Name: aa Course: Intercultural Management Student No: WA aa

PGSM
INTERCULTURAL MANAGEMENT
TAKE HOME ASSIGNMENT
aa
9/21/2010
This document contains the answers to the Take-Home Assignment on Intercutura
!anagement "aa aa#
$age 0 o% 2&
Name: aa Course: Intercultural Management Student No: WA aa
Ta'e o% Contents
Answer To (uestion 1)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))2
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 2
CULTURE.................................................................................................................. 2
ATTRIUTION AND COMUNICATION.......................................................................... 2
THE E!!ECT............................................................................................................. "
CONCLUSION........................................................................................................... #
RE!ERENCE............................................................................................................. $
Answer To (uestion 2)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))*
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ %
STEREOT&PING........................................................................................................ %
CONCLUSION......................................................................................................... '(
RE!ERENCE........................................................................................................... '(
Answer To (uestion +)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))11
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... ''
THE DI!!ERENCE................................................................................................... ''
CONCLUSION......................................................................................................... '2
RE!ERENCE........................................................................................................... '2
Answer To (uestion ,)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1+
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... '"
HIGH AND LOW CONTE)T...................................................................................... '"
CONCLUSION......................................................................................................... '#
RE!ERENCE........................................................................................................... '#
Answer To (uestion -)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))1.
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... '$
NON *ERALCOMMUNICATION..............................................................................'$
CONCLUSION......................................................................................................... 2(
RE!ERENCE........................................................................................................... 2(
Answer To (uestion &)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))21
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... 2'
PERSONAL AND CULTURAL *ALUES.......................................................................2'
CONCLUSION......................................................................................................... 22
RE!ERENCE........................................................................................................... 22
(uestion 1
$age 1 o% 2&
Name: aa Course: Intercultural Management Student No: WA aa
INT/012CTI0N
In t+,a-./ 0u/1ne// relat1+n/2 1t./ a /mall 3+rl, a4ter all. A/ m+re c+m5an1e/ turn
t+3ar,/ gl+0al mar6et/2 5r+4e//1+nal/ are 7n,1ng t8em/el9e/ 1n 4+re1gn l+cale/2
38eel1ng an, ,eal1ng l16e ne9er 0e4+re. H+3e9er2 t8e 6e- t+ e:ect19e c+mmun1cat1+n
0et3een c+untr1e/ 1/ an un,er/tan,1ng +4 eac8 +t8er./ culture2 e/5ec1all- a 3+r61ng
6n+3le,ge +4 8+3 eac8 /+c1et- c+n9e-/ mean1ng.
Cuture
Acc+r,1ng t+ ;<+8n . Cullen = K. Pra9een2 2((%> culture 1/ a 5er9a/19e an, /8are,
0el1e4/2 n+rm/ an, 9alue/ t8at gu1,e t8e e9er-,a- l14e +4 a gr+u5. T8e cultural n+rm/ are
t8e 5re/cr10e, an, 5r+/cr10e, c+n,uct/2 1n4+rm1ng u/ 38at 3e can ,+ an, t8+/e 3e
cann+t ,+. T8e 9alue/ tell u/ 38at 1/ e91l +r g++,2 38at 1/ ,1rt- +r n1ce an, 38at t8e
la34ul g+al/ 4+r l14e are. Cultural 0el1e4/ ma6e u5/ +ur un,er/tan,1ng a0+ut 38at 1/ true.
!+r e?am5le Cat8+l1c/ 0el1e4/ 1n 5urgat+r- a/ a 5lace 5re5are, 0- G+, 4+r 5e+5le 38+
are n+t all t8at g++, +r 0a,2 381l/t +t8er C8r1/t1an 0el1e4/ 1n 8ea9en +r 8ell. Culture
a:ect/ alm+/t e9er-t81ng 3e ,+ 1n +ur l14e2 38at 3e /ee2 4eel an, 0el1e9e.
Attri'ution
Aga1n2 acc+r,1ng t+ !r1t@ He1,er 1/ a met8+, t8at can 0e u/e, 4+r e9aluat1ng 8+3 5e+5le
5erce19e t8e 0e8a91+r +4 t8em/el9e/ an, +4 +t8er 5e+5le. T8e t8e+r- 1/ a0+ut 8+3
5e+5le ma6e un5reme,1tate, e?5lanat1+n/.
Attr10ut1+n 1/ t8e 5r+ce// 0- 381c8 5e+5le l++6 4+r t8e e?5lanat1+n +4 an+t8er 5er/+nA/
0e8a91+r. Acc+r,1ng t+ Hall an, Hall2 38en 5e+5le ,+ n+t un,er/tan, eac8 +t8er2 t8e-
ten, t+ 0lame t8e1r c+n4u/1+n +n t8e +t8er 5er/+nA/ /tu51,1t-2 ,ece1t +r cra@1ne//.
In 81/ 'BC% 0++6 D!r1t@ He1,erA ET8e P/-c8+l+g- +4 1nter5er/+nal relat1+n/F2 He1,er /a-/
t8at all 0e8a91+r 1/ c+n/1,ere, t+ 0e ,eterm1ne, 0- e1t8er 1nternal +r 0- e?ternal 4act+r/.
!+r e?am5le 14 -+u are late 4+r 3+r6 ,ue t+ t8e 8ea9- ra1n ,ur1ng t8e m+rn1ng2 1t 1/
c+n/1,ere, a/ an e?ternal attr10ut1+n. T8e e?ternal attr10ut1+n/ are t8e +ut/1,e 4act+r/
t8at -+u cann+t c+ntr+l an, 5erce19e t+ 8a9e n+ c8+1ce. &+ur 0e8a91+r 1/ c+ntr+lle, 0-
t8e/e 4act+r/.
Internal attr10ut1+n/ are t8e 4act+r/ t8at 4all/ 31t81n -+ur c+ntr+l. Unl16e t8e e?ternal
4act+r/2 -+u can c8++/e t+ 0e8a9e 1n a 5art1cular 3a- +r n+t. Hence2 1nternal attr10ut1+n
e?5la1n/ a 5er/+nA/ 0e8a91+r 0a/e, +n t8e c8aracter1/t1c/ +4 t8e 5er/+n ;e.g.
5er/+nal1t-2 m+t19at1+n2 l+3 a01l1t->. !+r e?am5le 1n m- 3+r6 5lace2 t8e MIS Manger
ma6e/ an 1nternal attr10ut1+n 38en 8e a//ume/ 1 3a/ una0le t+ c+me t+ 3+r6 0ecau/e
IAm atten,1ng t+ m- 5er/+nal cl1ent.
Communication
C+mmun1cat1+n 1/ a cr1t1cal 4act+r 1n cr+//Gcultural management2 5art1cularl- 38en
,eal1ng 31t8 1nter5er/+nal 1//ue/H m+t19at1+n2 lea,er/8152 gr+u5 1nteract1+n/ an,
neg+t1at1+n. Culture 1/ c+n9e-e, an, 5er5etuate, t8r+ug8 c+mmun1cat1+n. M1nt@0erg
n+te/ m+/t manager/ /5en, C(GB(I +4 t8e1r t1me +n 1nter5er/+nal c+mmun1cat1+n.
$age 2 o% 2&
Name: aa Course: Intercultural Management Student No: WA aa
C+mmun1cat1+n can 0e ,e7ne, a/ t8e 5r+ce// +4 /8ar1ng mean1ng 0- tran/m1tt1ng
me//age/ t8r+ug8 me,1a2 /uc8 a/ 3+r,/2 0e8a91+r2 +r mater1al art14act/. Un4+rtunatel-2
t8e c+mmun1cat1+n 5r+ce// /8+3n 1n 7gure'.( 1n9+l9e/ /tage/ ,ur1ng 381c8 mean1ng
can 0e ,1/t+rte,.
An-t81ng t8at /er9e/ t+ un,erm1ne t8e c+mmun1cat1+n +4 t8e 1nten,e, mean1ng 1/
t-51call- re4erre, t+ a/ n+1/e. N+1/e /tem/ 4r+m t8e 4act t8at t8e /en,er an, rece19er
eac8 e?1/t 1n a largel- 5r19ate 3+rl, calle, 81/ +r 8er l14e /5ace2 381c8 1/ 0a/e, 5r1mar1l-
u5+n eac8 5er/+nA/ culture. T8e m+re ,1//1m1lar t8e culture/ +4 t8e /en,er an, rece19er2
t8e greater t8e n+1/e 1n t8e1r c+mmun1cat1+n 5r+ce// 1/.
Sam+9ar2 P+rter an, <a1n n+te t8at cultural 4act+r/ 5er9a,e t8e c+mmun1cat1+n 5r+ce//.
C+mmun1cat1+n 1/ t8ere4+re a c+m5le? 5r+ce// +4 l1n61ng u5 +r /8ar1ng t8e 5erce5tual
7el,/ +4 /en,er an, rece19er.
W8en 3e are l1/ten1ng t+ /+met81ng 4am1l1ar2 n+ matter 38at 1/ c+ncerne,2 3e
un,er/tan, ea/1l-. E9en 14 t8ere are /+me ne3 3+r,/ 1n t8e mater1al2 3e are a0le t+
gue// t8e mean1ng acc+r,1ng t+ 1t/ c+nte?t. H+3e9er2 38en 3e enc+unter /+me
un4am1l1ar mater1al +r /+met81ng relate, t+ cultural 0ac6gr+un,2 3e ma- 4eel ,1Jcult.
E9en 14 t8e mater1al 1/ ea/-2 3e Ku/t get t8e general mean1ng2 0ut canAt un,er/tan, 3ell2
0ecau/e 3e lac6 +4 t8e 6n+3le,ge +4 cultural 0ac6gr+un,.
TH3 3443CT 04 C25T2/3 0N TH3 $/0C3SS 04 ATT/I62TI0N IN
C0!!2NICATI0N
!r+m t8e ,e7n1t1+n/ an, e?5lanat1+n +4 culture2 attr10ut1+n an, c+mmun1cat1+n
5r+ce//e/2 1t can 0e clearl- ,e,uce, t8at cultural ,1:erence/ 1n,uce a,,1t1+nal n+1/e
1nt+ t8e c+mmun1cat1+n 5r+ce//. A /en,erA/ me//age c+nta1n/ t8e mean1ng 1nten,e, 0-
t8e enc+,er. W8en t8e me//age reac8e/ t8e rece19er2 1t un,erg+e/ a tran/4+rmat1+n
381c8 1/ 1nLuence, 0- t8e rece19erA/ culture.
!r+m t8e ,1agram 1n 7gure '.( a4ter t8e rece19er 1nter5ret/ t8e me//age an, ,ra3/ a
c+nclu/1+n a0+ut 38at t8e /en,er meant2 8e +r /8e 1n m+/t 1n/tance/2 enc+,e an, /en,
0ac6 t8e re/5+n/e2 ma61ng c+mmun1cat1+n a c1rcular 5r+ce//.
$age + o% 2&
!1gure '.( C+mmun1cat1+n
Pr+ce//
!ee,0ac
6
Cuture
Noise
SENDER
Mean1ng Enc+,e
SENDER
Mean1ng Enc+,e
MEDIUM
Mean1ng Enc+,e
MEDIUM
Mean1ng Enc+,e
RECEI*ER
Mean1ng Enc+,e
RECEI*ER
Mean1ng Enc+,e
Name: aa Course: Intercultural Management Student No: WA aa
ecau/e 3e are c+ncerne, 31t8 cr+//Gcultural c+mmun1cat1+n2 3e are c+ncerne,
31t8 cultural n+1/eM t8at 1/2 n+1/e 1ntr+,uce, 1nt+ t8e c+mmun1cat1+n 5r+ce// a/ a
re/ult +4 cultural ,1:erence/ 0et3een t8e /en,er an, rece19er.
W8en a mem0er +4 +ne culture /en,/ a me//age t+ a mem0er +4 an+t8er culture2
1ntercultural c+mmun1cat1+n ta6e/ 5lace
C25T2/A5 7A/IA653S
On a ,1:erence le9el2 1t 1/ al/+ u/e4ul t+ 0e a3are +4 cultural 9ar1a0le/ t8at can a:ect
t8e c+mmun1cat1+n 5r+ce// 0- 1nLuenc1ng a 5er/+nA/ 5erce5t1+n/M /+me +4 t8e/e
9ar1a0le/ 8a9e 0een 1,ent17e, 0- Sam+9ar an, P+rter an, ,1/cu//e, 0- Har1/ an,
M+ran2 R+men an, +t8er/. T8e/e 9ar1a0le/ are a/ 4+ll+3/M !ate an, Per/+nal
Re/5+n/101l1t-2 N+n9er0al c+mmun1cat1+n2 !ace an, !aceGSa91ng an, T1me an, /5ace
4ate and $ersona /es8onsi'iit9
An+t8er 1m5+rtant 9ar1a0le a:ect1ng c+mmun1cat1+n acr+// culture/ 1/ 4ate an, 5er/+nal
re/5+n/101l1t-. T81/ re4er/ t+ t8e ,egree t+ 381c8 3e 4eel +ur/el9e/ t8e ma/ter/ +4 +ur
l19e/2 9er/u/ t8e ,egree t+ 381c8 3e /ee +ur/el9e/ a/ /u0Kect t+ t81ng/ +ut/1,e +ur
c+ntr+l. An+t8er 3a- t+ l++6 at t81/ 1/ t+ a/6 8+3 muc8 3e /ee +ur/el9e/ a0le t+ c8ange
an, maneu9er2 t+ c8++/e t8e c+ur/e +4 +ur l19e/ an, relat1+n/815/. S+me 8a9e ,ra3n a
5arallel 0et3een t8e em58a/1/ +n 5er/+nal re/5+n/101l1t- 1n N+rt8 Amer1can /ett1ng/ an,
t8e lan,/ca5e 1t/el4. T8e N+rt8 Amer1can lan,/ca5e 1/ 9a/t2 31t8 large /5ace/ +4
un5+5ulate, terr1t+r-. T8e 4r+nt1er mental1t- +4 Nc+nOuer1ngN t8e 31l,erne//2 an, t8e
e?5an/19ene// +4 t8e lan, /tretc81ng 8uge ,1/tance/2 ma- relate t+ generall- 81g8 le9el/
+4 c+n7,ence 1n t8e a01l1t- t+ /8a5e an, c8++/e +ur ,e/t1n1e/.
In t81/ e?5an/19e lan,/ca5e2 man- c81l,ren gr+3 u5 31t8 an e51c /en/e +4 l14e2 38ere
1,ea/ are 01g2 an, 8+5e /5r1ng/ eternal. W8en t8e- e?5er1ence /et0ac6/2 t8e- are
enc+urage, t+ re,+u0le t8e1r e:+rt/2 t+ Ntr-2 tr- aga1n.N Act1+n2 eJcac-2 an,
ac81e9ement are em58a/1@e, an, e?5ecte,. !ree 31ll 1/ en/8r1ne, 1n la3/ an, en4+rce,
0- c+urt/.
N+3 c+n/1,er 5lace/ 1n t8e 3+rl, 31t8 muc8 /maller terr1t+r-2 38+/e 81/t+r- reLect/
re5eate, c+nOue/t an, 8ar/8 /truggle/H N+rt8ern Irelan,2 Me?1c+2 I/rael2 Pale/t1ne. In
t8e/e 5lace/2 t8ere 1/ m+re em58a/1/ +n ,e/t1n-./ r+le 1n 8uman l14e. In Me?1c+2 t8ere 1/
a legac- +4 5+9ert-2 1n9a/1+n2 an, terr1t+r1al mut1lat1+n. Me?1can/ are m+re l16el- t+ /ee
/truggle/ a/ 1ne91ta0le +r una9+1,a0le. T8e1r 4atal1/t1c att1tu,e 1/ e?5re//e, 1n t8e1r 3a-
+4 re/5+n,1ng t+ 4a1lure +r acc1,ent 0- /a-1ng Nn1 m+,+N ;Nn+ 3a-N +r Nt+ug8 luc6N>2
mean1ng t8at t8e /et0ac6 3a/ ,e/t1ne,.
$age , o% 2&
Name: aa Course: Intercultural Management Student No: WA aa
T81/ 9ar1a0le 1/ 1m5+rtant t+ un,er/tan,1ng cultural c+nL1ct. I4 /+me+ne 1n9e/te, 1n 4ree
31ll cr+//e/ 5at8/ 31t8 /+me+ne m+re 4atal1/t1c 1n +r1entat1+n2 m1/c+mmun1cat1+n 1/
l16el-. T8e 7r/t 5er/+n ma- e?5ect act1+n an, acc+unta01l1t-. !a1l1ng t+ /ee 1t2 t8e- ma-
c+nclu,e t8at t8e /ec+n, 1/ la@-2 +0/truct1+n1/t2 +r ,1/8+ne/t. T8e /ec+n, 5er/+n 31ll
e?5ect re/5ect 4+r t8e natural +r,er +4 t81ng/. !a1l1ng t+ /ee 1t2 t8e- ma- c+nclu,e t8at
t8e 7r/t 1/ c+erc19e +r 1rre9erent2 1nLate, 1n 81/ 1,ea/ +4 38at can 0e acc+m5l1/8e, +r
c8ange,.
Non:er'a Communication
N+n9er0al c+mmun1cat1+n 1/ 8ugel- 1m5+rtant 1n an- 1nteract1+n 31t8 +t8er/M 1t/
1m5+rtance 1/ mult15l1e, acr+// culture/. T81/ 1/ 0ecau/e 3e ten, t+ l++6 4+r n+n9er0al
cue/ 38en 9er0al me//age/ are unclear +r am01gu+u/2 a/ t8e- are m+re l16el- t+ 0e
acr+// culture/ ;e/5ec1all- 38en ,1:erent language/ are 0e1ng u/e,>. S1nce n+n9er0al
0e8a91+r ar1/e/ 4r+m +ur cultural c+mm+n /en/e GG +ur 1,ea/ a0+ut 38at 1/ a55r+5r1ate2
n+rmal2 an, e:ect19e a/ c+mmun1cat1+n 1n relat1+n/815/ GG 3e u/e ,1:erent /-/tem/ +4
un,er/tan,1ng ge/ture/2 5+/ture2 /1lence2 /5ac1al relat1+n/2 em+t1+nal e?5re//1+n2 t+uc82
58-/1cal a55earance2 an, +t8er n+n9er0al cue/. Culture/ al/+ attr10ute ,1:erent ,egree/
+4 1m5+rtance t+ 9er0al an, n+n9er0al 0e8a91+r.
L+3Gc+nte?t culture/ l16e t8e Un1te, State/ an, Cana,a ten, t+ g19e relat19el- le//
em58a/1/ t+ n+n9er0al c+mmun1cat1+n. T81/ ,+e/ n+t mean t8at n+n9er0al
c+mmun1cat1+n ,+e/ n+t 8a55en2 +r t8at 1t 1/ un1m5+rtant2 0ut t8at 5e+5le 1n t8e/e
/ett1ng/ ten, t+ 5lace le// 1m5+rtance +n 1t t8an +n t8e l1teral mean1ng/ +4 3+r,/
t8em/el9e/. In 81g8Gc+nte?t /ett1ng/ /uc8 a/ <a5an +r C+l+m01a2 un,er/tan,1ng t8e
n+n9er0al c+m5+nent/ +4 c+mmun1cat1+n 1/ relat19el- m+re 1m5+rtant t+ rece191ng t8e
1nten,e, mean1ng +4 t8e c+mmun1cat1+n a/ a 38+le.
S+me element/ +4 n+n9er0al c+mmun1cat1+n are c+n/1/tent acr+// culture/. !+r
e?am5le2 re/earc8 8a/ /8+3n t8at t8e em+t1+n/ +4 enK+-ment2 anger2 4ear2 /a,ne//2
,1/gu/t2 an, /ur5r1/e are e?5re//e, 1n /1m1lar 3a-/ 0- 5e+5le ar+un, t8e 3+rl,.
D1:erence/ /ur4ace 31t8 re/5ect t+ 381c8 em+t1+n/ are acce5ta0le t+ ,1/5la- 1n 9ar1+u/
cultural /ett1ng/2 an, 0- 38+m. !+r 1n/tance2 1t ma- 0e m+re /+c1al acce5ta0le 1n /+me
/ett1ng/ 1n t8e Un1te, State/ 4+r 3+men t+ /8+3 4ear2 0ut n+t anger2 an, 4+r men t+
,1/5la- anger2 0ut n+t 4ear. At t8e /ame t1me2 1nter5retat1+n +4 4ac1al e?5re//1+n/ acr+//
culture/ 1/ ,1Jcult. In C81na an, <a5an2 4+r e?am5le2 a 4ac1al e?5re//1+n t8at 3+ul, 0e
rec+gn1@e, ar+un, t8e 3+rl, a/ c+n9e-1ng 8a551ne// ma- actuall- e?5re// anger +r
ma/6 /a,ne//2 0+t8 +4 381c8 are unacce5ta0le t+ /8+3 +9ertl-.
T8e/e ,1:erence/ +4 1nter5retat1+n ma- lea, t+ c+nL1ct2 +r e/calate e?1/t1ng c+nL1ct.
Su55+/e a <a5ane/e 5er/+n 1/ e?5la1n1ng 8er a0/ence 4r+m neg+t1at1+n/ ,ue t+ a ,eat8
1n 8er 4am1l-. S8e ma- ,+ /+ 31t8 a /m1le2 0a/e, +n 8er cultural 0el1e4 t8at 1t 1/ n+t
a55r+5r1ate t+ 1nL1ct t8e 5a1n +4 gr1e4 +n +t8er/. !+r a We/terner 38+ un,er/tan,/
/m1le/ t+ mean 4r1en,l1ne// an, 8a551ne//2 t81/ /m1le ma- /eem 1nc+ngru+u/ an, e9en
c+l,2 un,er t8e c1rcum/tance/. E9en t8+ug8 /+me 4ac1al e?5re//1+n/ ma- 0e /1m1lar
acr+// culture/2 t8e1r 1nter5retat1+n/ rema1n cultureG/5ec17c. It 1/ 1m5+rtant t+
un,er/tan, /+met81ng a0+ut cultural /tart1ngG5+1nt/ an, 9alue/ 1n +r,er t+ 1nter5ret
em+t1+n/ e?5re//e, 1n cr+//Gcultural 1nteract1+n/
$age - o% 2&
Name: aa Course: Intercultural Management Student No: WA aa
4ace and 4ace-Sa:ing
An+t8er 1m5+rtant cultural 9ar1a0le relate/ t+ 4ace an, 4aceG/a91ng. !ace 1/ 1m5+rtant
acr+// culture/2 -et t8e ,-nam1c/ +4 4ace an, 4aceG/a91ng 5la- +ut ,1:erentl-. !ace 1/
,e7ne, 1n man- ,1:erent 3a-/ 1n t8e cr+//Gcultural c+mmun1cat1+n l1terature. N+91nger
/a-/ 1t 1/ Nt8e 9alue +r /tan,1ng a 5er/+n 8a/ 1n t8e e-e/ +4 +t8er/...an, t8at 1t relateP/
t+ 5r1,e +r /el4Gre/5ect. Ot8er/ 8a9e ,e7ne, 1t a/ Nt8e neg+t1ate, 5u0l1c 1mage2
mutuall- grante, eac8 +t8er 0- 5art1c15ant/ 1n Qc+mmun1cat1+nR. In t81/ 0r+a,er
,e7n1t1+n2 4ace 1nclu,e/ 1,ea/ +4 /tatu/2 5+3er2 c+urte/-2 1n/1,er an, +ut/1,er relat1+n/2
8um+r2 an, re/5ect. In man- culture/2 ma1nta1n1ng 4ace 1/ +4 great 1m5+rtance2 t8+ug8
1,ea/ +4 8+3 t+ ,+ t81/ 9ar-.
T8e /tart1ng 5+1nt/ +4 1n,191,ual1/m an, c+mmun1tar1an1/m are cl+/el- relate, t+ 4ace. I4
I /ee m-/el4 a/ a /el4G,eterm1n1ng 1n,191,ual2 t8en 4ace 8a/ t+ ,+ 31t8 5re/er91ng m-
1mage 31t8 +t8er/ an, m-/el4. I can an, /8+ul, e?ert c+ntr+l 1n /1tuat1+n/ t+ ac81e9e t81/
g+al. I ma- ,+ t81/ 0- ta61ng a c+m5et1t19e /tance 1n neg+t1at1+n/ +r c+n4r+nt1ng
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W81le/ /+c1+t-5e ,e/cr10e/ mem0er 0- tra1t/2 /tere+t-51cal attr10ute/ 1nclu,e 58-/1cal
a55earance t+ 5attern +4 0e8a91+r/
C0NC52SI0N
4ina9; work 69 Haslam an, C+lleague/ ;Ha/lam2 Turner2 Oa6e/2 Re-n+l,/ = D++/Ke2
T81/ 9+lumeM Ha/lam2 'BB$M Ha/lam2 Oa6e/2 MacGart-2 Turner2 Re-n+l,/ = Egg1n/2 'BB#M
Ha/lam2 Oa6e/2 Turner2 McGart- = Re-n+l,/2 'BB%M> 1m5l1e/ t8at 38at 1/ m+/t
1ntere/t1ng a0+ut /tere+t-5e/2 0ut 1/ +4ten neglecte, 1n /tere+t-51ng re/earc82 1/ t8at
/tere+t-5e/ are c+n/en/ual. T8at 1/2 14 t8e 91e3 t8at t8e unem5l+-e, are la@- 3ere 8el,
+nl- 0- 1/+late, 1n,191,ual/ 1t 3+ul, rece19e l1ttle attent1+n.
On t8e c+ntrar-2 t8e 4act t8at t8e /tere+t-5e 1/ an e?5lanat1+n 381c8 1/ /8are, 0- man-
+t8er 5e+5le 1/ 38at ma6e/ 1t 1m5+rtant.
/343/3NC3S AN1 S02/C3S 04 0TH3/ IN40/!ATI0N:
'. Clar62 E. H. ;'%$">. Se? 1n E,ucat1+n +r !a1r C8ance 4+r G1rl/. +/t+nH <ame/ R.
2. O/g++,. ;Re5r1nte, Arn+ Pre//2 'B$2>.
". Deeau9+1r2 S. ;'B#Y>. T8e Sec+n, Se?. Ne3 &+r6H ant+m ++6/.
Y. Hall2 G. S. ;'B(C>. A,+le/cence. *+l. 2(. Ne3 &+r6H D.D. A55let+n
C. R N+91nger2 5. "'
#. Q#R O6un2 ar0ara !.2 !r1e,2 <ane2 O6un2 Marc1a L. Understanding Diversity. A
Learning as Practice Primer. Pac17c Gr+9e2 CAH r++6/PC+le Pu0l1/81ng2 'BBB2
55. CBG#(.
$. "R C+n@e2 E,3ar,. Buddhism: Its Essence and Development. Ne3 &+r6H
Har5erC+ll1n/2 'BC'2 5. YB.
%. QYR !+r m+re a0+ut c+rre/5+n,ence/ 0et3een lan,/ca5e an, nat1+nal
5/-c8e/2 /eeH N+91nger2 Trac-. Intercultural Communication. Au/t1n2 T)H
Un19er/1t- +4 Te?a/ Pre//2 2(('.
$age 11 o% 2&
Name: aa Course: Intercultural Management Student No: WA aa
(23STI0N +
INT/012CTI0N
T8e relat1+n/815 0et3een language an, culture 1/ ,ee5l- r++te,. Language 1/ u/e, t+
ma1nta1n an, c+n9e- culture an, cultural t1e/. D1:erent 1,ea/ /tem 4r+m ,1:er1ng
language u/e 31t81n +neA/ culture an, t8e 38+le 1ntert31n1ng +4 t8e/e relat1+n/815/ /tart
at +neA/ 01rt8.
TH3 1I443/3NC3
One ,e7n1t1+n /ee/ language 5r1mar1l- a/ t8e mental 4acult- t8at all+3/ 8uman/ t+
un,erta6e l1ngu1/t1c/ 0e8a91+rM learn language/ an, 5r+,uce an, un,er/tan,
utterance/. T81/ ,e7n1t1+n /tre//e/ t8e un19er/al1t- +4 all 8uman/ an, t8e 01+l+g1cal
0a/1/ +4 t8e 8uman ca5ac1t- 4+r language a/ a un1Oue ,e9el+5ment +4 t8e 8uman 0ra1n.
W8en a 3+man g19e/ 01rt8 t+ a 0a0- c81l,2 1t 0ec+me/ e?5+/e, t+ t8e /urr+un,1ng/
t8ere0- 0ec+m1ng an 1n,191,ual 1n an, +4 t8e1r cultural gr+u5. T81/ c+nce5t2 381c8
,e/cr10e/ all 5e+5le a/ /1m1lar at 01rt82 8a/ 0een ar+un, 4+r t8+u/an,/ +4 -ear/ an, 3a/
,1/cu//e, 0- C+n4uc1u/ a/ rec+r,e, 1n t8e 0++6 0- 81/ 4+ll+3er/2 Analect/ ;)u2 'BB$>.
!r+m 01rt82 t8e c81l,A/ l14e2 t8+ug8t/2 an, language are /8a5e, 0- 38at 1t c+me/ 1n
c+ntact 31t8. r++6/ ;'B#%> argue/ t8at 58-/1call- an, mentall- e9er-+ne 1/ t8e /ame2
381le t8e 1nteract1+n/ 0et3een 5er/+n/ +r gr+u5/ 9ar- 31,el- 4r+m 5lace t+ 5lace.
Pattern/ 381c8 emerge 4r+m t8e/e gr+u5 0e8a91+r/ an, 1nteract1+n/ 31ll 0e a55r+9e, +42
+r ,1/a55r+9e, +4. e8a91+r/ 381c8 are acce5ta0le 31ll 9ar- 4r+m l+cat1+n t+ l+cat1+n
;r++6/2 'B#%> t8u/ 4+rm1ng t8e 0a/1/ +4 ,1:erent culture/.
It 1/ 4r+m t8e/e ,1:erence/ t8at +neA/ 91e3 +4 t8e 3+rl, 1/ 4+rme,. Hantra1/ ;'B%B> 5ut/
4+rt8 t8e 1,ea t8at culture 1/ t8e 0el1e4/ an, 5ract1ce/ g+9ern1ng t8e l14e +4 a /+c1et- 4+r
381c8 a 5art1cular language 1/ t8e 9e81cle +4 e?5re//1+n. T8ere4+re2 e9er-+neA/ 91e3/
are ,e5en,ent +n t8e culture 381c8 8a/ 1nLuence, t8em2 a/ 3ell a/ 0e1ng ,e/cr10e,
u/1ng t8e language 381c8 8a/ 0een /8a5e, 0- t8at culture. T8e un,er/tan,1ng +4 a
culture an, 1t/ 5e+5le can 0e en8ance, 0- t8e 6n+3le,ge +4 t8e1r language.
T81/ 0+1l/ ,+3n t+ an 1ntere/t1ng 5+1nt 0r+ug8t u5 0- Emm1tt an, P+ll+c6 ;'BB$>2 38+
argue t8at e9en t8+ug8 5e+5le are 0r+ug8t u5 un,er /1m1lar 0e8a91+ral 0ac6gr+un,/ +r
cultural /1tuat1+n/ 0ut 8+3e9er /5ea6 ,1:erent language/2 t8e1r 3+rl, 91e3 ma- 0e 9er-
,1:erent.
A/ Sa51rGW8+r4 argue/2 ,1:erent t8+ug8t/ are 0r+ug8t a0+ut 0- t8e u/e +4 ,1:erent
4+rm/ +4 language. One 1/ l1m1te, 0- t8e language u/e, t+ e?5re// +neA/ 1,ea/. D1:erent
language/ 31ll create ,1:erent l1m1tat1+n/2 t8ere4+re 5e+5le 38+ /8are a culture 0ut
/5ea6 ,1:erent language/2 31ll 8a9e ,1:erent 3+rl, 91e3/. St1ll2 language 1/ r++te, 1n
culture an, culture 1/ reLecte, an, 5a//e, +n 0- language 4r+m +ne generat1+n t+ t8e
ne?t ;Emm1tt = P+ll+c6 'BB$>.
It can t8ere4+re 0e ,e,uce, t8at2 learn1ng a ne3 language 1n9+l9e/ t8e learn1ng +4 a
$age 12 o% 2&
Name: aa Course: Intercultural Management Student No: WA aa
ne3 culture ;All3r1g8t = a1le- 'BB'>. C+n/eOuentl-2 teac8er/ +4 a language are al/+
teac8er/ +4 culture ;-ram 'B%B>.
T8e 1m5l1cat1+n/ +4 language 0e1ng c+m5letel- ent31ne, 1n culture2 1n regar,/ 4+r
language teac81ng an, language 5+l1c- are 4ar reac81ng. Language teac8er/ mu/t
1n/truct t8e1r /tu,ent/ +n t8e cultural 0ac6gr+un, +4 language u/age2 c8++/e culturall-
a55r+5r1ate teac81ng /t-le/2 an, e?5l+re culturall- 0a/e, l1ngu1/t1c ,1:erence/ t+
5r+m+te un,er/tan,1ng 1n/tea, +4 m1/c+nce5t1+n/ +r 5reKu,1ce/. Language 5+l1c- mu/t
0e u/e, t+ create a3arene// an, un,er/tan,1ng/ +4 cultural ,1:erence/2 an, 3r1tten t+
1nc+r5+rate t8e cultural 9alue/ +4 t8+/e 0e1ng taug8t.
C0NC52SI0N
Language an, culture are ent31ne, /uc8 t8at 5e+5le 1n t8e /+c1et- cann+t l19e 31t8+ut
u/1ng t8e t3+. Language 1/ u/e, t+ e?5re// +ne./ 1,ea/ t8u/ e?5re//1ng t8e 3+rl,91e3 +4
t8at culture. T8e ,1:erence 1n language 8a/ ma,e ,1:erent 5e+5le t+ 8a9e ,1:erent
3+rl, 91e3/ t8+ug8 t8e- /8are t8e /ame culture. Teac8er/ /8+ul, teac8 /tu,ent/ t8e1r
language /+ a/ t+ 8el5 t8em un,er/tan, t8e1r culture an, a55rec1ate 1t. T8e u/e +4
language 5+l1c- 1/ 1m5+rtant a/ 1t 8el5/ t8e 5e+5le 1n t8e /+c1et- t+ 6n+3 t8e1r culture
an, al/+ t+ un,er/tan, 1t.
/343/3NC3S AN1 S02/C3S 04 0TH3/ IN40/!ATI0N:
All3r1g8t D = a1le- KM ;'BB'> !+cu/ +n t8e language cla//r++mH an 1ntr+,uct1+n t+
cla//r++m re/earc8 4+r language teac8er/. Cam0r1,geH Cam0r1,ge Un19er/1t- Pre//.
r++6/ N ;'B%#> Culture 1n t8e cla//r++m. In <M *al,e/ ;e,> Culture 0+un,H 0r1,g1ng t8e
cultural ga5 1n language teac81ng. Cam0r1,geH Cam0r1,ge Un19er/1t- Pre//2 55 '2"Z'2%.
-ram M ;'B%B> Cultural /tu,1e/ 1n 4+re1gn language e,ucat1+n. Cle9e,+nH Mult1l1ngual
Matter/.
Emm1tt M = P+ll+c6 < ;'BB$> Language an, learn1ngH an 1ntr+,uct1+n 4+r teac81ng
;2n,e,>. Mel0+urneH O?4+r, Un19er/1t- Pre//.
Engle0ert ;2((Y> C8aracter +r CultureX An E!L <+urnal2 2Y;2>2 "$GY'.
Hantra1/ L ;'B%B> T8e un,ergra,uateA/ gu1,e t+ /tu,-1ng language/. L+n,+nH Centre 4+r
In4+rmat1+n +n Language Teac81ng an, Re/earc8.
Hu1 Du ;2((C> !al/e alarm +r real 3arn1ngX Im5l1cat1+n/ 4+r C81na +4 teac81ng Engl1/8.
<+urnal +4 E,ucat1+nal EnOu1r-2 *+l. #2 ;'>2 B(G '(B. In4+rmat1+n 4+r 4+re1gner/ ;n.,.>
Retr1e9e, <une '$2 2(($ 4r+m
8tt5HPP1:.1mm1grat1+n.g+9.t3P4r+ntPre/1,ence.585
K1m <. ;2((Y> C+51ng 31t8 Cultural O0/tacle/ t+ S5ea61ng Engl1/8 1n t8e K+rean
Sec+n,ar- Sc8++l C+nte?t. A/1an E!L <+urnal2 *+l # I//ue " Retr1e9e, Ma- '22 2(($ 4r+m
8tt5HPP333.a/1anGeLG
K+urnal.c+mP/e5tem0erU(YU6/K.585
$age 1+ o% 2&
Name: aa Course: Intercultural Management Student No: WA aa
Male- A ;'B%#> )ANADU Z DA m1racle +4 rare ,e91ceAH t8e teac81ng +4 Engl1/8 1n C81na. In
<M *al,e/ ;e,> Culture 0+un,H 0r1,g1ng t8e cultural ga5 1n language teac81ng.
Cam0r1,geH Cam0r1,ge Un19er/1t-
Pre//2 55 '(2Z'''.
Murra- DM ;'B%2> T8e great 3all/ +4 C81na. T+,a-A/ E,ucat1+n2 9+l $'2 55
P+rter E ;'B%$> !+re1gn 1n9+l9ement 1n C81naA/ c+llege/ an, un19er/1t1e/H a 81/t+r1cal
5er/5ect19e. Internat1+nal <+urnal +4 Intercultural Relat1+n/2 9+l ''2 n+ Y2 55 "#BZ"%C.
(23STI0N ,
INT/012CTI0N
Ant8r+5+l+g1/t E,3ar, T. HallA/ t8e+r- +4 81g8G an, l+3Gc+nte?t culture 8el5/ u/ 0etter
un,er/tan, t8e 5+3er4ul e:ect culture 8a/ +n c+mmun1cat1+n. A 6e- 4act+r 1n 81/ t8e+r-
1/ c+nte?t) T81/ relate/ t+ t8e 4rame3+r62 0ac6gr+un,2 an, /urr+un,1ng c1rcum/tance/
1n 381c8 c+mmun1cat1+n +r an e9ent ta6e/ 5lace.
Culture 1/ t8e acOu1re, 6n+3le,ge 5e+5le u/e t+ 1nter5ret2 e?5er1ence2 an, generate
0e8a91+r. One +4 t8e 3a-/ 5e+5le un,er/tan, a me//age 1/ acc+r,1ng t+ 1t/ cultural
c+nte?t2 t8e 5attern +4 58-/1cal cue/ an, 1m5l1e, un,er/tan,1ng t8at c+n9e- mean1ng
0et3een t3+ mem0er/ +4 t8e /ame culture. H+3e9er2 5e+5le c+n9e- c+nte?tual
mean1ng ,1:erentl- 4r+m cultural t+ culture.
A 9ar1et- +4 3r1ter/ 8a9e ,e7ne, t8e mean1ng +4 t8e culture 1n t8e 5a/t. At t8e 5re/ent2
3e cann+t /a- t8ere 1/ a certa1n ,e/cr15t1+n +4 culture 0ecau/e t8ere are man-
e?5lanat1+n/ +4 culture. Generall-2 culture 1/ e?5la1ne, a/ a /8are, /-/tem +4 att1tu,e/2
0el1e4/2 9alue/ an, 0e8a91+r[. T8e latter a/ can 0e /een t8at culture 1/ /1gn17cant t+
c+mmun1cat1+n. ;Angela Gam/r1egler2 2((C>
T8e l1terature +n cr+//Gcultural c+mmun1cat1+n /ugge/t/ t8at ,1:erent culture/ ma-
8a9e ,1:erent 1n4+rmat1+nG/8ar1ng /trateg1e/ 1n neg+t1at1+n ;Hall 'B$#>. rett et al.
;'BB%> 4+un, t8at U.S. an, <a5ane/e neg+t1at+r/ 8a, /1m1lar n+rm/ 4+r 1n4+rmat1+n
/8ar1ng 1n neg+t1at1+n2 0ut /u0/eOuent re/earc8 4+un, t8at U.S. neg+t1at+r/ em0race,
,1rect 1n4+rmat1+nG/8ar1ng /trateg1e/ 381le <a5ane/e neg+t1at+r/ u/e, 1n,1rect
1n4+rmat1+nG/8ar1ng /trateg1e/ ;A,a1r2 O6umura2 an, rett 2(('>. Ot8er acc+unt/ +4 U.S.
an, <a5ane/e neg+t1at1+n /t-le/ al/+ re5+rt ,1:erent c+mmun1cat1+n /t-le/M 4+r e?am5le2
<a5ane/e neg+t1at+r/ are le// l16el- t+ /a- En+F an, m+re l16el- t+ rema1n /1lent t8an
U.S. neg+t1at+r/ ;Gra8am an, San+ 'B%BM Marc8 'BB(>.
HI?H C0NT3@T C25T2/3S
H1g8Gc+nte?t culture/ ;1nclu,1ng muc8 +4 t8e M1,,le Ea/t2 A/1a2 A4r1ca2 an, S+ut8
Amer1ca> are relat1+nal2 c+llect191/t2 1ntu1t19e2 an, c+ntem5lat19e. T81/ mean/ t8at
5e+5le 1n t8e/e culture/ em58a/1@e 1nter5er/+nal relat1+n/815/. De9el+51ng tru/t 1/ an
1m5+rtant an, 7r/t /te5 t+ an- 0u/1ne// tran/act1+n. Acc+r,1ng t+ Hall2 t8e/e culture/
are c+llect191/t2 5re4err1ng gr+u5 8arm+n- an, c+n/en/u/ t+ 1n,191,ual ac81e9ement.
An, 5e+5le 1n t8e/e culture/ are le// g+9erne, 0- rea/+n t8an 0- 1ntu1t1+n +r 4eel1ng/.
W+r,/ are n+t /+ muc8 1m5+rtant a/ c+nte?t2 381c8 m1g8t 1nclu,e t8e /5ea6erA/ t+ne +4
$age 1, o% 2&
Name: aa Course: Intercultural Management Student No: WA aa
9+1ce2 4ac1al e?5re//1+n2 ge/ture/2 5+/ture an, e9en t8e 5er/+nA/ 4am1l- 81/t+r- an,
/tatu/.
50= C0NT3@T C25T2/3S
M+re+9er2 l+3Gc+nte?t culture/ ;1nclu,1ng N+rt8 Amer1ca an, muc8 +4 We/tern Eur+5e>
are l+g1cal2 l1near2 1n,191,ual1/t1c2 an, act1+nG+r1ente,. Pe+5le 4r+m l+3Gc+nte?t culture/
9alue l+g1c2 4act/2 an, ,1rectne//. S+l91ng a 5r+0lem mean/ l1n1ng u5 t8e 4act/ an,
e9aluat1ng +ne a4ter an+t8er. Dec1/1+n/ are 0a/e, +n 4act rat8er t8an 1ntu1t1+n.
D1/cu//1+n/ en, 31t8 act1+n/. An, c+mmun1cat+r/ are e?5ecte, t+ 0e /tra1g8t4+r3ar,2
c+nc1/e2 an, eJc1ent 1n tell1ng 38at act1+n 1/ e?5ecte,. T+ 0e a0/+lutel- clear2 t8e-
/tr19e t+ u/e 5rec1/e 3+r,/ an, 1nten, t8em t+ 0e ta6en l1terall-. E?5l1c1t c+ntract/
c+nclu,e neg+t1at1+n/.
T81/ 1/ 9er- ,1:erent 4r+m c+mmun1cat+r/ 1n 81g8Gc+nte?t culture/ 38+ ,e5en, le// +n
language 5rec1/1+n an, legal ,+cument/. H1g8Gc+nte?t 0u/1ne// 5e+5le ma- e9en
,1/tru/t c+ntract/ an, 0e +:en,e, 0- t8e lac6 +4 tru/t t8e- /ugge/t.
HI?H AN1 50= C0NT3@T C25T2/3S
In 81g8Gc+nte?t culture/2 5e+5le rel- le// +n 9er0al c+mmun1cat1+n an, m+re +n t8e
c+nte?t +4 n+n9er0al act1+n/ an, en91r+nmental /ett1ng t+ c+n9e- mean1ng. T8e rule/ +4
e9er-,a- l14e are rarel- clear 1n 81g8Gc+nte?t culture/M a/ 3e gr+3 u52 3e learn 8+3 t+
rec+gn1@e /1tuat1+nal cue/ ;/uc8 a/ ge/ture/ an, t+ne +4 9+1ce> an, 8+3 t+ re/5+n, a/
e?5ecte,.
In l+3Gc+nte?t culture/2 5e+5le rel- m+re +n 9er0al c+mmun1cat1+n an, le// +n
c1rcum/tance/ an, cue/ t+ c+n9e- mean1ng. An Engl1/8 /5ea6er 4eel/ re/5+n/10le 4+r
tran/m1tt1ng t8e mean1ng +4 t8e me//age an, +4ten 5lace/ /entence/ 1n c8r+n+l+g1cal
/eOuence t+ e/ta0l1/8 a cau/eGan,Ge:ect 5attern.
E?5ectat1+n/ are u/uall- /5elle, +ut 1n a l+3Gc+nte?t culture t8r+ug8 clear /tatement/
/uc8 a/ EPlea/e 3a1t unt1l IAm ,+neF +r E&+uAre 3elc+me t+ 0r+3/e.F In t81/ 3a-2 a
0u/1ne//5er/+n 1n a l+3Gc+nte?t culture n+t +nl- e?5la1n/ 81/ +r 8er +3n act1+n/ 0ut al/+
cue/ t8e +t8er 5er/+n a0+ut 38at t+ ,+ +r 38at t+ e?5ect ne?t. ecau/e t8e 3r1tten
3+r, 1/ 81g8l- 9alue, 1n l+3Gc+nte?t culture/2 agreement/ are c+n/1,ere, 01n,1ng. H1g8G
c+nte?t culture/2 0- c+ntra/t2 5ut le// em58a/1/ +n t8e 3r1tten 3+r, an, c+n/1,er
5er/+nal 5le,ge/ m+re 1m5+rtant t8an c+ntract/. T8e- al/+ 8a9e a ten,enc- t+ 91e3 la3
31t8 Le?101l1t-2 38erea/ l+3Gc+nte?t culture/ 3+ul, a,8ere t+ t8e la3 /tr1ctl-.
!+rmer 5re/1,ent <1mm- Carter un,er/t++, t8e 1m5+rtance +4 81g8Gc+nte?t
c+mmun1cat1+n 31t8 81/ c+lleague/ 4r+m I/rael an, Eg-5t ,ur1ng t8e 5eace tal6/ at
Cam5 Da91,. W8en Pr1me M1n1/ter eg1n 3a/ a0+ut t+ lea9e t8e un/at1/4act+r-
neg+t1at1+n/2 Carter 5re/ente, 81m 31t8 51cture/ +4 t8e t8ree 8ea,/ +4 /tate2 31t8 t8e
name/ +4 eac8 +4 eg1n./ gran,c81l,ren 3r1tten +n t8e 58+t+gra58/. T8e 5r1me m1n1/ter
re5eate, t8e name/ +4 81/ gran,c81l,ren +ut l+u, a/ 8e l++6e, at t8e 51cture/2 reLect1ng
+n t8e 1m5+rtance +4 t8e 5eace neg+t1at1+n/ t+ 81/ gran,c81l,ren./ 4uture/. Carter
rec+gn1@e, t8at a 81g8Gc+nte?t re4erence t+ 4uture generat1+n/ 3+ul, 1n,uce t8e 5r1me
m1n1/ter t+ return t+ t8e neg+t1at1+n/.
$age 1- o% 2&
Name: aa Course: Intercultural Management Student No: WA aa
S02/C3: I!! 5ecture Notes
An+t8er ,1:erent1at1ng 4act+r 0et3een t8e t3+ 1/ t8e 3a- 1n 381c8 0u/1ne// 1/
c+n,ucte,. In a 81g8Gc+nte?t culture2 0u/1ne// 1/ c+n,ucte, 1n 38at a55ear/ t+ 0e a
/+c1al atm+/58ere. T8at 1/ 0ecau/e ,e9el+51ng tru/t 1/ cr1t1cal t+ t8e 0u/1ne//
relat1+n/815M 31t8+ut tru/t2 a ,eal cann+t 0e c+n/ummate,. Imag1ne t8e c+n4u/1+n an,
4ru/trat1+n +4 /+me+ne 4r+m a l+3Gc+nte?t culture tr-1ng t+ /ell 5r+,uct/ t+ a cl1ent 4r+m
a 81g8Gc+nte?t culture. T8e /ale/5er/+n c+ul, get t8e un1nten,e, me//age t8at t8e
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$age 1& o% 2&
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/alute/. !+r e?am5le2 38en I /ee m- 4r1en,/ 1n t8e m+rn1ng +n t8e 3a- t+ /c8++l2 I
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greet +ur /u5er1+r/.
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t8e1r K+0/. One 1m5+rtant u/e 1/ 1n c+n/truct1+n 38en a 3+r6er /1gnal/ t+ a crane
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T8e- u/e 8an, /1gnal/ an, l15 rea,1ng t+ c+mmun1cate 9er- /5ec17c t81ng/.
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att1tu,e/ t8at /8+3 8+3 5e+5le 4eel. M+/t t1me/2 5e+5le ,+n.t e9en 6n+3 t8e-.re
c+mmun1cat1ng 38en t8e- ma6e t8e/e act1+n/2 0ecau/e t8e/e act1+n/ are aut+mat1c.
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$age 19 o% 2&
Name: aa Course: Intercultural Management Student No: WA aa
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lea,er +4 an+t8er nat1+n 0ecau/e +4 a ge/ture t8at 3a/ m1/un,er/t++,. At lea/t an
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an, T8e S1lent Language. He /8+3/ t8at 5e+5le 4r+m M1,,le Ea/tern an, Ara0
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$age 20 o% 2&
Name: aa Course: Intercultural Management Student No: WA aa
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+neA/ ,e/1re 4+r 4uture 1nteract1+n/. T8e 5+/1t19e a:ect ar+u/e, 0- reac81ng an
agreement 4ac1l1tate/ t8e ,-a,1c relat1+n/8152 381c8 re/ult 1n a:ect19e c+mm1tment t8at
/et/ t8e /tage 4+r /u0/eOuent 1nteract1+n/.
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N3?ATI73 A443CT IN N3?0TIATI0N
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Name: aa Course: Intercultural Management Student No: WA aa
+n negat19e a:ect ar+u/al an, 381te n+1/e2 Se1,ner 4+un, /u55+rt 4+r t8e e?1/tence +4 a
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An,er/en2 Peter. ;2((Y>. he Complete Idiot&s 'uide to Body Language. Al58a
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