Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
MARILENA DRAGOMIR
LILIANA GURAN-NICA
MARILENA DRAGOMIR
GEOGRAFIE
ECONOMIC MONDIAL
CAIET PENTRU
SEMINARII I LUCRRI PRACTICE
CUPRINS
Introducere
24
31
43
49
56
61
68
74
80
86
91
95
Bibliografie ...
100
102
104
106
107
108
INTRODUCERE
Tema I
ELEMENTE TEORETICE I METODOLOGICE
OBIECTIVE
1. Fixarea cunotinelor asimilate la curs.
2. nbogirea cunotinelor pe baza noilor informaii i a bibliografiei lrgite.
3. Dezvoltarea abilitii de lucru cu materialul grafic i cartografic.
4. Dezvoltarea deprinderilor de realizare a reprezentrilor grafice i
cartografice
PRINCIPII I METODE DE STUDIU
ETAPE DE LUCRU
1. Discuii pe baza cunotinelor acumulate la curs
10
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
11
12
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
13
METODE DE REPREZENTARE
GRAFIC I CARTOGRAFIC, FOLOSITE
N GEOGRAFIA ECONOMIC
ETAPE DE LUCRU
1. Prezentarea principalelor metode de reprezentare grafic i
cartografic
Reprezentarea proceselor i fenomenelor economico-geografice se realizeaz, att grafic, ct i cartografic, metodele folosite, corespunztoare celor dou
categorii, clasificndu-se n: metode statistice i metode cartografice.
Metodele statistice (diagrama, cartograma, cartodiagrama) sunt folosite
pentru reprezentarea unor indicatori statistici, amplasarea acestora pe hart
fcndu-se fr o condiionare strict fa de elementele geografice.
Diagramele, frecvent folosite n geografia economic, sunt de o mare
varietate, constituind reprezentri grafice realizate cu ajutorul figurilor geometrice.
Ele permit compararea simultan a mai multor elemente, evoluia n timp a unor
fenomene economice, desprinderea unor concluzii tiinifice cu mai mult
operativitate dect n cazul consultrii unor tabele. Diagramele, indiferent de tip,
au o serie de elemente comune, printre cele mai importante aflndu-se: titlul, scara
de reprezentare, legenda, reeaua.
Titlul, formulat concis, se amplaseaz, n general, n partea de sus a
diagramei; el trebuie s concorde, pe ct posibil, cu cel al tabelului cu date
statistice pe care le reprezint, fr a se mai meniona diagrama cu privire la,
ci direct aspectul exprimat.
Scara de reprezentare se red la majoritatea tipurilor de grafice i diagrame,
prin gradarea celor dou axe ale reprezentrii. Gradarea ncepe de la punctul de
intersecie a ordonatei cu abscisa, de la 0, iar dac valorile sunt prea mari, de la un
numr rotund.
Legenda const n explicarea culorilor, haurilor, semnelor folosite i se
amplaseaz, de regul, n afara reprezentrii, fie sub reea, fie n partea dreapt,
urmrindu-se estetica.
Reeaua este un element comun majoritii diagramelor i poate mbrca
aspecte diferite. Reelele pot fi formate din linii paralele, perpendiculare, din
cercuri concentrice, sectoare de cerc, evantai etc.
n cele ce urmeaz vor fi prezentate pe scurt principalele tipuri de diagrame
folosite n geografia economic. Ele se pot clasifica n diagrame simple (diagrama
n coloane, diagrama n benzi, cronograma, diagrama prin ptrate, diagrama prin
cercuri) i n diagrame complexe (diagrama prin sectoare circulare, piramida
structural, diagrama prin dreptunghi, diagrama prin ptrat, diagrama polar).
Diagrama n coloane (histograma) se realizeaz cu ajutorul unui sistem
de axe YOX, pe ordonat (axa vertical) notndu-se scara reprezentrii, iar pe
abscis (axa orizontal) amplasndu-se bazele coloanelor. Axa vertical va fi
mprit, n segmente egale (de 0,5, 1, 2 cm) i pe aceasta se vor amplasa valorile,
care cresc progresiv, la intervale egale. Coloanele, de nlimi diferite, conform
14
100000
80000
1990-1992
60000
1993-1996
40000
1997-2000
20000
0
Diagrama n coloane
Diagrama n benzi - este o inversare a diagramei n coloane, scara
reprezentrii fiind poziionat pe axa orizontal iar pe axa vertical se plaseaz
baza benzilor.
Alte tari
Australia
Austria
Luxemburg
Marea Britanie
Italia
Germania
Franta
9
SUA
Olanda
Coreea
0
100
200
300
400
500
Diagrama n benzi
15
vanzari
19
67
19
70
19
75
19
80
19
85
19
90
19
93
export
Cronograma
Diagrama prin ptrate
Se pornete de la ideea c indicatorii ce trebuie reprezentai sunt egali cu
suprafeele unor ptrate. Pentru a construi respectivele ptrate, apelm la formula
matematic a suprafeei ptratului S = L2; astfel latura ptratului se va calcula dup
formula : L= S . Dup aflarea lungimii laturii ptratelor, n funcie de datele care
trebuie reprezentate, se apeleaz la o scar convenional (1cm =..), se
construiesc ptratele respective, fie unul lng altul, fie suprapuse i se coloreaz
sau haureaz. La legend trebuie trecut semnificaia fiecrei culori sau hauri.
Diagrama prin cercuri proporionale
Se realizeaz pornind de la ideea c indicatorii care trebuie reprezentai sunt
direct proporionali cu suprafaa cercurilor. Se calculeaz raza cercurilor dup
formula R= S
construiesc cercurile, unul lng altul, circumscrise sau n aflux. Se coloreaz sau
se haureaz, explicaia culorilor sau a haurilor regsindu-se la legend.
n cazul n care diferenele dintre valorile care trebuie reprezentate sunt
foarte mari, se apeleaz la stabilirea unor valori convenionale ale cercurilor astfel
nct ele s poat fi reprezentate n spaiul alocat diagramei.
16
A
*100 % , n care Iv = totalul investiiilor, A = investiiile din
Iv
Transp.
3%
Turism
3%
alte
servicii
8%
Ind.
19%
Agr.
4%
Constr.
2%
Comert
61%
A%
*360 , n care A% - valoarea procentual a investiiilor din
100
0.03 - 0.99
1 - 1.99
2 - 2.99
3 - 5.99
6-7
Cartograma
Cartodiagrama constituie o mbinare a cartogramei cu diagrama, avnd la
baz o hart pe care sunt delimitate unitile administrativteritoriale, pe care se
plaseaz diagramele. Amplasarea acestora se face n mod arbitrar, fr a depi
ns limitele teritoriale ale unitii respective.
n funcie de elementele reprezentate prin intermediul diagramelor, cartodiagrama poate fi: structural, dinamic, complex.
Uneori pentru o reprezentare mai complex se procedeaz la combinarea
cartogramei cu cartodiagrama.
Metodele cartografice (metoda semnelor, metoda arealelor, metoda
fondului calitativ, metoda liniilor n micare sau dinamice, metoda punctului) au o
mai mare precizie dect metodele statistice, n sensul c reprezentarea fenomenelor
i proceselor economice, se face cu exactitate, n concordan cu factorii fizicogeografici i socio-economici.
19
Cartodiagrama
...............................
.
..
..... ...................................................
. .. ...............................
.
..............................................
.. .
. ...
. .. ............................................. .
.
. .
. . ....... ... .......................................................... .
. . . ... .... .. . .....
.................... ...............................................................
..........................................................
.. ..... .. .
....................................................................
.........................................
.........
.... .
20
Metoda semnelor
Metoda arealelor este, de asemenea, folosit pentru reprezentarea unor
fenomene sociale sau economice, care au o repartiie discontinu n teritoriu.
Aceast metod const n delimitarea suprafeei (arealului) n care este prezent
fenomenul respectiv printr-o linie curb nchis, n cazul n care limitele acestui
spaiu sunt bine cunoscute sau prin colorarea sau haurarea arealului dac
fenomenul respectiv nu este bine delimitat teritorial. Arealele reprezentate pe o
hart pot avea dimensiuni diferite i se pot colora sau haura n funcie de
importana acestora n ilustrarea fenomenului reprezentat. Metoda se folosete cu
succes n geografia economic, fiind foarte util n cartografierea agriculturii,
resurselor, populaiei etc.
21
22
BIBLIOGRAFIE
Dragu, Gh. (1975), Cartografiere Economico-Geografic, Centrul de multiplicare
al Universitii din Bucureti, Bucureti.
Erdeli, G., Braghin, C., Frsineanu, D. (2000), Geografie Economic Mondial,
Editura Fundaiei Romnia de Mine, Bucureti.
Iano, I. (2000), Sisteme teritoriale, Editura Tehnic, Bucureti.
Nstase, A. (1998), Cartografie, Editura Fundaiei Romnia de Mine,
Bucureti.
*** (1984), Geografia Romniei II. Geografia uman i economic, Editura
Academiei Republicii Socialiste Romnia, Bucureti.
23
Tema II
CORELAIA SISTEM TERITORIAL SISTEM ECONOMIC
OBIECTIVE
1. Fixarea cunotinelor asimilate la curs.
2. nbogirea cunotinelor pe baza unei bibliografii lrgite.
3. Asimilarea metodelor de lucru n analiza choremic.
ETAPE DE LUCRU
1. Discuii pe baza cunotinelor acumulate la curs
25
2. Activiti practice
27
Areal
Punct
Linie
Pasaj
Flux
Variaie sau
polarizare
Gradient
29
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
BIBLIOGRAFIE
Iano, I. (2000), Sisteme teritoriale, Editura Tehnic, Bucureti.
30
Tema III
HARTA POLITIC A LUMII.
REGIUNI DE INTEGRARE ECONOMIC
OBIECTIVE
1. Verificarea i fixarea noiunilor prezentate la curs.
2. mbogirea cunotinelor pe baza unei bibliografii lrgite.
3. Dezvoltarea abilitii de lucru cu materialul cartografic.
HARTA POLITIC A LUMII
ETAPE DE LUCRU
1. Discuii pe baza cunotinelor acumulate la curs
32
33
1. Activiti practice
Realizai prezentri succinte ale continentelor (Europa, Asia, Africa,
America, Australia, Antarctica), surprinznd principalele aspecte legate de
poziia geografic, principalele uniti de relief, tipurile climatice,
principalele artere hidrografice, zonele biogeografice.
Utiliznd harta, completai tabelul urmtor, enumernd statele independente existente pe harta politic a lumii n prezent.
Continentul
Regiunea
Europa Nordic
Europa Atlantic (Vestic)
Europa Sudic
(Mediteraneean)
Europa Central
Europa Estic
Asia de Vest i de Sud-Vest
(Orientul Apropiat i
Mijlociu)
Asia de Sud
Asia de Est i de Sud-Est
Asia Central
Asia de Nord
Africa de Nord
Africa de Vest
Africa de Est
Africa Central
Africa Austral
America de Nord
34
ri independente
ara
Danemarca
Marea Britanie
Norvegia
Marea Britanie
Israel
Marea Britanie
Frana
Spania
S.U.A.
Marea Britanie
Frana
Danemarca
America de
sud
Australia
Oceania
Marea Britanie
Frana
Olanda
i Marea Britanie
Frana
S.U.A.
Teritorii dependente
I-le Feroe
Gibraltar, I-le Normande, I. Man
Arh. Svalbard, I. Jan Mayen
I. Diego Garcia
Cisiordania, Gaza, Golan
I-le Sf. Elena, Ascension, Tristan de Cunha
I. Mayotte, I. Reunion
Africa de Nord Spaniol (Ceuta i Mellila)
I. Puerto Rico, I-le Virgine Americane,
Guantanamo (n Cuba)
I. Anguilla, I-le Turks i Caicos,
Arh.Bermude, I-le Virgine Britanice, I.
Montserrat
I-le Guadeloupe, I. Martinica, Arh. St.
Pierre i Miquelon
I. Groenlanda
Arh. Falkland
Guyana Francez
Arh. Antilele Olandeze, Ins. Aruba
I-le Pitcairn
Arh. Noua Caledonie, I-le Wallis i Futuna,
Arh. Polinezia Francez
I. Guam, I-le Midway, Arh. Mariane de
Nord, I-le Samoa American
35
Antarctica
Regatul Unit
Australia
Frana
Norvegia
Noua Zeeland
36
38
AFRICA
Comunitatea Economic a Statelor Africane de Vest (C.E.S.A.V.), creat
n anul 1957, grupeaz: Nigeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Insulele Capului Verde,
Coasta de Filde, Gambia, Ghana, Guineea, Guineea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali,
Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo.
Comunitatea Economic a Statelor Africane Centrale (C.E.S.A.C.),
fondat n anul 1983, are ca membri componei statele: Burundi, Camerun, Africa
Central, Congo, Gabon, Guineea Ecuatorial, Rwanda, Ciad, Republica
Democrat Congo.
Comunitatea Economic a Africii de Sud, alctuit n 1994, pe baza unei
organizaii anterioare (1979), include urmtoarele state: Angola, Botswana,
Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambic, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia,
Africa de Sud.
Uniunea Maghreb-ului Arab, fondat n 1989, reunete ri precum:
Algeria, Libia, Maroc, Mauritania, Tunisia.
AUSTRALIA
Acordul de Comer i Relaii Economice (A.N.Z.C.E.R.T.A) constituie o
organizaie economic ce reunete Australia i Noua Zeeland.
La aceste organizaii economice continentale se mai adaug cele extinse pe
mai multe continente:
COOPERAREA ECONOMIC ASIA-PACIFIC (A.P.E.C.) nfiinat n
anul 1989, la iniiativa Australiei, cu sprijinul S.U.A. i al Japoniei, include n
prezent statele: S.U.A., Canada, Mexic, Chile, Peru, Australia, Noua Zeeland,
Papua-Noua Guinee, Japonia, Coreea de Sud, China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailanda,
Malaysia, Indonezia, Filipine, Singapore, Brunei, Rusia.
ORGANIZAIA RILOR EXPORTATOARE DE PETROL
(O.P.E.C.) fondat n 1960, cu scopul controlului pieei petrolului, reunete ri ca:
Irak, Iran, Arabia Saudit, Kuweit, Qatar, Libia, Emiratele Arabe Unite, Algeria,
Venezuela, Indonezia, Nigeria, Ecuador, Gabon.
n afara acestor organizaii economice exist numeroase alte organisme
bazate pe alte tipuri de relaii: politice, militare, sociale, culturale etc.
Dup cel de-al doilea rzboi mondial, au aprut cteva organizaii
internaionale, cu specific politico-militar, principalele lor obiective fiind legate de
aprarea statelor membre. n condiiile dizolvrii unor organizaii, dup 1990,
singura mare organizaie politico-militar n activitate rmne N.A.T.O.
(Organizaia Tratatului de Nord). nfiinat n anul 1949, la Bruxelles, reunete
n prezent urmtoarele ri: Belgia, Canada, Danemarca, Frana, Germania, Grecia,
Islanda, Italia, Luxemburg, Norvegia, Olanda, Portugalia, Marea Britanie, Spania,
Turcia, S.U.A. Din 1999, au devenit membre N.A.T.O. Ungaria, Polonia, Cehia iar
din 2004, Romnia, Bulgaria, Letonia, Lituania, Estonia, Slovenia, Slovacia.
39
ETAPE DE LUCRU
1. Discuii pe baza subiectului de seminar
Explicai ce se nelege prin integrare economic i dai exemple de forme
de integrare economic la nivelul continentelor.
Precizai rolul pe care l joac O.N.U. pe plan mondial, menionnd
organele sale constitutive, rolul i funciile acestora.
Dai exemple de instituii specializate O.N.U., care acioneaz i n
Romnia.
Prezentai principalele etape de formare a Uniunii Europene, preciznd
rile componente i cele care vizeaz aderarea la aceast organizaie.
Care sunt obiectivele fundamentale ale Uniunii Europene i care credei c
sunt avantajele Romniei prin aderarea la acest organism?
Menionai rile care fac parte din N.A.T.O. i care sunt avantajele
Romniei, ca membru al acestei organizaii.
2. Activiti practice
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
40
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
BIBLIOGRAFIE
Erdeli, G., Braghin, C., Frsineanu, D. (2000), Geografie Economic Mondial,
Editura Fundaiei Romnia de Mine, Bucureti.
Matei, H., Negu, S., Nicolae, I. (2003), Statele Lumii, Editura Meronia, Bucureti.
* * * (1992), Atlasul Geografic al Lumii, Editura Didactic i Pedagogic.
42
Tema IV
TEORII I FACTORI DE LOCALIZARE
A ACTIVITILOR ECONOMICE
OBIECTIVE
1. Fixarea cunotinelor asimilate la curs.
2. nbogirea cunotinelor pe baza unei bibliografii lrgite.
3. Dezvoltarea abilitii de lucru cu materialul cartografic.
ETAPE DE LUCRU
1. Discuii pe baza cunotinelor acumulate la curs
Localitatea central
Agricultur
intensiv/Creterea
intensiv a animalelor
Silvicultur
Cultura extensiv a
cerealelor
Creterea extensiv a
animalelor
Factori geografici
Localizarea
relativ
Spaiul
Distana
Aglomerarea
Apropierea geogr. de
piaa de desfacere
Tehnologia
Accesibilitatea
Mediul
Extinderea
Accesibilitatea la
resursele naturale
Infrastructura
Avantajul
comparativ
Economiile
la scar
Fora de
munc
44
Definii fiecare factor economic din schema de mai sus i explicai rolul lor
n localizarea activitilor economice. Exemplificai.
1. Activiti practice
46
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
47
BIBLIOGRAFIE
Guran-Nica, Liliana (2002), Investiiile strine directe i dezvoltarea sistemului de
aezri din Romnia, Editura Tehnic, Bucureti.
Popescu, Claudia Rodica (2001), Industria mondial n era globalizrii, Editura
Oscar Print, Bucureti.
*** (1984), Geografia Romniei II. Geografia uman i economic, Editura
Academiei Republicii Socialiste Romnia, Bucureti.
48
Tema V
INDICATORUL DEZVOLTRII UMANE
INDICATORUL SRCIEI UMANE
OBIECTIVE
1. Fixarea cunotinelor asimilate la curs.
2. mbogirea cunotinelor pe baza unei bibliografii lrgite.
3. Dezvoltarea abilitii de lucru cu materialul cartografic.
ETAPE DE LUCRU
1. Elemente teoretice
Indicatorul dezvoltrii umane (I.D.U.) este calculat, din 1990, n fiecare
an, de ctre Programul Naiunilor Unite pentru Dezvoltare. La calcularea acestuia
se ine cont de trei elemente eseniale: sperana de via la natere, nivelul
instruciei (rezultat din rata alfabetizrii adulilor, cu o pondere de 2 treimi i rata
colarizrii cu o pondere de 1 treime), veniturile reprezentate de P.I.B./loc, calculat
la paritatea puterii de cumprare. Acesta constituie o mrime relativ, care are la
baz un set de norme alese pentru valorile maxime i minime ale fiecrei
componente:
Indicatori
Sperana de via la natere
Rata alfabetizrii adulilor
Rata de colarizare
P.I.B./loc (PPP USD)
Valoarea maxim
85 ani
100 %
100 %
40000
Valoarea minim
25 ani
0%
0%
100
78, 0 25
= 0,884
85 25
49
95,8 0
= 0,958
100 0
69 0
Indicele colarizrii =
= 0,690
100 0
Indicele alfabetizrii =
log(8840) log(100)
= 0,748
log(40000) log(100)
ri dezvoltate
I.S.U (2) = [1/4(S1+S2+S3+S4)]1/
Unde: S1 = probabilitatea la natere c nu va supravieui pn la 60 ani
S2 = rata adulilor cu probleme de alfabetizare
S3 = procentajul populaiei care triete sub o limit a srciei
S4 = rata omajului pe termen lung
Ex. Canada S1= 8,7%; S2 = 16,6%; S3 = 12,8%; S4 = 0,7%
I.S.U (2) = [1/4(8,73+16,63+12,83+0,73)]1/3 = 12,2
2. Discuii pe baza subiectului de seminar
Definii conceptul de dezvoltare uman, pornind de la cele 4 componente
eseniale, care alctuiesc paradigma dezvoltrii umane: productivitate,
echitate, durabilitate, mputernicire.
Menionai mai multe posibiliti prin care se poate exprima dezvoltarea
uman, n general.
Interpretai urmtoarea schem care conine elementele componente ale
I.D.U.
CRITERII
Indicatori
O VIA LUNG
I SNTOAS
Sperana de via
la natere
rata alfabetizrii
adulilor
CUNOATERE
UN STANDARD
DECENT
DE VIA
P.I.B./Loc U.S.D.
Calculat la paritatea
puterii de cumprare
Indici
Indicele speranei de
via
Indicele nivelului
instruciei
Indicele P.I.B
51
I.S.U ri n dezvoltare
CRITERII
Indicatori
O VIA LUNG
I SNTOAS
probabilitatea la natere
c nu va supravieui
pn la 40 ani
CUNOATERE
rata analfabetizrii
UN STANDARD
DECENT DE
VIA
procentajul populaiei
fr acces la o surs
continu de ap
Indicatorul
Srciei Umane
I.S.U ri dezvoltate
CRITERII
52
Indicatori
O VIA
LUNG
I SNTOAS
probabilitatea la natere c nu
va supravieui pna la 60
ani
CUNOATERE
procentajul adulior cu
probleme de alfabetizare
Indicatorul
Srciei Umane
UN STANDARD
DECENT DE
VIA
ASPECTE
SOCIALE
2. Activiti practice
Realizai calcule ale I.D.U. pentru urmtoarele ri:
Algeria
.
Canada .
Somalia .
Frana
.
S.U.A
.
Romnia .
Venezuela
China
.
Egipt
Irak
.
Facei scurte analize ale rilor plasate n fruntea clasamentului i ale rilor
plasate pe ultimele locuri (cte un singur stat la alegere), surprinznd
poziia geografic a acestora, resursele naturale, potenialul demografic i
economic, eventuale perspective de dezvoltare.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
53
Populaia care
triete cu mai
puin de 1
USD/zi
(mil.)
Populaie
subnutrit
(mil.)
Copii de vrst
colar, care nu
merg la coal
(mil.)
Africa
323
185
Sub-Saharian
Statele Arabe
8
34
Pacificul i
261
212
Asia de Est
Asia de Sud
432
312
America de
56
53
Sud i
Caraibele
Europa
21
33
Central i
Estic; C.S.I.
Total mondial
1100
831
Sursa: World Bank, 2003, UNESCO- 2003, U.N.2003
Populaia
fr acces
la surse de
ap (mil.)
44
273
Populaia
fr acces
la
serviciul
sanitar
(mil.)
299
7
14
42
453
51
1004
32
2
225
72
994
121
29
104
1197
2742
BIBLIOGRAFIE
Negoescu, B., Vlsceanu, G. (2001), Geografie Economic. Resursele Terrei,
Editura Meteora Press, Bucureti.
* * * (2004), Human Development Report, P.N.U.D., New York
* * * (2004), World Development Indicators, The World Bank, Washington
55
Tema VI
DIMENSIUNEA DEMOGRAFIC
A SISTEMULUI ECONOMIC
OBIECTIVE
1. Fixarea cunotinelor asimilate la curs.
2. mbogirea cunotinelor pe baza unei bibliografii lrgite.
3. Dezvoltarea abilitii de lucru cu materialul cartografic.
ETAPE DE LUCRU
1. Discuii pe baza cunotinelor acumulate la curs
a fi
om
a alege
a aciona
Enumerai indicatorii prin prisma crora se pot analiza cele trei dimensiuni
ale omului.
Cum a evoluat populaia pe glob de-a lungul istoriei i care au fost cauzele
variaiei ritmului de cretere?
Regiunea
geografic
Rata
mortalitii
1970 ()
Africa
Saharian
Africa de
Nord i
Orientul
Mijlociu
Asia de Sud
Asia de Est i
Pacific
America de
Sud i
Caraibe
Europa
Central i de
Rsrit, CSI
i rile
Baltice
ri
industrializate
ri n curs
de dezvoltare
ri
subdezvoltate
Total mondial
Sursa: Zainea, 2000.
Rata
mortalitii
1998 ()
Rata
natalitii
1970 ()
Rata
natalitii
1998 ()
21
16
48
17
18
10
41
Sperana
de via
1970
(ani)
44
Sperana
de via
1998
(ani)
48
45
28
52
66
9
7
41
35
27
18
48
58
62
69
10
37
23
60
69
11
20
14
66
69
10
17
12
72
78
14
38
25
53
62
22
15
48
38
43
50
12
33
22
56
64
populaie
om
57
2. Activiti practice
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
59
BIBLIOGRAFIE
Dumitrache, Liliana, Suditu, B. (2000), Deplasri, mobilitate, migraii o
60
TemaVII
AGRICULTURA PE GLOB
OBIECTIVE
1. Fixarea cunotinelor asimilate la curs.
1. mbogirea cunotinelor pe baza unei bibliografii lrgite.
1. Dezvoltarea abilitii de lucru cu materialul cartografic.
ETAPE DE LUCRU
1. Discuii pe baza cunotinelor acumulate la curs
Clim
Sol
Ap
Relief
62
2. Activiti practice
1000-2000 mii ha
500-1000mii ha
100-500 mii ha
20-100 mii ha
0-20 mii ha
00
5.000
5
.000
10.000
10.000 Km
Km
63
_____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
64
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
65
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Interpretai tabelele cu date statistice, referitoare la producia agricol de
cereale, surprinznd principalele productoare la nivelul continentelor.
Realizai o diagram n sectoare circulare (cerc structurat) care s surprind
producia de cereale la nivelul continentelor, prezentat n tabelul de mai
jos.
Continentul
Africa
America Central i de Nord
America de Sud
Asia
Europa
Australia i Oceania
Total mondial
BIBLIOGRAFIE
Cndea, Melinda, Isboiu C. (1999), Geografia Agriculturii, Editura Universitii
din Bucureti, Bucureti.
Erdeli, G., Braghin, C., Frsineanu, D. (2000), Geografie Economic Mondial,
Editura Fundaiei Romnia de Mine, Bucureti.
Negoescu, B., Vlsceanu, G. (2001), Geografie Economic. Resursele Terrei,
Editura Meteora Press, Bucureti.
67
Tema VIII
ROLUL INDUSTRIEI
N ORGANIZAREA SPAIULUI GEOGRAFIC
OBIECTIVE
1. Fixarea cunotinelor asimilate la curs.
2. nbogirea cunotinelor pe baza unei bibliografii lrgite.
3. Dezvoltarea abilitii de lucru cu materialul cartografic.
ETAPE DE LUCRU
1. Discuii pe baza cunotinelor acumulate la curs
industrie
agricultur
populaie
turism
68
transporturi
comer
69
2. Activiti practice
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
70
Curentul comportamentalist
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Curentul radical (structuralist)
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Curentul sistemic
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
71
Curentul postmodernist
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
72
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
BIBLIOGRAFIE
Popescu, Claudia Rodica (2000), Industria Romniei n secolul XX, Editura Oscar
Print, Bucureti.
Zainea, E. (2000), Globalizarea. ans sau blestem. Vol. I. Condiionrile creterii
economice, Editura Valand Print, Bucureti.
*** (1984), Geografia Romniei II. Geografia uman i economic, Editura
Academiei Republicii Socialiste Romnia, Bucureti.
73
Tema IX
RESURSELE ENERGETICE.
INDUSTRIA ENERGIEI ELECTRICE
OBIECTIVE
1. Fixarea cunotinelor asimilate la curs.
2. mbogirea cunotinelor pe baza unei bibliografii lrgite.
3. Dezvoltarea abilitii de lucru cu materialul cartografic.
ETAPE DE LUCRU
1. Discuii pe baza cunotinelor acumulate la curs
74
Dai exemple de ri care-i obin mare parte din energia electric din
termocentrale. Menionai resursele folosite de termocentrale i explicai
amplasarea acestora n spaiu.
Dai exemple de ri care-i obin mare parte din energia electric din
hidrocentrale.
2. Activiti practice
11
9
3
10
12
13
14
18
16
15
17
5 .000
10.000 Km
1
6
10
9
11
3
7
12
4
5
8
13
5 .000
10.000 Km
Producia mondial
(mil.t)
1929
191,4
1938
271,6
1946
375,6
1955
772,8
1960
1056,8
1970
2278,4
1978
3094,1
1990
3130,6
1995
3255,9
1998
3493,2
1999
3414,7
Sursa: B.P. Statistical Review, 2001, Quid, 2001
76
77
Termocentrale
Hidrocentale
Centrale
nucleare
Centrale
geotermice
9.301.442
2.643.040
2.443.652
Total
3.149.666
697.301
794.900
America de
Nord
137.845
506.135
10718
America de
Sud
312.616
67.672
13.601
Africa
2.309.227
725.858
1.137.798
Europa
3.198.863
603.990
488.635
Asia
193.225
42.284
0
Oceania
Sursa: Industrial Commodity, Statistics, 1999, New York, 2001
Total
57.447
26.748
1.445.581
4.668.616.
654.698
550
12.862
14.750
2537
394.439
4.185.545
4.304.238
238.046
78
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
BIBLIOGRAFIE
Erdeli, G., Braghin, C., Frsineanu, D. (2000), Geografie Economic Mondial,
Editura Fundaiei Romnia de Mine, Bucureti.
Negoescu, B., Vlsceanu, G. (2001), Geografie Economic. Resursele Terrei,
Editura Meteora Press, Bucureti.
Negu, S. (coord.) (2003), Geografie Economic Mondial, Editura Meteora Press,
Bucureti.
79
Tema X
RAMURI DE VRF ALE INDUSTRIEI
CONSTRUCTOARE DE MAINI
OBIECTIVE
1. Fixarea cunotinelor asimilate la curs.
2. mbogirea cunotinelor pe baza unei bibliografii lrgite.
3. Dezvoltarea abilitii de lucru cu materialul cartografic.
ETAPE DE LUCRU
1. Discuii pe baza cunotinelor acumulate la curs
CANADA
Lacul Superior
Mi
ss
Saginaw
Lansing
iss
i pp
i
Lacul
Mich igan
Lacul
Huron
Fl int
Sf
ur
La
t
en
iu
Pontiac
Oshawa
Lacul
Boston
Ontario
Buffalo
Detroi t
Windsor
Lacul
Grand Rapid s
Erie
New York
Toledo
South Bend
Cleveland Philadelphia
Jackson
Akron
Balti more
Milwaukee
Indianapolis
Washington
Saint Louis
Cincinnati
hi
ur i
Mis
so
200
400 km
Akron - anvelope
Lansing - autoturisme
Hampton Roads
80
81
Enumerai cteva
aerospaial.
companii
importante,
remarcabile
industria
2. Activiti practice
ara
S.U.A.
Japonia
Germania
Frana
Spania
Canada
Marea Britanie
Coreea de Sud
Italia
Brazilia
Total mondial
Producia
(mii buci)
12.006
10.050
5.727
2.954
2.826
2.160
1.981
1.954
1.668
1.573
58.724,6
Automobile
5.554
8.056
5.348
2.603
2.216
1.222
1.748
1.625
1.378
1.244
42.805,8
82
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
83
84
BIBLIOGRAFIE
Erdeli, G., Braghin, C., Frsineanu, D. (2000), Geografie Economic Mondial,
Editura Fundaiei Romnia de Mine, Bucureti.
Negoescu, B., Vlsceanu, G. (2001), Geografie Economic. Resursele Terrei,
Editura Meteora Press, Bucureti.
Negu, S. (coord.) (2003), Geografie Economic Mondial, Editura Meteora Press,
Bucureti.
85
Tema XI
TENDINE N EVOLUIA SPAIULUI INDUSTRIAL
OBIECTIVE
1. Fixarea cunotinelor asimilate la curs.
2. mbogirea cunotinelor pe baza unei bibliografii lrgite.
3. Dezvoltarea abilitii de lucru cu materialul cartografic.
ETAPE DE LUCRU
1. Discuii pe baza cunotinelor acumulate la curs
Exemple
Appalachia, SUA
Midlands, Marea Britanie
Nord Pas de Calais, Frana
Industria textil
86
Ruhr, Germania
Marile Lacuri, SUA
Nord-estul Atlantic, SUA
China de Nord-Est, China
Damodar, India
Servicii de afaceri
Caracteristici tipice
- utilizarea unei fore de
munc puin sau deloc
calificat, n special imigrant; subcontractare
intens;
- produse de nalt calitate;
diviziune social a muncii foarte intens.
Exemple
New York, SUA
Los Angeles, SUA
Paris, Frana
- diversificare tipologic;
- localizare preferenial n
marile aglomeraii
urbane;
- dihotomie a pieei locale
de for de munc.
Sursa: Tickell, Peck, 1992, p. 199
87
2. Activiti practice
88
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
BIBLIOGRAFIE
Popescu, Claudia Rodica (2001), Industria mondial n era globalizrii, Editura
Oscar Print, Bucureti.
90
TemaXII
TURISMUL PE GLOB
OBIECTIVE
1. Fixarea cunotinelor asimilate la curs.
1. mbogirea cunotinelor pe baza unei bibliografii lrgite.
1. Dezvoltarea abilitii de lucru cu materialul cartografic.
ETAPE DE LUCRU
1. Discuii pe baza cunotinelor acumulate la curs
Realizai scurte caracterizri ale unor centre turistice de renume ale lumii.
2. Activiti practice
91
92
BIBLIOGRAFIE
Cndea, Melinda, Erdeli, G., Simon, Tamara (2001), Romnia. Potenial turistic i
turism, Editura Universitii din Bucureti, Bucureti.
Glvan, V. (2000), Resursele turistice pe Terra, Editura Economic, Bucureti.
Glvan, V. (2000), Turismul n Romnia, Editura Economic, Bucureti.
Muntele, I., Iau, C. (2003), Geografia turismului, Editura Sedcom Libris, Iai.
Negoescu, B., Vlsceanu, G. (2001), Geografie Economic. Resursele Terrei,
Editura Meteora Press, Bucureti.
94
Tema XIII
GLOBALIZAREA.
FLUXURILE COMERCIALE I FINANCIARE
OBIECTIVE
1. Fixarea cunotinelor asimilate la curs.
2. nbogirea cunotinelor pe baza unei bibliografii lrgite.
3. Dezvoltarea abilitii de lucru cu materialul cartografic.
ETAPE DE LUCRU
1. Discuii pe baza cunotinelor acumulate la curs
SCHIMBURI ECONOMICE
Importuri
input
Exporturi
output
balana comercial
negativ
pozitiv
95
materii prime
produse finite
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
96
2. Activiti practice
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
97
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
98
BIBLIOGRAFIE
Guran-Nica, Liliana (2002), Investiii strine directe i dezvoltarea sistemului de
aezri din Romnia, Editura Tehnic, Bucureti.
Negoescu, B., Vlsceanu, Gh. (2001), Geografie economic. Resursele Terrei,
Editura Meteora Press, Bucureti.
Zainea, E. (2000), Globalizarea. ans sau blestem, Vol. I. Condiionrile creterii
economice, Editura Valand Print, Bucureti.
99
BIBLIOGRAFIE
Aur, N., Gherasim, C., (2002), Geografie economic mondial, Editura Fundaiei
Romnia de Mine, Bucureti.
Cndea, Melinda, Isboiu C. (1999), Geografia Agriculturii, Editura Universitii
din Bucureti, Bucureti.
Cndea, Melinda, Erdeli, G., Simon, Tamara (2001), Romnia. Potenial turistic i turism,
Editura Universitii din Bucureti, Bucureti.
101
ANEXA I
SUBIECTE PENTRU REFERATE
SEMESTRUL I
Contribuia geografilor romni la dezvoltarea geografiei economice.
Spaiul factor geografic de localizare a activitilor economice.
Evoluia istoric a gndirii economice spaiale.
Caracteristici ale evoluiei populaiei europene n secolul XX.
Migraia internaional a forei de munc i rolul su n evoluia
economic a statelor.
Evoluia demografic i resursele globului.
Repartiia populaiei pe glob i dezvoltarea economic.
Resursele umane ale continentului Africa.
Analiza comparativ a resurselor umane ntre S.U.A. i China.
Urbanizarea n China.
Oraele milionare ale lumii.
Resursele umane i dezvoltarea economic n India.
Resursele umane i dezvoltarea economic n Brazilia.
Resursele umane i dezvoltarea economic pe continentul Asia.
Caracteristicile structurilor demografice n raport cu dezvoltarea
economic pe glob.
Modificri pe harta politic a lumii dup cel de-al doilea rzboi mondial.
Dispariti spaiale ale dezvoltrii umane pe glob.
Rolul factorilor naturali n dezvoltarea activitilor agricole pe glob.
Rolul factorilor antropici n dezvoltarea activitilor agricole pe glob.
Tipuri de agricultur existente n Asia.
Tipuri de agricultur existente n Africa.
Tipuri de agricultur existente n America de Nord.
Tipuri de agricultur existente n America de Sud.
Tipuri de agricultur existente n Europa.
Rolul factorilor naturali i antropici n repartiia culturilor de cereale.
Cultura orezului
Cultura citricelor.
Cultura arborelui de cafea.
Cultura arborelui de cacao.
Cultura viei de vie.
Cultura bumbacului.
Resursele forestiere ale lumii.
102
SEMESTRUL II
Factori favorabili i restrictivi ai dezvoltrii spaiale a industriei.
Localizarea industriei curente de gndire n geografia contemporan.
Tehnopolii noi forme de organizare spaial a industriei.
Surse de energie neconvenionale.
Energia nuclear.
Analiza comparativ a dezvoltrii industriei constructoare de automobile
n S.U.A. i Japonia.
Industria constructoare de autovehicule n Germania.
Industria aerospaial n S.U.A.
Resursele i valorificarea metalelor preioase.
Resursele naturale i valorificarea acestora n continentul Africa.
Resursele naturale i valorificarea acestora n continentul Asia
Regiunea industrial NE SUA.
Regiunea industrial a Marilor Lacuri.
Mari regiuni industriale n Europa de Vest.
Marile regiuni industriale ale Federaiei Ruse.
Marile regiuni industriale ale Japoniei.
Turismul n rile Europei Sudice.
Turismul n rile Europei Nordice
Turismul n rile Europei Atlantice.
Turismul n rile Europei Centrale.
Turismul n rile Europei Estice.
Turismul rural n Europa.
Turismul n Asia.
Turismul n America de Nord.
Turismul n America de Sud.
Turismul n America Central.
Turismul n Africa.
Turismul n Australia.
Obiective turistice religioase n Israel.
Transporturile navale pe glob.
Transporturile rutiere pe glob.
Transporturile feroviare pe glob.
Transporturile aeriene pe glob.
Mari porturi ale lumii.
Transporturile i cile de comunicaie din Europa
Rolul globalizrii n dezvoltarea economic mondial contemporan.
Investiiile strine directe factor determinant al evoluiei economice
contemporane.
103
ANEXA II
METODOLOGIA ALCTUIRII REFERATULUI
Etape de lucru
1. Alctuirea bibliografiei i a fielor bibliografice
Aceast prim etap de lucru este esenial pentru conceperea referatului.
Conturarea unei bibliografii adecvate necesit cutarea de volume, articole
tiinifice, materiale din mass-media i internet, care conin informaii utile.
Bibliografia trebuie s fie ct mai consistent susinnd, astfel, demersul tiinific.
Ea nu trebuie s lipseasc din referat.
Cutarea materialelor necesare este nsoit de studierea acestora i alctuirea
unor fie bibliografice, care vor fi utile n momentul conceperii planului i al
redactrii referatului. Foarte utile sunt fiele care conin idei importante i citate din
lucrrile conspectate.
Modul n care se trece bibliografia este unul prestabilit, sesizabil la finalul
oricrei lucrri tiinifice. Astfel, formula de scriere cea mai des folosit este:
autori, (an), titlul lucrrii, editur, localitate. Numele autorilor se trec n felul
urmtor: nume, prenume (iniiala pentru autori i prenumele ntreg pentru autoare).
Cele dou se separ prin virgul. Lucrrile se aranjeaz n ordinea alfabetic a
numelui primului autor trecut pe coperta crii. n cazul unui colectiv de autori,
dintre care unul este coordonator, la bibliografie se trece numele acestuia, cu
aceast specificare. n cazul articolelor publicate n reviste de specialitate trebuie
menionate, dup titlu, revista sau volumul de comunicri n care sunt incluse,
tomul i numrul revistei, paginile la care apar articolele. Pentru lucrrile de mari
dimensiuni (anuare statistice, enciclopedii etc.), la care nu sunt precizai autorii, se
folosesc trei asterixuri n dreptul locului autorului, iar lucrrile se poziioneaz la
sfritul listei bibliografice, ordonndu-se alfabetic (dup titlu) sau dup anul
apariiei.
2. Alctuirea bazei de date statistice
Pentru o analiz pertinent de geografie economic studiile realizate necesit
alctuirea unei baze de date statistice consistente. Aceasta se va realiza prin
construirea de tabele sintetice rezultate din prelucrarea datelor culese de la diverse
instituii. n cazul studiilor de geografie economic mondial se recomand
obinerea datelor necesare de la Biblioteca PNUD (Centrul de Informare ONU) din
Bucureti.
3. Alctuirea materialului grafic i cartografic
Pe baza datelor achiziionate i n raport de subiectul ales se vor realiza
materiale grafice (diagrame n coloane, cronograme etc.) i hri tematice, care vor
104
105
ANEXA III
FI BIBLIOGRAFIC EXEMPLIFICARE
Eugen Zainea
Globalizarea. ans sau blestem
Vol. I
Condiionrile creterii economice
(Ed. Valand Print, Bucureti, 2000, 416 pg.)
Cartea I. Privire general
Introducere
Cap. 1. De la Valev i Doctrina Brejnev la teoria globalizrii
Cap. 2. Geopolitic, strategii i sfere de influen
Cap. 3. Despre rezolvarea fazei religioase a globalizrii
Cap. 4. Globalizarea, ntre ambalaj i coninut
Cartea a II-a. Consideraii teoretice
Cap. 1. Scurt istoric
Cap. 2. Analize critice i modele globale. Scurt trecere n revist
Cap. 3. Cretera economic i condiionrile ei
Cartea a III-a. Planeta bogat i planeta srac. Factorii creterii economice
Cap. 1. Resursele naturale i accesul la ele
Anexa I
Anexa a II-a
Bibliografie
ANEXA IV
RECENZIE - EXEMPLIFICARE
Melinda Cndea, Daniel Peptenatu, Geografia agriculturii. Cultura plantelor,
Editura Universitii din Bucureti, 2002.
Geografia agriculturii. Cultura plantelor reprezint un nou i valoros studiu
ce vine s mbogeasc patrimoniul tiinific al geografiei romneti, lucrare prin
care se ncearc identificarea aspectelor spaiale, economice, culturale i sociale ale
activitilor agricole.
Preocuprile geografilor pentru agricultur au fost permanente, agricultura i
activitile agricole nsemnnd, n primul rnd, spaiu i activitate spaial.
Lucrarea de fa este structurat n dou pri (factori de favorabilitate i
restrictivitate n dezvoltarea agriculturii; cultura plantelor) cuprinznd un numr de
10 capitole ce analizeaz urmtoarele probleme: condiiile naturale i agricultura;
premisele social-economice ale dezvoltrii agriculturii; intensivizarea i modernizarea agriculturii prin dezvoltarea bazei tehnico-materiale i a cercetrii tiinifice;
spaiul agrar cu privire special asupra terenului cultivat; originea plantelor de
cultur; plante alimentare; plante industriale; plante stupefiante i halucinogene;
peisaje agricole; tipuri de agricultur.
Studiul urmrete dezvoltarea agriculturii i diversificarea activitilor agricole ce au avut loc sub influena permanent a factorilor naturali, modificai sau nu
n urma interveniei factorilor demografici, sociali, economici sau tehnici. ntre
caracteristicile factorilor naturali i modul de utilizare agricol a terenurilor se
stabilesc relaii evidente, care i-au pus amprenta asupra repartiiei geografice a
culturilor agricole, asupra frecvenei acestora i randamentului lor.
Se analizeaz pe spaii largi transformrile continue i din ce n ce mai
profunde ale mediului geografic, intervenind cu ajutorul tiinei i tehnologiei
asupra microreliefului, climei locale i calitii solului, asupra apelor freatice i de
suprafa.
Prezentul studiu include un bogat material grafic reprezentat prin grafice,
hri care completeaz textul, la care se adaug o bogat i variat documentaie.
Lucrarea este destinat studenilor, profesorilor i tuturor celor care doresc o
mai bun nelegere a acestui domeniu.
Cristian Constantin Drghici
ANEXA V
TABELE
POPULAIA, SUPRAFAA I DENSITATEA STATELOR LUMII
(2002)
ara
Afganistan
Africa de Sud
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Arabia Saudit
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaidjan
Bangladesh
Belarus
Belgia
Benin
Bolivia
Bosnia i Heregovina
Botswana
Brazilia
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodgia
Camerun
Canada
R. Centrafrican
Ciad
Chile
China
Hong Kong, China
R. Democrat Coreea
Coreea
Columbia
R. Democrat Congo
108
Populaia
milioane loc.
28
45
3
31
13
22
36
3
20
8
8
136
10
10
7
9
4
2
174
8
12
7
12
16
31
4
8
16
1.280
7
22
48
44
52
Suprafaa
mii kmp
652
1.221
29
2.382
1.247
2.150
2.780
30
7.741
84
87
144
208
31
113
1.099
51
582
8.547
111
274
28
181
475
9.971
623
1.284
757
9.598
121
99
1.139
2.345
Densitatea*
populaiei
(loc/kmp)
43
37
115
13
11
10
13
109
3
97
94
1.042
48
315
59
8
81
3
21
72
43
275
71
34
3
6
7
21
137
187
483
42
23
ara
Congo
Costa Rica
Coasta de Filde
Croaia
Cuba
Cehia
Danemarca
R. Dominican
Ecuador
Elveia
Egipt
Emiratele Arabe Unite
Eritrea
Estonia
Etiopia
Federaia Rus
Finlanda
Filipine
Frana
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germania
Ghana
Grecia
Guatemala
Guineea
Guineea Bissau
Haiti
Honduras
India
Indonezia
Iran
Irak
Irlanda
Israel
Italia
Jamaica
Japonia
Populaia
milioane loc.
4
4
17
4
11
10
5
9
13
7
66
3
4
1
67
144
5
80
59
1
1
5
82
20
11
12
8
1
8
7
1.049
212
66
24
4
7
58
3
127
Suprafaa
mii kmp
342
51
322
57
111
79
43
49
284
41
1.001
84
118
45
1.104
17.075
338
300
552
268
11
70
357
239
132
109
246
36
28
112
3.287
1.905
1.648
438
70
21
301
11
378
Densitatea
populaiei
(loc/kmp)
11
77
52
80
103
132
127
178
46
184
67
38
43
32
67
9
17
268
108
5
139
74
236
89
82
111
32
51
301
61
353
117
40
55
57
318
196
242
349
109
ara
Iordania
Kazahstan
Kenya
Kuwait
Krgstan
Laos
Letonia
Liban
Lesotho
Liberia
Libia
Lituania
Macedonia
Madagascar
Marea Britanie
Malawi
Malaysia
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexic
Moldova
Mongolia
Maroc
Mozambic
Myanmar
Namibia
Nepal
Noua Zeeland
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Norvegia
Olanda
Oman
Pakistan
Panama
Papua Noua Guinee
Paraguay
110
Populaia
milioane loc.
Suprafaa
mii kmp
5
15
31
2
5
6
2
4
2
3
5
3
2
16
59
11
24
11
3
1
101
4
2
30
18
49
2
24
4
5
11
133
5
16
3
145
3
5
6
89
2.725
580
18
200
237
65
10
30
111
1.760
65
26
587
243
118
330
1.240
1.026
2
1.958
34
1.567
447
802
677
824
147
271
130
1.267
924
324
42
310
796
76
463
407
Densitatea
populaiei
(loc/kmp)
58
6
55
131
26
24
38
434
59
34
3
54
80
28
246
114
74
9
3
597
53
129
2
66
24
74
2
169
15
44
9
146
15
477
8
188
40
12
14
ara
Peru
Polonia
Portugalia
Puerto Rico
Romnia
Rwanda
Salvador
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovacia
Slovenia
Somalia
Spania
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Suedia
SUA
Siria
Tadjikistan
Tanzania
Tailanda
Togo
Trinidad i Tobago
Tunisia
Turcia
Turkmenistan
Uganda
Ucraina
Ungaria
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Venezuela
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Populaia
milioane loc.
Suprafaa
mii kmp
27
39
10
4
22
8
6
10
5
4
5
2
9
41
19
33
9
288
17
6
35
62
5
1
10
70
5
25
49
10
3
25
25
80
19
10
13
1.285
313
92
9
238
26
21
197
72
1
49
20
638
506
66
2.506
450
9.629
185
143
945
513
57
5
164
775
488
241
604
93
176
447
912
332
528
753
391
Densitatea
populaiei
(loc/kmp)
21
127
111
436
97
331
310
52
73
6.826
98
15
82
293
14
22
31
92
45
40
121
88
254
63
90
10
125
84
110
19
31
28
247
35
14
34
111
112
(2002)
113
114
115
116
117
118
(2002)
119
120
121
122
(2002)
PRODUCIA DE CEREALE
Continentul/ara
TOTAL MONDIAL
AFRICA
Burkina Faso
Egipt
Etiopia
Kenya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Maroc
Niger
Nigeria
Africa de Sud
Sudan
Uganda
Tanzania
Zimbabwe
AMERICA DE NORD
Canada
Mexic
SUA
AMERICA DE SUD
Argentina
Brazilia
Chile
Columbia
Ecuador
Peru
ASIA
Bangladesh
Cambodgia
China
India
Iran
Japonia
Kazahstan
R.D. Coreea
Producia
(mii tone)
1991
1.889.270
104.534
2.455
13.864
2.773
2.497
1.680
2.414
8.665
2.384
18.615
11.298
4.637
1.576
3.777
2.060
362.802
53.855
23.673
280.013
73.990
21.519
36.682
2.864
3.948
1.444
1.729
868.834
28.462
2460
498.464
193.101
14.447
13.070
8.836
2000
2.049.415
112.405
2.453
20.046
7.845
2.197
2.460
2.463
2.952
2.006
2.738
22.405
13.245
3.292
2.111
3.556
2.513
430.378
51.315
29.550
343.866
103.416
38.110
46.597
2.598
3.362
2.341
3.313
987.498
37.785
3.857
408.431
239.814
12.513
12.769
11.583
3.118
123
Continentul/ara
Laos
Malaysia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Filipine
Arabia Saudit
Sri Lanka
Siria
Thailanda
Turcia
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
EUROPA
Austria
Belarus
Belgia-Luxemburg
Bulgaria
Croaia
Cehia
Danemarca
Finlanda
Frana
Germania
Grecia
Ungaria
Italia
Lituania
Polonia
R. Moldova
Romnia
Federaia Rus
Slovacia
Spania
Suedia
Ucraina
Marea Britanie
Iugoslavia
124
Producia
(mii tone)
1991
1.292
1.961
13.651
5.520
21.138
14.329
4.574
2.430
3.294
24.462
31.148
20.294
303.558
5.045
2.215
8.974
9.231
3.429
60.335
39.268
6.183
15.832
19.291
27.812
19.307
19.457
5.160
22.635
19.263
2000
2.232
2.094
20.643
6.986
29.923
16.901
2.452
2.804
3.503
28.262
26.657
3.048
34.484
384.222
4.457
4.820
2.511
4.545
2.070
6.455
9.598
4.006
66.542
45.305
4.171
9.956
20.744
2.658
22.341
2.021
9.594
64.088
2.201
24.602
6.200
23.760
23.983
Continentul/ara
Producia
(mii tone)
AUSTRALIA I
OCEANIA
Australia
1991
19.592
2000
31.496
18.748
30.589
ara
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Arabia Saudit
SUA
Federaia Rus
Iran
Mexic
Venezuela
China
Norvegia
Irak
Marea Britanie
Producia
(mil.t)
1990
334,2
411,8
570,8
155,3
150,8
115,1
138,3
81,8
98,2
91,6
Producia (mil.t)
1990
441,2
359,4
316,2
186,6
177,1
166,8
162,3
156,7
128,1
126,1
ara
China
SUA
India
Australia
Rusia
Africa de Sud
Germania
Polonia
Kazahstan
Ucraina
Producia mondial
(mil. t) 2002
1.170
990
332
304,8
285
225,3
205
161,7
73,7
80,8
Producia mondial
(md. mc)
470
700
1.082
1.300
1.474
1.591
2.483
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
2000
ara
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Federaia Rus
SUA
Canada
Marea Britanie
Algeria
Olanda
Indonezia
Iran
Uzbekistan
Norvegia
Rezerve
(md.mc 1989)
47.730
4.500
1.700
760
4.077
1.714
3.770
25.000
3.808
Producia
(md.mc
2000)
584,2
544,3
183,5
105,2
86
67,8
63,5
60,2
56
51,1
ara
Brazilia-Paraguay
Venezuela
Federaia Rus
SUA
Federaia Rus
Canada
Canada
Federaia Rus
Federaia Rus
Fluviul (rul)
Parana
Leoni
Enisei
Columbia
Enisei
Sf. Laureniu
Sf. Laureniu
Angara
Angara
Puterea
instalat
(MW)
12.600
10.300
6.400
6.200
6.000
5.430
5.330
4.500
4.500
ara
S.U.A.
Frana
Japonia
Germania
Rusia
Canada
Marea Britanie
Ucraina
Coreea
Suedia
Ponderea din
totalul mondial
(2000)
27,8
17,5
12,3
6,3
5,6
4,2
3,7
3,4
3,2
2,8
ara
Rezerve
mii tone
517
512
397
366
337
299
230
Australia
Kazakhstan
Canada
SUA
R. Africa de Sud
Federaia Rus
Uzbekistan
Producia
tone
4.910
1.270
10.922
1.810
3.774
2.530
1.926
ara
Frana
Belgia
Suedia
Bulgaria
Ungaria
Elveia
Finlanda
Coreea de Sud
Japonia
Ponderea (%)
77,3
67,3
46,1
46,1
42,6
36,9
36,7
36,2
33,0
PRINCIPALII PRODUCTORI
MONDIALI DE ENERGIE ELECTRIC (1999)
Nr.
crt.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ara
SUA
China
Japonia
Rusia
Canada
Germania
Frana
India
Marea Britanie
Brazilia
Producia
(mld. Kwh)
3.535
1.204
912
846
555
511
500
473
336
332
TOTAL MONDIAL
AFRICA
Egipt
Maroc
Africa de Sud
Tunisia
Zimbabwe
AMERICA DE NORD I CENTRAL
Bahamas
Canada
Costa Rica
Cuba
Republica Dominican
Jamaica
Mexic
Puerto Rico
SUA
America de Sud
Argentina
Brazilia
Chile
Uruguay
128
SOSIRI TURITI
mil. pers.
650.154
30.959
4.489
3817
6.026
4.832
2.103
107.124
1.577
19.465
1.032
1.561
2.649
1.248
19.043
3.024
48.497
15.099
2.898
5.107
1.622
2.073
ASIA
Bahrain
China
Hong Kong (China)
Macao (China)
Cipru
India
Indonezia
Iran
Israel
Japonia
Iordania
Coreea de Sud
Malaysia
Filipine
CONTINENTUL/ARA
Singapore
Siria
Tailanda
Turcia
Emiratele Arabe Unite
Vietnam
EUROPA
Andorra
Austria
Belgia
Bulgaria
Croaia
Cehia
Danemarca
Finlanda
Frana
Germania
Grecia
Ungaria
Irlanda
Italia
Lituania
Malta
Olanda
Norvegia
120.672
1.991
27.047
11.328
5.050
2.434
2.482
4.728
1.321
2.312
4.438
1.358
4.660
7.931
2.171
SOSIRI TURITI
(1999) mil. pers.
6.258
1.386
8.651
6893
2.481
1.782
367.446
2.347
17.467
6.369
2.472
3.805
5.610
2.023
2.454
73.043
17.116
12.164
14.402
6.403
36.516
1.422
1.214
9.881
4.481
129
Polonia
Portugalia
Romnia
Federaia Rus
Spania
Suedia
Elveia
Ucraina
Marea Britanie
AUSTRALIA I OCEANIA
Australia
Guam
Noua Zeeland
130
17.950
11.632
3.209
18.496
46.776
2.595
10.700
4.232
25.394
8.855
4.459
1.126
1.484
131
(1999)
132