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3other is )iven a
0lower
by
3ary
( P +I +; +I P ( +;
,!A: BI sau B@ din propozitia activa devine subiectul propozitiei
pasiveBomplementul de agent (the doer) poate sa lipseasca atunci cand e
exprimat printr(un pronume personal (I,#ou), pronume nehotarat
(somebod#, an#bod#) sau substantive ca: a boy# some people
,!A: verbele cu prepozitie isi pastreaza prepozitia alaturi din in diateza
pasiva
=x9 2ou can rely on this man. "his man can be relied on.
,!A:
%eople say that he is a good...
It is said that he is a...
3e is said to be...
%eople think that he was a...
It is thought that he was a...
3e is thought to have been a...
,!A: infinitivul prezent arata ca o actiune este simultana; infinitivul
perfect arata ca atiunea este anterioara
Ee must settle ever#thing before his leaving the to)n
(*rebuie sa aran4am totul inainte ca el sa plece din oras)
Past Per0ect
Afirmativ (MhadMV (forma a treia)
,egativ (MhadMnotMV (forma a treia)
Interogativ(,egativ Hadn?tM(MV (forma a treia)
Question(*ag *he# had alread# entered, hadn?t they-
5)%ste o actiune terminata in trecut inaintea altei actiuni tot din trecut cu:
since# for# how long# ,ust# already# yet# after# before# as soon as# etc.
.)Bu: hardlyJscarcelyJbarely$numai doar)#Kwhen
=x9I had hardly got on the bus when it started.3ardly had I got on the bus
when it started.
Bu:no soonerKthen
Past Per0ect +ontinuous
Afirmativ (MhadMbeenMV ((ing)
Interogativ hadM(MbeenMV ((ing)
,egativ (MhadMnotMbeenMV ((ing)
Interogativ(
,egativ
hadM(MnotMbeen
%ste o actiune in desfasurare in trecut, inaintea altei actiuni, tot din trecut
Bu: since# for# how long
Past ense (imple
Afirmativ (MV((ed)
(MV (forma a II a)
Interogativ didM(MV (infscurt)
,egativ (MdidMnotMV (inf scurt)
Interogativ(
,egativ
didM(MnotMV (inf scurt)
Question(tag *he# left #esterda#, didn?t he-
5%ste o actiune terminata in trecut cu: as# when# then# yesterday# last
week# last month# last year# that day# the other day# once in ALGM# on
'unday# ago# etc.
@.%ste o actiune obisnuita, repetata in trecutIn acest caz se foloseste
used to pentru actiune incetata in prezent
,ota: este timpul naratiunii la trecut si se traduce prin perfect simplu,
perfect compus, imperfect, conditional prezent, con4unctiv perfect
Past ense +ontinuous
Afirmativ (MwasAwereMV ((ing)
Interogativ wasAwereM(MV ((ing)
,egativ (MwasAwereMnotMH
Interogativ(
,egativ
wasn?tAweren?tM(MV ((ing)
Question(*ag *he# )ere reading at this time #esterda#,
weren?t they-
5)%ste o actiune in desfasurare intr(un anumit moment in trecut cu: at this
time yesterday# yesterday at B oNclock#K when he came# etc.
.)% folosit pentru a exprima iritare, indignare
Present Per0ect (imple
Afirmativ (MhaveAhasMV (forma a treia )
Interogativ haveAhasM(MV (forma a treia)
,egativ (MhaveAhasMnotMV (forma a treia)
Interogativ(
,egativ
haveAhasM(MnotMV (forma a treia)
Question(tag *he# havenRt arrived #et, have
the#-
5)%ste o actiune inceputa in trecut si continuata pana in momentul vorbirii
cu: since# for# how long
.)%ste o actiune petrecuta intr(un moment neprecizat(se simte efectul)
=x9 I have washed my blouse $it is clean)
8)%ste o actiune care tocmai a avut loc
B ,ust# already dupa auxiliar
yet in intrebare=de4a ma informez; in negatie=inca
yet apare la sfarsitul propozitiei
Btill# now# up to now# so far# until now# up to the present moment la
sfarsit sau la inceput de propozitie
Blately(in ultima vreme),recently# of late# latterly numai la sfarsit
propozitiei
Sduring the last week# the last few days# theese twenty minutes
:) 7 actiune petrecuta intr(o perioada de timp care nu s(a terminat inca:
today# this week# this month# this year# this sommer# all day# all night# etc.
;)cu adverbe de frecventa: ever# never# seldom# often# sometimes# several
times# etc.
<)In propozitiile circumstantiale de timp si propozitiile conditionale de tip
5( viitorul este inlocuit cu %resent %erfect 'imple pentru actiune prioritara
anterioara
Present Per0ect +ontinuous
Afirmativ (MhaveAhaveMbeenMV ((ing)
Interogativ HaveAhasM(MbeenMV ((ing)
,egativ (MhaveAhasMnotMbeenMV ((ing)
Interogativ( HaveAhasM(MnotMbeen
,egativ
%ste o actiune inceputa in trecut, este in desfasurare in momentul vorbirii si
actiunea pleaca spre viitorBu: since# for# how long
Present (imple ense
Afirmativ (MV (pers a(III(a : (s,(es, (o, (ss, (ch,
(sh)
Interogativ doAdoesM(MV (infscurt)
,egativ (MdoAdoesMnotMV (infscurt)
Interogativ(
,egativ $8onNt
you>)
doAdoesM(MnotMV (infscurt)
Question(*ag $u-
i asa>)
She goes there ever# da#, doesn?t
she-
5%ste o actiune obisnuita, repetata, permanenta
B very day# every week# etc. pozitia: la sfarsit sau la inceput de
propozitie
B ussualy# often# seldom# always# sometimes# generaly# never# okkasionaly#
etc. pozitia: dupa subiect
B from time to time# once a week# twice a week# etc. pozitia: numai la
sfarsitul propozitiei
@.%xprima un adevar general valabil
C.Apare in: comentarii, retete, demonstratii, indicatii scenice, titluri de
articole, etc
D.%ste o modalitate de exprimare a unui program oficial
=x9.e start a new term at school tomorrow
E.In propozitii circumstantiale de timp (when# while# after# before# as soon
as# till# until ) si conditional tip 5 viitorul este inlocuit cu prezentul
simplu pentru actiune simultana
=x9 I shall go to ?ucharest if I have money.
Present +ontinuous ense
Afirmativ (Mto be(present)MV(ing
Interogativ to beM(MV(ing
,egativ (Mto beMnotMV(ing
Interogativ(
,egativ
to beM(MnotMV(ing
Question(*ag She is reading no), isn?t she- I am
disturbing #ou, aren?t I-
5%ste o actiune in desfasurare in momentul vorbirii cu: now# at this
moment# ,ust$now)# etc.
.Arata ca o actiune este temporara
8%ste o modalitate de exprimare a viitorului ca urmare a unui program
personal
=x9 INm visiting my grandparents this week.
:Arata ca o actiune este prea des repetata, si supara, irita vorbitorul cu
often# forever# generaly# constantly# never# etc.
=x9 "his child is forever crying.
,ota: verbele to grow si to get arata trecerea de la o stare la alta
=x9 It is getting dark.1y parents are growing older and older.
Verbe care nu se 0olosesc la aspectul continuu
5)Herbe de perceptie: to feel# to hear# to notice# to see# to smell# to taste
.)Herbe care exprima o activitate mintala: to agree# to believe# to distrust#
to doubt# to find# to foresee# to forget# to guess# to imagine# to know# to
mean# to mind# to remember# to recogni/e# to recollect# to regard# to
suppose# to think $that) # to trust# to understand
8)Herbe care exprima o dorinta: to desire# to intend# to want# to wish# etc.
:)Herbe care exprima o posesie: to belong# to have# to hold# to keep# to
owe# to own# to possess
;)Herbe care exprima atitudini, sentimente, stari emotionale: to abhor# to
adore# to detest# to dislike# to displease# to like# to love# to hate# to please#
to prefer# etc.
<)Herbe care exprima o stare, o conditie: to appear# to be# to consist$of)# to
contain# to differ# to deserve# to eFual# to exist# to resemble# to seem# to suit
Semnificatia semnelor LML si L(L este: LML inseamna ca se foloseste la
aspectul continuu, L(L inseamna contrarul
to see
( to perceive
M to meet, to visit, to intervie)
to expect
( to hope , to believe
M to )ait for
to thin"
( to believe, to give an opinion
M to thin" of 0 about
to have
( to possess
M to ta"e a bath, a sho)er, lunch, brea"fast
M a face pe cineva sa faca ceva pentru tine(verb
cauzativ)
=x9 INm having my house painted
to be
( to exist
M comportare temporara
=x9 2ou are being rude today
4rdinea cuvintelor in propo/itie este9 (=P=+;A+I=+3=+5=+
he (ub'unctive
A.he synthetical sub'unctive
F.he Present (ub'unctive
%ste identic cu infinitivul scurt al verbului, este socotit vechi,
pretentios si nu se foloseste in limba contemporana
Apare in urari(expresii fixe)
+ar be it from meK (departe de
mine)
$eaven
Je that as it ma#K
Suffice it to sa# that
6ood b#eK(6od be )ith #ouK)
6od forgive0bless #ouK
Apare dupa impresii impersonale
It is natural that they should
comeO
It is natural that they come.
@upa advise, to recommendshould
"hey suggest that he should read.
"hey suggest him to read.
"hey suggest that he read.
@.he Past Present (ub'unctive
Identic cu 'ast *ense Tul verbului (to be0)ere)
Apare dupa constructii ipotetice
In conditional tip II
C.he Past Per0ect (ub'unctive
Identic cu 'ast 'erfect(ul verbului
Apare dupa wish# if only# as if# as thought# even if# even thought
".he Analythical (ub'unctive
+ormat dintr(un verb modal(shall# should# would# may# mught# could)
%ste mai des folosit si apare atat in propozitia secundara cat si in
propozitia principala
ShallMinfinitiv
%ro/itia principala %ropo/itia secundara
Shall I help #ou- (oferta) Amenintare (informal
english)
ShouldMinfinitiv
%ropo/itia principala %ropo/itia secundara
Eh# should I go there- In conditional tip I si II
@upa constructii ipotetice
In completiva directa
In propozitia de scop
Aa#0mightMinfinitiv
%ropo/itia principala %ropo/itia secundara
exprima o urare:
Aa# all #our dreams come
trueK
7h, that the# might )inK
@upa constructii
impersonale: it isJwas
possible# probable# likely
In propozitia concesiva
In propozitia de scop
EouldMinfinitiv
In propozitia secundara dupa wish si if only
BouldMinfinitiv
%xprima scopul ca o alternativa a lui mayJmight# could
avand un grad mai mare de siguranta
I studied so that I might pass the exam $but I didnNt).
I studied so that I could pass the exam $I am a student).
3odal verbs
Bonceptul de capacitate, posibilitate, necesitate sau obligatie este redat de
asa numitele Lmodal auxiliar# verbsL : can# could# shall# should# must#
need# ought to# used to# dare.
+aracteristici:
,u au infinitiv lung
,u primesc LsL la persoana a III a singular prezent simplu
,u primesc L(ingL
Herbele care urmeaza sunt la infinitiv scurt; excceptie: used to# ought
to
,u au toate timpurile si modurile unui verb normal, de aceea unele au
echivalenti
+ormeaza interogativul prin inversiune; negativul M not
+an-could to be able to
3ay-mi)ht (numai in Indirect Speech) to be allowed to; to be
permited to
3ust to have to
'erbe modale (clic" pe lin"(uri)
Eill Shall Ban Bould Aa# Aight Aust ,eed Should 7ught to Eould
&sed to
@are
;irect-Indirect (peech
A @aca in propozitia principala verbul to say, to tell, etc(reported
verbes) sunt la prezent, in propozitia secundara (completiva directa)
se pune orice timp cerut de inteles
J @aca reported verbs sunt la trecut in completiva directa au loc
schimbari la nivel de pronume, adverb si verb
'ronume
I he0she
)e the#
m# his0her
our their
this that
these those
Adverb
$ere there
,o) then
*oda# that da#
*onight that night
*omorro) the next da#
the follo)ing da#
1esterda# the da# before
the previous da#
Ago before
,ext the next
the da# after tomorro) in t)o da# time
the da# before #esterda# t)o da#s before
Herb
'resent simple 'ast simple
'resent continuous 'ast continuous
'resent perfect 'ast perfect
'ast tense 'ast perfect
+utur +utur in the past
Imperative Infinitive
,!A: prezentul simplu poate ramane neschimbat atunci cand exprima un
adevar general valabil sau o actiune valabila si in prezent
,!A: If poate fi inlocuit cu whether atunci cand exprima o indoiala sau
posibilitatea unei alegeri
=x9 N'hall I help you>N he said. 3e said whether I should help him.
,!A: Intrebarile
a U@o #ou spea" english-R he as"ed $e as"ed me if I spo"e english
b U$o) are #ou-R she said She said ho) I )as
,!A: imperativul cu let 9
Singular
I 2et me goK
II 6oK
III 2et him0her0it goK
'lural
I 2et us goK (2etRs)
II 6oK
III 2et them goK
=x9 P5etNs goP# he said. 3e sugested that they should go.
,!A: exclamatiile
LEhat a K L
She exclaimed )ith
horror0disgust0surprise
L7h dearKL
L$eavensKL
L&ghKL
L+or goodness
sa"eKL
L2oo" outKKL
L*han" #ouKL
$e than"ed me
L6ood morningKL
She greeted me
She )ished me a
L2iarKL
She called me a liar
L@amnKL
She s)ore
,!A: Bonditional tip II si III raman neschimbate