MultiphaseFlow

QuestionswithAnswers

Chapter2

1) With the help of neat sketches discuss the flow patterns observed in vertical and horizontal
heatedtubes.

Ans:RefertoFig2.3&Fig2.4alongwiththeassociateddiscussion.

2) Also discuss the probable reasons for the differences in flow patterns in a horizontal heated
tubeascomparedto(i)verticalheatedtube(ii)horizontalunheatedtube.

Ans: (i) Influence of gravity which leads for asymmetric phase distribution and stratification of
thetwophases.

(ii)(a)Departurefromhydrodynamicandthermalequilibrium
(b)Presenceofradialtemperatureprofile

3) Gasliquid stratified flow in a horizontal pipe encounters a vertical T junction. How do you
anticipatetheflowpatterntochangeaftertheT?

Ans:AsthestratifiedgasliquidmixtureencountersaverticalT,someamountofgaswillenter
thesidebranch.ThisreducestherelativeproportionofgasinthemainarmaftertheTandis
expectedtocausegasliquidbubblyflowafterthetwophasemixtureencountersthejunction.

4) Whatisfilminversion?Whenisitencounteredintwophaseflow?

Ans : The phenomena of film inversion occurs when a two phase mixture under stratified flow
encountersareturnbend.ThisisillustratedinFig.2.11(a).Underthiscondition,thefilmonthe
innerwallswhiletravellingthroughthe180
0
bendflowsalongtheouterwallafterthebend.The
filminversionofbluekeroseneisevidentinFig.2.11(a).

5) Withthehelpofneatsketchesdescribeamixedflowpattern(neitherseparatednordispersed)
for(a)gasliquidflow(b)liquidliquidflow.

Ans:GasliquidflowSlugFlow
LiquidliquidflowThreelayerflowwithlighterliquidonthetop,heavierliquidonthebottom
andamixtureofdropletsofthetwoliquidsinthecentralportion.RefertoTable2.1.

6) A distillation column in a petroleum refinery plant operates with a mixture of crude oil and
natural gas as feed which is fed by a pipeline into the feed tray of the column. Due to some
reasons,therefineryisprovidedwithanincreasedsupplyofrawmaterials(crudeandgas).In
order to handle the increased supply, the plant manager had two options (a) t install a
distillation column with a capacity to handle large quantity feed and (b) to install another
column along with the existing one, introduce the previous quantity of the feed in the old
column and divert the extra quantity to the new column. From cost considerations, the
management decided to go for the second option. With that option, they just needed to
required quantity of feedinto the new column. These installations would cost less and require
less time to start the operation. Accordingly, the necessary changes were made. The new
columnwasinstalledintheplantsiteandthetotalfeed(crude+gas)wasdividedintotwoparts
by a T junction and each part was fed into the respective distillation column. It was expected
that the plant would run smoothly after this. However, after a few days it was noticed that
neitherofthetwocolumnswereoperatingpropertyandtherewasadrasticfallinefficiencyof
the existing column which was operating fine before the new venture was taken up. You as a
newmanagementtraineeofthecompanywascalledupontolookintotheproblemsinceyou
hadacourseofmultiphaseflowinyourcollege.Youwereaskedtoinvestigatetheproblemand
propose a possible solution to it. You found out that the columns were not getting the
composition of the feed they were used to handle and this occurs because there is
misdistributionofthetwophasesattheT.YouwereawareofthisfeatureoftheTjunctionfrom
yourknowledgeofmultiphaseflow.Accordingly,yousuggestedareviseddesignofthepipeline
so that the problem can be alleviated. Present schematics of the original and revised pipeline
layoutinordertoensuretroublefreeoperationoftheplant.

Ans:

7. Usingrelevantflowpatternmaps(BakeretalforhorizontaltubeandHewittandRobertsforvertical
tube) evaluate the most likely flow pattern occurring for a steamwater system flowing in a 2.54cm
diameter ( vertical (b) horizontal pipe where the system pressure is 70 Bar, the mass qualities are 1%
and50%andthemassfluxesare(a)500Kg/m2secand(b)2000Kg/m2secrespectively.

Solution:
ForVerticaltube:
For 1st Case

1 2
1 2
W W W
G G G
A A
+
= = = +
Here

In70Bar,wegetsaturationtemperaturefromstemtable=255.9
0
candv
g
=0.027382m
3
/kg
andv
f
=0.0013514m3/kgand
3 3
36.520kg/m and 739.98kg/m
g g
= =
( )
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
2
2 1
1 1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
1
495 / sec
331.1238142 / sec
739.98 /
s
f
f f
f
W u A
G
A A
u u j
G j
G
j
G
or j
kg m
kg m
kg m

= =
= = =
=
=
=

= =

Similarly
2
1 2
2
2
2
2
2
1
500 / sec
1
1% 0.01
100
0.01
0.01 500 5 / sec
500 5 495 / sec
G G G kg m
G
x
G
G G
G kg m
G kg m
+ = =
= = = =
=
= =
= =
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
5 / sec
36.520 /
0.684556407 / sec
g
g g
g
kg m G
j
kg m
kg m

= =
=

ThereforefromfigurewegetflowpatternisBubbleslug.

For2ndCase:
For G = 2000 kg/m
2
sec and x = 50% = 0.5 we get
G2 = xG = 0.5 2000 = 1000kg/m
2
-sec
and
G
1
= (1-x)G = 0.5 2000 = 1000 kg/m
2
-sec

Now

ThereforefromfigurewegetflowpatternisAnnular
ForHorizontaltube:
1stcase
Forpressure70barfromfigureweget 4.8and =2.3 = for G = 500 kg/m
2
-sec and x = 1%
= 0.01
G
2
= G
g
= 495 kg/m
2
-sec
2
495 2.3
1138.5 / sec
f
G
kg m
=
=

( )
( )
2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1000
36.520
27382.2563 /
1000
and
739.98
1351.387875 / sec
g
g g
f
f f
f
G
G
j j
kg Sec m
G
j
kg m

= = =
=
=
= =
=
and
2 2
5
1.04166 / sec
4.8
g
G
G
kg m

= = =
Therefromfigurewegetflowpatternisslug
2ndCase:
For G = 2000 kg/m
2
-sec and x = 50% = 0.5
Weget G1 = Gf = 1000 kg/m
2
and
G
2
= G
g
= 1000 kg/m
2
sec
2
1000 2.3 2300 / sec
f
G kg m = =
2
1000
208.333 / sec
4.8
f
G kg m = =
ThereforefromfigurewegetflowisDispersedBubblyflow.

Chapter3

1.) Derive a relation to express (a) x, the mass quality in terms of volumetric quality and the
density
1
and
2
ofthephases.(b)slipratiointermsofandonly(c)j,theoverallvolumetric
flux in terms of inlet velocity of saturated liquid (u
lo
) to a evaporating tube, the mass quality x
andthephasedensities
l
and
v
.

(1a)

( )
( )
1 1 1
1
1
G L
L G
L
G
G
G g L L
L G L
v x
x v
x
x
x x x x
| |
| |
|
|
|
| | |
|

= =

=
= =
+

(1b)
( )
1 1
1
1
g
g g
L
L L
Q
U Q
A
Q
U Q
A
o o | o
o | o
o

= = =

(1c)
( )
( )
( )
( )
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
L G
G G G G L L L L
L G
L G
L G
L G
G L
L
G
F
L
G
F
L
G
F
L
j j j
Q W W v Q W W v
A A A A A A
x v xv W
A A A
W
x v xv
A
W
x v xv
A
xv Wv
x
A v
v
U x
v
v
U x
v
v
U x
v

= +
= + = + = +
(
= +
(

= + (

= + (

(
= +
(

(
= +
(

( | |
= +
( |
\ .
( | |
= +
( |
\ .

(2)Estimateinaheatedtubeinwhichevaporationosoccurringintermsofx(massquality),ulo(inlet
velocityofliquidtobeevaporated),
gj
u (driftvelocity),phasedensities
l
and
v
andC
0
thedistribution
coefficient.Assumethedriftfluxmodeltobeapplicableforthevaporliquidmixture.

( )
( )
1 1
1 .
1 1 1
1
1 1
1
1
1
1
G G G G
L L L L
G G G
L L L
G G
L L
G
G
G
L
G
L
Q W v v x
Q W v x v
v v v x x x
x v x v x v
v v x x
or
x v x v
xv
v x
x v
x v
v x
x v
|
|
| | |
|
= = =

( (
= =
( (


(
+ =
(

=
+

( )
( )
1
1
L G
L
x v xv
x v
+

( )
( )
1
1
1
1
G
L G
L
G
xv
x v xv
x v
x v
=
+
=
(
+
(

(3)Find o inaheatedtubeinwhichevaporationisoccurringintermsofx(massquality),
0 L
u (inlet
velocityofliquidtobeevaporated),
gj
u (driftvelocity), ,
L G
(phasedensities)and
0
C (distribution
coefficient)assumingdriftfluxmodeltobeapplicableforthetwophasevaporliquidmixture.

Solution:Fromdriftfluxmodel,
0
g
g gj
j
u C j u
o
= = +
Dividingbyjthroughput,
0
g g gj
j u u
C
j j j o
= = +
Or,
0
g gj
j u
C
j j
|
|
o
| |
| = + =
|
\ .

Or,
0
gj
u
C
j
|
o =
+
(1)
Inequation(1)
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
G
G G G G L L
G L
G L L G G L G x
G L G L
G L
W x W x
Q x x
W x x W W x Q Q x x x W

|



= = = = = =
+ + +
+ +
+

( ) 1
1 1
G G L L L
L G
L G L G L G L G
W x Q W Q W Q Wx W x x x x
j j j
A A A A A A A A

( (
= + = + = + = + = + = +
( (

Atinlet,mixtureisallliquidwith ,
L L
W W Q Q = =

Substitutingindividualtermsinequation(1)weget:
( ) ( )
0
0
1
1
1
1
L L
G L G L G
gj
gj
L
L G LO
LO
L G
G
x x
x x x
u
u
x
C
C x
u
u x x
x x


o

+ +
= =
(
+
+ +
(
(

+
(

+

1
L
G
L
G
x
x x

| |
|
\ .
| |
+
|
\ .
=
0 0 0
1
gj
L
G LO
L
G
u
C C x C x
u
x x

+ +
| |
+
|
\ .

1 1
LO L L L
LO
L G G
Au x
x x u x
A


( (
+ = +
( (

0 0
0 0
1
1
L
G
gj
L
G LO
G
L L
gj
G
L
LO
G
x
u
C x C
u
x
u
C x C
u

| |
|
\ .
=
( (
+ +
( (

=
(

(
| |
( + +
|
(
\ .
(

0 0
0 0
1
gj
G G
L Lo L
gj
L G G
L Lo L
x
u
C x C
u
x
u
C x C
u




=
| | (
+ +
| (
\ .
=
| | (
+ +
| (
\ .

4)Waterat10atmentersastraightevaporatortube.Ifthevelocityratioofwatertovaporis
constantat2.0andmassfluxis2X10
5
kg/hr(m
2
),estimatethevoidfractionandmomentumfluxata
qualityof0.1.Assume
water
=903.18kg/m
3
and
vapor
=3.6142kg/m
3
.

2 2 2 2
1 1 1
1
1
2
(1 )
(1 )
1
1
TP
TP
G x
u Q A
G x
u Q A
x
x
o
o
o
o
= =

| |
=
|

\ .

5 2 2
1
3 3
10 , 2.0 2 10 / ( )
0.1
903.2 / 3.6 /
TP
water steam
u
P atm G kg hr m
u
x
kg m kg m
= = =
=
= =
Substitutingthevaluesof
2
1
,
u
x
u
and
1
2

,weget o fromthefollowingequation
0.1 903.21
2.0
0.5 3.6
o
o

=
Momentumflux= ( )
1 1 2 2 1 2
1 Gu G u G x u xu + = + (

( )
( )
1
1
1
1
1
g x Q
u
A o

= =

2
2
Gx
u
o
=

Momentumflux
( )
( )
2
2
2
1 2
1
1
x
x
G
o o
(

= + (

Chapter5

1) Averticaltubulartestsectionisinstalledinanexperimenthighpressurewaterloop.Thetubeis
1.016cm ID and 2.134m long and is uniformly heated with 100 KW power. Saturated water
entersatthebaseat(400)psiawithaflowrateof450kg/hr.Calculatethetotalpressuredrop
andcomparewiththemeasuredvalueof8psia.

Heatflux
100
DL
|
t
=
1000 68.0 P psia pqv = =
Fromsteamtable

Massflowrate= 450 / kg hr
3
1
3
2
12
3
12
0.001347 /
0.02795 /
1531.34 /
0.026603 /
v m kg
v m kg
h KJ kg
v m kg
=
=
=
=
dh dh D
W D
dz dz W
t |
t | = =
1
12 12
100 100
. 0.2432
453
1531.34 2.134
3600
dx dx dh D D
m
dz dh dz Wh Wh DL
t | t
t

= = = = =


( )
2
2
2
453
1552.095 /
1.016 10 3600
4
W
G kg m s
A
t

= = =


( )
12
12 12
12
100
100 100
0.5189 1.0
453
1531.34
3600
h
e
e
DL DL
DL W e x
Wh Wh DL
x
Wh
|t t
|t
t
= = =
= = = <

( )
2
1 12
2
f
F
C G
dp
v xv
dz D
| |
= +
|
\ .

0.005
f
C = Re 87.1231.1
LO
l
DG

= =
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2 0.005 1552.095
0.001347 2.134
1.016 10
2.134
41745.397 / . 0.2432 0.0266
2
6.0621
F
p
kg ms
psi

A = (

= +
=

( )
1 12
2
9.81
0.001347 0.24322 0.026603
9.81 0.001347 0.006469 2.134
ln
0.006469 0.001347
3670.208 0.5329
g
dp g
dz v xv
kg
psi
ms
| |
= =
|
+ +
\ .
+ (
=
(

= =

2
12
ace
dp dx
G v
dz dz
| |
=
|
\ .

( ) ( )
2
2
1552.095 0.026603 0.2432 2.134
33260.2 4.829
ace
p
kg
psi
ms
A =
= =

( ) 11.424
total
p psi A =

Since
( )
total
p A issmallcomparedto1000psia assumptionofconstantfluidpropertiesarejustified.
Checkthatexitsteamisnotsuperheatedbycalculating
e
x .Checkforcompressibilityandflashingeffects
byevaluatingtheterms , ,
g f
n
dv dv
x
dp dp p
| | c
|
c
\ .

3 3
3.8 10 / 0
g f
dv dv
ft lb psi
dp dp

= ~
at 1 x =
at 0 x =
at 0.5 x =

2.Derivetheexpressionofpressuregradientforahomogeneoustwophasemixtureforappreciable
effectofkineticenergy.
Consideringunitmassoffluid,theenergybalanceequationforsinglephaseflowisasfollows.
2
1
( sin ) ( )
2
d u dU d zg d pv dq dw u
| |
+ + + =
|
\ .
(i)

Kineticenergyinternalenergygravitationalpressureenergyheatworkcontentenergywhereu,U,z,p,
vandrefertothevelocity,internalenergy,lengthofflow,pressure,volumeandangleofelevation
respectively.

Now,thereisnoworkcontent 0 dw = andinternalenergychangecanbegivenby
dU dq dF pdv = +
(ii)

Where dF istheirreversiblefrictionalenergylossperunitmassoffluid.
Substitutingineqn(ii)ineqn(i)weget,
4 1
4 1
0
3.9 10
2 10
h
x
p
psi
psi


| | c
~
|
c
\ .
=
=
2
2
( sin )
1
( sin )
2
1
2
dF d g z
d u dq dF Pdv d g z Pdv vdP dq
vdp d u u
u
| |
|
\ .
| |
+ +
|
\ .
+ + + + + =
=

(iii)
Dividingbothsidesbydzweget,
2
1
( sin )
2
1
sin
dp d dF d
v u g z
dz dz dz dz
dp u du dF g
dz v dz v dz v
u
u
| |
= + +
|
\ .
= + +

(iv)


Now,
1
v
=
Thussubstituting
1
v
weget,
sin
dp du dF
u g
dz dz dz
u = + +

(v)
Thiscorrespondsto
acc f g
dp dp dp dp
dz dz dz dz
| | | | | |
= + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

IntwophaseflowaccordingtoHOMOGENEOUSMODELuandineqn(v)shouldbesubstitutedwith
M
u

and
M
.

sin
M M M M
dp du dF
u g
dz dz dz
u = + + (vi)
Wheregravitationalpressuregradientis
2 1
1 12
1 12
sin sin / [ (1 ) ]
sin
sin / ( )
( )
M
g
dp
g g xv x v
dz
g
g v xv
v xv
u u
u
u
| |
= = +
|
\ .
= + =
+

and
1
v and
2
v arethespecificvolumeofphase1and2respectively
Frictionalpressuregradient
M
M
f
dp dF
dz dz

| |
=
|
\ .

AccordingtoFanning,headlossduetofriction
f
h
2
4
2
f
f
P
L u F
h f
D g g g
A
= = =
WhereFisenergylossduetofrictionperunitmassoffluid.
2
4
2
fL u
F
D
=
Forunitlengthofpipe
2
4
2
f u
F
D
=

Now,fortwophaseflow u =u
M
2
4
2
M M
M
f u
F
D
=
Now,
M
M
M
G
u

=

| |
2
2
2
2 1 2
4 4
(1 )
2
M M M
M
M
f G f
F G x v x v
D D
= = +

(vii)
Differentiatingbothsideswithrespecttozweget,
| |
| |
2
2
2 1
2
2 1
2 1 12 2
2
2 1
1 12 12
2
1 12 2 1
12
1 12
4
(1 )
2
4
2 (1 ) (1 )
2
4
( ) (1 )
( ) 4
(1 )
( )
M M M
M M
M
M M
M M M
M
dF f G d
x v x v
dz D dz
dv dv f G dx
x v x v x x v
D dz dz dz
dv dv f G dx
xv xv x x v
D dz dz dz
v xv dv dv dF f G dx
x x v
dz D v xv dz dz dz

= +
(
= + + +
(

(
= + + +
(

+ (
= + +
(
+

(viii)

Now,variationofspecificvolumevwithrespecttozisduetopressure.
Therefore,
2
2 1
12
4
(1 )
M M M
M
dv dv dF f G dP dP dx
x x v
dz D dP dz dP dz dz

(
= + +
(


Pressuregradientduetoacceleration
M
M
M
M M
acc M
du dP W
u u
dz dz A

| |
= =
|
\ .

{ }
2
2 1 2
2
2 2 1
12 1 12
2 2 1
12
1 1
(1 )
(1 ) ( )
(1 )
M M M M
M M M
M M M M
M M
M
M
M
M
du d W W d W dA
dz dz A A dz A dz
du W W d W dA
u xv x v
dz A A dz A dz
dv dv dx G dA
G x x v v xv
dz dz dz A dz
dv dv dp dp dx
G x x v
dp dz dp dz dz

( | | | |
= =
( | |
\ . \ .
(
= +
(

(
= + + +
(

(
= + +
(

2
1 12
( )
M G dA
v xv
A dz
+
(ix)
Nowcombiningthreepressuregradientstermsweget,
2
2 2 1 2 1
12 12
1 12
2
1 12
sin 4
(1 ) (1 )
( )
M M
M
M
dv dv dv dv dp g f G dp dp dx d dp dX
x x v G x x v
dz v xv D dp dz dp dz dz dp dz dPp dz dz
G dA
v xv
A dz
u ( ( | |
= + + + + + +
| ( (
+
\ .

+
2 2
2
12 12 1 12
1 12
2
2
2 1 2 1
sin 4
( )
4
1 (1 ) (1 )
M M
M M
total
M
g f G dx dx G dA
v G v v xv
v xv D dz dz A dz dp
dz
dv dv dv dv f G
x x G x x
D dp dp dp dp
u
+ + +
+ | |
=
|
( \ .
+ + + +
` ` (
) )

Whenthereistoomuchflashingthen
( , )
| |
| |
P h
P h
x x h p
dx x
dx dh dp
dh P
dx dx dh dx dp
dz dh dz dp dz
=
c
= +
c
= +

So,bysubstitutingweget,
2 2
2
12 12 1 12
1 12
2 2
2 2 1 12 2 1
12
sin 4
| | ( )
4 4
1 (1 ) | (1 ) |
M M
M
P P
M M M
total
M
h h
g f G dx dh dx dh G dA
v G v v xv
v xv D dh dz dh dz A dz dp
dz
dv dv fG v dv dv f G dx dx
x x G x x v
D dp dP D dp dp dp dp
u
+ + +
+ | |
=
|
( \ .
+ + + + + +
` ` (
) )

Now,

12
1 dx
dh h
=

where

molalenthalpyofvapourisation

Forhorizontalevaporatorgravitypressuregradientisabsent,then,
2 2
2 12 12
1 12
12 12
2 2
2
2 1 12 2 1
12
4
( )
4 4
1 (1 ) | (1 ) |
M M M
M
M M M M
total
M
h h
v v f G dh dh dh G dA
G v xv
D h dz dz h dz A dz dP
dz
dv dv f G v dv dv f G dx dx
x x G x x v
D dp dp D dp dP dP dP
+ + +
| |
=
|
( \ .

+ + + + + +
` ` (
)
)

3. Liquidevaporatedfromaninletconductionatsaturatedtemperature
( ) 0 x = toavapour liquid
mixturehavingamassquality x .Foralinearchangeof x overlength L
dx
const
dz
| |
=
|
\ .
, derive an
expressionofthepressuredropoverlengthL.

Asderivedinchapter5,
( )
2
2
1 12 12
1 12
2 sin
TP
f G dp dx g
v xv G v
dz D dz v xv
u
= + + +
+

or

( )
2
2
1 12 12
1 12 0 0
2 2
2
1 12 12
1 12
2 2
2 12
1 12
12 1
2 sin
2 2 sin
2 2 sin
ln 1
2
L L
TP
TP TP
TP TP
n
f G dp g
dz v xv dz G v kdz dz
dz D v xv
f G f G g dz
v L v kzdz G v kdz
D D v xv
f G f G v x g L
v L v L G v kL x
D D xv v
u
u
u
| |
= + + +
|
+
\ .
= + + +
+
(
= + + + +
(

} }

4. Saturatedwateratarateof300kg/hr(m2)entersthebottomofaverticalevaporatortube2.5 cm
diameterand2.0mlong.Thetubereceivesaheatfluxof 2x105BTU/hrft2 andtherearenoheat losses.
Calculatethepressuredropforinletpressuresof 350psia. Assumehomogeneousflowwitha constant
frictionfactorof0.005.
Assumehomogeneousflowtheory,proceedsimilarlyasproblem1
Equatingrateofheataddition/unitlengthtoheatflux,
e
dq
D
dz
t | = heatflux
12
h
e
dq d
W h
dz dz
=
dh D
dz w
t | t
= =
D
G
|
t
2
4
4
GD D
|
= (ForconstantW)
Forsmallpressurechanges

12 12 12
1 1 4 4
,
dx dh
or dx dz
dz h dz h GD h GD
| |
= = =
( )
2
2
1 12 12
1 12
2 cos dP fG dx g
v xv G v
dz D dz v xv
u | |
= + + +
|
+
\ .

Neglecting
dp
dz
,areachange,flashing,compressibilityeffects
( )
2
2
12
1 12 1 12 0
0 0 0
2 2
2 1 12
12
1 12 0 0 0
cos
2
2 2
cos
L
L L L
TP
L L L
TP TP
g dx
G v dz
f G dp
p dz v xv dz v xv dz
dz D
f G v f G v dz dx
L xdz g G v dz
D D v xv dz
u
u
| |
+
| | |
A = = + + +
\ .
|
\ .
| |
= + + +
|
+
\ .
}
} } }
} } }

2
12
4 4
x z c x z
hG GD h GD
| |
= + =
C=0fromBCs

2
12
1.3064 / v ft lb =
2
0.01912 /
l
v ft lb =
12
794.7
B u
h
lb
t
=

1.02 p A =
psi
p A smallcomparedtopressure,soassumptionofconstantfluidpropertiesjustified.
Checkforcompressibilityeffectsandconfirmexitsteamisnotsuperheated.
12
4
0.605
e
z
x
Gh D
|
= =
( )
1 12
2 1
1
h h xh
xh x h
= +
= +
1
12
h h
x
h

=
2 2 2 2
1 12
12
12 12 0 0
1
12
2
2
1 12 12 12 12
12 12 12 12
2 2 4 4
cos
4
2
2 cos 2 4 4
ln 1
4
L L
TP TP
TP L
TP
f G v f G G v L dz
P v g dz
D D h GD h GD
v z
h GD
f G v L v v g Gh v L L L
f G G
D D h h D v Gh D
| |
u
|
u |
| |
|
A = + + +
+
| |
| |
= + + + +
| |
\ .
\ .
} }
Forcompressibility&flashingeffects ( ) , x x h p =
0 0
h
x
x
p
| | c
= =
|
c
\ .

4
3.9 10

4 1
2 10 psi

atx=0.5
At 0.6
x
x
p
| | c
= =
|
c
\ .

( )
( )
lg
1
g l
g l l
l
v xv x v
x v v v
xv v
= +
= +
= +

( )
( ) ( )
l g l
l
g l g l
h h h
v v x v v
v v x
v v x v v
p p p p
=
| | | | | | c c c c
= +
| | |
c c c c
\ . \ . \ .

lg
g
h h h
v
v x
v x
p p p
c | | | | | | c c
= +
| | |
c c c
\ . \ . \ .

5 AnairwatermixtureflowsthroughacircularpipeofcrosssectionA1.Ithasanozzleofcross
sectionA2atthecentre.Thepressureattheupstream,throatanddownstreamsectionsarep1,
p2 and p3 respectively. Assuming incompressible homogeneous flow, derive the following
equationswhereGisthemassfluxand1and2arethedensitiesofwaterandairrespectively:

2
1 1 1
1 2
1 2 2 2
1 1 1
A A G
p p x
A A

( | | | |
= +
( | |
\ . \ .


2
2
1 1
1 3
1 2 2
1 1 1
2
A G
p p x
A

| | ( | | | |
= +
| ( | |
|
\ . \ . \ .

Clearlystateanyadditionalassumptionsmade

Chapter6

Problem1Airwateratindividualmassflowratesof50kg/hrflowthrougha3cmdiameterpipeat27
0
C
and1.2atmpressure.Whatistheoverallvolumetricflux.Ifthedriftfluxis3m/s,whataretheaverage
velocitiesofthephases?

Solution:

( )
21 2
3 j u j o = = .(1)
( )
1
1
1
1
W
u
A o
=

..(2)
2
2
2
W
u
A o
= ...(3)
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2
Q Q W W
j j j
A A A A
= + = + = +
( )
2
3 u j o = .(4)
Fromequations(3)and(4),find o and
2
u .Substituteinequation(2)tofind
1
u

Problem2Showthatdriftfluxisindependentofthemotionoftheobserverduringconcurrentflowof
twofluids.
Solution:
Letfluids 1 and2moveat velocitiesu
1
andu
2
.Lettheobservermove at velocity uindirectionof fluid
motion.
Therefore,fluidvelocityisobservedbyobserver=

( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )
21 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
1 ' 1 1 '
1 ' ' 1
j j j u u
u u u u
o o o o o o
o o o o
= =
= =

Similarlyforobservermovingatvelocityuoppositetodirectionoffluidmotion,
2 2
' u u u = + and
1 1
' u u u = + .Inthiscasealso ( )
21 21
1 j u o o =

( )
1 2
2
50 /
0.03
4
W W kg hr
A
t
= =
=
2 2
1 1
'
'
u u u
u u u
=
=
0
3
1
27
1.2
1000 /
T C
P atm
kg m
=
=
=

Problem3
Sketch
2
j vs. o asafunctionof
1
j and
1
j vs. o

asafunctionof
2
j

andidentifytheconditionfor
flooding,cocurrent&countercurrentflows
Given ( )
12
1
n j
u
o o

= .
Solution:
2 21 2 21
2
1
j j j j
j j j
o
| |
= =
|
\ .

21 2
j j j o = ..(1)
21
dj
j
do
=
Again, ( )
21
. 1
n
j u o o

= .(2)
( ) ( )
( )
1
21
. . 1 . 1
1 1
1
n n
n
dj
u n u
d
n
u
o o o
o
o
o
o

= +
(
= +
(

Forflooding,curveofeqn(1)istangenttocurveofeqn(2).

Or,

Conditionforflooding
( )
1 21
2
1 21
1 1
j j
j y mx c
j j j j
o
o o
o
= + = +

= +

21 21
1 2
. 1
dj dj
d d o o
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
( ) 1 . 1 1
1
n n
ju
o
o
o
o
(
+ =
(

Problem4
Forwhatvalueofnwillbelinear?Howdoesdriftvelocityof2dependson ?
Solution:
For
Now,

Driftvelocityofcomponent2=terminalvelocity.
Thus,
Or,

Chapter7

Problem1:Derivetheexpressiontoestimatepressuredropforflowofboilingwaterinstraightpipes
(noareachangeinpipe)wherethewaterentersthepipeundersaturatedconditionsandwaterand
steamflowsunderstratifiedconditions.
Solution: Fromeqn(7.27), theequationforpressuregradientis:
( ) | | | |
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2
1
sin 1
W W
dp d
g F F Wu W u
dz A dz
u o o ( = + + + + +


( )
2
1
n j
u
o o

=
o
0 n =
( )
0
2
2
1
j
j u
u
o o o

= =
2
2
j
u u
o

= =
( )
2
u const f o = =
2
2 21
0
0
0
u
j j
u u
C
j j
o
o o
o o

c
=
c

= = =
=
acc f g
dz
dp
dz
dp
dz
dp
|
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
..(7.27)
Thefrictionalpressuregradientcanbeexpressedintermsoftwophasemultiplieras:











2
2
0 0
2
2
0
2
.
2 1
TP
L L
lo lo
F l
L
lo
lo
l
dp G
dz f dz
dz D
f G L
dz
D L
|

| |
| |
=
| |
\ .
\ .
(
=
(

} }
}

Sincequalityincreaseslinearlywithdistance(derivationbelow),x=0atz=0and
2
2
0 0
2 1
TP
L x
lo
lo
f l
f G L dp
dz
dz D x
|

(
| |
=
( |
\ .

} }

The relationship between length and quality can be expressed by considering the enthalpy balance of
theflowsituation.
Let | betheheatflux.Thereforetherateofheatadditionperunitlengthis

e
dq
D
dz
t | =
Fromenergyequation
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
,
.
3
.
4 1
. .
2
2
.
2
. .
TP
lo
TP
lo
lo
f
lo
f
w
F
lo
F
lo w
lo lo
l
lo lo
l
lo lo
l
dp
dz
dp
dz
dp
or
dz D
dp
dz
A
G
f
D
G
f
D
G
f
D
|
t
|
| t
|

| |

|
\ .
=
| |

|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
(
=
(

(
(
=
(
(


(
=
(

=
( )
,
e
dq d
W h
dz dz
dh D
or
dz W
t |
=
=

And
1 12
h h xh = + Or,
12
p
dh
h
dx
| |
=
|
\ .

Now,






Fromtheaforementionedexpressionof
dx
dz
, itisclearthatqualityincreaseslinearlywith distance.
Theaccelerationpressuregradientcanbeexpresseda:





Nowsince A isconstant, G isconstantand
12
2
12
12
.
1
.
4
4
dx dx dh
dz dh dz
dh
dh
dz
dx
D
Wh
D
DGh
D Gh
t |
t | |
t
=
=
=
= =
( )
( )
( )
1 1 2 2
2 2
1 2
1 1 2 2
2
2
2 2
1 2
1
1
1
1
1
d
Wu W u
A dz
W W d
A dz A A
W x
d W x
A dz A A

o o
+
(
= +
(

(

= + (

(

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1 2 2
2
2 2
2
1 2
2
2
2
1 2
1 1 2 2
0
2
2
2
1 2 0
2
2
2
1 2
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
.
1
1
1
1
L
L
L
d
Wu W u
A dz
x
W d x
A dz
x
d x
G
dz
d
Wu W u dz
A dz
x
d x
G dz
dz
x
x
G
o o
o o
o o
o o
+
(

= + (

(

(

= + (

(

+
(

= + (
`

(

)
(

= + (

(

}
}


Substituting the expressions for individual components of pressure gradient, the pressure drop for
lengthLis
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1 2 2 1 2
0
0 0 0
2
2 2
2 2
1 2
1 2 0 0
0
1
1 sin
.
1 . 2 1
sin 1
1
L
L L L
w
L
x L
lo
lo
l
d
Wu W u g
S dp
P dz A dz
dz A
x f G L x
dz G g dz
D x
o o u
t
| u o o
o o
+ + + (
| |

A = = +
|
\ .
(
( (
= + + + + (
( (

(

}
} } }
} }


Problem 2. Two incompressible fluids are flowing under separated flow through a nozzle in horizontal
orientation.Expressthepressuredropofthetwophasesystem
. T P
P A intermsof
1
P A and , the
pressuredropencounteredbyeitherofthefluidsiftheywouldbeflowingalonethroughthenozzle.
Solution: For separated flow the momentum balance equation for flow of the individual components
perunitvolumeundersteadystateconditioncanbewrittenas:
1
1 1 1 1
2
2 2 2 2
...........( )
...........( )
du dp
u b f i
dz dz
du dp
u b f ii
dz dz

= +
= +

2
P A
Since the two component separated flow is accelerated rapidly through nozzle, body force and
frictionalcomponentscanbeneglectedascomparedtoinertiaterm.Thus
Fromeqn(1)
1
1 1
du dp
u
dz dz
=

Andfromeqn(2)
2
2 2
du dp
u
dz dz
=

Oronintegration,


2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
.
1 2
2 2
T P
u u
or P


A = =

2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
. 2 2
1 1 2 2
2 2
1 2
. 2 2 2 2
1 2
2 2
1 2
2 2
1 2
2 2
1 2
2 2
1 2
1 1
2 2
1
2 (1 )
( / ) ( / ) 1 1
2 (1 ) 2
1 1
2 (1 ) 2
T P
T P
u A u A
or P
A A
W W
or P
A A
W A W A
G G


o o
o o
o o
A = =
A = =

= =

= =

Nowifeitheroffluidflowsalonethroughthenozzle,
2
1
1
1
1
2
G
P

A = And
2
2
2
2
1
2
G
P

A =

1 2
1 1 2 2
du du dp
or u u
dz dz dz
= =
11 . 2 T P PA = =

2
1
2 1 1
2
1 .
2
1
2
2
2 2 2
2
2 .
2
2
1
2
(1 ) ..........( )
1
2(1 )
1
2
..........( )
1
2
T P
T P
G
P
iii
G P
G
P
iv
G P

o
o

o
o
A
= =
A

A
= =
A


Fromequation(iii)weget
2 1
.
1/2
1
.
(1 )
(1 ) ..........( )
T P
T P
P
P
P
or v
P
o
o
A
=
A
| | A
=
|
A
\ .

Andfromequation(iv)weget
2 2
.
1/2
2
.
..........( )
T P
T P
P
P
P
or vi
P
o
o
A
=
A
| | A
=
|
A
\ .

Addingequation(v)andequation(vi)weget
( )
( )
1/ 2 1/ 2
1 2
1/ 2
.
1/ 2
1/ 2 1/ 2
1 2 .
1/ 2 1/ 2 2
. 1 2
1/ 2 1/ 2
1 1
. .
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
[( ) ( ) ]
(1 )
1
T P
T P
T P
T P T P
P P
P
or P P P
or P P P
P P
P P
or
o o
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
A + A
A
A + A = A
A = A + A
A A
+ = +
A A
=


Problem3Developtheseparatecylindersmodelforstratifiedgasliquidflowassumingturbulentflow
andaconstantfrictionfactorforbothphases.
Solution: Letgasflowinacylinderofeffectiveradius
g
r andliquidflowinacylinderofeffective radius
l
r
2
2
o
g
r
r
= o
2
2
1
o
l
r
r
= o

2 / 5
2
2
1
o

o
g g g g
g
g
g
g
r
j f j
r
f
dz
dp
dz
dp
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|

Where
g
f

istheconstantfrictionfactorforthegasphase
2 / 5
2
1
o
| =
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

=
gasonly
g
dz
dp
dz
dp

or
2
2 / 5
1
g
|
o =

Similarly
( )
2 / 5
2
1
1
o
|

=
l

or
( )
5 / 2
2
1
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
l
|
o
Thus
5 / 2
2
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
g
|
o
,
5 / 2
2
1
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
l
|
o
Therefore,
5 / 2
2
5 / 2
2
1
1
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
l g
| |

Or 1
1 1
5 / 2
2
5 / 2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
l g
| |


Problem4
Forflowthroughapackedbedofsphereswithdiameterdandvoidfraction
c
,deducethevaluesof
andandusingtheCarmanKozenyequationforthefrictionalpressuredrop
duringviscousflowthroughvoidspacebetweenthesolid
( )
2
2 3
180 1
f fo
F
j
p
z d
c
c
c | |
=
|
c
\ .

isthefluidfluxrelativetotheparticlesandistheliquidfractioninthe3solidliquidsystem.
Subscriptsfandsrefertothefluidandsolidrespectively.
Solution:
Inonedimensionalformthemomentumequationperunitvolumeofindividualphaseis
1 1
1 1 1 1
u u p
u b f
t z z

c c c (
+ = +
(
c c c


2 2
2 2 2 2
u u p
u b f
t z z

c c c (
= + = +
(
c c c

Now,forsteadystatecondition
1 2
0, 0,
u u
t t
c c
= =
c c

Ifweneglecttheinertialeffectthen
1 2
1 2
0 0
u u
u and u
z z
c c
= =
c c

Ifweneglectbodyforcethen
1
0 b = and
2
0 b =
Thenfrommomentumequationweget,
1 2 F
p p
f f
z z
c c | | | |
= = =
| |
c c
\ . \ .
(1)
fo
j
c
c
( )
1 f
f f ( )
2 s
f f =
Theforce
2
f onparticlesismadeupoftwoparts,oneduetofluid,
21
f andtheotherduetothe
particles.
.
Thus

Butforce onfluidisonlyduetoparticle

So,
1 12
f f =
Therefore,fromequation(1)weget
( )
2
12 1 2 3
1
180
f fo
j
f f
d
c
c
(

= = (
(

.(2)
( )
2
2 21 22 2 3
180 1
f fo
j
f f f
d
c
c
(

= + = (
(

.(3)
Now,
12
F =equivalentof
12
f perunitvolumeofwholeflow.

( )
12
12
1 f
f
o
c
=
=

21
F = equivalentof
21
f perunitvolumeofwholeflow
=
( )
21
21
1
f
f
o
c
=
=

12
F and
21
F forcesareentirelyduetomutualhydrodynamicdragandsinceactionandreactionare
equalandoppositewehave.
22
f
2 21 22
f f f = +
1
f
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
12 21
12 21
1 21
21 1
2
2 3
2 2
, 1
, 1
, .
1
180 1
.
1
180 1
f fo
f fo
F F
or f f
or f f
or f f
j
d
j
d
c c
c c
c
c
c c
c c
c
c
=
=
=
=

= (

Now,fromequation(3)weget
( ) ( )
( )
( )
22 2 21
2
2 3 2 2
2 2
2 3
2 3
2 3
180 180 1 1
.
1 2
180
180
1
180 1
f fo f fo
f fo
f fo
f fo
f f f
j j
d d
j
d
j
d
j
d
c c
c c
c c c c

c
c
c
c
=

=
(
+ +
( =
(

(
=
(

Problem 4 Using the results of the previous problem, deduce the fluid flux necessary to cause
fluidization in a bed with void fraction
c
and estimate the pressure gradient through the bed in this
case.
Solution:
Inafluidizedbedparticlearesupportedbyanupwardflowoffluidaroundthemandinterparticleforce
arenegligible.Mathematically

For steady state flow, neglecting the inertial term, the momentum equation per unit volume of the
individualphasebecomes,
1 1
0
p
b f
z
c
+ =
c
.(1)
And
2 2
0
p
b f
z
c
+ =
c
. (2)
22
0 f =
where
1 1 2 2
, b g b g = =
( )
( )
2
1 12 2 3
2 21 2 2
1
180
180 1
f fo
f fo
j
f f
d
j
f f
d
c
c
c
c

= =

= =

Thereforeeqns(1)and(2)become,
( )
2
1 2 3
1
180 .
f fo
j
p
g
z d
c

c
c

c
=0.(3)
( )
2 2 2
1
180 . 0
f fo
j
dp
g
dz d
c

+ =
.(4)

Subtractingeqn(2)fromequation(1)weget

( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 1 2 2
2 3
2 1
180 1 1
. 1
, .
180 1
f fo
fo
f
j
g
d
d g
or j
c c

c c
c
c
(
+
(

Andfromequation(1)weget,

( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1 1
2
1 2 3
2
2
3
2 1
1 2 3
1 2 1
1 2 1
1 2 1 1
1 2
180 1
180 1
. . .
180 1
1
1 1
1
1
f fo
f
f
p
b f
z
j
g
d
d g
g
d
g
g
g
g
c

c
c
c

c c
c
c c
c c
c c
c
= +
c

=

=

=
= + (

= + (

= + (

ApplyingLockhartMartinelliassumptiontoannularflow
2
2
2
4
4
1 |
.
|

\
|
= = =
D
D
D
D
A
A
l
l
l

t
t

o
(1)

or
( )
2
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
l
D
D
o (2)
Substitutingthevalueof ineqn(1)weget:
( )
5
) 2 ( 2
2 2
1

|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
n
l
n
l
n
l
D
D
D
D
o | (3)

Chapter8

Problem1:Airwatermixtureflowsina3mlong5cmdiameterpipeanddischargesat94.7psia.
Assumebubblyflowunderturbulentconditionsat27
0
c,calculateinletpressureforavolumetricflowof
J
l
=0.15m/sandJ
g
=4.5m/satatmosphericpressure&temperature.

Solution:
21 gj
j U o =
2 21
2
2
1 2
1
(1)
TP
gj
j j
j j
j
j j U
o
| |
=
|
\ .
=
+ +

Asperchangesdownthepipe,
2
j willchange
Assumingisothermalexpansion,
2 2
( )| (2)
pa
pa
j j
p
=
Checkforsonicflow>con.Choking
Then
exit atm
p p =
Acc.
2 1
2 1
acc
du du dp
G G
dz dz dz
| |
= +
|
\ .

2 1
, u u fromequation(1)inequation
1 2
1 2
1
j j
U U
o o
= =

2 1 2
1 2 2
1 1
1 2
gj
j
j
U j j U
j j U
U j
j U
= + +
+ +
=
+

Only
2
j changesdownduct
2 1 2 1
1
1 2
2 1
1 2
g
gj
acc j
dU
dj du dj j
dz dz dz dz j U
j dj dp
G G
dz j U dz
= =
+
| |
| |
= +
|
|
|
+
\ .
\ .

Forsmallintervals,
2
dj
dz
foundbydifferentiatingeqn.(2)
2
2 2
1
2 1 2 2
1 2
( )
( )
pa
pa
acc j
dj pa dp
j
dz p dz
j dp pa dp
G G j
dz j U p dz
=
| |
| |
= +
|
|
|
+
\ .
\ .

Friction
| |
| |
1 1 2 2
1 2
2 1
2 1
2 1 1 1 2 2 2
2 2
2
0.005
( )
2 / (1 )
1 /( )( )
1
TP j
f
TP
g
TP
j pa
acc
f G
dp
dz D
f
G j j
j j j
dp
g
dz
f Gj D g
dp
dz pa
G G j j U j
p
dp
a for a ve
dz

o o
o o

| |
=
|
\ .
=
= +
= +
| |
= +
|
\ .
+ +
| |
=
|
(
\ .
+ +
(

| |
>
|
\ .

Flowsupersonic
Notpermissible.

exit
P adjustuntilchokingisreached& 1
a
=
Conditionofchoking
2 1
2 2 1
1 2
( )
c Pa
j
j
P Pa j G G
j U
(
= +
(
+
(

Problem2:Forannularflowpattern(GasCore+Liquidfilm),deduce ( ) fn o for
2
( )
l
fn | o =
Solution:Annularflowcanbeanalyzedbyseparatedflowmodel.
Averysimplemodelofseparatedflowcanbedevelopedbyassumingthatthetwophaseflow,without
interaction, in two horizontal separate cylinders and that the areas of the cross sections of these
cylinders add up to the crosssectional area of the actual pipe. The pressure drop in each of the
imagined cylinder is the same as in the actual flow, is due to frictional effects only, and is calculated
fromsinglephaseflowtheory.
Therefore,
TP
F liquid cylinder gas cylinder
dp dp dp
dz dz dz
| | | | | |
= =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

2
4
l l
A D
t
= = crosssectionalareaofliquidcylinder
2
4
g g
A D
t
o = =crosssectionalareaofgascylinder
Where
l g
A A A + = = crosssectionalareaofmaincylinder
and o aretheshapefactor.
2
,
4
A D D
t
= =Diameterofmaincylinder

Now
,
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Re
Re
l
l
f liquid cylinder
fl
l l
l
fl
l
l
l l l
fl
l l
l l l
fl
l
l l l
n l
l l l
l l l
l
dp
dz
C
U
D
C
W
D A
C
W
D A
C
W
D A
W
K
D A
U D
Now

| |
|
\ .
=
| |
=
|
\ .
=
=
( =

=

2
2
Re
2
l
l l l l
l
l l
l
l l
l l
n
l l l
liquid cylinder l l l l l
Now W U A
W
U
A
W D
A
W D W dp
k
dz D A A

=
=
=
(

| |
( =
`
|
\ . (
)

( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1 4 2
2
2
2 5
2
2
. 2
. .
.( ) .
. 2
. .
. . . .
4
2
.
.
4
2
.
.
4
T
n n
l l
n n
l l l l
n n
l l
n
n
n
l n
l l l
n n
n n n l l
l n
l
n n
n n l l
l n
l
F
l
W D
k
D A
W D
k
D
D
kW
D
kW
D
dp
dz
Now

t

t

|

=
=
| |
|
\ .
(
(
(
=
(
| |
(
|
\ .
(
(
(
=
(
| |
(
|
\ .
(
(

=
.
2 2
2 (1 )
. .
P
l
l
l
F
F l
dp
dz
dp G x
or f
dz D
(
(

(
=
(

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
, (1 )
2 (1 )
. (1 )
2
. . .
. 2
. .
. .
2
. . .
4
l
n l l
e
l
n
l l
l l
n
l l
l l l
n n
l
n n
l l
n n
n l l
n
l
W W
k R G x
D A A
W W G x
k G x
D A A
W D W
k
D A A
W D
k
D A
W
k D
D
D

(
( = =
(

(
(
( = =
`
(
(
)

(
=
(

=
=
| |
|
\ .

2
1 4 2
2
2
5
2
2 .
4
2 .
4
n n
n n l l
n
l
n n
n l l
n
l
k W
D
k W
D

(
(
(
=
(
| |
(
|
\ .
(
(
(
=
(
| |
(
|
\ .

. . 2
2
2 5
2
2
5
2
5
2 2
2
.
4
2
.
4
.
T P
l
l
F
l
F
liquid cylinder
F
n n
n n l l
l n
l
n n
n l l
l n
l
n
n l
l
dp
dz
dp
dz
dp
dz
dp
dz
kW
D
kW
D
D
D
|

t

|

(
(

=
(
(

| |
|
\ .
=
(
(

(
(
(
(
| |
( |
\ .
=
(
(
(
(
| |
( |
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .

Intheexpressionof
2
l
| ,niscomingfromexpressionof
l
f
Forlaminarflown=1
Ifwetake =shapefactor=1,then

( )
( )
1 5 4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
1 1
1
1
l l
l
l
l
l
l
l
D D
D D
D
D
D
D
A
A
A
A
|
t
t
|
o o
o

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
(
( | |
= =
| (
\ .
(

| |
=
|
\ .
| |
= =
|
\ .
=

Problem3EstimatetherisevelocityofairbubblesinH
2
Oforequivalentradiusof0.25,1.5,0.85cm
given
2
1 / , 0.01 981 / .
l l
g cc poise g cm s = = =

Solution:AllthebubbleslieintheStokesregion
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
1
/
18
611624.72 /
3.823 / 0.125
15.29 / 0.25
550.46 / 1.5
176.76 / 0.85
b g b
U d g
d m s
m s r cm
m s cm
m s cm
m s cm

=
=
= =
=
=
=

Problem4FindrelationbetweenQ
1
andQ
2
forfloodinginapipeofradius25cmassumingbubbly
flowwithn=2and
Solution:
ForFloodingCondition,
70 / dyne cm o =
1.5 / u m s

=
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
21
2
2 21
0 1 2
1 2
. 1 1 1
1
2
, 1.5 1 1 1
1
, 3 1 1 2
, 3 1 3
1
,
3
1
0.0478
3.14
0.5 0.19625
4
0.0054 0.4226 0
n
n
u n
or
or
or
or
j u
A
Q Aj
C Q Q
Q Q
o
o
o
o
o
o
o o
o
o
o o
o

(
+ =
(

(
+ =
(

+ =
=
=
=
=
= =

=
+
+ =

Problem5:
Whatisthevelocityofsoundinahydrogenwatermixtureat6894.7KPa,210C,andwithmeandensity
640.7kg/m3?Repeattheproblemwiththepressureas3.44KPaandtheradiusofthebubbleas1mm.

Solution:
Meandensity=640.7kg/m
3

3
3
640.7
2
1000 /
281.4 /
g f
f
g
kg m
kg m

+
=
=
=

Taking 0.5 o =
Thevelocityofsoundinbubblymixturecanbecalculatedfromthefollowingequation.
( )
( )
2
2 2
1
1
1
;
g f
g g f f
f g g f
C
C C
C C
o
o
o o


=
(

( + +
(


> <

Theabovecasebeapproximatedas
( )
1
2
1
g
f
g
C
C

o o

~
(

(


Now,
2
g g
C r RT ~ forarapidcompress
( )
1 1
2
2
8.314
294
1.4 fordiatomic gas
1.4 8.314 294
58.49
g
g
g
R Jmol K
T K
r H
C
C

=
=
=
=
=


( )
1 1
2 2
58.49
1000
0.5 0.5 1
281.4
62.05 / .
g
f
g
C
C
C m s

o o

= =
( (

( (

=

Atlowpressurethesonicvelocitycanbeobtainedbyfollowingequation
( )
1
2
1
2
0
2
1
3 4
1
g
f
g
C
C
PR
o
o

o o

(
= +
(
+

(

(



3
3
70 10 /
3.44
10
61.64 /
b
N m
P KPa
R m
C m s
o

=
=
=
=

Problem6:

Ina10cmsdiameterCountercurrentflowbubblecolumn,itwasobservedthatfloodingoccurredfor
thefollowingmassfluxesofcarbondioxideandwaterin(Kg/hr/m
2
)
f
W
73305 48870 24435
g
W
185.7 205.54 234.57

Comparetheresultswiththeoreticalvaluesat 15Psia,
0
21 C.
Solution Letusconsiderbubblerisevelocitythroughinfinitemedium ( ) u

isindependentofbubble
sizei.e., inregion4
0.25
1.18
0.1909 /
f
g
u
m s
o

| |
=
|
|
\ .
=


Now, ( )
21
1
n
j u o

=
Again, ( )
( )
21 2
2
2
1
1
n
n
j j j
j j u
j j u
o
o o
o o

=
=
= +


Now,
3
2
101.325 44
1.823 /
8.314 294
PM
kg m
RT

= = =

Wehave
3
2 2
3 2
185.7
1.823 3600 .
0.0282 / .
m
j
m s
m m s
=

=

Similarly,
3 2
1
73305
0.0203 / .
1000 3600
j m m s = =

3 2
0.0485 / j m m s =
2
2
185.7 / G Kg m hr =
Now, ( )
2
1
n
j j u o o o

= +
( )
1.53
0.0485 1 0.1909 0.0282 0 j o o + =
Aftersolvingthisequationweget,
0.1412 o =
Now,weknowthatatfloodingpoint,
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
21 21 2
21
1
21
1
1
1 1
1 1
1
1 1
n
n n
n
n
dj j j
d
j u
dj
u n
d
n
u
u n
o o
o o
o o o
o
o
o
o
o o o

=
=
(
= +

(
=
(

=

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
21 2 21
21
21 2
21
21 2
1
2
2
1 1 1
1
1 1
1
1
1
1
n n
n
n
n
j j dj
d
dj
j j
d
dj
j j
d
j u u n
n
u
u
j u
o
o o
o
o
o
o
o o o o o o
o o
o o
o
o o
o o

=
=
=
=
(
=
(

=
=
o 1 o +
( )
1
2
2
1
1
n
n
j u n
o
o
o o

(
+
(

=

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
21
1 21
1
1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1
n n
n n
n
dj
j j
d
u u n
u u n
u
o
o
o o o o o o
o o o o o
o o

=
=
=
= 1 o +
( ) ( ) 1 1
n
n
u n
o
o o

So,far



Similarly,
3 2
1
2
1
0.11856 / .
426834.35 / .
j m m s
G Kg m hr
=
=

So,farothercasestheoreticalmassfluxesareshownintable
( )
1
2
/ .
G
kg m hr
426834.35 389878.22 338020.6
( )
2
2
/ .
G
kg m hr
35.70 47.429 68.56
o 0.1412 0.1650 0.2007

Problem7:
Acontainsiliconefluidhasaviscosityof5000CPasurfacetensionof21dynes/cm,andadensityof1
g/cm
3

.Whatistherisevelocityofslugflowbubbleinstationaryliquidinverticalpipeswithdiameters0.25
cm,1.2cm,12.5cm,and24cm.
Solution:
( ) ( )
2 1.53 1
2
3 3 2
2
2
0.1412
0.1909 0.1412 1.53 1 0.1412
5.4406 10 / .
35.70 / .
j
m m s
G kg m hr
o

=
=
=
=
5000
f
CP = 21 / dynes cm o =
3
1 /
f
gm cm =
Neglectinggasdensityincomparisontoliquiddensity
Eotvosnumber
( )
2 2
2.916 3.37
f g f
EO
gD gD
N

o o

= = = <
Inverseviscosity
( )
( )
( )
1
2 2
1
3 2 2
1
3 2
2
0.25 980 1
0.0782 2
5000 10
f g f
f
f
f
f
D g
N
D g

=
=

= = <

ArchimedesNo.
( )
( ) ( )
3 1 3
2 2 2
3
1 2 2
2
2
21 1
1.229 10
50 980
f
Ar
f
N
g
o

= = =

Properlygroup,
2
1
661375.66
Ar
Y
N
= =
Now,
( ) ( ) ( )
1 0
0.345 1 exp 0.01 / 0.345 1 exp 3.37 / K Nf NE m ( = (


For,0.25cmdiameterpipe
1
1
1
2
2
1
0.345
5.4 /
f f
K
u K gD cm s

=
( = =



( )
Diameter
d cm
0.25 1.2 12.5 24
Eotvos
EO
N 2.9167 67.2
3
7.2917 10 26880
InverseViscosity 0.0783 0.823 27.669973.6199
f
N

1
K
5
1.4315 10

0.0075 0.1903 0.3042

__ 0.257221.0624 46.6528
(cm/s)

m 25 25 21.5815.32

Problem8:
Whenalongbubblerisesinatubeclosedatthebottom,thevalueofjaheadofthebubbleisnotzero
becauseofexpansionofthegasinthehydrostaticpressuregradient.Abubble0.00016m
3
involume
isinjectedintoacolumnofwater30.5mhighina0.0254mpipe.Ifthetemperatureis21
0
Candthe
pipes is closed at the bottom and open to the atmosphere at the top, how long does it take after
releasebeforethebubblebreaksthesurface.
Solution:
Bubblevolume=
3
0.000lbm
L
tube
=30.5 m
D=0.0254m
Now,initiallywhenbubblerisesfrombottomoftheliquidcolumn,
( )
2
2
2 4 0.000
3.14 0.0254
Bubblevolume D lb
Tubevolume D
o | |
= =
|
\ .

Where o filmthickness
2
2
0.315
D
D
o | |
=
|
\ .

Now, considering a single bubble rises through a stationary water column from bottom to the upward
direction.Whenitgetsalongshapeafterrisingcertainheightwecanwrite:
2
2
TB
TB IS
L Bubblevolume D
Tubevolume D L L
o | |
=
|
+
\ .

Foroneunitcell,

filmthicknessisverysmallincomparisontoD
0.315
0.315 30.5 9.6075
TB
TB
L
L
L m
=
= =

Column
1 , CP =
3
1 /
f
gm cm = 70 / dynes cm o =
Neglectinggasdensity.

EotvosNo.
( )
( )
2
1
3 2 2
4
3 1
2 2
1
2
2
11
2
90.3224
1.267 10
187082.86
1
2.857 10 10
f
EO
f
f
f
f
Ar
f
Ar
gD
N
D g
N
N
g
Y m
N

= =
= =
= =
= = =

( )
0.01 3.37
0.345
1
0.345 1 1
0.3198
15.95 /
f
EO
N N
m
K e e
u cm s
| |
|
\ .

( (
= ( (
( (

=
=


So,timetakeforbubbletobreak
2
9.6075 10
15.95
60.23
1min23
S
s

=
=
=


Problem9:
Whatistheminimumtubesizeinwhichlargebubblesofairwillriseinstationarywateras30
0
C
a) Onearthb)inaspaceshipforwhichg=0.003048cm/s
2

Solution: Bubblewillnotrisewhenthereissurfacetensiondominatingeffect
i.e.
( )
2
3.37
3.37
EO
f g
N
gD
o
=

=

Onearth, g=980cm/s
2

Neglecting
g


2
2
2
3.37
3.37
3.37 70
980
0.49
f
gD
D
g
D
D cm

o
o
=

=
=


Onspace,
2
0.003048 / g cm s =
2
2
3.37
3.37 70
0.003048
278.19
f
gD
D
D cm

o
=

=
=

So,minimumtubesizeonearth=0.49cm
Minimumtubesizeonspace=278.19cm
Problem10:
Aliquidmetals
( )
3
300 / ; 5 / , 0.02
f
dynes cm g cm poise o = = = fillsa 0.0095mdiameter
horizontalpipe.Itisderivedtoblowgasthroughthepipetothemetalandsolidifyitasauniformfilm
0.0127cm thickonthewalls.Whatgasflowrateshouldbeused?

Solution:
300 / dynes cm o =
3
5 /
f
g cm = 0.02poise = 0.0095 D m = 0.0127cm o =
Theavailableflowareaforgasinthetube
( )
2
2
2
0.95
3.14 0.0127 0.671
2
2
b
D
A cm t o
| |
= = =
|
\ .

Areaoftube A=
2 2
2
3.14 0.95
0.708
4 4
D
cm
t
= =
( )
2
2
7
0.708
1.0558
0.671
0.947
0.02
2.80 10
0.95 5 300
b
b
b
f
f
v A
j A
j
v
D
o

= = =
=
= = =


Fromfigure
3
3
3.2 10
48 /
48 1.0558 50.64 /
35.90 /
f
b
g
j
j cm s
v cm s
Q cm s

o

=
=
= =
=

Chapter10

1. Discuss a commonly used technique for measuring volume average void fraction of a flowing
vaporliquidmixture?Whatarethedrawbacksofthetechnique?

Quickclosingvaluetechnique
Drawbacks
i) Finite Time required to close down the values. This may cause changes in system
hydrodynamics.
ii) Finite Time required to bring system back to steady state. So not possible for a continuous
operatingplant.
ii) Notsuitablefortransientmeasurements.

2. How can area average and chordal average measurements of void fraction be converted to
volumeaveragevalues?

Areaaveragemeasurementsofvoidfractionisthevolumeaveragevalueforinfinitesimallength
of the test section. So several area average values at different axial lengths gives the volume
average value. When void fraction does not vary with length (fuliy developed flows), both are
equal.
Chordalaveragevalueisconnectedtoareaaveragevalueeitherbymathematicalmanipulation
orbytheuseofmultiplebeams.

3. Whydoesoneneedtoknowthevoidageprofileinadditiontotheaveragevoidfractionofagas
liquidmixture?

Voidage profile gives an estimate of the distribution of voids in the flow passage. This
adequatelydescribesthestructuresoftheflowfieldandidentifiessitesofactivetransportand
reactions.

4. Whatarethedrawbacksofphotographicmethodsofflowpatternestimation?

Refertosection10.3,part1

5. Suggest a suitable arrangement (shown diagrammatically) of the conductivity probes for

distinguishing between (a)bubbly and annular flow in vertical pipes, (b) plug and slug flow in
horizontalpipes,(c)stratifiedandannularflowinhorizontalpipes,

Theprobesignalforbubblyandannularflowareasfollows

6. Stateanythreelimitationsoftheradiationattenuationtechniqueforestimationofvoidfraction
andsuggestwaysofminimizingthem.

Refertosection10.2.1

7. Stateanytwolimitationsoftheconductivityprobetechniqueforgasliquidsystems.

i)Needsaprioriknowledgeofflowpattern

ii)Doesnotworkforgascontinuouspatterns

8. State the principle and the specific application of (a) infra red absorption method (b)
Electromagneticflowmeteringtechniqueforestimationofvoidfraction.

a)IRabsorptiontechniquebasedonthedifferentialamountofabsorptionofIRraybythetwo
phases.Specificallysuitableforhighvoidfractionflows.
b) Electromagnetic flow metering based on principle of independent measurement of average
liquidvelocity ( )
L
u fromwhich o canbecalculatedas (1 )
L
L
j
u
o = forlowqualityflows.
Specificapplicationforliquidmetalsystem.

9. Formeasurementoftwophasepressuredropwhenaregasfilledlinespreferredtoliquidfilled
ones?

ForlowoffsetvalueatzeroAp

10. Whataretheadvantagesofliquidfilledlinesingeneral?

Lesschancesofgasingresssinceliquidtendstomeetthemanometerlinesandpumpingaction
islessseveresinceitisincompressible.

11. What are the advantages and disadvantages of differential pressure transducer over absolute
ones?
Refertotext,page
12. Defineliquidholdupforgasliquidsystems.

Refertochap4

13. Discussbrieflythedifferentwaysofexpressingliquidholdupandoneconventionaltechniqueto
measureeachofthem.

Refertochap4

14. With the help of a schematic (i) show the location of the different probes and (ii) mention the
characteristics of the probe signals which distinguish between the following gasliquid flow
patterns:wavyannularandbubblyinverticalflow(b)churnandbubblyinverticalflow

(b)

15. Howcanthefollowingmethodsbeusedforflowpatterndetectors:
Averagepressuregradient(b)transientpressuresignal

Refertosection10.3subsection3

16. (ii)Stateasuitabletechniquetomeasuretheinsitucompositionoftwophaseflowunderthe
followingconditions:(a)Highqualitysteamwaterflow(b)watercontentofmargarine

a)Infraredabsorption
b)Microwaveabsorption

17. DiscussthePSDFanalysisforflowpatternidentification.WhatarethedifferentPSDFsobtained
forgasliquidtwophaseflowinverticaltubes.
Refertosection10.3subsection3

18. What aretheproblemsofusingdifferentialpressuretransducersformeasurementofpressure
dropintwophasesystem.

i)Allproblemsassociatedwithambiguityintappinglinecontentasdiscussedformanometers
ii)Slightfluctuationsduetorigvibrationcanalterreadings
iii)Pressuresmallerthanoffsetcannotbemeasured

19. Howcanwemeasurethevoidfractionduringsodiumliquid/vaporflow?

Electromagneticflowmetering

20. Discusstheacousticmethodofvoidfractionmeasurementandstateitsproblems.

Refertosection10.2.7