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Fidelucru,clasaaXa,3h/sapt,Ancolar:2009/2010
1)Ssedemonstreze,prinmetodainducieimatematice,egalitile:
a)
1
1
1
1
n
+
+
+ ...+
=
, " nN* .
12 2 3 3 4
n(n+ 1) n+ 1
c)
2)Ssedemonstreze,prinmetodainducieimatematice,inegalitile:
a) 2n>2n+1, " nN* .
1
1
1
b) 1+
+
++
<2 n, " nN* .
2
3
n
1 1 1
1
n
c) 1+ + + ++ n
> , " n N* .
2 3 4
2 -1 2
3)Ssedemonstreze,prinmetodainducieimatematice,c:
a) 9n 1sedividecu8, " n N.
b) n3 +11nsedividecu3, " n N.
c) 4n +15n 1sedivideprin9,pentruoricen N.
4)Teoreme:
a)Termenulgeneral,aluneiprogresiiaritmetice: (an )n1 ,estedatdeformula: an = a1 + (n-1) r, " n1 .
b)Termenulgeneral,aluneiprogresiigeometrice: (bn )n1 ,estedatdeformula: bn = b1 qn-1, " n1 .
(a + a )n
c)Sumaprimilorntermini,aiuneiprogresiiaritmetice: (an )n1 ,este: Sn = 1 n , " n1 .
2
5)
a)Ssecalculezesuma:Sn = 11!+ 2 2!+ 3 3!+ ...+ n n! , iapoissedemonstrezeprininducie
matematic,formulagsit, " nN* ,unde:n!= 12 3 4 ... n .
b)Ssecalculezeprodusul urmtor,iapoissedemonstrezeprininduciematematic,formulagsit:
1
1 1
Pn =1- 1- ...1- 2 ,n N,n 2.
4 9 n
d) Ssedemonstreze,cpentruoricen N,n 5,arelocinegalitatea:2n >n2 .
e) Ssedemonstreze,c " n N,10n +18(n 1) 10M 27.
Prof.MtrescuMaria.
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Rezolvri:
1
1
1
1
n
+
+
+ ...+
=
, " nN* .
12 2 3 3 4
n(n+ 1) n+ 1
1
1
1.Verificare:p(1):
=
,adevrat.
12 1+ 1
2.Demonstraia: p(k) p(k+ 1) , " kN* .Presupunemp(k)adevratidem.c:p(k+1)este
1
1
1
1
k
adevrat,unde:p(k):
+
+
+ ...+
=
, " kN* ,iarp(k+1)este:
12 2 3 3 4
k (k+ 1) k+ 1
1
1
1
1
1
k+ 1
+
+
+ ...+
+
=
, " kN*
12 2 3 3 4
k (k+ 1) (k+ 1) (k+ 2) k+ 2
1)a)p(n):
p ( k)
1
(k+1) = k+1 , " kN*
1
1
1
1
1
k
+
+
+ ...+
+
=
+
=
k +1 (k +1)(k+ 2) (k+ 1)(k+ 2) k + 2
12 2 3 3 4
k (k+ 1) (k+ 1) (k+ 2)
p(k+1)esteadevratconcluzie:din1.i2. p(n)esteadevrat.
1
n
1
1
1
n
=
, " nN* sau:p(n):
+
++
=
,
15 59
) 4n+1
(4n-3) (4n+ 1) 4n+1
k=1 (4k -3) (4k + 1
" nN*
1
1
a) Verificare:p(1):
=
,adevrat.
15 41+ 1
1
1
1
k
b) Demonstraia: p(k) p(k+ 1), " kN* .p(k): +
++
=
, " nN*
(4k-3) (4k+ 1) 4k +1
15 59
1
1
1
1
k + 1
p(k+1): +
++
+
=
, " nN*
(4k-3) (4k+ 1) (4k+1)(4k+ 5) 4k + 5
15 59
p ( k)
1
1
1
1
1
k
k + 1
+
++
+
=
+
=
, " nN*
(4k-3) (4k+ 1) (4k +1)(4k+ 5) 4k +1 (4k+1)(4k+ 5) 4k + 5
15 59
p(k+1)esteadevratconcluzie:dina)ib) p(n)esteadevrat.
c)p(n):
2/4
1):1+
1
2
1
3
++
1
k
1
k +1
1
2
1
1
3
++
1
k
1
<2 k +
adem.cp(k+1)esteadevrat,revielaaartac:2 k +
<2 k +1 ,k 1
k +1
k +1
k
2 k k+1 +1<2(k+1) 2 k 2 +k <2k+1 4(k2+k)<4k2 +4k+1,adevrat,deci p(k+1)este
adevrat concluzie:din1.i2. p(n)esteadevrat.
1 1 1
1
n
+ + ++ n
> , " n N* .
2 3 4
2 -1 2
1. Verificare:p(1):1>,adevrat
c) p(n):1+
1 1 1
1
k
2. Demonstraia: p(k) p(k+ 1), " kN* .p(k):1+ + + ++ k
> , " k N*
2 3 4
2 -1 2
1 1 1
1
1
1
1
k
p(k+1):1+ + + ++ k
+ k + k+1 + ...+ k+1 > , " k N*.
2 3 4
2 -1 2
2
2 -1 2
1 1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Sk+1 =(1+ + + ++ k
)+( k + k+1 + ...+ k+1 )=Sk +Pk ,Pk = k + k+1 + ...+ k+1 >
2 3 4
2 -1
2
2
2 -1
2
2
2 -1
1
1
1
1
1
k
k
k
+
1
> k+1 + k+1 ++ k+1
> 2 k k+1 = Sk > ,Pk > Sk+1 = Sk +Pk >
p(k+1) adevrat
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 - 1
2
concluzie:din1.i2. p(n)esteadevrat.
p ( k)
p ( k)
3/4
c)p(n): Sn =
(a1 + an)n
, " n1 .
2
1.Verificare:p(1):S1 =a1 ,adevrat.
2.Demonstraia: p(k) p(k+ 1), " kN* p(k): Sk =
Sk+1 =
def .
k+1
p ( k)
= Sk +ak+1 =
(a1 + ak )k
(a1 +ak )k
+ak+1 =
, " k 1 .p(k+1):
2
2
(a + ak +1) (k + 1) p(k+1)adevrat concluzie:din1.i2. p(n)adevrat.
= 1
2
n
5)a)Sn =
k=1
=
=
,k N,k 2 p(k+1) adevrat
1
-
1- 1- ...1- 2 1-
2
2
2k (k + 1) 2(k+ 1)
4 9 k (k + 1)
b)P2 =
concluzie:din1.i2. p(n)adevrat.
c)p(n):2n >n2 , " n N,n 5.
1.Verificare:p(5):25 >52 ,adevrat
2.Demonstraia: p(k) p(k+ 1), " k N,k 5.
p(k):2k >k2 , " k N,k 5.p(k+1):2k+1 >(k+1)2 , " k N,k 5.Ademonstrac,p(k+1)este
adevrat,revinelaaartac:2k2 >(k+1)2,k 5 k2 >2k+1 k(k2)>1,deoarecek 5 k(k2) 1
p(k+1) adevrat concluzie:din1.i2. p(n)adevrat.
d)p(n):10n +18(n 1) 10M 27, " nN .
1.Verificare:p(0):100 +18(0 1)10M 27,adev.
2. Demonstraia: p(k) p(k+ 1), " k N.
p(k):10k +18(k 1) 10M 27, " kN .
p(k+1):10k+1 +18(k) 10M 27, " kN .
10k+1 +18k 10=10 10k +18k 10=10[10k +18(k 1) 10] 10[18(k 1) 10]+18k 10=
=10[10k +18(k 1) 10] 162k+270 p(k+1) adevrat concluzie:din1.i2. p(n)adevrat.
Prof.MtrescuMaria
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