWM control.
The following circuit shows a single-phase ac voltage controller with PWM.

The switches S1 and S2 are turned off several times during the positive and
negative half-cycles. S'1 and S'2 provide the freewheeling paths for the load
current.


Unit 2
Inverters

Q1. Define inverter and explain principle of operation.
Ans1.
INVERTER:
A device which converts DC power-to-AC power at desires output voltage
and frequency is known as inverter. The function of an inverter is to change a
dc input to a symmetrical ac output voltage of desired magnitude and
frequency. The output voltage can be fixed or variable at a fixed or variable
frequency.
A variable output voltage can be obtained by varying the input dc voltage
and maintaining the gain of the inverter constant. If the dc voltage is fixed, a
variable output voltage is obtained by varying the inverter gain (PWM).The
inverter gain is defined as the ratio of the ac output voltage to dc input
voltage. Inverters can be broadly classified into single-phase and three-phase
inverters.
Principle of operation:
Single phase bridge inverters:
These are of 2 types:
i. Single phase half bridge inverter
ii. Single phase full bridge inverter

Single phase half bridge inverter consists of two choppers and two diodes.
Transistors switched on and off alternately. Need to isolate the gate signal for
Q1 (upper device).Each provides opposite polarity of Vs/2 across the load.
When Q1 on, Q2 off, vo = Vs/2
When Q1 off, Q2 on, vo = -Vs/2
The rms output voltage is: V0=VS/2.
The principle of single-phase inverter operation can be explained with
the following figure.
12

Q2 . Explain steady-state analysis of single phase inverter.
Ans:
The instantaneous output voltage is given by:

rms value of the fundamental component

Load Current for a highly inductive load

Transistors are only switched on for a quarter-cycle, or 90 .Fourier Series of
the output current for an RL load:

Q3. Explain working of single phase full bridge inverter.
Ans3:
It consists of four choppers four diodes and 3-wire DC source.Q1-Q2 and Q3-
Q4 switched on and off alternately. Need to isolate the gate signal for Q1 and
Q3 (upper).
Each pair provide opposite polarity of Vs across the load.

When Q1-Q2 on, Q3-Q4 off, vo = Vs
When Q3-Q4 on, Q1-Q2 off, vo = -Vs
The rms output voltage is Vo = Vs.

Q4. Describe three phase bridge inverters.
Ans:
Three-phase inverters are used for high power applications. Three-single
phase inverters can be connected in parallel to form a three-phase inverter.
This arrangement will require 12 transistors, 12 diodes, and three single-
phase transformers.
14

The gating signals of the single phase inverters should be 120 degrees with
respect to each other. The transformer primaries are isolated from each other,
while the secondarys may be connected in wye or delta.

A three-phase output can be obtained from a configuration of six transistors
and six diodes.Two types of control signals can be applied to the transistors:
180
o
conduction or 120
o
conduction.


180 degree Conduction:
For this mode of operation, each device conducts 180 degrees. The sequence
of firing is: 123, 234, 345, 456, 561, 612.The gating signals are shifted from each
other by 60 degrees.

16

120 degree Conduction:
In this mode, each transistor conducts for 120 degrees. The sequence of firing
is: 61, 12, 23, 34, 45, 56, 61.
Voltage waveform for 120 degree mode:

Q5. Give explanation about voltage control In single phase inverters.
Ans: Voltage Control of Single-Phase Inverters:
These are the commonly-used Techniques:
i. Single-Pulse-Width-Modulation
ii. Multiple-Pulse-Width-Modulation
iii. Sinusoidal-Pulse-Width-Modulation
iv. Modified-Sinusoidal-Pulse-Width-Modulation

Single-Pulse-Width-Modulation

One Pulse per Half-Cycle Pulse Width Controls the Output Voltage

Carrier and Reference Signals

18

Compare the Reference Signal with the Carrier. Frequency of the Reference
Signal determines the frequency of the Output Voltage. Modulation Index =
M = Ar/Ac
Gate Signals and Output

Rms value of the Output Voltage


Harmonics contents in single pulse modulation:

Multiple-Pulse-Width-Modulation

20

Multiple Pulses per Half-Cycle of Output Voltage

Gate Signal Generation

Compare the Reference Signal with the Carrier. Frequency of the Reference
Signal determines the Output Voltage Frequency. Frequency of the Carrier
determines the number of pulses per half-cycle. Modulation Index controls
the Output Voltage.


Gate Signals and Output Voltage

Number of pulses per half cycle = p = fc/2fo = mf /2 where mf = frequency
modulation ratio

.

Harmonic contents in multiple pulse modulation:

22

This is found that harmonics contents in multiple pulse modulation is lower
than the single pulse modulation. In single pulse modulation harmonics
contents are 86%. And in multiple pulse modulation harmonics contents are
63%.


Unit 3

Cycloconverters

Q1. Define cycloconverter and explain principle of working.
Ans:
Cycloconverters directly convert ac signals of one frequency (usually line
frequency) to ac signals of variable frequency. These variable frequency ac
signals can then be used to directly control the speed of ac motors.
Thyristor-based cycloconverters are typically used in low speed, high
power (multi-MW) applications for driving induction and wound field
synchronous motors.
Basically they are of two types:
i. Step down cycloconverters
ii. Step up cycloconverters
In step down cycloconverters the output frequency f0 is lower than the
supply frequency fs. (f0<fs)
In step up cycloconverters the output frequency f0 is greater than the supply
frequency fs. (f0>fs)

Single-Phase to Single-Phase Cycloconverters:
Mid point type:
The basic principle of cycloconversion is illustrated by the single phase-to-
single phase converter shown below.
A positive center-tap thyristor converter is connected in anti-parallel with a
negative converter of the same type. This allows current/voltage of either
polarity to be controlled in the load.

24

The waveforms are shown below:

An integral half-cycle output wave is created which has a fundamental
frequency f0=(1/n) fi where n is the number of input half-cycles per half-
cycle of the output. The thyristor firing angle can be set to control the
fundamental component of the output signal. Step-up frequency conversion
can be achieved by alternately switching high frequency switching devices

(e.g. IGBTs, instead of thyristors) between positive and negative limits at high
frequency to generate carrier-frequency modulated output.

Q2. Explain working of single phase Bridge type cycloconverter.
Ans:
It consists of 8 thyristors. Four thyristors are forward biased called pconverter
and rest four are reversed baised called n convereter. The load is connected
between the p converter and n converter.
Wave form of single phase bridge type cycloconverter:

26

Q3. Explain three phase to single phase cycloconverters.
Ans:
3 to single phase conversion can be achieved using either of the dual
converter circuit topologies shown below:

They can be of the following types:

Q4. Explain three phase to three phase cycloconverters.
Ans:

Each phase group functions as a dual converter but the firing angle of each
group is modulated sinusoidally with 2 /3 phase angle shift -> 3 balanced
voltage at the motor terminal. An inter-group reactor (IGR) is connected to
each phase to restrict circulating current.
An output phase wave is achieved by sinusoidal modulation of the thyristor
firing angles.
A variable voltage, variable frequency motor drive signal can be achieved by
adjusting the modulation depth and output frequency of the converter.
A 3 to 3 cycloconverter can be implemented using 18 thyristors as shown
below:

The synthesized output voltage wave contains complex harmonics
which can be adequately filtered out by the machines leakage inductance.

28

A 3 to 3 bridge cycloconverter (widely used in multi-MW applications)
can be implemented using 36 thyristors as shown below:

Q5. Write output equation for a three phase cycloconverter.
Ans:
The output phase voltage v0 can be written as:

where V0 is the rms output voltage and 0 is the output angular frequency.
We can also write:

where the modulation factor, mf is given by:


Unit 4

Dc power supplies

Q1 What is SMPS? Classified it.
Ans:
SMPS means Switch Mode Power Supply. This is used for D.C to D.C
conversion. This works on the principle of switching regulation. The SMPS
system is highly reliable, efficient, noiseless and compact because the
switching is done at very high rate in the order of several KHz to MHz. The
SMPS regulators are used in B.S.N.L at various locations like CDOT, E10B
and Transmission systems etc.
They are classified as:
1. Flyback
2. Forward
3. Push-pull
4. Half Bridge
5. Full-Bridge

Q2. Describe Flyback and forward cycloconverter.
Ans:
Flyback cycloconverter:
Mode 1 Operation when Q1 is ON.
Then the Current builds up in the primary winding and Secondary winding
has the opposite polarity D1 OFF.C maintains the output voltage, supplies
load current.
Circuit configuration for flyback converter:
30

Mode 2 Operation when Q1 is turned OFF
THE Polarity of the windings reverses and Diode D1 conducts, charging C
and providing current to the load RL. Secondary current falls to 0 before the
next cycle begins.

Waveform Summary:

Forward Converter:
It Includes a reset winding to return energy and secondary dot so that D2
forward biased when Q1 is ON no energy stored in the primary. It Operates
in continuous mode.


Circuit configuration of forward converter:

Mode 1 Operation when Q1 is ON.
Then the Current builds up in the primary winding and energy will
transferred to the load.

Mode 2 Operation when Q1 is turned OFF. Then the Polarity of transformer
voltages reverses and D2 turns OFF, D1 and D3 turn ON.

Waveform summary

32

Q3. Explain Push-Pull Converter.
Ans: Push-Pull Operation:
When Q1 is ON, then the Vs will across the lower primary winding and
when Q2 is ON, the Vs will across the upper primary winding.

Circuit configuration of push pull converter

Q4. Explain Half-Bridge and full bridge Converter.
Ans:
Cuircuit configuration of half bridge converter:

Mode 1 Operation:
When Q1 is ON, D1 is conducting and the energy will transferred to the load.


Mode 2 Operation:
When Both the transistors are OFF and D1 continues to conduct due to
current in L1 .

Mode 3 Operation:
When Q2 ON, D2 is conducting and energy will transferred to the load.

Mode 4 Operation:
When Both the transistors are OFF and D2 continues to conduct due to
current in L1.

Waveform Summary

Circuit configuration of full bridge converter:
Mode 1 Operation:
When Q1,Q4 are ON and Q2,Q3 are OFF and D1 is conducting then the energy
will transferred to the load.
Mode 2 Operation:
When all transistors are OFF and D1 continues to conduct due to current in L1.
34

Mode 3 Operation:
When Q2,Q3 are ON, Q1,Q4 OFF and D2 is conducting then energy will
transferred to the load.
Mode 4 Operation:
When all transistors are OFF and D2 continues to conduct due to current in L1
.
Waveform Summary


Q5. Draw the diagram of resonance dc power supplies.
Ans:
If the variation of the dc output voltage is not wide, resonant pulse inverters
can be used. The inverters frequency which could be the same as resonant
frequency is very high and the inverter output voltage is almost sinusoidal.
Resonance dc power cab be of 2 types:
half bridge and full bridge
Half-Bridge Resonant Inverter:

Full bridge resonant inverter:

36

Q6. Draw a circuit for bidirectional dc power supply.
Ans:
The Output inverter and Rectifier are combined into a cycloconverter
(converts one frequency ac into another frequency ac) and the power flow in
either direction. The direction of the power flow depends on the values of V0,
Vs and turn ratio. For power flow from source to load the inverter operates in
inversion mode. And for power flow from load to source the inverter
operates as rectifier.
The bidirectional converters allow the inductive current to flow in either
direction and the current floe becomes continous.

Circuit diagram of bidirectional power supply


Unit 5

Ac Power Supplies

Q1. Explain workin of UPS in ac power supplies.
Ans:
The switch mode ac power supply can be use as standby source for critical
loads (computer) and as primary source when normal ac not available.
The stand by power supplies also known as UPS(uninterruptible power
supply).
There are 2 common configurations for it:-

Configuration 1:
Load normally supplied by Main Supply.

Operating Modes:
Normal condition
When Main supply applied to the load and rectifier keeps batteries charged
Main supply failure
38

The Inverter supplies power to the load and when interruption is over, main
supply is applied to the load.

Configuration 2
Inverter supplies power to the load:
Operating Modes:
Normal condition
When Inverter operates continuously, powering the load and rectifier
maintains the charge on the batteries. The Inverter conditions the supply to
the load.
Inverter failure
The Main supply will powers the load.


Q2. Explain the types of ac power supplies.
Ans:
They can be classified as:
Switched-mode
Resonant
Bidirectional

Switched-Mode AC Power Supply:
It consists of two inverters. One is at Input side and operates at high-
frequency. Reduces size of transformer and DC filter components at the input
of the output-side inverter.
Other is at output side and operates at output frequency.

40

Resonant AC Power Supply:
It consists of two inverters. One is at Input side and is a resonant inverter.
Other is at output side operates with PWM control at the output frequency.

Bidirectional AC Power Supply:
The Output inverter and Rectifier are combined into a cycloconverter
(converts one frequency ac into another frequency ac) and the power flow in
either direction.

Q3. Explain multistage conversion.
Ans:
There are four conversions : AC-DC DC-AC AC-DC DC-AC. Ultimately
an AC AC Conversion. The pair of rectifier and inverter can be replaced by
converter. The switching functions this converter can be synthesized to
combine the functions the rectifier and the inverter. This converter which
converts ac- ac directly called the forced commutated cycloconverter. The ac-
dc-ac-dc conversion is shown in figure and can be performed by two forced
commutated cycloconverters.

Configuration of multistage conversion:

42

Bibliography

1. Dr. P. S. bhimbhra, Power electronics , Jain book agency

2. Sachin S. Sharma , Power electronics, Jain book agency

3. Muhammad H. Rashid, Power Electronics : Circuit, Devices and Applications,
Pearson Education ,INC

4. Ashfaq Ahmed, Power Electronics For Technology, Prentice Hall PTR, 1999

5. Erickson, Robert, Fundamental of Power Electronics, 2nd ed. 2001

Web site:
6. Google.com
7. Wikipedia.com
8. Power electronics.com
9. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=-
WqvjxMXClAC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=on
epage&q&f=false
10. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=chOFQgAACAAJ&source=gbs_similarboo
ks

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