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Energy system Notes.

Where odes energy come from:



Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for completing moderate to vigorous
exercise.
- Carbohydrates break down through the process of glycolysis to become glucose,
which is then stored in your muscles and liver as glycogen. Some of the glucose
created is broken down again through Krebs cycle to construct ATP.

Fats and lipids are the body's main energy source when participating in low to
moderate exercise.
- Oxygen is required to break down fats into energy. The energy gained from fats are
called triglycerides, these are then broken down through the process of Lipolysis to
from glycerol and free fatty acids. Free fatty acids need oxygenated blood to break
down into glucose which then though krebs cycle is broken down again to
construct ATP.

Protein is only used for energy by the body in extreme situations, which is when
carbohydrate and fat stores are exhausted.
- Protein is broken down into amino acids which then forms glucose which is broken
down though Krebs cycle to construct ATP.


ATP - PC system:

Energy is stored in the bond between the nal two phosphate molecules.

When this bond is broken energy for movement is released.

This leaves the by-products of ATP breakdown:


- adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
- one single phosphate all on its own

The energy released in the breakdown of Creatine Phosphate ( ATP - PC), allows
ADP and the single phosphate to rejoin forming ATP.

Now that ATP has been formed again the process of releasing energy to fuel activity
can begin again.

Examples:
- 100m sprint
- As well as short fast events requiring a short burst of energy





Lactic acid system:

Following the initial 10 -12 seconds of physical exercise, creatine phosphate stores
are exhausted and ATP still needs to be produced to provide energy. The body
needs to nd a replacement fuel source and this is where the the lactic acid system
becomes the main supplier of ATP.

Lactic acid is formed through the metabolism of glucose found in carbohydrates.

The breakdown of glucose to form lactic acid is known as glycolysis. The glucose for
this process comes from either glucose stored in the blood or from the breakdown
of glycogen in the liver or muscle.

Through the process of anaerobic glycolysis the lactic acid system is able to release
energy to resynthesise ATP without the use of oxygen.

The more glycogen you have stored the more energy you have available.

Aerobic system:

Once the Anaerobic energy system is exhausted, the aerobic energy system is
used.

It produces the largest amount of energy, although at the lowest intensity.

The aerobic system is does not play a big part at the start of exercise as the body
cannot deliver oxygen to the muscles fast enough to give that initial burst of energy.

Anaerobic system:

The Anaerobic system is the energy system we use that does not require the use of
oxygen.

This system lasts approximately for two minutes, and then our body changes the
dominant energy system to the aerobic system.

The Anaerobic system comprises of the:


- ATP - PC system
- Lactic acid system

Energy pathways:

ATP-CP Anaerobic Energy Pathway.

The ATP- PC energy pathway supplies about 10 seconds worth of energy and is
used for short bursts of exercise such as a 100 meter sprint.

This pathway doesn't require any oxygen to create ATP which is why it is in the
anaerobic group.

It rst uses up any ATP stored in the muscle, which is about 2-3 seconds worth and
then it uses creatine phosphate (PC) to resynthesize ATP until it is exhausted after
around 6-8 seconds.

After the ATP and PC are used the body will move on to either aerobic or lactic acid
(anaerobic) metabolism to continue to create ATP to fuel physical exercise.


Lactic acid Metabolism - Glycolysis.

The lactic acid energy pathway creates ATP solely from carbohydrates, with lactic
acid being a by-product.

The lactic acid system provides energy by the breakdown of glucose without the
need for oxygen.

This pathway produces energy for short, high-intensity bursts of activity lasting no
more than a few minutes before the lactic acid build-up reaches it's max, known as
the lactate threshold and and cause muscle pain.

Aerobic Metabolism.

Aerobic metabolism fuels most of the energy needed for long duration activity.

It uses oxygen to convert carbohydrates, fats, and protein into ATP.

This system is a bit slower than the anaerobic systems because it relies on the
circulatory system to transport oxygen to the working muscles before it can creates
ATP.

Aerobic metabolism is the main supplier of energy during endurance exercise.



The following is a list of sports and the approximate percentages of how much each of
the energy systems contributes:

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