Name: Lyric Turner

Chapter 6 Section 1 Outline

Atoms, Elements, and Compound
Main Idea: Matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms.
Essential Questions:
What are atoms?
How are the particles that make up atoms diagrammed?
What are the similarities between covalent and ionic bonds?
How are van der Waals forces described?

I. Atoms
The structure of an atom
_atoms____ are the building blocks of matter.
Atoms are made up of smaller particles called neutrons, protons, and
electrons.
__protons_____ are positively charged particles (p
+
)
___neutrons_____ are particles that have no charge (n
0
)
___electrons______ are negatively charged particles (e
-
)
Protons and neutrons are located in the __center____ of the atom, called
the __nucleus _____.
Electrons are located ____outside___ the nucleus.
Take a Look: Identify the number of electrons in the outermost energy level of the
oxygen atom. ____six_____

II. Elements
An ___element ____ is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into other
substances by physical or chemical means.
There are over __100_ known elements, 92 of which occur naturally.
Each element has a unique name and symbol.
The periodic table of elements
Horizontal rows are called ___periods____
Vertical columns are called __groups____
Arranged by __atomic_____ ___number___
The Atomic Number = the number of ___protons____
The Atomic Mass = the number of protons __+__ the number of neutrons













Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have the __same__ number of protons
and electrons but have a ___different______ number of neutrons are
called __isotopes______.





Radioactive isotopes
Changing the number of ___neutrons_____ in an atom does not affect
the charge, but does affect the stability_____.
When a nucleus breaks apart, it gives off ___radiation______ that can be
detected and used for many applications.
Isotopes that give off radiation are called ____radiation______
___isotopes_____.

Get it? State the difference between an isotope and a radioactive isotope.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________


III. Compounds
A ____compound____ is pure substance formed when two or more different
___elements_____ combine.
Compounds are always formed from specific combination of elements in a
__fixed___ __ratio___.
Compounds cannot be broken down into simpler compounds or elements by
_physical_______ means, but can be broken down by ______chemical__ means.

Draw conclusions Table salt is a compound made of sodium and chlorine. Could you
separate the sodium from the chlorine by crushing the salt crystals? Explain. _______no
it has to be a chemical change so apply
heat.____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________





IV. Chemical Bonds
The force that holds substances together is called a __chemical______
_bonds___.
The __electrons _______ on an atom are responsible for forming chemical
bonds.
Electrons travel around the nucleus of an atom in areas called __energy____
___levels___.
The first energy level, which is the closest to the nucleus, can hold up to __2_
electrons.
The second level can hold up to __8___ elections.
A partially-filled energy level is not as ___stable___ as a full or an empty energy
level.
Atoms become more stable by __losing____ electrons or ______attracting____
electrons from other atoms.

Electrons are moving constantly within the
energy levels surrounding the nucleus.

Apply Study the oxygen atom to the left. Is the
second energy level of the oxygen atom full?
Explain. __________________
_______________________________________




Covalent Bonds
The chemical bond that forms when electrons are ___shared___ is called
a ___covalent_____ ___bond_.
A ___molecule_____ is a compound in which the atoms are held together
by covalent bonds.











Ionic Bonds
An atom that has lost or gained one or more electrons is an __ion_.
Ions carry a ____electron____ charge.
A ___ionic__ __bond__ is an electrical attraction between two
____oppositely ______ charged atoms.
Some atoms tend to donate or accept electrons more easily than other
atoms.
The elements identified as _metal_____ tend to __donate____
electrons.
The elements identified as _nonmetals_______ tend to
__accept____ electrons.
Most ionic compounds dissolve in water, are crystalline at room
temperature, and have higher melting points than compounds formed by
covalent bonds.


V. van der Waals Forces
Attractions between molecules are called _van der waals forces
When molecules come close together, the attractive forces between slightly
positive and negative regions pull on the molecules and hold them together.
The strength of the attraction depends on the ___size of the molecule its shape,
and its ___ability attract elements
van der Waals forces in water
The slightly __positive charge__ and slightly ___negative charge_____
charges around the water molecule are attracted to the
__opposite______ charge of other nearby water molecules.
van der Waals forces are responsible for __water droplet _______
formation and ____surface tension











Think It Over The substances that are held together by van der Waals
forces are (atoms or molecules). ______molecules___________________