Arno Smets

Introduction to Solar Energy

Energy Conversion II
Week 1.2.2
The Energy Problem
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
- 0.2
- 0.4
2000 1960 1940 1920 1900 1880 1980
G
l
o
b
a
l

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

A
n
o
m
a
l
y

(
C
)
Global Temperature
NASA GISS 12 months running average
Hottest 12 months on record
June 2009 to May 2010
Climate change
Chemical
Coal, oil, gas, biomass,
hydrogen
Nuclear
Fuel Cells
Solar thermal
Gravitational
Hydro-tidal
Wind
Electrical
Electric
generators
=90%
Heat
engines
<60%
Mechanical Thermal
=90%
Solar
Photo
voltaics
(Source: L. Freris, D. Infield, Renewable Energy in power Systems, Wiley 2008)
Electrolyzers
Energy conversion
1/3
Electricity
consumption
residential
industry
transmission
losses
40%
47%
13%
Conversion
losses
2/3
15%
16%
19%
40%
10%
oil
coal
gas
hydro
nuclear
Electricity generation 2007
16%
19%
oil
coal
gas
hydro
nuclear
60%
Worldwide
generation
20,202 TWh
5000 x 0.5 GW
Nuclear power plant
gas
coal
oil
fossil
Netherlands
103 TWh
gas
coal
oil
fossil
3%
oil
coal
gas
wind
87%
nuclear
biomass
4%
6%
63%
16,4 %
Brasil
413 TWh
hydro
74%
16,4 %
10,6 %
4,4 %
3,6 %
2 %
1,4 %
5,7 % import
gas
biomass
nuclear
oil
coal
`
(Source: NASA)
Thank you for your attention!