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Cos
4
D
s
2
- d
s
2
P
s
N
s
8
where, Q
e
is the theoretical capacity of the expeller, D
s
is the diameter of the screw thread, d
s
is
the base diameter of the screw shaft, P
s
is the screw pitch, N
s
is the rotational speed of the
screw (worm) shaft, is filling factor, and is the bulk density of palm kernel. Substituting D
s
=
100 mm, d
s
= 50 mm, P
s
= 50 mm, N
s
= 90.63 rpm, = 0.8, and = 740 kg/m
3
into Eq. 8;
hence, Q
e
= 948.249 kg/h.
3.2.7. Design for the Power Requirement of the Expeller
The power required to drive the expeller was calculated using a modified from Onwualu et al.
(2006) as:
P
e
= 4.5 Q
v
l
s
g F 9
where, P
e
is the power required to drive the expeller, Q
v
is the volumetric capacity of the worm
shaft, l
s
is length of worm shaft, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and F is the material factor.
Substituting Q
v
= 1.281 m
3
/h, l
s
= 500 mm, g = 9.81 m/s
2
, and F = 0.4 into Eqn. 9; hence, P
e
=
8.369 kW.
The power of the electric motor to drive the expeller was estimated using the equation given by
Onwualu et al. (2006) below as:
P
m =
P
e
10
where, P
m
is the power of the electric motor and is the drive efficiency. Given that = 75 % or
0.75; hence, P
m
= 11.159 kW or 14.959 hp. Therefore, a 15 hp three-phase electric motor was
selected to drive the expeller.
4. Materials Selection and Fabrication of the Machine Components
Fig. 2 shows an orthographic view of the expeller. The hopper was fabricated from a standard
length of 1.5 mm thick mild steel sheet. Four pieces of dimension 312 x 290 x 69 mm were cut
from the mild and welded together to form hopper. The worm shaft was fabricated from a mild
steel rod of diameter 100 mm and length 730 mm which was machined on the lathe to 50 mm
base (shaft) diameter. Thereafter, the screw thread was machined at a decreasing screw depth
from 25 mm to 5mm thereby forming a tapered screw conveyor of nine screw turns. The barrel
was fabricated from a mild steel pipe of 100 mm internal diameter, 15 mm thickness and 700
mm long which was cut and machined to 500 mm length. Using oxyacetylene flame, a slot of 60
x 60 mm was made on the upper side of the barrel for the hopper base. 20 narrow slots were
made on the lower portion of the barrel to serve as drainage channels for the expelled oil. The
main frame was made from an angle iron of dimension 50 x 50 x 4 mm which was cut to the
required dimensions and welded together. Fabrication process included: marking out,
machining, cutting, joining, drilling and fitting. The workshop tools and machines used included:
scriber, steel rule, compass, centre punch, treadle-operated guillotine for cutting and welding
machine for joining. The specification of construction materials is shown in Table 1.
5. Materials and Methods used for Testing
Palm kernel and soybean were obtained from a produce merchant in Ilorin environment. The
seeds were cleaned, weighed and prepared ready for oil extraction. The expeller was set into
operation and known weights of each were fed into the machine through the feeding hopper.
The worm shaft conveyed, crushed, squeezed and pressed the seeds in order to extract the oil.
The oil extracted and the residual cake (palm kernel cake, PKC and soybean cake, SBC were
collected and weighed separately. From the values obtained, oil yield, extraction efficiency and
extraction loss were calculated according to Olaniyan and Oje (2007) and Olaniyan and Oje
(2011) as:
O
Y
=
100W
OE
W
OE
+ W
RC
% 11
O
E
=
100W
OE
xW
FS
% 12
E
L
=
100 W
FS
- (W
OE
+ W
RC
)
W
FS
% 13
where, O
Y
, O
E
, and E
L
are oil yield, extraction efficiency and extraction loss respectively in %;
W
OE
, W
RC
and W
FS
are weights of oil extracted, residual cake and feed sample respectively in g
and x is the oil content of seed in decimal. Each test was carried out in triplicates.
FIGURE 2: Orthographic Front view of the Screw Press Expeller
TABLE 1: Materials for Construction of the Screw Press Expeller and their Specifications
Materials Specifications Quantity
Mild steel sheet 1.5 mm thickness, standard size 2
Mild steel rod 100 mm, length 730 mm 1
Mild steel pipe 100 mm, thickness 15 mm, length 500 mm 1
Mild steel coupling bolt 22.5 mm, 40 mm 1, 1
Mild steel angle iron 50 x 50mm x 4, standard length 1
Roller bearing 40 mm 2
Cast iron pulley 260 mm 1
Cast iron pulley 58 mm 2
V belt B 65 2
Bolts and nuts M 22 25
Welding electrode Gauge 12 mild steel 1 packet
6. Results and Discussion of Testing
The average oil yield, extraction efficiency and extraction loss were 13.48, 22.79 and 7.41 %
respectively for palm kernel while those of soybean were 9.47, 36.55 and 7.95 % respectively.
Olaniyan and Oje (2007), Olaniyan (2010) and Olaniyan and Oje (2011) used these criteria for
shea butter and castor oil extraction respectively. The data obtained from the tests shows that
the expeller was able to extract some of the oil from the seeds but there is still plenty of scope
for improvement. An improvement in the design of the worm shaft of the expeller is expected to
improve the oil yield and extraction efficiency; hence, this is highly recommended.
7. Conclusion
A screw press expeller was designed, constructed and tested for palm kernel and soybean oil
extraction. The expeller was simple enough for local fabrication, operation, repair and
maintenance. Powered by a 15 hp three-phase electric motor, the expeller has average oil yield
and extraction efficiency of 13.48 and 22.79 % respectively from palm kernel and 9.47 and
36.55 % respectively from soybean with a production cost of USD1200. The expeller can be
used for small scale palm kernel and soybean oil extraction in the rural and urban communities.
A cottage palm kernel and soybean oil processing plant based on this technology can provide
employment for at least two persons at the same time providing palm kernel and soybean oil at
affordable costs for rural dwellers palm kernel cake and soybean cake for livestock feed mill. An
improvement in the design of the worm shaft of the expeller is expected to improve the oil yield
and extraction efficiency; hence, this is highly recommended.
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