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8SEX 4ENM#XIE I EPFEWXV, ETSM TSVXSGEPMI, TI YVQ VS^, YQFVIPI WI PYRKIWG #M
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1 E#I^ TI TEX.
2Y QEM WYTSVX.
6IPE\IE^-XI. 3 W XI RXSVGM R GXIZE QMRYXI. 2-S W SFWIVZI
RMQIRM. 2-S W QEM EM RMGM S TVSFPIQ XSX VIWXYP ZM^MXIM EGSPS.
1HE#
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) &EGL#
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R Y#, TY'MR GEQ TEPMH, HEV TI TMGMSEVI. 3 ME RETSM TI EGIPE#M XVEWIY #M WI
WXVIGSEV PRK QMRI.
0MXYVKLME W-E WJV#MX, QIVKI'M R TEGI, WTYRI TVMRXIPI 'SQTXSR.
%QMR, VWTYRHIQ RSM.
&MI'MM HI EPXEV WI EHYR GE YR FERG HI TI#XM R NYVYP TVMRXIPYM #M
TSVRIWG ZIWIPM TI GSVMHSVYP GIRXVEP, MEV RSM RI R#MVQ GY XS'MM R YVQE PSV. 3
EYH TI 7LEVSR RXVIFRHY-P TI ,IRV] HEG WI WMQXI FMRI, HEV RY TVMRH #M
VWTYRWYP PYM, 3MRHG RI RXPRMQ GY ,IPIR #M 6YXL #M P TVI^MRX TI ,IRV].
(EV RI-EQ QEM RXPRMX, WTYRI ,IPIR GY YR ^QFIX XQT.
,IRV] WI YMX PE QMRI TERMGEX. 2IK HRH HMR GET WTVI ,IPIR, GEVI
WYVHI EJIGXEX.
1 VSK, TSEXI G RY, WTYRI IE.
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%QMR.

(7:00 E.Q.)
'0%6): 1 XVI^IWG R TEXYP QIY, TEXYP GSTMPVMIM QIPI. 4I GRH TPYXIWG
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XVMWX. 4I YVQ Q-EQ GYPGEX PE PSG, MEV EGYQ WYRX R TEX #M E^M Q GWXSVIWG
GY ,IRV].

(7:16 E.Q.)
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^QFMQ.

(8:17 E.Q.)
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WGEVE, R ZVIQI GI RSM RI XSTMQ HI VW.

(8:32 E.Q.)
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WTYR R KRH. ) HMWTIVEVI.

(8:54 E.Q.)
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(9:35 E.Q.)
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(11:15 E.Q.)
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QMRMPSV WYF'MVEXMGI #M GEJIRMM EPI PYM .ERMGI, RXVIFRHY-Q GI TYRI PE GEPI
,IRV].

(11:36 E.Q.)
,)26=: 7QSGLMRKYP #M XSEXI EGGIWSVMMPI PYM GLMRYMXSEVI WYRX RXMRWI TI
TEX. QM RKLIE' GYVYP WYFRYXVMX R GEQIVE EWXE VIGI. QM GYPIK HMR GEH
XSEXI LEMRIPI VIGM #M YHI #M PI EVYRG R GLMYZIX. 9MQMXSV, HEV FEME EWXE I GX
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WXVEH. (EY HVYQYP PE ET 3IVFMRXI R GEH, GEVI I EXX HI QEVI, HI Q
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KIPYVM HI HY# #M FEPWEQYVM GE W PI QMVSW TI XSEXI; TI PE EP GMRGMWTVI^IGIPIE
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WI YMX QEQE. 9VQIE^ W Q QFVEG PE FMWIVMG, E#E G Q ZV R QE#MR #M
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(12:55T. 1.) (,IRV] EVI 38 HI ERM)
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7SYXL ,IEZIR. (I RIGVI^YX GI ^M GYQTPMX I. ) XSEQR, XSEVR GY KPIEXE #M R
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TMIPI. ,EFEV R-EQ R GI XMQT Q E4Y. 1 RHVITX WTVI 'EWE 1IEHS[PEVO,
WTIVRH W Q YWYG R 'EQIVE HI PIGXYV #M TSEXI W QRRG GIZE. 2-EQ RMGM
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MEY RXV-EGSPS. -RXVY R FIR^MRVMI #M WXEY TI PSG GXIZE GPMTI, #MVSMRH TI
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3 ^M RYQEM FYR HI MI#MX, WTYRI HSQRYP R ZVWX #M WYF'MVEXMG HMR
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%^M I WQFX 23 SGXSQFVMI 1993. >MYE RYR'MM RSEWXVI. 'IEWYP HI HIEWYTVE
WXEXMZYPYM GY 'MKVM EVEX SVE 1:10.
8VI' W JYK, M WTYR FXVRYPYM, #M GLMEV EWXE JEG.

(1:42 T.Q.)
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%WMKYVEVI, WTYRI 'LEVMWWI HRH HMR YQIVM. 'Y +SQI^, RY WI #XMI
RMGMSHEX.

(1:48 T.Q.)
,)26=: 7XEY TI YR VEHMEXSV, RXV-S GEQIV QYGIKMX, TPMR HI P^M GY
GV'M HI VYKGMYRI. +SQI^ YQFP HI GSPS-GSPS, JYQRH. %VEX KVS^EZ R
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WYRX HINE.
%M MRIPYP# P RXVIF TIRXVY E QMPMEVHE SEV.
1HE. %Q MRIPYP.
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:VIM GIZE HI FYX#
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7I EYHI YR ^KSQSX HMRWTVI XY3#YVM. (IWGLMH PEVK JIVIEWXVE #M Q YMX R
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^QFI#XI PEVK #M-QM JEGI WIQR GY HIKIXYP QEVI R WYW.

(1:55 T.Q.)
'0%6): 7XQ R ERXVIYP FMWIVMGMM.
,EM W-M HQ HVYQYP, WTYRI XEXE #M FEXI PE Y#E GEQIVIM R GEVI WI
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2YQEM S GPMT.
QM EVYRG S TVMZMVI GEVI JEGI W QM WI WXVRK WXSQEGYP, ETSM HMWTEVI #M
RGLMHI Y#E. 1 RHVITX RXV-EGSPS, GRH +SQI^ HIWGLMHI MEV #M ETEVI ,IRV],
RGLIMRHY-#M FYXSRMM. ) YH, QYVHEV #M RIFVFMIVMX. %VEX HI ZVIS TEXVY^IGM HI
ERM. (EV I EMGM #M, EHVIWRHY-QM YR ^QFIX XVMYQJXSV, XVIGI HI Y#MPI FMWIVMGMM
#M S ME TI EPIIE GIRXVEP WTVI EPXEV.
(YQMRMG 13 MYRMI 1976 (,IRV] EVI 30 HI ERM)
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WYTIVF RSETXI HI ZEV HMRXV-YR ER RIGYRSWGYX. >EG E#E S ZVIQI,
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YRHI Q WIVZIWG GY GXIZE FIVM HI-EPI PYM XEXE.
7QFX 23 SGXSQFVMI 1993 (,IRV] EVI 38 #M 30 HI ERM, 'PEVI EVI 22 HI
ERM) (2:37 T.Q.)
'0%6): 7YRXIQ PE EPXEV. ,IRV] WI RXSEVGI WTVI QMRI #M WTYRI:
)Y, ,IRV], XI MEY TI XMRI, 'PEVI, HI #SXMI. 4VSQMX W-'M 3Y GVIHMRGMSW PE
FMRI #M PE VY, PE FSEP #M PE WRXEXI. 8I ZSM MYFM #M XI ZSM GMRWXM R 3IGEVI ^M E
ZMI'MM QIPI.
7-'M EQMRXI#XM EWXE, KRHIWG. 6ITIX #M IY NYVQRXYP, GXVI IP. 4VMRXIPI
'SQTXSR RI ^QFI#XI #M WTYRI:
'IIE GI (YQRI^IY E YRMX, SQYP W RY HIWTEVX.
2Y EWXE-M TVSFPIQE, QM WTYR.
,IRV] QM XVIGI MRIPYP WYF'MVI HI EVKMRX TI HIKIX, HIEWYTVE GIPYM HI
PSKSHR. M TYR TI HIKIX ZIVMKLIXE WMQTP HI EYV, WMRKYVE HEX GRH S ZE
TYVXE. RGITI WIVZMGMYP VIPMKMSW, MEV IY QM WTYR EWXE-M XSX GI GSRXIE^: IP I EMGM,
IY WYRX EMGM, RY GSRXIE^ GYQ, GX ZVIQI I GY QMRI. 4VMRXIPI 'SQTXSR RI
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7PYNFE W-E XIVQMREX, QIVKI'M R TEGI.
4SVRMQ TI EPIIE GIRXVEP, FVE' PE FVE', QTVIYR.

(6:26 T.Q.)
,)26=: 6IGIT'ME I R XSM. *YVRM^SVMM WI ^SVIWG R HVIETXE #M-R WXRKE GY
XZM EGSTIVMXI #M GY GVYGMSEVI HI S'IP. 0YQIE GSRXMRY W WSWIEWG #M W-#M
PEWI LEMRIPI PE KEVHIVSF. 7-E STVMX R 3RI #M TPSEME. 'PYFYP HI =EGLXMRK HMR
7SYXL ,IEZIR I TI 2SVXL &IEGL, RXV-S GPHMVI HI TI PE 1920 PEQFVMWEX #M
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GPMTI#XI TI HMK. 7XEY PE JIVIEWXV #M FIEY [LMWO] +PIRPMZIX, E#XITXRH-S TI
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7TYRI-QM: QEM XVMIWG#
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H RETSM JV W-S JSPSWIEWG #M TPIEG R GYXEVIE XSEPIXIM.

(7:04 T.Q.)
'0%6): 8SEX PYQIE W-E E#I^EX TIRXVY GMR #M RMQIRM RY-P KWI#XI TI
,IRV]. P RXVIF TI +SQI^ HEG P-E Z^YX, MEV +SQI^ WI QYP'YQI#XI W-QM
EVYRGI S TVMZMVI XMTMG TIRXVY IP #M W WTYR G I WMKYV G ,IRV] S W ETEV HMR
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JSWX RIZSMI HI TVI^IR'E PYM ,IRV]. (EV XS'M GSPIKMM PYM HI WIVZMGMY WYRX EMGM. %#
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GLMGSXI#XI #M M WTYRI GIZE PYM ,IRV], HEV RY EYH GI.
'I-E ^MW# P RXVIF TI GRH RI E#I^Q.
1-E RXVIFEX HEG EQ TPERM3GEX YR QREKI XVSMW TIRXVY RSETXIE
RYR'MM.
1 RVS#IWG GE VEGYP. /MQ] QM JEGI GY SGLMYP.

(7:16 T.Q.)
,)26=: 4MIVH ZVIQIE R GPYFYP &MFPMSXIGE, QRGRH GERET-YVM #M GMXMRH
TVMQE IHM'MI HMR -RMQE RXYRIVMGYPYM121, YR I\IQTPEV PIKEX WSQTXYSW #M
TVSFEFMP RIVWJSMX ZVISHEX TR EGYQ. 'Y GSEHE SGLMYPYM P ^VIWG TI
HMVIGXSVYP GPYFYPYM KVFMRHY-WI R HMVIG'ME QIE. RGLMH GEVXIE #M S TYR PE PSG TI
VEJX.
QM TEVI VY, HSQRYPI, QM-I XIEQ G ZE XVIFYM W Z VSK W TPIGE'M.
'QE# RY, TERXS3 RY, WIVZMVI RY.
&MRI.
1 WGSP, HMVIGXSVYP QM RXSEVGI WTEXIPI, MEV QMI QM RZPI#XI WRKIPI R
GET #M HMWTEV. %NYRK TI TSHIEYE FYGXVMIM RSEWXVI R HEXE HI 2 QEVXMI 2002,
V^RH WRXSW. 1IVIY QM-EQ HSVMX W JEG EWXE.

(7:21 T.Q.)
'0%6): +SQI^ 'MRI YR XSEWX:
(VEK 'PEVI, ,IRV], VYHI #M TVMIXIRM, QIQFVM EM NYVMYPYM. 7XEM, #XIVKI
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QTVIYR R GPXSVME PSV GY *VYQSEWE 2EZ 'WXSVME. "M HI#M WYRXIQ XVM#XM
Z^RHY-M GYQ #M MEY EHMS HI PE FYGYVMMPI ZMI'MM HI FYVPEGM, WYRXIQ RGVI^XSVM
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ZVIYR QSH HI E IZMXE EWXE. %#EHEV, W XSEWXQ: TIRXVY 'PEVI %FWLMVI
(I8EQFPI, S JVYQSEW TYMGY' EVXMWX GEVI QIVMX XSEX JIVMGMVIE GI W-EV TYXIE
VIZVWE EWYTVE IM R RSYE PYQI R GEVI MRXV. "M TIRXVY ,IRV] (IXEQFPI, YR XMT
HI XSEX MWTVEZE #M YR XMGPSW TPMR HI RSVSG: 3I GE 1EVIE :MI'MM W WI RXMRH
HMREMRXIE ZSEWXV GE WXMGPE #M W EZI'M QIVIY ZRX HMR TYTE. 4IRXVY JIVMGMXYP
GYTPY!
+SQI^ WI ETPIEG #M Q WVYX TI KYV, #M M TVMRH TVMZMVIE TIRXVY S
GPMT, HSEV TIRXVY S GPMT.

(8:48 T.Q.)
,)26=: %Q XMEX #M EQ QRGEX XSVXYP HI RYRX. 'PEVI E EVYRGEX FYGLIXYP
(P-E TVMRW 'LEVMWWI), MEV IY EQ EVYRGEX NEVXMIVE PYM 'PEVI (HMRXVI XS'M, XSGQEM
&IR E TVMRW-S). *SVQE'ME GRX 8EOI XLI % 8VEMR122, MEV PYQIE HERWIE^. %Q
HERWEX GY 'PEVI, GY /MQ], %PMGME #M 'LEVMWWI; EGYQ HERWI^ GY ,IPIR, GEVI I S
TYMGY' XEVI FYR, MEV 'PEVI HERWIE^ GY +SQI^. 4I GRH S VWYGIWG TI
,IPIR, ZH G 'IPME %XXPI] WI FEK W HERWI^I R PSGYP PYM +SQI^, GEVI WI
FEK #M IP R PSGYP QIY. 3 ME TI ,IPIR QEM HITEVXI PE RZVXMX, MEV IY Q EPXYV
RKVQHIPMM HI PE FEV #M Q YMX PE 'PEVI GYQ HERWIE^ GY 'IPME. :MRI #M &IR
PRK QMRI. &IE ET QMRIVEP. )Y GIV ZSXG #M ET XSRMG. &IR #M-E TYW
NEVXMIVE PYM 'PEVI TI FVE' HI TEVG EV 3 R HSPMY.
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RIRXVI'MRYX HI TI 7MPZIV 0EOI. ,IRV] E EHSVQMX. -IW HMR QE#MR, SF'MR GE^EVI,
P TYR TI VIGIT'MSRIV W Q ENYXI W-P HYG TI ,IRV] R GEQIVE #M W-P EVYRG R
TEX. 8MTYP RI EHYGI FEKENIPI, QWSEV HMR TVMZMVM VSGLME QIE HI RYRX #M
WXEVIE MRIVX E PYM ,IRV] #M QM ^QFI#XI GY YR EIV HI GYRSWGXSV. M HEY
FEG#M#YP. 4PIEG. M WGSX TERXS3M PYM ,IRV], M WPFIWG RSHYP HI PE GVEZEX. QM
WGSX VSGLME #M S RXMRH TI JSXSPMY.
1 WTP TI HMR'M R FEMI, HVHMRH R WPMT. R SKPMRH P ZH TI ,IRV]
^GRH TI TEX. 7JSVMI. 7GYMT TEWXE HI HMR'M #M QM GPXIWG KYVE. "M HISHEX Q
GSTPI#I#XI: JIVMGMVI. "M GSR#XMIRXM^EVIE: WYRXIQ GWXSVM'M. 1 VSK, GIP TY'MR IY
WYRX GWXSVMX.
7XMRK PYQMRE #M P WVYX TI ,IRV] R WIQR HI RSETXI FYR. 1MVSEWI E
XVERWTMVE'MI EPGSSPM^EX #M E TEVJYQYP PYM ,IPIR. 2SETXI FYR, WSQR Y#SV,
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MQTVMQ GEQIVIM S GPEVMXEXI QSRSGSPSV WYTVEVIEPMWX. QM 'MYMI YVIGLMPI, E#E
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GPMT QEM XV^MY IE RXSEVGI GETYP #M Q ZIHI. 7GSEXI YR 'MTX, RY XEVI, #M WI
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EGGITX, I HIWXYP HI GMYHEX, HEV RY-M RMQMG, #M R QSQIRXYP EGIWXE S MYFIWG
QEM QYPX HIGX ZME'E.
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,)26=: 'PEVI W-E TYVXEX GMYHEX XSEX WTXQRE. ) GY QMRXIE R EPX
TEVXI. (I TEVG M HMWXVEKI EXIR'ME GIZE GI HSEV IE TSEXI EY^M, HI TEVG
TVMQI#XI VIZIPE'MM HI PE (YQRI^IY TVMR QWIPI SVM RGIEVG W HIWGMJVI^I R
QMRXI QIWENI VYWI#XM GSHM3GEXI XVERWQMWI TVMR WEXIPMX. 'RH S RXVIF, WI
QYP'YQI#XI W ^QFIEWG #M W HIE HMR YQIVM. ) EXX HI RISFM#RYMX TIRXVY
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ETVSTMI HI QMRI, WI STVI#XI #M RY WTYRI RMQMG. % QYVMX GMRIZE, QM XVIGI TVMR
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GE #ETXI W 3I RYQVYP RSWXVY RSVSGSW. 1M WI WXVRKI KXPINYP #M XVIFYMI W
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'0%6): 6EHMSYP GY GIEW TSVRI#XI PE 7:46 #M TSWXYP RE'MSREP Q ERYR'
GY XVMWXI'I G YRHIZE E JSWX YR EGGMHIRX EZMEXMG #M G EY QYVMX STX^IGM #M #EWI
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FEK GETYP TI Y# #M Q RXVIEF HEG WYRX FMRI.
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WI H GIPSV GEVI EY JGYX XVERWTPERX HI SVKERI.
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XMRI.
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XVIM, HMRXVI GEVI PE YRE E JSWX RIZSMI HI S GERXMXEXI HI WRKI YVME#. 1 E#I^
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,)26=: %Q ZIRMX PE GEFMRIXYP PYM %QMX 1SRXEKYI TIRXVY IGSKVE3I. )Y #M
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HMR 1EVSGYP JVERGI^, YVQVI#XI QSRMXSVYP. )Y #M 'PEVI RI 'MRIQ HI QR. "M
RSM YVQVMQ QSRMXSVYP. RGIX, MQEKMRIE WI GPHI#XI FYGEX GY FYGEX.
4I IGVER I S LEVX E ZVIQMM R PYQI. 7EY S KEPE\MI, YR ZVXIN HI WXIPI.
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'0%6): 'STMPYP YVQIE^ W WI REWG TIWXI HSY WTXQRM #M RSM RG
RY RI-EQ LSXVX GI RYQI W-M HQ. (I JETX, EFME HEG EQ HMWGYXEX EWXE; EQ
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HIXIVQMRE *YVMMPI W-S FEKI R WIEQ #M W-S GLMRYMEWG. 4R PE YVQ ,IRV]
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7XQ R TEX. ) EFME 8:30 T.Q. "M HINE WYRX VYTX. 7XEY RXMRW TI S TEVXI,
GY FYVXE GE S TIRMRWYP, GY JE'E WTVI ,IRV], GEVI WX #M IP RXMRW TI S TEVXI GY
JE'E WTVI QMRI, GY GETYP TVSTXMX R TEPQ, MEV GEVXIE I TI TEX RXVI RSM. 2I
TVMZMQ #M ^QFMQ XIRWMSRE'M.
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,IRV] VMHMG TVMZMVIE.
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7QFXE 14 ETVMPMI 1990 ('PEVI EVI 18 ERM)

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(7:25 T.Q.)
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(8:50 T.Q.)
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(9:45 T.Q.)
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(SM ERM HI TVEJ #M RIQM#GEVI EGSTIV XSXYP. 1EWE QIE HI HIWIR I KSEP.
,SPIRHIVYP I GYVEX #M KSP. 1EXVM'IPI WYRX EVERNEXI JVYQSW R XIERGYVM, TI QEW
WXEY RIEXMR#M GSPEGM HI WVQ. :STWIPI #M TMKQIR'M, FSVGERI GY TIRWYPI,
YRIPXI, GV'M; XSEXI WYRX I\EGX GYQ PI-EQ PWEX. 7GLM'IPI TI GEVI PI-EQ 3\EX GY
'MRXI TI TIVIXI W-EY RKPFIRMX #M W-EY RHSMX. 0I HIWTVMRH #M PI EVYRG R GS#YP
HI KYRSM.
1 E#I^ PE QEWE HI HIWIR #M RGLMH SGLMM.
:RXYP PSZI#XI VEQYVMPI GSTEGMPSV HI TIVI'MM GEWIM, GY YR ^SVRMX. 3
QE#MR WXVSTI#XI GY RSVSMYP HI TI EPII. "YMIVRH #M FSPFSVSWMRH, ETEVEXYP HI
GEJIE WGYMT R ZEW YPXMQYP NIX HI GEJIE. (IWGLMH SGLMM, Q ME YR 3SV #M QM
WXVRK TI QMRI TYPSZIVYP KVSW.
%^M-HMQMRIE' GRH Q-EQ XVI^MX EQ WMQ'MX YR MQTYPW HI E ZIRM EMGM. %
JSWX GE S TSJX JYPKIVXSEVI: YR VIRHI^-ZSYW HI XEMR GY JSWXE QIE EQERX,
EVXE. (EV EGYQ WXEY EMGM E#XITXRH. 'IZE. 7-QM ZMR, #M RY ZMRI RMQMG.
(IWGLMH YR WIVXEV #M WGSX S GSEP HI LVXMI ZSTWMX GY MRHMKS. ) KVIE #M TY'MR
EWTV, EPFEWXVY-RGLMW #M VIGI PE EXMRKIVI GE QIXEPYP. 3 RXMRH TI QEW. 7XEY #M
Q YMX 3\ PE IE S ZVIQI. 7GSX GXIZE FYG'M HI TEWX HI HIWIREX EPF #M PI
GRXVIWG R TEPQ. %TSM PI PEW NSW #M QM XSVR RM#XI GEJIE. 1 YMX TI JIVIEWXV
GXVI TEVXIE HMR WTEXI E GEWIM. (EG ,IRV] EV 3 EMGM, TSEXI EV WXE PE FMVSYP PYM,
YMXRHY-WI #M IP PE QMRI HI PE JIVIEWXV. 7EY TSEXI EV NYGE 7GVEFFPI GY %PFE,
SVM W-EV YMXE PE FIR^M HIWIREXI, SVM EV JEGI WYT TIRXVY GMR. 7SVF HMR GEJIE #M
RGIVG W WMQX XMQTYP RXSVGRHY-WI, RGIVG W #XIVK HMJIVIR'E HMRXVI EGYQ #M
EXYRGM. (SEV EQMRXMVIE Q QEM 'MRI EMGM. 8MQT, PEW-Q W HMWTEV. "M EXYRGM,
GIIE GI WI HIWTEVXI TVMR RW#M TVI^IR'E RSEWXV WI ZE TYXIE YRM.
7XEY R JE'E GSPMM HI LVXMI, GY YR TEWXIP EPF R QR. RXMRHIVIE HI
LVXMI I ZEWX #M RGIT HMR GIRXVY, ETPIGRHY-Q HIEWYTVE IM GLMEV HEG #XMY
G QM-EV 3 QEM Y#SV HI PE QEVKMRIE HI WYW. (MQIRWMSRI^ JE'E PE NYQXEXI HMR
QVMQIE REXYVEP: EMGM I GVI#XIXYP, EMGM RGLIMIXYVE TMGMSEVIPSV, EMGM GPGMYP.
7GLM'I^ R QMRXI. (IWIRI^ GY PMRMM Y#SEVI, HMR QIQSVMI: SGLM KSM, EMGM, TI PMRME
QIHMER E GETYPYM, REW PYRK, KYV EVGYMX Y#SV HIWGLMW. 7TVRGIRIPI WI
EVGYMIWG E WYVTVM^: EL, XY I#XM. &VFME YRKLMYPEV #M PMRME VSXYRNMX E JPGMM,
JVYRXIE REPX #M YVIGLMPI HSEV WYKIVEXI. -EX KXYP, YQIVMM GSRXMRYE'M GY TERXE
FVE'IPSV RGVYGM#EXI TVSXIGXSV TI TMITX, MEX TEVXIE HI NSW E GSEWXIPSV,
EFHSQIRYP VSXYRNMX, #SPHYVMPI TPMRI, TMGMSEVIPI Y#SV RHSMXI, GY PEFIPI R NSW, GE
#M GYQ TIVWSRENYP TPYXI#XI R RP'MQM. 4YRGXIPI HI QWYVXSEVI WYRX GE RM#XI
WXIPI TI GIVYP RST'MM MRHMKS HI LVXMI; TIVWSRENYP I S GSRWXIPE'MI. 1EVGLI^
TIXIPI HI PYQMR #M HIWIRYP HIZMRI XVMHMQIRWMSREP, S JTXYV HI WXMGP. M
HIWIRI^ XVWXYVMPI GY QEVI EXIR'MI, GVII^ WXVYGXYVE JI'IM, YQTPY SGLMM, GEVI
Q TVMZIWG YMQM'M HI FVYWGE MRXVEVI R I\MWXIR'. 4VYP WI ZPYVI#XI TIWXI
LVXMI, TPYXMRH MQTSRHIVEFMP #M RIQM#GEX, XMTEV HI PMRMM GEVI GSRJIV HMREQMG
XVYTYPYM WXEXMG. 'I EPXGIZE QEM I\MWX R EGIWX YRMZIVW, R EGIWX HIWIR# %PXI
WXIPI, R HITVXEVI. 'EYX TVMRXVI YRIPXI #M KWIWG YR EG. 0MTIWG HIWIRYP TI S
JIVIEWXV #M RGIT W R'IT GY EGYP TR YQTPY LVXME HI KYVM QMGM, #M 3IGEVI
TIVJSVE'MI HIZMRI YR WSEVI EP EPXYM KVYT HI PYQM. "M GRH ENYRK W EQ S
KEPE\MI TPMR HI WXIPI, WIQR #M WMPYIXE, GEVI HIZMRI EGYQ S EHIZVEX
GSRWXIPE'MI, S VI'IE HI PYQMRM QMGY'I. QM TVMZIWG GSTME, MEV IE QM RXSEVGI
TVMZMVIE. QM TYR HIKIXYP TI JVYRXIE IM #M WTYR (MWTEVM, HEV IE I GIE GEVI ZE
VQRI; IY WYRX GIE GEVI HMWTEVI.
RXSXHIEYRE HMR RSY.
.SM 24 MYPMI 2053 (,IRV] EVI 43 HI ERM, 'PEVI EVI 82)
,)26=: 1 TSQIRIWG RXV-YR LSP RXYRIGEX. 0E GETXYP PYM I S Y#
RXVIHIWGLMW, MEV TI PE QEVKMRMPI IM WI VIZEVW PYQMRE. ,SPYP I TPMR HI GM^QI
HI GEYGMYG #M LEMRI HI TPSEMI. 1IVK GXVI Y# RGIX #M JV ^KSQSX #M EVYRG S
TVMZMVI R WTEXIPI IM. 0YQMRE HMQMRI'MM YQTPI RGTIVIE #M PE RGITYX I
HYVIVSEW, HEV HYT GI QM WI SFM#RYMIWG SGLMM ZH S QEW HMR PIQR REXYV
PRK S JIVIEWXV. 3 JIQIMI WX PE QEW GY JE'E WTVI JIVIEWXV. 0RK GSXYP IM
I S GIE#G HI GIEM. %JEV I PEGYP, ZEPYVMPI WI KVFIWG WTVI 'VQ #M WI VIXVEK
RXV-S QM#GEVI VITIXMXMZ PIRX GEVI HYT GXIZE QMRYXI WI GSRJYRH GY
RIQM#GEVIE. *IQIME WX EFWSPYX RIQM#GEX. ) GIZE JEQMPMEV PE IE. ) FXVR;
TVYP GSQTPIX EPF M GYVKI PYRK GE YR M^ZSV WYF'MVI TI WTEXIPI Y#SV RGSZSMEX.
4SEVX YR TYPSZIV HI GYPSEVIE GSVEPYPYM. 'YVFE YQIVMPSV, IM, VMKMHMXEXIE TS^M'MIM
WTYR MEX TI GMRIZE JSEVXI SFSWMX, #M IY RWYQM WYRX SFSWMX. QM QYX KVIYXEXIE
HI TI YR TMGMSV TI GIPPEPX #M TSHIEYE WGV'MI; JIQIME WI RXSEVGI #M Q
SFWIVZ, MEV FYGYVME M XVERWJSVQ GLMTYP; Q GYTVMRHI S YMQMVI WYFMX; I
'PEVI, 'PEVI FXVR! "M ZMRI WTVI QMRI, EXX HI RGIX, MEV IY S GYTVMRH R
FVE'I.
'0%6): R HMQMRIE'E EWXE XSXYP I GYVEX; JYVXYRE E PWEX GVIRKM
QTV#XMEXI TVMR GYVXI, TI GEVI Q ZSM HYGI MQIHMEX W PI EHYR; XSX RMWMTYP
TPENIM E JSWX VWGSPMX #M VIE#I^EX RXV-S TXYV RIXIH, TPMR HI R'ITXYVM HI PE
TMGXYVMPI HI TPSEMI, MEV GVMRMM KEPFIRM WI ETPIEG #M WGRXIME^ R PYQMRE EPF
E SVIM #ETXI HMQMRIE'E. 7XEY PE QEWE HMR WYJVEKIVMI GY S GIE#G HI GIEM #M Q
YMX PE ET, EWGYPXRH. %#XITXRH.
>MYE HI E^M RY I TVIE HMJIVMX HI XSEXI GIPIPEPXI ^MPI. 1 XVI^IWG R ^SVM,
Q QFVEG R TERXEPSRM #M TYPSZIV, QM TIVMM TVYP, TVNIWG TMRI, JEG GIEM #M
Q E#I^ W Q YMX PE ETE PEGYPYM, RXVIFRHY-Q HEG IP ZE ZIRM E^M. 2Y HMJIV
TVIE QYPX JE' HI XSEXI GIPIPEPXI HE'M GRH E JSWX TPIGEX, MEV IY EQ E#XITXEX,
HSEV G HI HEXE EWXE EQ MRWXVYG'MYRM: HI HEXE EWXE #XMY G ,IRV] ZE ZIRM R
GIPI HMR YVQ. 'XISHEX Q RXVIF HEG RY GYQZE EGIEWX TVIKXMVI,
EGIEWX E#XITXEVI, QTMIHMG QMVEGSPYP W WI RXQTPI. (EV R-EQ HI EPIW. )P
ZMRI, MEV IY WYRX EMGM.
7I-RHYMS# #M WI TSVRM W TPRK.
"M XSX TPRKIE QIVIY 'MMRH R FVE'I.
4I WGYQTE #M GMRWXMXE PYM WS'MI.
4I GX W-EVEX HI HSVMX TQRXYP.
7VQERMPSV RSXXSVM E GVSV.
'SVEFMI 2ITXYR TI QEVI-S WTEVWI, *MMRH HI ZRX #M ZEPYVM QEVM FXYX,
4Y'MRM QEM WGET HI XEPE^ #M-RSEX.
7TVI QEP QTVIWYVE'M HI WTYQE QVMM, "M FYGYVS#M IM TI YWGEX WI WYMI.
*YKMRH HI-EGIP TSXST, E#E GVMEWE.
'XE GY HVEK #M ZIWIP PE WS'Y-M.
"M-P XSX 'MRIE HI KX GY FVE'I EPFI.
(MR 3HMWIIE HI ,SQIV (XVEHYGIVI HI +. 1YVRY)
7*6"-8
1 (4LMPEHIPTLME) 4LMPPMIW: IGLMT HI FEWIFEPP HMR 4LMPEHIPTLME, GEVI NSEG
R PMKE TVSJIWMSRMWX.
2 .SLR +VELEQ (1886-19961): TMGXSV QMRMQEPMWX EQIVMGER HI SVMKMRI
VYW.
3 1IXSHE 4EPQIV: QIXSH HI GEPMKVE3I GSRGITYX TI PE 1888 #M
TVSQSZEX HI %YWXMR 2SVQER 4EPQIV PE RGITYXYP WIG. EP <<-PIE; JSEVXI
TSTYPEV PE EGIE ZVIQI, VIMRXVEX VIGIRX R EXIR'ME TYFPMG.
4 &ERHE PYM 1FMYW: S FERH FMHMQIRWMSREP GY S WMRKYV JE',
HIWGSTIVMX HI QEXIQEXMGMERYP KIVQER %YKYWX *IVHMRERH 1FMYW R 1858.
5 .YPME 'LMPH (1912-2004): FYGXVIEW, EYXSEVI #M WXEV HI XIPIZM^MYRI
EQIVMGER GEVI E MRXVSHYW FYGXVME JVER'Y^IEWG R 79% GE TI YR GYVIRX
TVMRGMTEP R KEWXVSRSQMI.
6 +VIEX %QIVMGE: TEVG HI HMWXVEG'MM HMR 7ERXE 'PEVE, 'EPMJSVRME.
7 &M FMQ FST: JIP HI QRGEVI GSVIIER GY GEVRI, SVI^ #M PIKYQI.
8 IRXVI^: MRXVE'M (R PF. *VERGI^).
9 &MVHW SJ %QIVMGE HI .SLR .EQIW %YHYFSR (1785-1851), REXYVEPMWX #M
TMGXSV. 'EVXIE VITVI^MRX YR GEXEPSK MPYWXVEX QERYEP #M GY HIWGVMIVM #XMMR'M3GI
EPI YRSV TWVM HI TI GSRXMRIRXYP RSVH-EQIVMGER.
10 (SYFPI )PITLERX *SPMS, JSVQEXYP GIPSV QEM QEVM GV'M #M XMTVMXYVM HMR
WIGSPYP EP 19-PIE, ETVS\. 67,3 \ 99 GQ. 0E EGIEWX WGEP W-EY TVSHYW HSEV
GXIZE PYGVVM, EWXJIP RGX, WXERHEVHYP E VQEW WMRSRMQ GY GETSHSTIVE PYM
%YHYFSR.
11 8LI (MGO :ER (]OI 7LS[: WMXGSQ GY (MGO :ER (]OI #M 1EV] 8]PIV
1SSVI R VSPYVMPI TVMRGMTEPI, HMJY^EX HI TSWXYP XZ EQIVMGER '&7 R TIVMSEHE
1961-1966.
12 2MQVSH: TIVWSREN 3G'MSREP, WYTIVIVSY RIKEXMZ VSFSXMG HMR YRMZIVWYP
FIR^MPSV HIWIREXI 1EVZIP. 2YQIPI IWXI TVIPYEX HI PE QEVIPI ZRXSV 2MQVSH
HMR :IGLMYP 8IWXEQIRX.
13 (EMV] 5YIIR: YRYP HMRXVI GIPI QEM QEVM PER'YVM HI VIWXEYVERXI JEWX-
JSSH HMR PYQI.
14 &VYGI 6SKIVW (1870-1957): XMTSKVEJ EQIVMGER, TVMQYP QEVI HIWMKRIV
TVSJIWMSRMWX HI GV'M.
15 8LI 'IRXEYV, TSIQ R TVS^ HI 1EYVMGI HI +YVMR; &VYGI 6SKIVW E
GVIEX YR JSRX WTIGMEP TIRXVY E TEKMRE EGIEWX GEVXI, JSRX GEVI E VQEW
GYRSWGYX WYF RYQIPI 'IRXEYV.
16 &SSO SJ /IPPW: QERYWGVMW MPYWXVEX VIEPM^EX HI GPYKVM GIP'M R NYVYP
ERYPYM 800 H. ', YRYP HMRXVI GIPI QEM FSKEX SVREQIRXEXI QERYWGVMWI TWXVEXI
HMR IZYP QIHMY.
17 R #GSPMPI EQIVMGERI, IWXI YR TVSMIGX TIRXVY SVIPI HI #XMMR'I HMR
GPEWIPI IPIQIRXEVI: GYQ EJIGXIE^ XI\XYVE WYTVEJI'IPSV ZMXI^E HI HITPEWEVI
E KRHEGYPYM HI JMR.
18 .SWITL 1EPPSVH ;MPPMEQ 8YVRIV (1775-1851): TMGXSV TIMWEKMWX FVMXERMG
ETEV'MRRH GYVIRXYPYM VSQERXMG, HEV GSRWMHIVEX #M YRYP HMRXVI JSRHEXSVMM
MQTVIWMSRMWQYPYM.
19 3 HYT EQME^ HI WQFX TI MRWYPE 0E +VERHI .EXXI, TMGXYV R YPIM
HI +ISVKIW 7IYVEX.
20 ;VMKPI] *MIPH: WXEHMSR HMR 'LMGEKS, GSRWXVYMX R 1914 TIRXVY IGLMTE
HI FEWIFEPP E SVE#YPYM.
21 4EPQIV ,SYWI: LSXIP HI PY\ HMR 'LMGEKS, HMR VI'IEYE ,MPXSR
22 .SLR ;MPPMEQ .SLRR] 'EVWSR (1925-2005): EGXSV #M WGVMMXSV
EQIVMGER, KE^H E GIPIFVYPYM 8LI 8SRMKLX 7LS[ RXVI 1962 #M 1992.
23 YRH WS [IMXIV: #M E#E QEM HITEVXI (R 1F. +IVQER).
24 ,EVV] ,SYHMRM (1874-1926), YRYP HMRXVI GIM QEM QEVM QEKMGMIRM,
IWGETSPSKM #M GEWGEHSVM HMR PYQI.
25 TIVWSREN HMR TMIWE *YVXYRE, HI ;. 7LEOIWTIEVI, GEVI, I\MPEX TI
RIHVITX, ENYRKI TI S MRWYP YRHI RZE' EVXE ZVNMXSVMIM.
26 :MGOW :ETSVYF: GVIQ QIRXSPEX TVSHYW HI 3VQE :MGOW, GEVI WI
ETPMG TI TMITX WEY WI XSTI#XI #M WI MRLEPIE^ TIRXVY Y#YVEVIE VIWTMVE'MIM R
ZMVS^I.
27 QWYVE 38( HMR WMWXIQYP EQIVMGER IGLMZEPIE^ GY 85(( R WMWXIQYP
MRXIVRE'MSREP.
28 8EFPE 3YMNE, JSPSWMX R WTMVMXMWQ, IWXI S TPEG TI GEVI WYRX HIWIREXI
PMXIVI WEY WIQRI; WI TVIWYTYRI G S TPGY' HI WTMVMXMWQ, TI GEVI QRE WI
SHMLRI#XI PINIV, WI ZE QM#GE TI EGIEWX XEFP WYF MR4YIR'E WTMVMXIPSV,
VWTYR^RH RXVIFVMPSV GEVI PM WI TYR EGIWXSVE.
29 LYWFERH: WS' (R PF. )RKPI^).
30 ;LIR -'Q 64: GRXIG HI HVEKSWXI HMR VITIVXSVMYP 8LI &IEXPIW,
GSQTYW HI 4EYP 1G'EVXRI] (1967).
31 HY NSYV: R EGIEWX ^M, E/EP ^MPIM (R PF. *VERGI^).
32 GSYT H'GPEX: (R GSRXI\X) QYXEVI WYVTVMR^XSEVI (R PF. *VERGI^).
33 TMWMGE HMR 'LIWLMVI ('LIWLMVI 'EX): TIVWSREN-TMWMG HMR %PMGI R &EVE
1MRYRMPSV, HI 0I[MW 'EVVSPP, GEVI XSX ETEVI #M HMWTEVI HYT HSVMR'.
34 (SVSXL] 7E]IVW (1893-1957): WGVMMXSEVI #M XVEHYGXSEVI FVMXERMG,
QEM GYRSWGYX TIRXVY WIVME HI VSQERI #M RYZIPI HI QMWXIVI EZRHY-P GE
TVSXEKSRMWX TI 0SVHYP 4IXIV ;IQWI].
35 OS^S: GIE QEM GSQYR 3FV (HI HYH) JSPSWMX PE SF'MRIVIE LVXMIM
NETSRI^I.
36 ;MQ ;IRHIVW (R. 1945): VIKM^SV #M TVSHYGXSV KIVQER: #M-E RGITYX
GEVMIVE JGRH TEVXI HMR 2SYP GMRIQE KIVQER (ERMM '60-'80).
37 *VMHE] XLI 13XL, WPEWLIV 3PQ (LSVVSV GEVI EVI R TVMQ-TPER YR
GVMQMREP TWMLSTEX) HMR ERYP 1980. 6IKM^EX HI 7IER 7. 'YRRMRKLEQ. % JSWX
RSQMREPM^EX PE HSY TVIQMM >QIYVE HI %YV, TIRXVY GIP QEM TVSWX 3PQ #M GIE
QEM TVSEWX EGXVM' R VSP WIGYRHEV.
38 6IEV ;MRHS[ (1954), 3PQ GY +VEGI /IPP], VIKM^EX HI %PJVIH ,MXGLGSGO
#M G#XMKXSV E TEXVY TVIQMM 3WGEV.
39 ''IWX QEKRM3UYI QEMW GI R'IWX TEW PE KYIVVI: ) WTPIRHMH, HEV RY I
V^FSM (R PF. *VERGI^). *VE^ EXVMFYMX KIRIVEPYPYM JVERGI^ 4MIVVI *VERSMW
&SWUYIX (1810-1861), GEVI WI TEVI G E VSWXMX-S GY VIJIVMVI PE EXEGYP GEZEPIVMIM
Y#SEVI HMR GEHVYP V^FSMYPYM HMR 'VMQIIE.
40 ,EVVMIX XLI 7T]: VSQER TIRXVY GSTMM (1964) HI 0SYMWI *MX^LYKL.
4IVWSRENYP GIRXVEP, ,EVVMIX, EZIE YR GEVRI'IP R GEVI #M RSXE XSEXI PYGVYVMPI TI
GEVI PI SFWIVZE WTMSRRHY-M TI GIM HMR NYV.
41 %L, HSQRM#SEV %FWLMVI, E#I^E'M-Z, Z VSK R PF. *VERGI^.
42 'PEVI, EXXIRHI^: (R GSRXI\X) 'PEVI, TVIKXI#XI-XI W XIVQMRM (R PF.
*VERGI^).
43 0YPY: STIV E GSQTS^MXSVYPYM EYWXVMEG %PFER &IVK, TI YR PMFVIX
EHETXEX HI IP RWY#M HYT HSY TMIWI HI *VERO ;IHIOMRH, E GVIM TVIQMIVE E
EZYX PSG R 1937.
44 4MIVVI &SYPI^ (R. 1925): GSQTS^MXSV #M HMVMNSV JVERGI^.
45 ;MPPMEQ &PEOI (1757-1827): TSIX, TMGXSV #M XMTSKVEJ FVMXERMG.
46 (EW 0MIH ZSR HIV )VHI ('RXIGYP 4QRXYPYM): PMIH TIRXVY HSM WSPM#XM
ZSGEPM #M SVGLIWXV, HI GSQTS^MXSVYP EYWXVMEG +YWXEZ 1ELPIV; PMFVIXYP GSRWX
HMR GXIZE TSI^MM GLMRI^I#XM.
47 &YVQE 7LEZI: QEVG HI GVIQ HI FVFMIVMX JV TQXYJ PERWEX R
7XEXIPI 9RMXI R 1925, GIPIFV TIRXVY VIGPEQE GSRWXRH HMR QMGM TSI^MM
YQSVMWXMGI WGVMWI TI TERSYVM TYFPMGMXEVI GSRWIGYXMZI TI QEVKMRIE HVYQYVMPSV
TYFPMGI.
48 (SEQRE (EPPS[E] (1VW. (EPPS[E], R SVMK.): VSQER (1925) EP
WGVMMXSEVIM FVMXERMGI :MVKMRME ;SSPJ.
49 'IRXVEP 7XERHEVH 8MQI ('78 WEY '8): HI3RI#XI SVE S3GMEP TI
QIVMHMERYP GIRXVEP EP 7XEXIPSV 9RMXI (QIVMHMERYP 90), RWIQRRH SVE
+VIIR[MGL QMRYW #EWI SVI.
50 7SPMHEVRSWG: JIHIVE'ME WMRHMGEP 7SPMHEVMXEXIE R3MR'EXE R 4SPSRME R
1980, WYF GSRHYGIVIE PYM 0IGL ;EPIWE, GEVI E VIYRMX QM#GEVIE ERXMGSQYRMWX
TSPSRI^.
51 6MGI-%-6SRM: WTIGMEPMXEXI PE GYXMI, EQIWXIG HI SVI^, TEWXI #M
GSRHMQIRXI TVSHYW HI GSQTERME EQIVMGER 8LI 5YEOIV 3EXW.
52 'LS[ XMQI: I SVE TIRXVY GLS[ (R PF. )RKPI^); GLS[ IWXI XIVQIRYP
GLMRI^IWG TIRXVY WSXI. )WXI #M YR NSG HI GYZMRXI TVMR EWIQREVIE GY 7LS[
XMQI, GEVI RWIEQR I ZVIQIE W RGIET WTIGXEGSPYP.
53 'PEYHI 0ZM-7XVEYWW: ERXVSTSPSK JVERGI^. 4VMRXVI PYGVVMPI WEPI WI
RYQV 1MXSPSKMMPI, EP GVIM TVMQ ZSPYQ TSEVX RYQIPI 'VYH #M KXMX (XIVQIRM
EWSGME'M R ERXVSTSPSKMI GY HMLSXSQME HMRXVI PYQIE REXYVEP #M GMZMPM^E'ME
YQER).
54 ]YTTMI: XIVQIR IRKPI^ TVSZIRMX HMR EGVSRMQYP WMRXEKQIM =SYRK
YVFER TVSJIWWMSREP (XRV TVSJIWMSRMWX HI PE SVE#), HIWIQRRH YR XRV
HMREQMG, GY WYGGIW R EJEGIVM.
55 4E] RS EXXIRXMSR XS XLI QER FILMRH XLI GYVXEMR (R PMQFE IRKPI^ R
SVMKMREP): GMXEX GIPIFVY HMR :VNMXSVYP HMR 3^ VITPMGE JEVWSVYPYM GEVI XVKIE HMR
GYPMWI WJSVMPI TTY#MM TVIWYTYWI TR EXYRGM E 3 XIVMFMPYP ZVNMXSV.
56 'PYFYP 'E\XSR: SVKERM^E'MI HMR GEVI JEG TEVXI EYXSVM, PIKXSVM,
GSPIG'MSREVM, VIWXEYVEXSVM, ZR^XSVM, HIWMKRIVM, IHMXSVM, FMFPMSXIGEVM IXG., E#EHEV
TIVWSERI GEVI EY R GSQYR TEWMYRIE TIRXVY EVXE TVSHYGIVMM GV'MPSV. % JSWX
JSRHEX R 1895 HI GMRGMWTVI^IGI FMFPMS3PM HMR 'LMGEKS #M RYQMX R SRSEVIE PYM
;MPPMEQ 'E\XSR, TVMQYP XMTSKVEJ IRKPI^.
57 >R (JEMV], R PF. )RKPI^) IWXI #M YR XIVQIR EVKSXMG TIRXVY
LSQSWI\YEP.
58 :MG 8LIEXVI (JSWXYP :MGXSVME 8LIEXVI, JSRHEX R 1912), VIRYQMX WEP
HI WTIGXEGSPI HMR 'LMGEKS.
59 .IER %YKYWXI (SQMRMUYI -RKVIW (1770-1867): TMGXSV JVERGI^
RISGPEWMG; GEHRIPI TMGXEXI HI IP IVEY ZSPYTXYSEWI, HEV EZIEY #M QIQFVI
IPSRKEXI, GSQFMRE'MI GI TEVI W 3 JSWX TIRXVY -RKVIW ETVSETI HI TIVJIG'MYRI.
60 QSWL TMX: PSG R GEVI S TEVXI HMRXVI WTIGXEXSVMM YRYM GSRGIVX HI
QY^MGE QIXEP, LEVHGSVI, LEVH VSGO, TYRO IXG. 4VEGXMG QSWLMRK-YP (RYQMX
YRISVM #M TSKS) WEV, WI QTMRK GY ZMSPIR', WI EVYRG YRMM R EP'MM, JEG
LIEHLERKMRK (WGYXYVEVI EQTP #M ZMSPIRX E GETYPYM TI VMXQYP QY^MGMM) IXG.
61 KSXL: WYFGYPXYV TSWX-TYRO GEVI #M EVI SVMKMRIE R VSGOYP KSXLMG
FVMXERMG HMR ERMM '80.
62 -P S PIW HJEYXW HI WIW UYEPMXW: %VI HIJIGXIPI (EJIVIRXI) GEPMX'MPSV PYM
(R PF. *VERGI^).
63 *VEROIRQYXL: SVE# HMR WXEXYP 1MGLMKER, HIRYQMX #M 1MGE &EZEVMI,
R3MR'EX HI MQMKVER'M PYXIVERM HMR TVSZMRGME KIVQER *VEROIR R 1845. R
TVI^IRX, XIQEXMGE FEZEVI^ E QEKE^MRIPSV, VIWXEYVERXIPSV #M JIWXMZEPYVMPSV WEPI
EXVEKI QMPMSERI HI XYVM#XM ERYEP.
64 9-4MGO-1: JIVQI GEVI GSQIVGMEPM^IE^ JVYGXI TI TVMRGMTMYP
EYXSWIVZMVMM.
65 2ERG] (VI[: IVSMRE YRIM JSEVXI TSTYPEVI WIVMM HI GV'M HMR KIRYP
Q]WXIV] MREYKYVEXI HI WGVMMXSVYP #M IHMXSVYP EQIVMGER )H[EVH 7XVEXIQI]IV R
1930.
66 ;MPPMEQ 1SVVMW (1834-1896): EVXMWX, WGVMMXSV #M EGXMZMWX FVMXERMG,
GYRSWGYX QEM EPIW GE HIWMKRIV HI XETIXI #M QSHIPI TIRXVY 'IWXYVM.
67 ITMWGSTEPMER: IRSVME# EP &MWIVMGMM )TMWGSTEPMIRI (VEQYVE HMR 79% E
&MWIVMGMM %RKPMGERI).
68 '73: 'LMGEKS 7]QTLSR] 3VGLIWXVE (3VGLIWXVE 7MQJSRMG HMR
'LMGEKS).
69 YRH WS [IMXIV: #M E#E QEM HITEVXI (R PMQFE KIVQER).
70 6YHSPTL XLI 6IH 2SWIH 6IMRHIIV (6YHSPTL, VIRYP GY REWYP VS#Y):
GRXIG HI 'VGMYR, EHETXEX HYT TSZIWXIE TSTYPEV GY EGIPE#M RYQI. (IWTVI
GIP HI-EP RSYPIE VIR GI XVEKI WERME PYM 1S# 'VGMYR.
71 1EVIPI -RGIRHMY HMR 'LMGEKS: YRYP HMRXVI GIPI QEM QEVM HI^EWXVI HMR
%QIVMGE WIGSPYPYM EP <-<-PIE. -RGIRHMYP E HYVEX XVIM ^MPI (8-10 SGXSQFVMI 1871)
#M W-E WSPHEX GY WYXI HI ZMGXMQI SQIRI#XM #M GY HMWXVYKIVIE E 6,5 OQ TXVE'M
HMR SVE#YP 'LMGEKS.
72 4SXXIV] &EVR: PER' HI QEKE^MRI HI QSFMP #M HIGSVE'MYRM MRXIVMSEVI,
JSRHEX R 79%.
73 :MWI^ PE YR 'VEGLMR EPF (-'Q HVIEQMRK SJ E ;LMXI 'LVMWXQEW, R PF.
)RKPI^): ZIVW HMR GIPIFVYP GRXIG HI 'VGMYR ;LMXI 'LVMWXQEW, HI -VZMRK
&IVPMR, PERWEX R MRXIVTVIXEVIE PYM &MRK 'VSWF].
74 PYQI RGTXSEVI #M XMQT ([SVPH IRSYKL ERH XMQI, R PF. )RKPI^ R
SVMKMREP): JVEKQIRX GIPIFVY HMR TVMQYP ZIVW EP TSIQYPYM 8S ,MW 'S] 1MWXVIWW,
HI %RHVI[ 1EVZIPP (WIG. EP <:---PIE), TVIPYEX, HI-E PYRKYP XMQTYPYM, HI QYP'M
EYXSVM QSHIVRM.
75 % ;VMROPI R 8MQI (9R JEPH R XMQT): VSQER JERXEW] TIRXVY GSTMM HI
WGVMMXSEVIE EQIVMGER 1EHIPIMRI 0')RKPI, TYFPMGEX R 1962.
76 '-X'W E ;SRHIVJYP 0MJI (:ME'E I QMRYREX): 3PQ GPEWMG HI 'VGMYR. R
VIKME PYM *VERO 'ETVE, GY .EQIW 7XI[EVX #M (SRRE 6IIH; PERWEX R 1946, IWXI
GSRWMHIVEX YRYP HMRXVI GIPI QEM FYRI 3PQI HMR MWXSVME GMRIQEXSKVE3IM.
77 -X 'EQI 9TSR XLI 1MHRMKLX 'PIEV (4I FSPXE GIVYPYM WIRMR): GSPMRH HI
'VGMYR GSQTYW HI )HQYRH 7IEVW, TEWXSV EP &MWIVMGMM 9RMXEVMIRI HMR ;E]PERH,
1EWWEGLYWIXXW, R 1849.
78 (R SVMK.) &Y2EPS +MVP (;SR'X =SY 'SQI 3YX 8SRMKLX) (*EX HMR &Y2EPS,
MI#MQ QTVIYR HMWIEV#): GRXIG GSQTYW HI ;MPPMEQ 'SSP ;LMXI TIRXVY
GSPSERE WSRSV E 3PQYPYM -X'W E ;SRHIVJYP 0MJI.
79 /]VMI: TEVXI E PMXYVKLMIM GEVI WI HIWGLMHI TVMR MRZSGE'ME /]VMI, IPIMWSR
((SEQRI, QMPYMI#XI-RI, R PF. +VIEG).
80 .EGOMI +PIEWSR (1916-1987): EGXSV EQIVMGER; VITPMGE JEGI EPY^MI PE
VSPYP IWGVSGYPYM NYGXSV HI FMPMEVH MRXIVTVIXEX HI +PIEWSR R 3PQYP 8LI ,YWXPIV,
EPXYVM HI 4EYP 2I[QER.
81 8IVV] 6MPI] (R. 1935): GSQTS^MXSV EQIVMGER EHITX EP GYVIRXYPYM
QSHIVR QMRMQEPMWX.
82 7EPSQI (ERGIW JSV 4IEGI (7EPSQIIE HERWIE^ TIRXVY TEGI): GMGPY
HI GYEVXIXI HI 8IVV] 6MPI].
83 0]HME 0YRGL (R. 1959): GRXVIE' EQIVMGER HI VSGO, TSIX,
WGVMMXSEVI #M EGXVM'. 7-E EYXSGEVEGXIVM^EX HVITX RMLMPMWX, ERXEKSRMWX,
ZMSPIRX, RKVS^MXSEVI.
84 6MGLEVH ,IPP (R.1949): RYQIPI HI WGIR EP PYM 6MGLEVH 1]IVW,
GRXVI', GSQTS^MXSV #M WGVMMXSV EQIVMGER, PMHIVYP XVYTIM 6MGLEVH ,IPP ERH XLI
:SMHSMHW, YRE HMRXVI TVMQIPI TVSQSXSEVI EPI GYVIRXYPYM TYRO.
85 0YTX WEY JYKM: R PMQFE IRKPI^, XLI 3KLX SV 4MKLX VIWTSRWI, WEY
VIEG'ME PE WXVIW EGYX, HIWGVMW TIRXVY TVMQE HEX R ERMM '20 HI 3^MSPSKYP
EQIVMGER ;EPXIV +ERRSR #M GSRWXRH HMRXV-S VIEG'MI KIRIVEP E RXVIKYPYM
WMWXIQ RIVZSW WMQTEXMG, TVIKXMRH QEQMJIVYP 3I TIRXVY PYTX, 3I TIRXVY JYK.
86 :MRXEKI :MR]P: QEKE^MR HI QY^MG HMR )ZERWXSR, -PPMRSMW, E\EX R
TVMRGMTEP TI RVIKMWXVVM TI WYTSVX HI ZMRMP.
87 FYQT ERH KVMRH: WXMP HI HERW R GEVI #SPHYVMPI TEVXIRIVMPSV WYRX R
GSRXEGX, WYKIVRH QM#GVM WI\YEPI.
88 -VQE 8LSQEW (R. 1941): GRXVIE' HI WSYP #M VL]XLQ & FPYIW,
WYTVERYQMX 6IKMRE 7SYP E 2I[ 3VPIERWYPYM.
89 1EG%VXLYV *IPPS[WLMT 4VSKVEQ, RYQMX GSPSGZMEP #M WYFZIR'ME HI
KIRMY: TVIQMY ERYEP EGSVHEX HI *YRHE'ME EQIVMGER .SLR (. %RH 'EXLIVMRI
8. 1EG%VXLYV GXSVZE ^IGM HI GIX'IRM WEY VI^MHIR'M EM 79%, MRHMJIVIRX HI
ZVWX WEY HSQIRMY HI EGXMZMXEXI, GEVI HSZIHIWG QIVMXI I\GIT'MSREPI #M
HI'MR TVIQMWIPI GSRXMRYVMM R WIRW EWGIRHIRX E YRIM QYRGM GVIEXSEVI.
90 0SLIRKVMR: STIV E GSQTS^MXSVYPYM KIVQER 6MGLEVH ;EKRIV.
91 %PGSSPMGMM %RSRMQM (%%): EWSGME'MI EQIVMGER TI FE^ HI ZSPYRXEVMEX,
JSRHEX R 1935, GEVI EVI GE WGST VIGYTIVEVIE #M VIMRXIKVEVIE R GQTYP
QYRGMM, R ZME'E WSGMEP #M R GIE JEQMPMEP E EPGSSPMGMPSV GEVI ETIPIE^ PE
ENYXSVYP IM.
92 .YMPPMEVH 7GLSSP: GSRWIVZEXSV HMR 2I[ =SVO, GIE QEM TVSIQMRIRX
#GSEP HI QY^MG HMR 79%.
93 8LI 1SSRWXSRI (4MEXVE PYRMM): VSQER (1868) EP WGVMMXSVYPYM FVMXERMG
;MPOMI 'SPPMRW: IWXI GSRWMHIVEX TVMQYP VSQER HI QMWXIVI R PMQFE IRKPI^.
94 :MGL]WWSMWI: WYT VIGI HI GEVXS3 #M GIET, HVIEW GY WQRXR.
95 &PIEO ,SYWI ('EWE QSLSVX; XVEH. "M 'EWE YQFVIPSV): VSQER
GIPIFVY (TYFPMGEX R JEWGMGYPI PYREVI R TIVMSEHE 1852-1853) EP WGVMMXSVYPYM
FVMXERMG 'LEVPIW (MGOIRW.
96 &S]'W 8S[R (SVE#YP FMI'MPSV), HI JETX &S]WXS[R: RYQIPI TSTYPEV EP
YRYM GEVXMIV HMR 'LMGEKS, TVMQYP WEX EP LSQSWI\YEPMPSV S3GMEP VIGYRSWGYX TI
XIVMXSVMYP 79%.
97 &IVPMR: R GSRXI\X, IWXI ZSVFE HI GPYFYP HI HERW &IVPMR, HMR 'LMGEKS.
98 (I[I] (IGMQEP: WMWXIQ HI GPEWM3GEVI JSPSWMX R FMFPMSXIGMPI TYFPMGI,
HI^ZSPXEX HI 1IPZMR (I[I] R 1876.
99 &IXXIV PMZMRK XLVSYKL GLIQMWXV] (R PMQFE IRKPI^ R SVMKMREP):
(JVEKQIRX HMRXV-YR) WPSKER TYFPMGMXEV PERWEX R 1935 HI GSQTERME EQIVMGERE
HI TVSHYWI GLMQMGI (Y 4SRX; RGITRH HMR ERMM '50 WPSKERYP E JSWX TVIPYEX HI
QM#GVMPI QSHIVRMWXI #M LMTTMI #M VISVMIRXEX R WIRWYP TVSXIWXIPSV JEX HI
Y^MRIPI GLMQMGI #M EP WYW'MRIVMM I\TIVMIR'IPSV LEPYGMRSKIRI.
100 JVEKQIRX HMR 'RXEVIE --. <:-, E TSIXYPYM IRKPI^ HMR WIGSPYP EP <:---
PIE *VERGMW 5YEVPIW.
101 ,YQFSPHX 4EVO: GEVXMIV WVEG HMR 'LMGEKS, PSGYMX R TVMRGMTEP HI
MQMKVER'M TSVXSVMGERM, QI\MGERM #M EJVS-EQIVMGERM.
102 E ZE: JSVQYP HI WEPYX GSPSGZMEP R PMQFE JVERGI^.
103 (VERS: QEVG HI TVSHYW TIRXVY HIWJYRHEX 'IZMPI.
104 RY HIWXYM 1MGLIPERKIPM: EPY^MI PE NYWXM'MEVIPI FVSE#XI 'IWXSEWI
RMRNE, ERXVSTSQSVJI, TIVWSRENIPI YRYM GYRSWGYX HIWIR ERMQEX, HMRXVI GEVI
GIE QEM TSTYPEV IWXI 'IWXSEWE 1MGLIPERKIPS.
105 1V. 6SKIVW: TIVWSRENYP GIRXVEP EP YRYM WIVMEP HI XIPIZM^MYRI IHYGEXMZ
TIRXVY GSTMM. 1MWXIV 6SKIVW' 2IMKLFSVLSSH, HMJY^EX R 79% RGITRH GY ERMM
'60.
106 .ERWWIR 4LEVQEGIYXMGE: GSQTERMI JEVQEGIYXMG R3MR'EX R 1953
R &IPKME, GY WGSTYP HI E IJIGXYE GIVGIXVM R HSQIRMYP JEVQEGSPSKMG.
107 'LEVPIW 1MRKYW (1922-1979): QY^MGMER EQIVMGER HI NE^^.
108 - EQ E TEWWIRKIV: ZIVW HMR GIPIFVYP WMRKPI EP PYM -KK] 4ST 8LI
4EWWIRKIV (1977).
109 %VXE R %QIVMGE (%VX R %QIVMGE): VIZMWX PYREV HI EVX ZM^YEP
GSRXIQTSVER EQIVMGER (R WTIGMEP HMR 2I[ =SVO) HEV #M MRXIVRE'MSREP.
%TEVI HMR 1913.
110 0ISR +SPYF (1922-2004): TMGXSV EQIVMGER #M VITVI^IRXERX
TVSIQMRIRX EP EVXM#XMPSV EGXMZM#XM.
111 % VIFSYVW: VSQER (1884) EP WGVMMXSVYPYM JVERGI^ .SVMW-/EVP ,Y]WQERW.
112 *ERXSQIPI HMR :IVWEMPPIW (8LI +LSWXW SJ :IVWEMPPIW, R SVMK.): STIV
E GSQTS^MXSVYPYM .SLR 'SVMKPMERS, TI YR PMFVIX R PMQFE IRKPI^ EP
HVEQEXYVKYPYM ;MPPMEQ 1. ,S2QER. % JSWX GSQERHEX HI 1IXVSTSPMXER 3TIVE,
HMR 2I[ =SVO, GY SGE^ME ERMZIVWVMM YRYM WIGSP HI I\MWXIR' #M E JSWX NYGEX
TVMQE HEX R 1991.
113 &EVFEVE 'EVXPERH (1901-2000): WGVMMXSEVI FVMXERMG, YRE HMRXVI GIPI
QEM GIPIFVI EYXSEVI HI VSQERI HI HVEKSWXI HMR XSEXI XMQTYVMPI.
114 .SLR +VMWLEQ (R. 1955): WGVMMXSV EQIVMGER, GIPIFVY TIRXVY VSQERIPI
WEPI HMR KIRYVMPI GVMQI #M PIKEP XLVMPPIV.
115 &IVRH ,IMRVMGL ;MPLIPQ ZSR /PIMWX (1777-1811): TSIX, HVEQEXYVK #M
VSQERGMIV KIVQER.
116 2SVQER 6SGO[IPP (1894-1978): TMGXSV #M MPYWXVEXSV EQIVMGER EPI
GVYM PYGVVM WI GEVEGXIVM^IE^ TVMRXV-S MHIEPM^EVI TPMR HI WIRXMQIRXEPMWQ E
ZMI'MM GSXMHMIRI.
117 +EPIVME 95^M: QY^IY HI EVX VIREWGIRXMWX HMR SVE#YP MXEPMER
*PSVIR'E.
118 ;MPPMEQ ,SPQER ,YRX (1827-1910): TMGXSV IRKPI^, YRYP HMRXVI
JSRHEXSVMM QM#GVMM EVXMWXMGI TVIVEJEIPMXI.
119 =IPPS[ 7YFQEVMRI (7YFQEVMRYP KEPFIR): GRXIG EP XVYTIM FVMXERMGI
&IEXPIW.
120 'IVGIXE#IPI %QIVMGMM (8LI +MVP 7GSYXW SJ XLI 9RMXIH 7XEXIW SJ
%QIVMGE, R PMQFE IRKPI^ R SVMKMREP): SVKERM^E'MI HI EHSPIWGIRXI HMR 79%,
JSRHEX PE RGITYXYP WIGSPYPYM << TI TVMRGMTMMPI GIVGIX#MIM, IRYR'EXI HI
S3'IVYP FVMXERMG 6SFIVX &EHIR-4S[IPP.
121 -RMQE RXYRIVMGYPYM (,IEVX SJ (EVORIWW, R PMQFE IRKPI^ R
SVMKMREP): RYZIP (1902) E WGVMMXSVYPYM FVMXERMG HI SVMKMRI TSPSRI^ .SWITL
'SRVEH.
122 8EOI XLI % 8VEMR: TMIW HI NE^^ GPEWMG, HI &MPP] 7XVE]LSVR,
GSRWMHIVEX YRE HMRXVI GIPI QEM MQTSVXERXI QIPSHMM EQIVMGERI EPI WIGSPYPYM
<<.
123 1YWMUYI HY +EVVSX IX HI PE *IVVEMPPI: EPFYQ HI QY^MG IPIGXVSRMG EP
XVYTIM FIPKMIRI .EVHMR ('9WYVI.
124 #S#GE: GYZRX HMR PMQFE MHM#, GY WIRWYP HI NYGVMI MIJXMR, TYXRH
RWIQRE #M JEX WI\M, HEV TVSEWX.
125 EQSVXE: GYZRX HMR PMQFE MQEKMREV E IP3PSV, UYIRME, MRZIRXEX HI
WGVMMXSVYP FVMXERMG .. 6. 6. 8SPOMIR; WIQRM3G RP'EVI, VMHMGEVI, XEPE^ IXG.
126 ,IEVX SJ 1] ,IEVX (R SVMK.): GRXIG HI HVEKSWXI JSEVXI TSTYPEV HI
^MYE 7J. :EPIRXMR, GSQTYW R 1926 HI &IR 6]ER.
127 >MYE 1YXVMM: EPY^MI PE 1SZMRK (E], 1 MYPMI, TVMR XVEHM'MI ^MYE R GEVI
RGIT GSRXVEGXIPI HI RGLMVMIVI HI PSGYMR'I R TVSZMRGME GEREHMER 5YIFIG.
128 TI YWGEX: EMGM GY WIRWYP JV EPGSSP. R )ZERWXSR, SVE# E4EX R
RSVHYP EVMIM QIXVSTSPMXERI 'LMGEKS, WI E4 TVIWXMKMSEWE YRMZIVWMXEXI
TEVXMGYPEV 2SVXL[IWXIVR. R 1855, PE GIVIVIE QERHEXEVMPSV YRMZIVWMX'MM,
%HYREVIE +IRIVEP E WXEXYPYM -PPMRSMW E EHYKEX PE GEVXE SVE#YPYM )ZERWXSR YR
EQIRHEQIRX TVMR GEVI WI MRXIV^MGIE JEFVMGEVIE #M GSQIVGMEPM^EVIE HI FYXYVM
EPGSSPMGI TI XIVMXSVMYP SVE#YPYM. %QIRHEQIRXYP E VQEW ZEPEFMP XMQT HI GMVGE
120 HI ERM.
129 =1'% (=SYRK 1IR'W 'LVMWXMER %WWSGMEXMSR, %WSGME'ME XMRIVMPSV
GVI#XMRM): QM#GEVI WSGMEP MRXIVRE'MSREP, ETSPMXMG #M RSRWIGXEV JSRHEX PE
0SRHVE R 1844, GEVI TVSQSZIE^ GVI#XMRMWQYP IGYQIRMG.
130 1EVWLEPP *MIPH'W: QEKE^MR YRMZIVWEP R3MR'EX R 'LMGEKS R E HSYE
NYQXEXI E WIGSPYPYM EP <-<-PIE #M HIZIRMX YPXIVMSV YR TYXIVRMG PER' GSQIVGMEP.
131 1EKE^MR SYXPIX: QEKE^MR GY ZR^EVI IR HIXEMP GY QEVM HMWGSYRXYVM,
EHQMRMWXVEX HMVIGX HI TVSHYGXSVMM YRIM/YRSV QVGM.
132 +ET: PER' HI QEKE^MRI HI QFVGQMRXI #M EGGIWSVMM JSRHEX R 1969
R 7ER *VERGMWGS.
133 %HEQ 7QMXL (1723-1790): 3PSWSJ WGS'MER, TVIGYVWSV EP IGSRSQMIM
TSPMXMGI.
134 /EVP 1EV\ (1818-1883): 3PSWSJ #M IGSRSQMWX TSPMXMG TVYWEG,
GSRWMHIVEX TVMRXIPI GSQYRMWQYPYM.
135 6SWE 0Y\IQFYVK (1870-1919): XISVIXMGMER E QEV\MWQYPYM,
TSPSRI^ HI SVMKMRI IZVIMEWG; E R3MR'EX SVKERM^E'ME TVIGYVWSEVI E 4EVXMHYPYM
'SQYRMWX +IVQER. 'ETXYVEX HI XVYTIPI QSREVLMWXI HYT S XIRXEXMZ
RIVIY#MX HI VIZSPY'MI PE &IVPMR, E JSWX QTY#GEX R GET #M EVYRGEX R VY.
136 %PER +VIIRWTER (R. 1926): IGSRSQMWX EQIVMGER, JSWX TVI#IHMRXI EP
&RGMM 2E'MSREPI EQIVMGERI.
137 PMZVIW H'EVXMWXIW (WEY PMZVIW HI TIMRXVI): GV'M HI PY\, GY XMTVMXYV HI
GIE QEM FYR GEPMXEXI, TI LVXMI 3R, MPYWXVEXI HI TMGXSVM VIGYRSWGY'M.
138 6YHSPJ /SGL (1876-1934): YRYP HMRXVI GIM QEM MQTSVXER'M GEPMKVE3
KIVQERM, GVIEXSVYP GXSVZE JSRXYVM.
139 (EW 1ERMJIWX HIV 2EGOXOYPXYV: QERMJIWXYP RYHMWQYPYM (R PMQFE
KIVQER R SVMKMREP).
140 0YH[MK 1MIW ZER HIV 6SLI (1886-1969): EVLMXIGX EQIVMGER HI
SVMKMRI KIVQER, YRYP HMRXVI TMSRMIVMM EVLMXIGXYVMM QSHIVRI MRXIVRE'MSREPI; E
TVSQSZEX WXMPYP QMRMQEPMWX, QEXIVMEPI KIR S'IP #M WXMGP, WTE'MMPI EQTPI #M
EYWXIVI.
141 4ITXS-&MWQSP: QIHMGEQIRX TIRXVY HIVERNEQIRXI HMKIWXMZI;
EQFEPENYP EVI GYPSVMPI VS^ #M VS#Y-JYGWME.
142 (EWIMR: GSRGITX MRZIRXEX HI 3PSWSJYP KIVQER 1EVXMR ,IMHIKKIV,
GEVI HI3RI#XI I\MWXIR'E YQER TVMR TVMWQE XIQTSVEPMX'MM.
143 3ZEPXMRI: FYXYV RYXVMXMZ TI FE^ HI PETXI #M QEP'.
144 &VMHIWLIEH 6IZMWMXIH: VSQER (1945) EP WGVMMXSEVIM FVMXERMGI )ZIP]R
;EYKL.
145 2-,: 2EXMSREP -RWXMXYX JSV ,IEPXL (-RWXMXYXYP 2E'MSREP HI 7RXEXI),
EKIR'MI EQIVMGER HMR HSQIRMYP WRX'MM E\EX TI GIVGIXEVI.
146 (IQIXVE: ^IM'E EKVMGYPXYVMM #M E JEQMPMIM R QMXSPSKME KVIEG.
147 0EFE HI QEMQY' (8LI 1SROI]'W 4E[, R PMQFE IRKPI^ R SVMKMREP):
TSZIWXMVI LSVVSV (1902) HI WGVMMXSVYP FVMXERMG ;. ;. .EGSFW.
148 VYKGMYRI TIRXVY GSTMM, HMR WIGSPYP EP <:----PIE.
149 8S]W 6 9W: PER' HI QEKE^MRI HI NYGVMM I\XMRW TI XVIM GSRXMRIRXI;
QEKE^MRYP TVMRGMTEP, HMR 2I[ =SVO, IWXI GIP QEM QEVI QEKE^MR HI NYGVMM HMR
79%.
150 8LI 'YFW: GPYF HI FEWIFEPP TVSJIWMSRMWX HMR 'LMGEKS.
151 ;09;: TSWX HI VEHMS MRHITIRHIRX GEVI HIWIVZI#XI SVE#YP 'LMGEKS
#M WYFYVFMMPI WEPI HMR RSVH.
152 6SWIQEV]'W &EF]: VSQER (1967) LSVVSV EP WGVMMXSVYPYM EQIVMGER -VE
0IZMR, IGVERM^EX R 1968 R VIKME PYM 6SQER 4SPERWO].
153 0SYMWI &VSSOW (1906-1985): EGXVM' EQIVMGER HMR TIVMSEHE 3PQYPYM
QYX.
154 'IPIVE +IRSQMGW: GSQTERMI TVMZEX HMR SVE#YP EQIVMGER 6SGOZMPPI,
1EV]PERH, GEVI RXVITVMRHI GIVGIXVM KIRIXMGI. 'IPIVE E WIGZIR'MEX TR EGYQ
XVIM KIRSQYVM: EP QYWGYPM'IM HI S'IX, EP SQYPYM #M EP #SEVIGIPYM.
155 KEQTM: WTIGMI HI GSTEG GEVI GVI#XI RYQEM R WPFXMGMI; 3FVIPI HI
KEQTM WYRX JSPSWMXI R EVXE NETSRI^ E TVSHYGIVMM QERYEPI E LVXMIM.
156 WQSOMRK NEGOIX (R PMQFE IRKPI^ R SVMKMREP): LEMR HI JYQEX;
LEPEX WGYVX, GY GSVHSR R XEPMI #M QRIGM RXSEVWI, HMR GEXMJIE WEY QXEWI,
WTIGMEP TIRXVY E 3 TYVXEX GRH WI JYQE TMT WEY 'MKVM HI JSM, TIRXVY E JIVM
LEMRIPI HI ^M GY ^M HI QMVSWYP KVIY HI XYXYR GEVI EV 3 TYXYX W SVMTMPI^I RVMPI
HIPMGEXI EPI HSEQRIPSV.
157 4PERM3GEVIE 4EVIRXEP (4PERRIH 4EVIRXLSSH, R PMQFE IRKPI^ R
SVMKMREP): RYQIPI YRYM KVYT QSRHMEP HI SVKERM^E'MM GEVI JYVRM^IE^ WIVZMGMM
QIHMGEPI PIKEXI HI TPERM3GEVIE JEQMPMEP #M WRXEXIE GSTMPYPYM.
158 7XVIIX[MWI: TYFPMGE'MI ZRHYX HI TIVWSERIPI JV EHTSWX HMR
'LMGEKS.
159 EPY^MI PE TSZIWXMVIE 8LI )PITLERX'W 'LMPH (4YMYP IPIJERXYPYM), HI
6YH]EVH /MTPMRK, HIWTVI YR QMGY' IPIJERX I\XVIQ HI GYVMSW, GEVI TYRIE
RXVIFVM XSX XMQTYP.
160 XIWXYP 6SVWGLEGL: XIWXYP TIXIPSV HI GIVRIEP, JSPSWMX R IZEPYEVIE
TWMLSPSKMGE; HIRYQMVIE KIVQER MRM'MEP, *SVQHIYPYRK (MRXIVTVIXEVIE
JSVQIPSV), W-E TMIVHYX R JEZSEVIE RYQIPYM GVIEXSVYPYM WY, ,IVQERR
6SVWGLEGL (TWMLMEXVY IPZI'MER). R GEHVYP EGIWXYM XIWX, WYFMIGXYPYM M WI GIVI W
WTYR GY GI EWIEQR MQEKMRMPI SF'MRYXI TVMR TPMIVIE YRIM JSM HI LVXMI
TIWXI S TEX HI GIVRIEP TVSEWTX.
161 &MIR NSY, YRI 3PPI: &MRI NYGEX, S JEX (R PF. *VERGI^ R SVMKMREP).
162 3)(: 3\JSVH )RKPMWL (MGXMSREV].
163 XVEHYGIVI HMR PF. *VERGI^: 8VI^M'M R ^SVM HI WXVMKXIPI TE^RMGYPYM HI
RSETXI, HSM EQER'M GEVI EY TIXVIGYX RSETXIE QTVIYR WI HIWTEVX
FPIWXIQRH ^MYE GEVI ZMRI EXX HI VITIHI; EGIEWXE I XIQE PE JIP HI
GSRWXERX GE EGIIE E TEWXSVEPIM YRYM KIR EP GVYM RYQI ZMRI HI PE GYZRXYP
EPFE, TI GEVI-P KWMQ YRISVM PE RGITYXYP TMIWIM. "M RXSXHIEYRE PE WJV#MX, YRHI
JSVQIE^ VIJVIRYP.
164 .SWITL 'SVRIPP (1903-1972): EVXMWX EQIVMGER, YRYP HMRXVI TMSRMIVMM
QIXSHIM EVXMWXMGI EWWIQFPEKI (GSPENI XVMHMQIRWMSREPI); GIPI QEM
VITVI^IRXEXMZI PYGVVM EPI PYM WYRX GYXMMPI EWEQFPEXI HMR SFMIGXI.
165 GSVIIE (PYM) 7]HIRLEQ: EJIG'MYRI RIYVSPSKMG MRJIG'MSEW RXPRMX
QEM EPIW PE GSTMM, QERMJIWXEX TVMR QM#GVM MRZSPYRXEVI FVY#XI.
166 0SVH SJ XLI 6MRKW (7XTRYP MRIPIPSV): VSQER JERXEW] EP WGVMMXSVYPYM
FVMXERMG .. 6. 6. 8SPOMIR.
167 %WXSV 4ME^^SPPE (1921-1992): GSQTS^MXSV EVKIRXMRMER HI XERKS,
GVIEXSVYP WXMPYPYM RYIZS XERKS, GEVI MRGPYHI IPIQIRXI HI NE^^ #M QY^MG
GPEWMG.
168 JVEKQIRX HMR % GMRGIE IPIKMI HYMRI^, HI 6EMRIV 1EVME 6MPOI; R
VSQRI#XI HI "XIJER %YK. (SMRE# #M :MVKMP 2IQSMERY.
169 8LSY WTIEOIWX [MWIV XLER XLSY EVX [EVI SJ (R PF. )RKPI^ R
SVMKMREP): VITPMG HMR TMIWE 'YQ Z TPEGI, HI ;MPPMEQ 7LEOIWTIEVI.
170 QIXSHE 7Y^YOM: 3PSWS3I IHYGE'MSREP (HIRYQMX #M )HYGEVIE
XEPIRXYPYM) RXIQIMEX HI ZMSPSRMWXYP NETSRI^ 7LMR'MGLM 7Y^YOM HYT EP HSMPIE
V^FSM QSRHMEP.
171 REXYVI QSVXI: REXYV QSEVX (R PF. *VERGI^ R SVMKMREP).
172 )QQE: VSQER (1816) EP WGVMMXSEVIM FVMXERMGI .ERI %YWXIR
173 8LMR 1MRX +MVP 7GSYX: GIE QEM GYRSWGYX ZEVMIXEXI HI TVNMXYVM
ZRHYXI HI SVKERM^E'ME TIRXVY XMRIVIX 'IVGIXE#IPI %QIVMGMM GY WGSTYP HI E
WXVRKI JSRHYVM TIRXVY SVKERM^E'MI.
174 ,YQFIVX ,YQFIVX: TIVWSREN HMR VSQERYP 0SPMXE, HI :PEHMQMV
2SFSOSZ, EXVEW MVI^MWXMFMP HI WIR^YEPE EHSPIWGIRX 0SPMXE.
175 WY: XIVQIR HMR PMQFE NETSRI^ GI HIWIQRIE^ S TPEW 3R,
4I\MFMP, HMR E#GLMM HI FEQFYW PIKEXI GY 3V HI QXEWI, GEVI WI QSRXIE^ TI
YR GEHVY HI PIQR, JSVQRH QEXVM'E JSPSWMX R EVXE RMTSR E TVSHYGIVMM
QERYEPI E LVXMIM.
176 1MVE 'EPPMKVETLMEI 1SRYQIRXE: QERYWGVMW GEPMKVE3EX HMR WIGSPYP EP
<:--PIE, E4EX R TVSTVMIXEXIE 1Y^IYPYM +IXX], HMR 0SW %RKIPIW, 'EPMJSVRME.
177 'PEVO /IRX (TWIYHSRMQYP HI NYVREP EP PYM 7YTIVQER). .MQQ] 3PWIR
(JSXSVITSVXIV) #M 0SYMW 0ERI (MYFMXE PYM 7YTIVQER) WYRX TIVWSRENI 3G'MSREPI HMR
FIR^MPI HIWIREXI/3PQEXI HI PYRK QIXVEN GY 7YTIVQER.
178 .SWIJ 1IRKIPI (1911-1979): QIHMG KIVQER #M S3'IV 77; R XMQTYP
GIPYM HI-EP HSMPIE V^FSM QSRHMEP E JYRG'MSREX GE HSGXSV R PEKVYP HI
GSRGIRXVEVI HI PE %YWGL[MX^-&MVOIREY, YRHI E GSRHYW I\TIVMQIRXI EXVSGI TI
HI'MRY'M, GEVI M-EY EHYW WYTVERYQIPI HI (SGXSVYP 1SEVXI
179 (SVSXL]: TIVWSREN GIPIFVY HMR GEVXIE TIRXVY GSTMM 8LI ;SRHIVJYP
;M^EVH SJ 3^ (1MRYREXYP ZVNMXSV HMR 3^, 1900), HI 0. *VERO &EYQ; R
EHETXEVIE TIRXVY XIPIZM^MYRI HMR 1939, :VNMXSVYP HMR 3^, (SVSXL] TSEVX
GSRHYVM VS#MM JIVQIGE'M, GEVI EY TYXIVIE HI E S EHYGI EGEW, R /ERWEW,
SVMGRH HSVI#XI.
180 &YX XLI 7REVO [EW E FSSNYQ: ZIVW HMR TSI]ME EFWYVH 8LI ,YRXMRK
SJ XLI 7REVO, HI 0I[MW 'EVVSPP.
181 8VEHYGIVI HMR PF. *VERGI^: 8VMQMXI'M HYT YR QIHMG. 'I EZI'M#
8VIFYMI QIVW PE WTMXEP. 1-EQ XMEX ^HVEZR. (IWJEGI'M FERHENYP #M EVXE'M-QM.
(E, I S XIXYV EHRG.
182 JVEKQIRX HMR % HSYE IPIKMI HYMRI^, HI 6IMRIV 1EVME 6MPOI;
XVEHYGIVI HMR PMQFE KIVQER HI %P. 4LMPMTTMHI.
183 *MGGMSRIW: GSPIG'MI HI TSZIWXMVM (1944) EPI WGVMMXSVYPYM EVKIRXMRMER
.SVKI 0YMW &SVKIW.
184 *VEKQIRX HMR % HSYE IPIKMI HVYMRI^, HI 6IMRIV 1EVME 6MPOI;
XVEHYGIVI HMR PMQFE KIVQER HI (ER 'SRWXERXMRIWGY.
185 ;MPPMEQ 'E\XSR: GSQIVGMERX, HMTPSQEX, WGVMMXSV FVMXERMG HMR WIGSPYP EP
<:-PIE, TVMQYP XMTSKVEJ FVMXERMG #M TVMQYP GEVI E EHYW S XMTSKVE3I R %RKPME,
XMTVMRH TVMQE GEVXI R PMQFE IRKPI^; GIE HI-E HSYE, TYFPMGEX XSX HI IP, R
1947, E JSWX 8LI +EQI ERH 4PE]I SJ XLI 'LIWWI 1SVEPMWIH ('SRWMHIVE'MM
QSVEPI HIWTVI NSGYP #M NSEGE #ELYPYM).
186 2MGSPEW .IRWSR: XMTSKVEJ ZIRI'MER HI SVMKMRI JVERGI^ HMR WIGSPYP EP
<:-PIE, GVIEXSVYP TVMQYPYM GEVEGXIV HI PMXIV XMTSKVE3G VSQER; PYGVEVIE (I
IYERKIPMGE TVEITEVEXMSRI (XMXPY YRMJSVQM^EX: )ZERKIPMGE TVITEVE'MS), HI
ITMWGSTYP )YWIFMYW EP 'IWEVIIM, XMTVMX HI .IRWSR R 1470, IWXI TVMQE R GEVI
WI JSPSWI#XI GEVEGXIVYP VSQER.
187 'SPIG'ME ;MRK E FMFPMSXIGMM 2I[FIVV] TSEVX RYQIPI WGVMMXSVYPYM #M
IHMXSVYPYM .SLR 1ERWMV ;MRK (1844-1917); [MRK RWIEQR EVMT R PF. )RKPI^.
188 0W^P 1ELSP]-2EK] (1895-1946): JSXSKVEJ #M TMGXSV QEKLMEV,
HMVIGXSV EP -RWXMXYXYPYM HI (IWMKR HMR 'LMGEKS.
189 .IPP-3: QEVG HI HIWIVXYVM GY KIPEXMR ETEV'MRRH 3VQIM EQIVMGERI
/VEJX *SSHW.
190 &IXX] 'VSGOIV: TIVWSER 3GXMZ, QEWGSX E GSQTERMIM EPMQIRXEVI
EQIVMGERI +IRIVEP 1MPPW; RYQIPI E JSWX MRZIRXEX R 1921 TIRXVY E WIQRE
VWTYRWYVMPI PE RXVIFVMPI GPMIR'MPSV.
191 0IX -X 7RS[, 0IX -X 7RS[, 0IX -X 7RS[: QIPSHMI (1945) HI .YPI 7X]RI,
TI ZIVWYVM HI 7EQQ] 'ELR; IWXI YR GRXIG HI MEVR GEVI, HI#M RY EVI RMQMG
HI-E JEGI GY WVFXSVMPI HI MEVR, IWXI GRXEX TI TSWX HI GSPMRH HI 'VGMYR.
192 WTE^: RIRHIQREXMG, XRXPY, WVMX HI TI 3\ (R PF. )RKPI^)
193 FY^^: F^MX, ^YQ^MX (R PF. )RKPI^)
194 0MRGSPR 8S[MRK: 3VQ HI VIQSVGVM EYXS HMR 'LMGEKS, GEVI WI SGYT
GY VMHMGEVIE #M QYXEVIE QE#MRMPSV TEVGEXI MPIKEP.
195 8LSQEW HI 5YMRGI] (1785-1859): EYXSV FVMXERMG VIRYQMX TIRXVY
VSQERYP EYXSFMSKVE3G 'SRJIWMYRMPI YRYM STMSQER IRKPI^ ('SRJIWWMSRW SJ ER
)RKPMWL 3TMYQ-)EXIV); %RR IWXI S XRV TVSWXMXYEX E GVIM VIPE'MI HI
TVMIXIRMI #M RGVIHIVI GY EYXSVYP IWXI HIWGVMW R EGIWX VSQER.