16798differentail Calculus

Differential Calculus
Prepared By: Dr. N.V.
Prepared By: Dr. N.V.
Ravi
Ravi
,
,
Sr. Executive Officer, BOS,ICAI.
Sr. Executive Officer, BOS,ICAI.
Quantitative Aptitude & Business Statistics Quantitative Aptitude & Business Statistics
Quantitattive Aptitude & Business
Statistics: Differential Calculus
2
Calculus
Calculus is the branch of mathematics
which studies change
Divided into 2 main sub-branches:
Differential calculus
how or at what rate, a given variable
is changing or
how one variable will change for a
given small change in another
variable
3
Integral calculus
calculate the areas and volumes
of shapes that are bounded by
curve lines
4
The first derivative the rate of change
Consider the following linear functions:
Y = 12 + 3X
Y = 3X
The rate of change is given by the slope of the line
which is:
In this case, the slope of the line or the rate of
change will be constant
X Y
5
The first derivative the rate of change
Consider the function Y = 4 + 2X
2
The feature of this line is that it gets steeper
as X increases. In other words, Y increase at
an increasing rate as X increase.
6
The slope the tangent line Let y=f(X) be a
function and h be a small in in x and the
corresponding increment in y or
f(x) =
) ( ) ( x f h x f y + =
h
x f h x f
x f
h
) ( ) (
lim ) ( '
0
+
=
>
X Y
7
Commonly used rules for computing
derivatives
t cons a is b where nbx bx
dx
d
Rule
n n
tan , ) ( : 2
1
=
t cons a is c where c
dx
d
Rule tan , 0 ) ( : 1 =
8
) ( ) ( )) ( ( ) ( ( : 3 x g
dx
d
b x f
dx
d
a x g b x af
dx
d
Rule + = +
ts ns d b are co where a an tan
9
Commonly used rules for computing
derivatives
dx
) x ( df
) x ( g
dx
) x ( dg
) x ( f )) x ( g ). x ( f (
dx
d
: Rule roduct P + =
10
) x ( g
dx
) x ( dg
) x ( f
dx
) x ( df
) x ( g
)
) x ( g
) x ( f
(
dx
d
: Rule uotient Q
2
=
11
( )
( )
( )
( )
x
x
dx
d
a a a
dx
d
e e
dx
d
nx x
dx
d
e
x x
x x
n n
1
log
log
1
=
=
=
=

12
dx
du
du
dY
dx
dY
) x ( y u and ) u ( f Y function the Given
=
= =
) 2 3 (
1
2
+ =
+ =
x y
x y
Chain rule (differentiate a function to function)
13
1
2
+ = x y
Differentiate both sides with respect
to x
14
( )
( )
[ ]
1
1 2
2
0 ) 2 (
1 2
1
)] 1 ( ) ( [
1 2
1
) 1 (
1 2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
+
=
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
+ =
x
x
x
x
x
x
dx
d
x
dx
d
x
x
dx
d
x
x
dx
d
dx
dy
15
Exercise: find
x x x f 3 2 ) (
2
+ =
) ( ' x f
Differentiate both sides with
respect to x
16
( )
3 2 2 ) 1 ( 3 ) 2 ( 2
) ( 3 ) ( 2
) 3 ( ) 2 (
3 2
2
2
2
+ = + =
+ =
+ =
+ =
x x
x
dx
d
x
dx
d
x
dx
d
x
dx
d
x x
dx
d
dx
dy
17
Find
) 5 8 )( 1 (
2 3
+ + = t t t y
) ( ' x f
Differentiate both sides
with respect to t
18
) 8 2 15 32 5 (
) 15 24 3 ( ) 8 2 8 2 (
) 0 3 )( 5 8 ( ) 8 2 )( 1 (
) 1 ( ) 5 8 ( ) 5 8 ( ) 1 (
) 5 8 )( 1 (
2 3 4
2 3 4 3 4
2 2 3
3 2 2 3
2 3
+ + + =
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
+ + =
t t t t
t t t t t t
t t t t t
t
dt
d
t t t t
dt
d
t
dt
dy
t t t y
19
Find
3
5 2
) (
2
+
+
= =
x
x
x f y
) ( ' x f
with respect to x
20
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2
) 3 (
6 10 2
) 3 (
10 4 6 2
) 3 (
) 5 2 )( 0 2 ( ) 3 ( 0 2
) 3 (
) 5 2 }( 3 { ) 3 }.( 5 2 {
3
5 2
) (
+
+
=
+
+
=
+
+ + + +
=
+
+ + + +
=
+
+
= =
x
x x
x
x x x
x
x x x
x
x x
dx
d
x x
dx
d
dx
dy
x
x
x f y
21
Exercise: find
x x x f log ) ( =
) ( ' x f
with respect to x
22
( )
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
dx
d
x x
dx
d
x
x x y
2
log 1
2
1
. log
1
.
log ) (log
log
+ =
+ =
+ =
=
23
Exercise: find
5
) 6 (log ) (

+ = x x f
) ( ' x f
with respect to x
24
+ =
+ + =
+ =
+ =
x
x
x
dx
d
x
x
dx
d
dx
dy
x y
1
) 6 (log 5
) 6 (log ) 6 (log 5
) 6 (log
) 6 (log
6
1 5
5
5
25
Find
) ( ' x f
10 2
) 4 5 ( ) ( + = x x x f
with respect to x
26
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ) 5 2 ( 4 5 10
4 5 4 5 10
4 5
) 4 5 (
9
2
2
1 10
2
10
2
10 2
+ =
+ + =
+ =
+ =
x x x
x x
dx
d
x x
x x
dx
d
dx
dy
x x y
27
Find
) 1 log(
2
x +
with respect to x
28
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
) 2 0 (
1
1
) 1 (
1
1
1 log(
) 1 log(
x
x
x
x
x
dx
d
x
x
dx
d
dx
dy
x y
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
+ =
+ =
29
log logx
with respect to x
30
x x dx
dy
x x
dx
dy
x x
dx
t x
dx
t
dt
dy
t
t
dt
d
dt
dy
x
dx
dt
x dx
dt
t x x y
log .
1
log
1
.
log
1
.
1
.
1
) . (log
1
log , log . log
=
=
= = = = =
= = = =
31
Find
) 1 ( log x
a
+
with respect to x
32
) 1 (
1
.
log
1
log
) 1 log(
) 1 ( log
+
=
+
= + =
x a dx
dy
a
x
x y
a
33
Find
2
2
x
with respect to x
34
2 log . x . 2 2 log . x 2 . 2
x 2 ). 2 log( . 2 ) x (
dx
d
2 log . 2
dx
dt
). 2 (
dt
d
dx
dt
) 2 (
dt
d
dx
dy
x t . let 2 2 y
1 x x
t 2 t
t t
2 t x
2 2
2
+
= =
= =
= =
= = =
35
If
=
.. ..........
x
x
x y
Then prove that
x y
y
dx
dy
x
log 1
2
=
36
x y
y
dx
dy
x
x
y
dx
dy
y
x y
x
y
dx
dy
x
y
x
dx
dy
x
y
dx
dy
y
x y y
x y
y
log 1
.
log 1
log
1
log .
1
.
1
log log
2
=
=

+ =
=
=
37
If
+
+
+ =
. ..........
1
1
2
2
2
x
x
x y
Prove that
xy
dx
dy
x y 2 ) 2 (
2
=
38
( ) xy
dx
dy
x y
dx
dy
x xy
dx
dy
y
y x y
y
x y
2 2
2 2
1
1
2
2
2 2
2
=
+ =
+ =
+ =
39
Find the differentiation of the following
functions.
if then show that
y x y
e x

=
2
)) )(log( (log

= ex x
dx
dy
40
x
x
y
x x y
y x x y
e y x x y
e y x x y
e x
e
y x y
log 1
) log 1 (
) ( log .
log ) ( log
log ) ( log
+
=
= +
=
=
=
=

41
( )
2
2 2
2 2
2
) ).(log (log
)} {log(
log
) log log
log
) log 1 (
log
log) 1 (
1
. ) log 1 (
) log 1 (
.
1
) log 1 ( 1
=
=
+
=
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
ex x
ex
x
x e
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
dx
dy
42
Find if x=at
3
, y =a/t
3
Solution =3at
2
; =-3a/t
4
= =-3a/t
4
X1/3at
2
= -1/t
6
dx
dy
dt
dx
dt
dy
dx
dy
dt
dy
dx
dt
43
Find the gradient of the curve
y=3x
2
-5x+4 at the point (1,2)
Solution ;Given y=3x
2
-5x+4
=6x-5 at X=1 and Y=2 is =6*1-5=1
The gradient of the curve at the point(1,2)
dx
dy
44
Maximum and minimum value of function
The combination of the first derivative and the
second derivative can be used to determine
whether a particular point on a curve is at peak or
the bottom.
A B
C
D
y = f (x)
45
Maximum and minimum value of
function.
Consider the following function:
1
2
1
) (
2 4
+ = x x x f
46
f (x)=2x
3
-2x
f (x)=6x
2
-2
f(x)=0,gives 2x(x
2
-1)=0
There fore x=0,1-1
f (0)=-2=-ve
f (1)=4=+ve
f (-1)=4=+ve
Thus,f(x) is maximum at x=0 and minimum at
x=1
47
Maximum value of f(x) is given by
f(0)=1/2(0)-0*1=1 and the
Minimum value of f(x) is given by
f(1)=1/2(1)-1+1=1/2
48
Economic applications
Marginal and Average revenue
Total revenue (TR)
revenue derived from all sales of particular
goods
TR = P.Q
Average revenue (AR)
the revenue from the sale of each unit
AR = TR/Q = P
49
Marginal Revenue (MR)
the change in the Total revenue caused by a
unit increase in production
MR = d( TR) /d( Q)
50
Marginal and Average cost
Total cost (TC)
the total cost of all factors of production
involved in the production
TC = TVC+TFC
Average cost (AC)
the cost of production of one unit
AC = TC/Q
51
Marginal cost (MC)
the change in the cost caused by
producing an additional unit of output
MC = d( TC) /d( Q)
52
Marginal and Average revenue
Find the average and marginal
revenues for the following total
revenue function and evaluate them at
Q=10
TR = 200Q 3Q
2
53
AR=100-3Q
At Q=10 AR=70
MR=200-6Q
At Q=10 MR=140
TR = 200Q 3Q
2
54
Find the average and marginal cost for
the following at Q=10
TC = Q
3
-10Q
2
+30Q+20
55
TC = Q
3
-10Q
2
+30Q+20
AC=Q
2
-10Q+30+20/Q
At Q=10
AC=32
MC=3Q
2
-20Q+30
MC at Q=10
MC=130
56
Profit Maximization
Consider:
TC = 4Q
2
-12Q+10
TR = 3Q
2
+8Q+5
How many good to be produced to
maximize profit ?
57
MC=MR.
TC = 4Q
2
-12Q+10
MC=8Q-12
TR = 3Q
2
+8Q+5
MR=6Q+8
MC=MR ; 8Q-12=6Q+8
then Q=10
58
Problem
The total cost c (x) =
where x is the output, Determine:
i) The average cost iii) The marginal
cost when 20 units are produced
iv) The actual cost producing
twenty-first unit.
2
30 1500 x x + +
59
Total Cost =
The average cost=1500/x+30+x
Marginal Cost =30+2x
Marginal Cost at X=20=70
Actual Cost of producing 21
st
unit
Tc of 21 unit- Tc of 20
th
unit
producing =2571-2500
=71
2
30 1500 x x + +
60
1.If f(x) = the f (x) is
A)
B) ( 2ax +b)
C) 2ax +b
D) None of these.
e
2
ax +bx+c
e
2
ax+bx+c
e
2
ax +bx+c
61
1.If f(x) = the f (x) is
A)
B) ( 2ax +b)
C) 2ax +b
D) None of these.
e
2
ax +bx+c
e
2
ax+bx+c
e
2
ax +bx+c
62
2. If y=x
2x
then is
A) 2x
2x
(1+logx)
B) 2(1+logx)
C) x
2x
(1+logx)
D) None of these
dx
dy
63
3. Differentiate w.r.t. x,
A)
B)
C)
D) None of these.
2
x 1+
2
x 1
x 2
2
x 1
x
+
2
2
x 1
x
+
64
3. Differentiate w.r.t. x,
A)
B)
C)
D) None of these.
2
x 1+
2
x 1
x 2
2
x 1
x
+
2
2
x 1
x
+
65
4. The derivative of 8x
2
2x+ 5 w.r.t. x is
A) 16x+2
B) 16x2
C) 16x2+5
D) 16x+7
66
4. The derivative of 8x
2
2x+ 5 w.r.t. x is
A) 16x+2
B) 16x2
C) 16x2+5
D) 16x+7
67
5. The derivative of log x.e
x
is _______.
A)
B)
C) e
x
(1+log x)
D) None of these
) x (log e
x
e
x
x
+
x
x
e
x
log
1
68
5. The derivative of log x.e
x
is _______.
A)
B)
C) e
x
(1+log x)
D) None of these
) x (log e
x
e
x
x
+
x
x
e
x
log
1
69
6. The gradient of the curve y = 4x
2
2x
at x =1 is
A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) None of these
70
6. The gradient of the curve y = 4x
2
2x
at x =1 is
A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) None of these
71
7. If x
2
e
y
+ 4 log x = 0 then is
A)
B)
C)
D) None of these.
dx
dy
y 3
2 y
e x
x 8 4 x 2 e + +
y 3
2 y
e x
4 x 2 e
y 3
2 y
e x
4 x 2 e
72
7. If x
2
e
y
+ 4 log x = 0 then is
A)
B)
C)
D) None of these.
dx
dy
y 3
2 y
e x
x 8 4 x 2 e + +
y 3
2 y
e x
4 x 2 e
y 3
2 y
e x
4 x 2 e
73
8. (x log x ) is equal to
A) (1+ log x )
B) 1/log x
C) log x
D) x/log x
dx
d
74
8. (x log x ) is equal to
A) (1+ log x )
B) 1/log x
C) log x
D) x/log x
dx
d
75
9. If y = e
2x
+ a
2x
, find at x = 1
A) 0
B)
C)
D)` 2e
2
d y
d x
2
2
1
76
9. If y = e
2x
+ a
2x
, find at x = 1
A) 0
B)
C)
D)` 2e
2
d y
d x
2
2
1
77
10If , then at (2, 2) is
A) 2
B) 2
C) 1
D) 3
2 2 2
x +y =a
dx
dy
78
10 If , then at (2, 2) is
A) 2
B) 2
C) 1
D) 3
2 2 2
x +y =a
dx
dy
79
11. Find the second differential coefficient
of y = x
2
log x
A) x + 2x log x
B) 3 + 2 log x
C) 3 log x
D) 2x log x
80
11. Find the second differential coefficient
of y = x
2
log x
A) x + 2x log x
B) 3 + 2 log x
C) 3 log x
D) 2x log x
81
12. If y = ax
3
+bx
2
+cx+d, then is equal
to
A)
B)
C) 0
D) None of these
dx
dy
c bx 2 ax 3
2
+ +
dx
2
cx
3
bx
4
ax
2 3 4
+ + +
82
12. If y = ax
3
+bx
2
+cx+d, then is equal
to
A)
B)
C) 0
D) None of these
dx
dy
c bx 2 ax 3
2
+ +
dx
2
cx
3
bx
4
ax
2 3 4
+ + +
THE END
THE END

16798differentail Calculus

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