Alvin Toffler-Al Treilea Val

%0:-2 83**0)6
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8,) 8,-6( ;%:) &ERXEQ &SSOW, -RG, 1981
'946-27:
4VIJE' HI -SRM' 3PXIERR.: 5
-RXVSHYGIVI.: 33
3 GMSGRMVI HI ZEPYVM.: 43
1. 7YTVEPYTXE.: 43
4VIQMWE VIZSPY'MSREV: 45
'VIEWXE ZEPYPYM. 48
:EPYVMPI ZMMXSEVI. 50
%YV #M EWEWMRM.:;: 53
%P HSMPIE ZEP.: 56
2. %VLMXIGXYVE GMZPPMÊ'MIM.: 56
7SPY'ME ZMSPIRX.:;: 58
&EXIVMMPI ZMM.;: 61
1EXGE XILRMG.:#: 62
4EKSHE WXEGSNMI.;:;: 63
*EQMPME VE'MSREPMÊX:;: '. 64
4VSKVEQE EREPMXMG EWGYRW: 66
*MMR'I RIQYVMXSEVI.: 67
*EFVMGE HI QY^MG.: 69
*YVXYRE HI LVXMI.: 71
3. 4ERE MRZM^MFMP.:!: 76
7IQRM3GE'ME TMI'IM.: 79
(MWSGMIVIE WI\IPSV,:!: 82
4. (IWGMJVEVIE GSHYPYM . . '. - M '. '. 86
7XERHEVHMÊVIE.:; 87
7TIGMEPMÊVIE.: 90
7MRGVSRMÊVIE. '. '. '. 93
'SRGIRXVEVIE. 96
1E\MQMÊVIE. . 97
'IRXVEPMÊVIE. 100
5. 8ILRMGMIRMM TYXIVMM.: 105
-RXIKVEXSVMM. 106
1SXSVYP MRXIKVEXSV. 109
4MVEQMHIPI TYXIVMM. 111
7YTVEIPMXIPI.: 112
6. 4PERYP EWGYRW: 113
1IGERSQERME. 115
8VYWE VITVIÎRXVMM 117
*EFVMGE KPSFEP HI PIKM. 118
6MXYEPYP PMRM#XMVMM. 120
7. *VIRI^ME RE'MYRMPSV. : 124
7LMQFRH GEMM: 126
&YPSRYP HI EYV. 129
8. 3JIRWMZE MQTIVMEPMWX.: 131
4SQTI HI FIR^MR R KVHMR. 134
4PERXE'ME HI QEVKEVMR: 137
-RXIKVEVI R WXMP EQIVMGER. 140
9. 6IEPMWQYP MRHYWXVMEP.: 143
4VMRGMTMYP TVSKVIWYPYM: 144
4VSKVEQEVIE XMQTYPYM.: 148
6IEQFEPEVIE WTE'MYPYM.: 151 1EXIVMEPYP VIEPMX'MM. 156
)\TPMGE'ME EFWSPYX: 160
10. *MREP: QEVIIE JYPKIV: 164
11. %P XVIMPIE ZEP;: 177
2SYE WMRXI^.: : 177
12. :VJYVMPI.: 181
7SEVIPI #M RY RYQEM IP.: 182
9RIPXIPI ZMMXSVYPYM.:;: 191
1E#MRM TI SVFMX:; 196
R EHRGYVM.:;: . 198
-RHYWXVME KIRIPSV.: 201
8ILRSVIZSPXE'MM.: 206
13. (IQEWM3GEVIE QMNPSEGIPSV HI MRJSVQEVI 213
9R HITS^MX HI MQEKMRM. 214
1MNPSEGIPI HI MRJSVQEVI HIQEWM3GEXI 217
'YPXYVE TMTYPYM. 226
14. 1IHMYP RGSRNYVXSV MRXIPMKIRX. 229
%QTPM3GEVIE GVIMIVYPYM.: 235
1IQSVME WSGMEP. 240
15. (MRGSPS HI TVSHYG'ME HI QEW. 243
0ETXI HI #SVMGMSEMG #M XVMGSYVM WTSVX 245
)JIGXYP TVIWXS. 250
(MWTEVM'ME WIGVIXEVIM# 252
16. 'EWE IPIGXVSRMG.: 262
1YRGMRH EGEW.: 264
8IPIREZIXM#XMM.: 270
7SGMIXEXIE E\EX TI GQMR.:; 276
17. *EQMPMMPI ZMMXSVYPYM.: 280
'EQTERME TIRXVY JEQMPME RYGPIEV. 282
7XMPYVM HI ZME' RIRYGPIEVI. 285
'YPXYVE JV GSTMM. 287
6IPE'MM 3IVFMR'M. 291
(VEKSWXI TPYW.: 294
'EQTERME TIRXVY QYRGE GSTMMPSV. 296
*EQMPME GSQYRMXEV IPIGXVSRMG. 297
-RGSQTIXIR'E TVMR'MPSV.: 299
4IRXVY S XVER^M'MI QEM Y#SEV.: 301
18. 'VM^ HI MHIRXMXEXI E GSVTSVE'MIM: 303
(R'YMEPE QSRIHIPSV.: 304
%GGIPIVEVIE TVSGIWIPSV IGSRSQMGI.: 307
7SGMIXEXIE HIQEWM3GEX.: 310
6IHI3RMVIE GSVTSVE'MIM.: 313
9R TIRXEKSR HI TVIWMYRM.: 316
'SVTSVE'ME GY WGSTYVM QYPXMTPI.: 321
1EM QYPXI TYRGXI HI VITIV.:! 324
19. R GYXEVIE YRSV VIKYPM RSM: 329
7JV#MXYP TVSKVEQYPYM HI PE 9 PE 5: 331
+SVKSRE ZI#RMG XVIE^.: 334
3VEVI MRHMZMHYEPI GSVIPEXI: 337
'SQTYXIVIPI #M QEVMNYERE: 339
1IRXEPMXEXIE TSWXWXERHEVHMÊX.: 343
2SYE QEXVMGI. 347
3 GSQFMRE'MI HI QMG #M QEVI. 353
3VKERMÊ'ME ZMMXSVYPYM. 356
20. 6IETEVM'ME TVSWYQEXSVYPYM. 358
)GSRSQME MRZM^MFMP. 360
+YVQER^MM #M ZHYZIPI. 362
4YRI QRE #M J WMRKYV. 364
-QTPMGEVIE GSRWYQEXSVYPYM R TVSHYG'MI 370
7XMPYVMPI HI ZME' EPI TVSWYQEXSVYPYM 373
)GSRSQME GIPYM HI %P 8VIHPIE :EP. 379
7JV#MXYP QEVOIXM^VMM.
21. :VXINYP WTMVMXYEP. 392
2SYE MQEKMRI E REXYVMM. 393
4VSMIGXER'M EM IZSPY'MIM.: 396
%VFSVIPI TVSKVIWYPYM. 399
:MMXSVYP XMQTYPYM. 401
:SMENSVMM WTE'MYPYM. 405
(I PE WXYHMYP TV'MPSV PE GYTVMRHIVIE RXVIKYPYM. 408
7EPE HI NSGYVM GSWQMG. 413
0IG'ME XIVQMXIPSV. 417
22. (MWPSGEVIE RE'MYRMM. 422
4VIWMYRMPI HI WYW R NSW. 430
'SVTSVE'ME PE WGEVE KPSFYPYM. 433
2E#XIVIE 6I'IPIM 8. 436
'SR#XMMR'E TPERIXEV.; 439
1MXYVM #M MRZIR'MM. 441
23. +ERHLM TPYW WEXIPM'M.: 443
7XVEXIKME GIPYM HI %P (SMPIE :EP. 444
1SHIPYP GSQTVSQMW. 447
7XVEXIKME 4VMQYPYM :EP. 449
4VSFPIQEXMGE GIPYM HI %P 8VIMPIE :EP 454
7SEVI, GVIZIXI #M QMGVSIPIGXVSRMG. 457
4VSWYQEXSVMM SVMKMREVM. 466 B
0MRME HI TSVRMVI. 471
'SHE: 1EVIE GSR4YIR'. 472
0MRMEQIRXIPI PYQMM HI QMRI. 475
24. 'SRGITXYP HI TVEGXSTMI. 484
3 RXVIFEVI KVI#MX TYW. 486
RGLIMIVI:' ' ' [
25. 2SYE TWMLSWJIV: 491
6IQIHMM QTSXVMZE WMRKYVX'MM. 494
8IPIGSQYRMXEXIE. 501
7XVYGXYVE ZME LIVSMR. 503
7IGVIXYP WIGXIPSV. 505
3VKERMÊXSVM EM ZMI'MM #M WIQMWIGXI. 508
26. 4IVWSREPMXEXIE ZMMXSVYPYM. 512
9R RSY QSH HI E GVI#XI XRVE KIRIVE'MI. 516
2SYP PYGVXSV. 518
)XMGE TVSWYQEXSVYPYM. 522
)YP GSR3KYVEXMZ. 525
27. 1EYWSPIYP TSPMXMG. 528
+EYVE RIEKV.: 529
%VQEXI TVMZEXI. . '. 535
'SQTPI\YP QIWMERMG. 539
-RXIVHITIRHIR'E QSRHMEP.: 546
4VSFPIQE MRXIKVVMM. 547
%GGIPIVEVIE TVSGIWYPYM HIGM^MSREP. 548
(IWXVQEVIE GSRWIRWYPYM. 550
-QTPS^ME HIGM^MSREP. 554
28. (IQSGVE'ME WIGSPYPYM EP <<--PIE. 560
4YXIVIE QMRSVMX'MPSV. 564
(IQSGVE'ME WIQMHMVIGX. 576
QTV'MVIE HIGM^MIM. 581
0VKMVIE IPMXIPSV. . . 586
1EVIE PYTX E ^MPIM HI QMRI.;: 589
%ZIQ QIRMVIE HI E GVIE. 594
1YP'YQMVM: 600
2SXI.: 5: 603
4VIJE'.
7TYRIEQ R GEVXIE HI (MEPSKYVM HIWTVI ZMMXSV1, RXVI EM GVIM
MRXIVPSGYXSVM WI E4E #M %PZMR 8S6IV, G EYXSVYP "SGYPYM ZMMXSVYPYM TIVWSREP RY
EVI RMQMG #SGERX R IP #M GVIH G IWXI EHIZVEX. 'Y XSXYP EPXJIP WXEY PYGVYVMPI GY
GIIE GI WGVMI. 'V'MPI WEPI WYRX MRXIVIWERXI, MRGMXERXI, GLMEV #M #SGERXI.
%3VQE'ME IWXI ZEPEFMP #M TIRXVY YPXMQE W PYGVEVI %P XVIMPIE ZEP. )HMXEX R
TIWXI YR QMPMSR #M NYQXEXI HI I\IQTPEVI R 7XEXIPI 9RMXI EPI %QIVMGMM,
XVEHYW R 16 'VM, 2 WIVMEPI TIRXVY XIPIZM^MYRIE GEREHMER #M GIE NETSRI^ TI
QEVKMRIE GV'MM, EGIEWXE WTYRI XSXYP.
-QIRWE EYHMIR', XEPIRXYP #M MRKIRMS^MXEXIE W RY XVIFYMI W RI JEG RW
W TVMZMQ GEVXIE JV RMGM S VIÎVZ. RWY#M EYXSVYP HIGPEV WTVI WJV#MXYP GV'MM
WEPI: 2Y EQ RGVIHIVI R SEQIRMM GEVI #M RGLMTYMI G HMWTYR HINE HI
VWTYRWYVM RXV-YR QSQIRX GRH RSM EFME RGIVGQ W JSVQYPQ RM#XI
RXVIFVM (T. 562). 'VIH G EGIEWX E3VQE'MI W-EV TSXVMZM JSEVXI FMRI GE QSXXS
EP GV'MM. 'YQ EQ TYXIE EZIE RGVIHIVI R SEQIRMM GEVI EY HSEV GIVXMXYHMRM#
4SEXI I\MWXE SEVI S GEPI QEM JIGYRH HI E XMRHI WTVI EHIZV HIGX RHSMEPE#
"M QEM EPIW RXV-YR GSRXI\X G GIP EGXYEP GEVEGXIVMÊX TVMR WGLMQFVM JSEVXI
HMREQMGI. 'XI #M GI EHIZVYVM EFWSPYXI TSX WYTVEZMI'YM RXV-S PYQI R GEVI
WGLMQFEVIE W-E EGGIPIVEX XIVMFMP #M R GEVI VIPEXMZMÊVIE #M MRGIVXMXYHMRIE EY
GVIWGYX TVIE QYPX#
R QSH IZMHIRX #M WIWMÊFMP TIRXVY 3IGEVI HMRXVI RSM, WGLMQFEVIE E
HIZIRMX S HSQMRERX E GMZMPMÊ'MIM EGXYEPI. )WXI EHIZVEX G WGLMQFEVIE E
I\MWXEX RXSXHIEYRE. )E VITVI^MRX R JSRH JSVQE HI I\MWXIR' E REXYVMM, E
ZMI'MM, E QEXIVMIM. %XYRGM HI GI S VIWMQ'MQ QEM EGYX EGYQ# (I GI WYRXIQ QEM
TVISGYTE'M HI WGLMQFEVI R TVIÎRX# 'I IWXI RSY R WMXYE'ME EGXYEP# 4SEXI
EGGIPIVEVIE VMXQYPYM #M EQTPSEVIE WE S JEG QEM TVISGYTERX #M QEM HIVYXERX,
8S6IV RWY#M ZSVFI#XI R GEVXIE WE HIWTVI GSQTVMQEVIE MRMQEKMREFMP E
XMQTYPYM. ) GE #M GYQ# 7TYRI IP# RXVIEKE ZME' EGXMZ E YRYM MRHMZMH, W
^MGIQ HI 80 000 HI SVI HI QYRG, GXI 2 000 HI SVI ERYEP, XMQT HI 40 HI
ERM# %V TYXIE 3 GSQTVMQEX R RYQEM 4,8 QMRYXI.
R GI PYQI XVMQ# 'I PYQI GSRWXVYMQ# RGSXVS QIVKIQ# :SQ WYJIVM YR
#SG EP ZMMXSVYPYM WEY GLMEV P VIWMQ'MQ HI TI EGYQ# 'I ZE VITVIÎRXE IP# :SQ
EWMWXE PE S WGLMQFEVI HI GMZMPMÊ'MI# 3EVI RY EQ TYXIE ZSVFM #M HIWTVI YR #SG
EP TVIÎRXYPYM#
8VMQ R QSH ZM^MFMP RXV-S PYQI WXVIWERX. (MR QYPXI TYRGXI HI ZIHIVI
IE E HIZIRMX GLMEV #SGERX. 8EFPSYP PYQMM GSRXIQTSVERI, GY TV'MPI WEPI
TS^MXMZI #M RIKEXMZI, RI IWXI GYRSWGYX R PMRMM KIRIVEPI. (EV GYQ EQ TYXIE W-
P R'IPIKIQ #M QEM EPIW GYQ TSEXI 3 IP EGGITXEX#
R WIGSPYP R GEVI SQYP E EGYQYPEX GYRS#XMR'IPI #XMR'M3GI #M QMNPSEGIPI
XILRSPSKMGI GEVI P-EY PERWEX R GSWQSW, TI TQRX ETVSETI YR QMPMEVH HI
SEQIRM GSRXMRY W XVMEWG R GSRYP HI YQFV EP RI#XMR'IM HI GEVXI. %Q
MRZIWXMKEX GY WYGGIW QEGVS #M QMGVSGSWQSWYP RSWXVY. %Q HIWGSTIVMX WIGVIXYP
RSVMPSV KEPEGXMGM, EP GIPYPIM KIRIXMGI #M ERXMQEXIVMIM, HEV TI ^SRI PEVKM EPI 8IVVIM
GSRXMRY W QSEV, TVEH FSPMPSV #M PMTWIM HI EWMWXIR' WERMXEV, WYXI HI
QMPMSERI HI SEQIRM. 'LIPXYMQ ETVSETI 600 QMPMEVHI HI HSPEVM TI ER RXV-S
VYMRXSEVI GYVW E REVQVMPSV. %Q VIY#MX W RÎWXVQ TI 3IGEVI PSGYMXSV EP
KPSFYPYM GY TIWXI 100 HI XSRI HI RMXVSXSPYIR, R XMQT GI WYXI HI QMPMSERI HI
SEQIRM GSRXMRY W QSEV HI JSEQI.
%Q GMXMX YRHIZE GYQ YR GSTMP NETSRI^ HI 8 ERM, HMRXV-S WYFYVFMI E
,MVSWLMQIM, RSXE R NYVREPYP WY R WITXIQFVMI 1945 G 0E 6 EYKYWX GXVI SVE
STX #M YR WJIVX HMQMRIE'E WSEVIPI E I\TPSHEX #M EGIWXE E JSWX WJV#MXYP PYQMM
(I EXYRGM Q XSX RXVIF: SEVI ZSQ PWE WSEVIPI W QSEV#
7EXIPM'MM, TIVJIG'MSREVIE XILRMGMM JSXSKVE3GI, GVI#XIVIE ZMXIÎM HI
HITPEWEVI R WTE'MY, QEWW QIHME #M QYPXI EPXI IPIQIRXI EPI GMZMPMÊ'MIM
GSRXIQTSVERI RI TIVQMX W WIWM^Q #M W R'IPIKIQ QEM FMRI EHIZVEXIPI
PMQMXI EPI TPERIXIM 4QRX. %Q QS#XIRMX YR KPSF, RY TVIE QEVI #M HIWXYP HI
JVEKMP, TI GEVI XVIFYMI W-P RKVMNMQ. (I JETX, QMGE 8IVV RY VITVI^MRX RYQEM S
ÎWXVI, GM WYTSVXYP ZMI'MM RSEWXVI. 'MRIZE WTYRIE QMRYREX: 4QRXYP RY P-EQ
QS#XIRMX HI PE TVMR'M, GM P EZIQ QTVYQYXEX HI PE GSTMMM RS#XVM. "M EXYRGM GI
PYQI GSRWXVYMQ# 'I PYQI PI PWQ#
:MMXSVYP, GYQ EQ E3VQEX EHIWIE, E HIZIRMX RY RYQEM TVISGYTERX, GM #M
TVIWERX. 7YRXIQ TVIWE'M HI IZIRMQIRXI, HI WGLMQFVM GEVI WI TIXVIG GY
VITI^MGMYRI, HI VIEPMX'M I\TPS^MFMPI.
:ME'E 3IGVYME HMRXVI RSM, ZME'E GSXMHMER WI WGLMQF GSRXMRYY. 3QYP
XVIFYMI W WI SFM#RYMEWG W IGSRSQMWIEWG IRIVKME, ETE, EPMQIRXIPI, W-#M
KSWTSHVIEWG QEM FMRI EZYXYP, W-#M EHETXIÎ EWTMVE'MMPI PE RSMPI TSWMFMPMX'M.
)WXI RIGIWEV W RI QSHM3GQ YRIPI HITVMRHIVM, SFMGIMYVM, HEV TSEXI R TVMQYP
VRH WI GIVI VIZM^YMX QSHYP R GEVI TVMZMQ #M QEM EPIW R'IPIKIQ PYGVYVMPI.
%RMM '80 EY EHYW GY IM RSM TVSZSGVM, VIWMQ'MXI MRGPYWMZ HI SQYP HI TI
WXVEH. 7I QERMJIWX PE RMZIP TPERIXEV S GVM^ IRIVKIXMG EGYX. 3
TIVXYVFEXSEVI GVM^ IGSRSQMGS-3RERGMEV #M-E I\XMRW TIVQERIRX YRHE HI
#SG. 7IKQIRXI PEVKM EPI KPSFYPYM WYRX EJIGXEXI HI S HIWGYVENERX GVM^
EPMQIRXEV. R QYPXI TV'M EPI PYQMM EKPSQIVVMPI YVFERI, GY XSX GSVXIKMYP HI
TVSFPIQI KVEZI #M KVIY WSPYFMPI, EY HIZIRMX I\XVIQ HI TVISGYTERXI. 1MÎVME
VYVEP #M S HIKVEHERX WVGMI FRXYMI ^SRI RXVIKM EPI KPSFYPYM. :MSPIR'E #M
XIVSVMWQYP, HVSKYVMPI #M GVI#XIVIE GVMQMREPMX'MM, YR XMRIVIX HIFYWSPEX JEG GE S
ERYQMX PYQI W HIZMRE XSX QEM EKVIWMZ #M QEM RITVMQMXSEVI. (IÎGLMPMFVI
EPI QIHMYPYM REXYVEP, PEGYVM #M VYVM QSEVXI, THYVM HIZEWXEXI, YR EIV XSX QEM
TSPYEX, TPSM EGMHI JEG EQFMER'E HI ZME' XSX QEM SWXMP.
0E RGLIMIVIE GIPYM HI-EP HSMPIE V^FSM QSRHMEP, GIM GI HSVIEY W 3I
EVLMXIG'MM YRIM PYQM QEM FYRI RWGVMEY TVMRXVI HI^MHIVEXIPI EGIWXIME RIZSME HI
E IPMFIVE SQIRMVIE HI V^FSEMI, HI QMÎVMI #M JSEQIXI. (MR TGEXI W-E VIEPMÊX
JSEVXI TY'MR TI EGIEWX GEPI. 'SRXMRYQ W XVMQ WYF WTIGXVYP V^FSMYPYM #M
GLMEV EP HMWXVYKIVMM WTIGMIM YQERI. 7YXI HI QMPMSERI HI SEQIRM WI ^FEX #M
EWX^M RXV-S GVYRX QMÎVMI, WYXI HI QMPMSERI HMR WIQIRMM RS#XVM WYJIV HI
JSEQI. (MR RSY EZIQ HEXSVME W RI TYRIQ RXVIFEVIE: GI PYQI GSRWXVYMQ#
4VTEWXME HMRXVI GIM FSKE'M #M GIM WVEGM E GSRXMRYEX W WI EHRGIEWG. R
ERMM '60, GRH W-E TYW TIRXVY TVMQE SEV TVSFPIQE WYW'MRIVMM YRIM HI^ZSPXVM
QEM EGGIPIVEXI E 'VMPSV QEM TY'MR HI^ZSPXEXI, TIRXVY E QMG#SVE HIGEPENIPI
I\MWXIRXI, HSQRIE YR SEVIGEVI STXMQMWQ. (IGIRMMPI HI^ZSPXVMM, TVMR RW#M
GSR#XMIRXMÊVIE SQIRMVMM EWYTVE RIGIWMX'MM VIHYGIVMM XVITXEXI E HIGEPENIPSV, GE
#M TVMR SFMIGXMZIPI PSV, EY GVIEX S WTIVER'. (YT HSY HIGIRMM, PE RGITYXYP
ERMPSV '80, W-E MRWXEYVEX YR TIWMQMWQ XSX QEM TIVWMWXIRX. 7TIGMEPM#XMM EY RGITYX
W WI RXVIFI YRHI W-E KVI#MX #M HMR GI GEY^#
(I GI EY JSWX RGIXMRMXI EXX HI QYPX GVI#XIVIE IGSRSQMG #M
HI^ZSPXEVIE, GEVI GY HSY HIGIRMM R YVQ HHIEY QSXMZI HI STXMQMWQ#
3QYP HI TI WXVEH WI RXVIEF #M IP HI GI IWXI EWX^M IWXI GSRJVYRXEX GY XSX
QEM QYPXI HM3GYPX'M #M GEVI WYRX TIVWTIGXMZIPI# 7-EY WGVMW R YPXMQYP HIGIRMY
ÎGM HI QMM HI TEKMRM, TVMR GEVI WI RGIVGE S EREPM^ QEM R TVSJYR^MQI E
GEYÎPSV WMXYE'MIM EGXYEPI #M S IZEPYEVI E TIVWTIGXMZIPSV.
%TEVM'ME TVSFPIQIPSV KPSFEPI E GVIEX YR RSY XMT HI XIRWMYRM, VIWMQ'MXI XSX
QEM MRXIRW PE RMZIP TPERIXEV. 2I E4Q IZMHIRX RXV-S ITSG HI GYXVM, HI
GPEVM3GVM. % GVIWGYX GSR#XMMR'E SQIRMVMM EWYTVE TIVMGSPIPSV GEVI RI TRHIWG.
%Y JSWX PERWEXI RYQIVSEWI TVSMIGXI MRXIVRE'MSREPI HI GIVGIXEVI, EY JSWX
SVKERMÊXI QEVM TVSKVEQI #M W-EY QSFMPMÊX IRIVKMM #M VIWYVWI RWIQREXI
TIRXVY E MHIRXM3GE TVSFPIQIPI, GEYÎPI PSV #M E TYXIE EZERWE YRIPI WSPY'MM.
2YQIVSEWI HMR VETSEVXIPI RXSGQMXI, GEVI W-EY FYGYVEX HI S PEVK VWTRHMVI
RXVI GEVI E# QIR'MSRE TI GIPI EPI PYM 1IWEVSZMG-4IWXIP, 8MRFIVKIR, 1EPM'E-
&SXOMR-)PQERHNVE, VETSVXYP &EVMPSGLI (TYFPMGEXI #M R PMQFE VSQR HI )HMXYVE
TSPMXMG) #M QEM VIGIRX GIP EP 'SQMWMIM &VERHX #M +PSFEP 2000, TIRXVY E RY
EQMRXM HIGX TI GIPI QEM GYRSWGYXI EXVEK EXIR'ME EWYTVE RYQIVSEWIPSV
TIVMGSPI GEVI GSRJVYRX SQIRMVIE.
2Y IWXI PSGYP EMGM W HMWGYXQ GEPMXEXIE #M ETSVXYP PSV. 9R PYGVY WI
MQTYRI RW GY XSEX IZMHIR'E: SQIRMVIE RY ZE TYXIE GSRXMRYE W IZSPYIÎ
TI ZIGLMPI GSSVHSREXI. 7-EY EGYQYPEX R PYQI PE SVE EGXYEP EXX HI QYPXI
TVSFPIQI HI S KVEZMXEXI I\XVIQ, GEVI EY JGYX GE XSX QEM QYPXI 'VM, XSX QEM
QYPXI KYZIVRI W HIZMR GSR#XMIRXI HI RIGIWMXEXIE YRSV WGLMQFVM VEHMGEPI.
RWI#M TEGIE #M I\MWXIR'E GMZMPMÊ'MIM YQERI WYRX GSRXMRYY EQIRMR'EXI.
4VI#IHMRXIPI 6SQRMIM EVXE GY S JSEVXI GPEV MRXYM'MI TSPMXMG #M YR HI^ZSPXEX
WMQ' HI VIWTSRWEFMPMXEXI TIRXVY WSEVXE SQIRMVMM G 7MXYE'ME MRXIVRE'MSREP
IWXI RW HISWIFMX HI GSQTPI\ #M GSRXVEHMGXSVMI. 'VM^ IGSRSQMG RHISWIFM
GIE IRIVKIXMG, E TIXVSPYPYM EGGIRXYEVIE GVMÎM TSPMXMGS-WSGMEPI E PYQMM
GETMXEPMWXI HIXIVQMR, R ^MPIPI RSEWXVI, S EWGY'MVI JV TVIGIHIRX E
GSRXVEHMG'MMPSV WSGMEPI, MRXIRWM3GEVIE EGXMZMX'MM HI GSRWSPMHEVI #M VIQTV'MVI E
WJIVIPSV HI MR4YIR', GSRXMRYEVIE ZIGLMM TSPMXMGM MQTIVMEPMWXI HI JSV' #M HMGXEX,
HI RGPGEVI E PMFIVX'MM #M MRHITIRHIR'IM TSTSEVIPSV.
R EGIWXI GSRHM'MM ETEV QEM RIGIWEVI GE SVMGRH YRMVIE #M GSRPYGVEVIE
XSX QEM WXVRW E TSTSEVIPSV, E JSV'IPSV REMRXEXI TIRXVY STVMVIE EKVEZVMM
WMXYE'MIM MRXIVRE'MSREPI, TIRXVY VIPYEVIE #M GSRXMRYEVIE TSPMXMGMM HI HIWXMRHIVI,
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TSVRIWG HI JETX HI PE MRZIWXMKEVIE VIEPMX'MPSV MRHYWXVMEPMWQYPYM SGGMHIRXEP, HI
XMT GETMXEPMWX. RGIVGVMPI HI E RKLIWYM XSEXI VIEPMX'MPI WYF TPVME QEVI E
ZEPYVMPSV XVIFYMI TVMZMXI GY GMVGYQWTIG'MI, RYER'EX. 9XMPMÊVIE MRWY3GMIRX HI
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2Y XVIFYMI W-1 JEG TI GMXMXSV TVM^SRMIVYP YRSV GSRJY^MM MHISPSKMGI.
R GMYHE YRSV RGIVGVM RIQVXYVMWMXI EPI EYXSVYPYM HI RHITVXEVI HI
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I\TPMGMX, I#IGYP MRHYWXVMEPMWQYPYM SGGMHIRXEP HI XMT GETMXEPMWX. (I#M IP
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WMWXIQ #M WXVYGXYVMPI WEPI, SFMIGXMZIPI TSPMXMGI, MIVEVLMÊVIE TVMSVMX'MPSV, ZEPSVMPI
#M GSRGITXIPI MQTPMGEXI IXG. -RHMG REXYVE, MHISPSKME #M WGSTYVMPI YVQVMXI HI
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TSX 3 EGGITXEXI MRXIKVEP, EPXIPI HSEV TEV'MEP, GY ERYQMXI EQIRHEQIRXI, MEV
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#M EXYRGM GRH WYRX RIKEXI R RXVIKMQI.
R JSRH, W RY YMXQ G RWY#M 8S6IV E3VQE G RY EVI RGVIHIVI R
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#M XIQI QENSVI HI VI4IG'MI.
7 RY WGTQ HMR ZIHIVI G YRISVM IWXI QEM MQTSVXERX W WIWMÎ^M S
TVSFPIQ, W TYM GSVIGX S RXVIFEVI, W RGIVGM W HI3RI#XM GSVIGX S TVSFPIQ,
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WTI' IGSRSQIXVME WEY GIVGIXVMPI STIVE'MSREPI, EY JSWX HIÊZYEXI TIRXVY G
RY EY VIY#MX W VI^SPZI R QSH GSVIWTYR^XSV TVSFPIQI IGSRSQMGI TVEGXMGI.
(EV VEVISVM W-E VIGYRSWGYX G I#IGYP W-E HEXSVEX #M JETXYPYM G IGSRSQM#XMM R-
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IP PE GSRGPY^ME G HI SFMGIM IWXI QEM MQTSVXERX S RXVIFEVI TSXVMZMX HIGX
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RWIEQR XSXSHEX S EWGY'MVI E WTMVMXYPYM GVMXMG, E VMKSVMM NYHIG'MPSV #M S
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^YKVZMX-S EMGM, ZE TVMRHI GLMT GY RIGIWMXEXI (T. 488).
7YRXIQ RG R TIVMSEHE QEVMPSV RXVIFVM R GEVI VWTYRWYVMPI RY TSX 3
HIGX TVSZM^SVMM #M TEV'MEPI. %GIEWXE RY RWIEQR W RGIXQ W PI GYXQ.
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R'IPIEK ZE 3 HYW HI ZEPYVM GE S ITEZ3. %GIWX WMQ'QRX HIZMRI GY EXX QEM
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PYQMR GVIH G XVIFYMI TVMZMX #M GEVXIE HI JE'.
%PZMR 8S6IV IWXI R QSH RIRHSMSW YR WGVMMXSV MRXIVIWERX, MQEKMREXMZ. )P
EVI R EGIPE#M XMQT YR EWGY'MX WTMVMX WTIGYPEXMZ. %PXJIP TSEXI RMGM RY EV VIY#M W
3I EXX HI MRGMXERX. (EV HMR EGIEWX ^SR TVSZMR #M TVMRGMTEPIPI GETGERI,
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IPIQIRXI GEVI TSX W M WI TEV EVXM3GMEPI WEY GIP TY'MR HMWGYXEFMPI. %P XVIMPIE
ZEP, WTYRI EYXSVYP RWY#M, RY IWXI S TVIZM^MYRI SFMIGXMZ #M RY WI TVIXMRHI S
HIQSRWXVE'MI #XMMR'M3G. (EV IE RY WI ZVIE RMGM S YXSTMI. )P TVIJIV W-S
RYQIEWG S TVEGXSTMI. 4VMR EGIEWXE 8S6IV GVIHI R ETEVM'ME YRIM PYQM TI
GEVI RY S GSRWMHIV RMGM GIE QEM VIE HMR XSEXI PYQMPI TSWMFMPI, HEV TI GEVI S
ZIHI VIEPMÊFMP #M XSXSHEX TVIJIVEFMP GIPIM HI GEVI RI HIWTV'MQ. (I GEVI
PYQI RI HIWTV'MQ# )\MWX SEVI S PYQI YRMG# 3EVI RY IWXI EFWSPYX IZMHIRX
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#M GYVENYP EFSVHVMM YRSV TVSFPIQI RSM, MQEKMRE'ME W JIGYRH, WTMVMXYP WY
GVIEXMZ, FEÊX GIP QEM EHIWIE TI JETXI, TI VIEPMX'M, TI EQTPI MRZIWXMKE'MM. )WXI
GSRGPYHIRX R EGIWX WIRW G IP GEYX QYPXI HMR WIQRIPI ZMMXSVYPYM R JETXI, R
WGLMQFVM, GEVI WI QERMJIWX HINE HI TI EGYQ, R QSH QEM TVIKRERX WEY
MRGMTMIRX. 4SEXI #M EGIWX PYGVY JEGI TEVXI HMR TYRGXIPI JSVXI EPI PYGVVMM WEPI.
7TYRIEQ G RY QM WI TEVI PSGYP TSXVMZMX TIRXVY E RGIVGE S HMWGY'MI
EWYTVE GEPMX'MM GSRWXVYG'MIM WEPI. 8SXY#M GXIZE IPIQIRXI Q SFPMK W-1
EZIVXMÎ^ TI GMXMXSV EWYTVE PSV. %PZMR 8S6IV, GE YR SFWIVZEXSV EXIRX EP
VIEPMX'MPSV, IWXI YR JSEVXI FYR GYRSWGXSV EP WSGMIX'MM GETMXEPMWXI
GSRXIQTSVERI #M RHISWIFM EP GIPIM EQIVMGERI. )P HIWGVMI GY TVIGM^MI #M
SFMIGXMZMXEXI GVI#XIVIE MRHYWXVMEPMWQYPYM #M E I\TPSEXVMM GETMXEPMWXI EP GIPYM
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EJEGIVI HI QEVI ERZIVKYV, GEVI E WGLMQFEX QMGYP MQTIVMEPMWQ R QEVI
MQTIVMEPMWQ (Z. T. 131 #M YVQ.). :EPYP EP HSMPIE RY TYXIE, E#E GYQ
GSRWMHIV EYXSVYP, W WI E3VQI JV GSXVSTMVI, I\TPSEXEVI, VIWYVWI MIJXMRI #M
JV GVIEVIE YRIM TMI'I QSRHMEPI MRXIKVEXI.
7YRX HIWGVMWI QEKMWXVEP REXYVE, IWIR'E #M WIQRM3GE'MMPI TVSGIWYPYM HI
IHM3GEVI E TMI'IM GETMXEPMWXI MRXIVRE'MSREPI, QEVOIXMÊVIE PYQMM, HI GXVI
GMZMPMÊ'ME GIPYM HI-EP HSMPIE ZEP (T. 386 387), JIPYP GYQ XMQT HI 300 HI ERM
E EZYX PSG EGIEWX I\TERWMYRI E GETMXEPMWQYPYM (T. 139 140), EWYTVMVIE TVMR
ZMSPIR' #M HIGMQEVI GI E RWS'MX IHM3GEVIE MQTIVMYPYM GSPSRMEP (T. 139), GE #M
PYTXE HMRXVI QEVMPI TYXIVM TIRXVY VIQTV'MVIE PYQMM (T. 140). 1 WMQX XIRXEX
EMGM W IZSG YR TEWEN EP EYXSVYPYM HI QE\MQ GSRGIRXVEVI: (YT GYQ
HEVZMRMWQYP WSGMEP E HEX S I\TPMGE'MI VE'MSREP GETMXEPMWQYPYM WTYRI IP
EGIEWX EVSKER' GYPXYVEP E RHVITX'MX MQTIVMEPMWQYP. 3VHMRIE MRHYWXVMEP R
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TIRXVY E PI SF'MRI PE TVI'YVM VIHYWI, GLMEV HEG #XIVKIE HI TI JE'E TQRXYPYM
WSGMIX'M EKVMGSPI WEY E#E-^MW TVMQMXMZI. -HIIE IZSPY'MIM WSGMEPI E JYVRMÊX
XIQIMYVM MRXIPIGXYEPI #M QSVEPI TIRXVY E XVEXE TSTSEVIPI RIMRHYWXVMEPI HVITX
MRJIVMSEVI HIGM MRETXI W WYTVEZMI'YMEWG (T. 146).
'Y EGIIE#M SFMIGXMZMXEXI #M EWGY'MX WTMVMX HI SFWIVZE'MI HIWGVMI EYXSVYP
GYQ EY RGITYX WXVEXIKMM 3RERGMEVM EQIVMGERM, RG HMR 1941, W PYGVIÎ PE
TPERYP HI VIMRXIKVEVI TSWXFIPMG E IGSRSQMIM QSRHMEPI, GEVI W JEZSVMÎÎ 7.
9. %. )P TVI^MRX, GY GSQTIXIR'E GYRSWGXSVYPYM, IWIR'E #M VSPYP HIWXMREX PE
XMQTYP WY 'SRJIVMR'IM HI PE &VIXXSR ;SSHW, *SRHYPYM 1SRIXEV -RXIVRE'MSREP #M
&RGMM 1SRHMEPI (T. 142).
%PZMR 8S6IV GYRSE#XI #M TYRI R IZMHIR' VEGMPIPI I\TPSEXVMM GETMXEPMWXI
WEY GEYÎPI VIEPI EPI #SQENYPYM, GEVI, R STMRME WE, RY GSRWXEY R PIRIE WEY
I#IGYVMPI MRHMZMHYEPI, GM R VITEVXM'ME MRIGLMXEFMP E EZIVMM #M ST'MYRMPI HI
MRZIWXM'MM (T. 280). 3FWIVZE'MIM WEPI TXVYR^XSEVI RY-M WGET WYFWXVEXYP
XIRHIR'MSW EP HEV[MRM#XMPSV HMR #XMMR'IPI WSGMEPI, GEVI EY WYW'MRYX G TVMRGMTMYP
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MRHMZM^MM GIM QEM FSKE'M #M QEM TYXIVRMGM WYRX GIM QEM ET'M #M QEM QIVMXYS#M (T.
145). )P HIWGVMI GY S QYPXMXYHMRI HI HEXI #M JETXI GSRGPYHIRXI JSV'E
HIÊKVIKEXSEVI E ZMSPIR'IM R PYQIE SGGMHIRXEP, E EXIRXEXIPSV XIVSVMWXI, E
VIGVYHIWGIR'IM PYTXIM ERXMHIQSGVEXMGI #M JEWGMWQYPYM (T. 535 541), GIIE GI
M NYWXM3G E3VQE'ME G R EIV TPYXI#XI TEVG S HYLSEVI KVI'SEW. )WXI
HYLSEVIE GMZMPMÊ'MIM QYVMFYRHI E GIPYM HI EP HSMPIE ZEP (T. 494). 8SXSHEX,
IP VIWMQXI KVEZMXEXIE RWXVMRVMM MRHMZMHYPYM, RIZSME WE HI GSQYRMXEXI HI
WXVYGXYV #M HI WIRW (T. 494 #M YVQ.). %YXSVYP TYRI R IZMHIR', GY S
SFWIVZE'MI I\XVIQ HI WYFXMP, GYQ WMRKYVXEXIE, PMTWE HI WXVYGXYV #M
WIRXMQIRXYP PMTWIM HI WIRW EP ZMI'MM, GI RWS'IWG HIGPMRYP GMZMPMÊ'MIM MRHYWXVMEPI,
I\TPMG S WIVMI HI JIRSQIRI HIVYXERXI EPI ITSGMM RSEWXVI #M R TVMQYP VRH
YMQMXSEVIE TVSPMJIVEVI E WIGXIPSV (T. 505 #M YVQ.).
%PXYVM HI WEXMWJEG'MMPI TI GEVI 'M PI TSX TVSZSGE TEVGYVKIVIE EGIWXIM
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TS'M W-'M QERMJI#XM S SEVIGEVI MRWEXMWJEG'MI TVMZMRH QSHYP R GEVI IWXI
GSRGITYX GMZMPMÊ'ME, VIHYW PE XILRSWJIV, WSGMSWJIV, MRJSWJIV #M JSV'IPI HI
TYXIVI. 'IIE GI TSEXI 3 GSRWMHIVEX HISTSXVMZ TVIE WMQTPM3GEX #M MRGSQTPIX.
7I TSEXI HMWGYXE HIWTVI GSRZIR'MSREPMWQYP GI I\MWX R EGIWX QSH HI
EFSVHEVI. 7I TSEXI HMWGYXE HI EWIQIRIE HIWTVI KVEHYP HI EHIGZEVI WEY
MREHIGZEVI E GSRGITXYPYM GIRXVEP EP GV'MM, E MRWXVYQIRXYPYM TVMRGMTEP HI
MRZIWXMKE'MI, EGIPE HI ZEP; HEG IP VITVI^MRX RXV-EHIZV YR MRWXVYQIRX
TSXVMZMX HI GIVGIXEVI. 4SEXI 3 HI^FXYX RIZSME HI E GPEVM3GE PIKXYVMPI GI
I\MWX RXVI ZEP, GMZMPMÊ'MI #M SVRHYMVI WSGMEP, RXVI FE^ #M WYTVEWXVYGXYV
WEY RXVI GMZMPMÊ'MI, GYPXYV #M ZEPSVM.
(I#M IWIR'MEPI, RY EGIWXI PYGVYVM QM WI TEV XSXY#M GIPI QEM 4EKVERXI. )PI
TSX 3 HMWGYXEFMPI R GE^YP SVMGVYM IPEFSVEX HI EWIQIRIE TVSTSV'MM. *MIGEVI
EYXSV TSEXI EFSVHE EREPMÊ EGIWXSV TVSFPIQI HMR TYRGXI HI ZIHIVI JSEVXI
HMJIVMXI, GY QEM QYPX WEY QEM TY'MR WYGGIW. "M IWXI HVITXYP 3IGVYM GIVGIXXSV
W-#M EPIEK MRWXVYQIRXIPI, QIXSHSPSKME #M GSRGITXIPI GY GEVI STIVIE^,
EWYQRHY-#M VMWGYVMPI WYGGIWYPYM WEY MRWYGGIWYPYM HIQIVWYPYM WY. *ETXYP G
YRISVM 8S6IV RGIEVG W TYR WIQRYP IKEP RXVI YRIPI TVSGIWI #M JIRSQIRI
GI WI QERMJIWX R GETMXEPMWQ #M R WSGMEPMWQ IWXI RY RYQEM S WMQTPM3GEVI
MREHQMWMFMP TIRXVY SVMGI EREPM^ GX HI GX #XMMR'M3G VYTRH JETXIPI HMR
GSRXI\X WEY VIGYVKRH GIP QEM EHIWIE PE WMQTPI E3VQE'MM GM TSEXI 3 GEPM3GEX
GE S EXMXYHMRI HMR GEVI HMWTEVI SFMIGXMZMXEXIE #XMMR'M3G.
'MZMPMÊ'ME WIGSPYPYM EP <<-PIE #M XVERWPE'ME WTVI GIE E WIGSPYPYM EP <<--PIE
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HI QSHYP R GEVI %PZMR 8S6IV EFSVHIE^ R YRIPI GE^YVM EGIWXI TVSFPIQI. 2Y
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S EREPM^ PE SFMIGX #M RY VIGYVKIVIE PE E3VQE'MM TVMR WMQMPMXYHMRI.
7SGMEPMWQYP, GY XSEXI I\TIVMIR'IPI WEPI TS^MXMZI #M RIKEXMZI, GY XSEXI
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VITVI^MRX S IXET RSY, WYTIVMSEV TI WGEVE TVSKVIWYPYM WSGMEP. 2MQIRM RY
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MRIVIRXI YRIM STIVI HI EWIQIRIE TVSTSV'MM, IWXI XSGQEM VIGYRSE#XIVIE
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)P VIQEVG GYQ R#M#M QYRGMXSVMM VIGPEQ XSX QEM MRWMWXIRX TEVXMGMTEVIE PE
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EPI GVMÎM EGXYEPI 8S6IV WTYRI G WTVI HISWIFMVI HI GVMÎPI HMR XVIGYX IE
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ZSVFE, RXV-YR GYZRX, HI GVMÊ KIRIVEP E GMZMPMÊ'MIM MRHYWXVMEPI R
ERWEQFPY (T. 304).
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WEY WSGMEPMWX (T. 117), E RXVITVMRHIVMPSV GETMXEPMWXI WEY WSGMEPMWXI (T. 68) WEY
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WSGMEPMWXI #M GIPI GETMXEPMWXI FRGMPI GIRXVEPI #M TSPMXMGMPI QSRIXEVI #M
3WGEPI RE'MSREPI ETVIGMMRH G RMGMYRYP HMR EGIWXI MRWXVYQIRXI RY QEM H
EWX^M VERHEQIRX (T. 352). "M E#E QEM HITEVXI.
2MQIRM RY-M RIEK PYM 8S6IV HVITXYP HI E GVMXMGE WSGMIXEXIE GETMXEPMWX #M
RMGM RY M WI TSEXI RIKE HVITXYP HI E JEGI SFWIVZE'MM GVMXMGI GY TVMZMVI PE
WSGMIXEXIE WSGMEPMWX. 3 JEGIQ EHIWIE GLMEV RSM. (EV RY QM WI TEVI WY3GMIRX
GE EXYRGM GRH GVMXMG TVSGIWI, JIRSQIRI WEY S WXEVI HI JETX I\MWXIRX R
WSGMIXEXIE MRHYWXVMEP GETMXEPMWX, EHIWIE HSEV W E3VQI G PYGVYVMPI WYRX
ZEPEFMPI #M TIRXVY WSGMIXEXIE MRHYWXVMEP WSGMEPMWX. %GIWXI EWTIGXI WI GIV
EREPMÊXI WITEVEX HI 3IGEVI HEX #M HIQSRWXVEX ZEPEFMPMXEXIE GSRGPY^MIM.
7MQTP E3VQE'MI RY TSEXI 'MRI PSGYP HI EVKYQIRXI.
2Y XVMQ RXV-S PYQI YRMJSVQ. (MQTSXVMZ, SQIRMVIE IWXI GEVEGXIVMÊX
EWX^M, TSEXI QEM TVIKRERX HIGX R XVIGYX, TVMR HMZIVWMXEXI. 2Y XVMQ RMGM RXV-
S PYQI FMTSPEV, GM RXV-YR YRMZIVW IGSRSQMG, XILRSPSKMG, WSGMEP, MHISPSKMG,
GYPXYVEP, IXRMG IXG. )\XVIQ HI HMZIVW. 2Y XVMQ RMGM RYQEM RXV-S GMZMPMÊ'MI
MRHYWXVMEP GETMXEPMWX #M WSGMEPMWX. )\MWX RG RYQIVSEWI XMTYVM HI GMZMPMÊ'MI,
GYPXYVM HMJIVMXI, WSGMIX'M E4EXI R HMJIVMXI WXEHMM HI HI^ZSPXEVI IGSRSQMG,
EWMWXQ PE S TVSPMJIVEVI E EPXIVREXMZIPSV HI HI^ZSPXEVI. 'YZRXYP HSQMRERX
RY IWXI YRMJSVQMXEXIE, GM QEM HIKVEF HMZIVWMXEXIE.
QTV'MVIE PYQMM R WSGMEPMWQ #M GETMXEPMWQ IWXI R JSRH IE RW#M S
WMQTPM3GEVI. 6IEPMXEXIE ^MPIPSV RSEWXVI IWXI MR3RMX QEM RYER'EX. )\MWX 'VM
GETMXEPMWXI GEVI WI HISWIFIWG RXVI IPI HMR QYPXMTPI TYRGXI HI ZIHIVI GE
RMZIP HI HI^ZSPXEVI IGSRSQMG, GE WMWXIQ HI SVKERMÊVI #M TSPMXMGM IGSRSQMGI,
GE WMWXIQI MRWXMXY'MSREPI, GE XVEHM'MM GYPXYVEPI, GE MHISPSKMM #M MRXIVIWI, GE
VIPMKMM, GE WXMP HI ZME' IXG, IXG. "M I\MWX 'VM WSGMEPMWXI GEVI #M IPI, R TS3HE
GEVEGXIVMWXMGMPSV GSQYRI HI IWIR', WI HISWIFIWG TVMR RYQIVSEWI
TEVXMGYPEVMX'M. %GIEWXE JV W QEM ZSVFMQ HI I\MWXIR'E YRIM QYPXMXYHMRM HI
'VM E4EXI R GYVW HI HI^ZSPXEVI WMXYEXI R )YVSTE, %JVMGE, %WME WEY %QIVMGE
0EXMR #M GEVI WI HISWIFIWG #M IPI JSEVXI QYPX RXVI IPI.
'MXMXSVYP EZMÊX, I\MKIRX, ZE #XM W WI JIVIEWG HI YRIPI GETGERI, HI
NYHIG'M TVIE WMQTPM3GEXSEVI, IVSREXI, GYQ ZE #XM W VIGYRSEWG #M NYWXI'IE #M
EGYMXEXIE YRSV SFWIVZE'MM TIVXMRIRXI EPI EYXSVYPYM TVMZMRH I\MWXIR'E YRSV
IPIQIRXI HI GMZMPMÊ'MI GSQYR, E YRSV TVSFPIQI KPSFEPI WEY IPIQIRXI HI
GVM^ GEVI EJIGXIE^ RXVIEKE TPERIX. 2Y VEVISVM QEVMPI WMRXIÎ EY JSWX
TRHMXI HI TIVMGSPYP YRSV WMQTPM3GVM I\GIWMZI, EP XMTEVIPSV, EP NYHIGE'MPSV TVIE
TY'MR RYER'EXI, EP ZEPSVMPSV TSPEVMÊRXI, EP ETVIGMIVMPSV FMYRMZSGI, HE-RY, FYR-
VY, EPF-RIKVY. "M ZME'E RY W-E PWEX RMGMSHEX RGSVWIXEX EXX HI QYPX, JV W
WI V^FYRI.
2MGM 8S6IV RY W-E TYXYX WYWXVEKI GSQTPIX YRSV EWIQIRIE TIVMGSPI.
QTSXVMZE EZIVXMWQIRXIPSV VITIXEXI TI GEVI PI EHVIWIE^ IP RWY#M GMXMXSVYPYM,
WTYRRHY-M G RY XVIFYMI W TVIME 3IGEVI E3VQE'MI EH PMXIVEQ, JV YR HVEQ
HI RHSMEP, I\MWX R GEVXIE WE RYQIVSEWI E3VQE'MM #M ETVIGMIVM JV IGLMZSG.
7 RI VIJIVMQ, HI TMPH, PE GSRGITXYP GIRXVEP EP GV'MM WEPI, EGIPE HI ZEP.
%YXSVYP E3VQ G 3HEX GI RI HQ WIEQE G W-E TSVRMX S PYTX ETVMK RXVI
GIM GEVI ZSV W QIR'MR MRHYWXVMEPMWQYP #M GIM GEVI ZSV W-P RPSGYMEWG (R. RW.
'MRI WYRX EGIME#) WYRXIQ R TSWIWME GLIMM (WYFP. 2W.) GEVI RI ZE TIVQMXI W
R'IPIKIQ PYQIE. (EV, GIIE GI IWXI #M QEM MQTSVXERX, 3I G IPEFSVQ TSPMXMGE
YRIM 'VM, 3I G WXEFMPMQ WXVEXIKME YRIM 3VQI IGSRSQMGI, 3I G LSXVQ
SFMIGXMZIPI ZMI'MM RSEWXVI TIVWSREPI, WYRXIQ R TSWIWME YRYM RSY MRWXVYQIRX
GY GEVI W WGLMQFQ PYQIE (WYFP. 2W.) (T. 55). )WXI R QSH IZMHIRX IWIR'MEP
W R'IPIKIQ WIRWYP, REXYVE #M IWIR'E WGLMQFVMPSV, TIRXVY E TYXIE W RI
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R TSWIWME YRSV MRWXVYQIRXI GY GEVEGXIV HI TEREGIY YRMZIVWEP I\MWX S QEVI
HMWXER'. (I#M FYR GYRSWGXSV EP VIEPMX'MPSV PYQMM GSRXIQTSVERI, IP WI PEW
YRISVM JYVEX HI E3VQE'MM QYPX TVIE IGLMZSGI, GYQ EV 3 #M EGIIE G WVEGMM #M
FSKE'MM HISTSXVMZ WXEY EGYQ EPMRME'M PE WXEVX, KEXE W TSVRIEWG RXV-S RSY
GYVW WTVI ZMMXSV, M^FMXSV HMJIVMX HI GIIE GI EQ Z^YX TR EGYQ (T. 472). 'I
GYVW TSEXI 3 ERKENEX RXVI HSM TEVXIRIVM HI RXVIGIVI EXX HI MRIKEPM HMR
WXEVX#
(I#M EGIEWX TVIJE'E RY WI HSVI#XI E 3 YR WXYHMY MRXVSHYGXMZ GEVI W
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8S6IV, I\MWX RYQIVSEWI XIÎ EPI EYXSVYPYM GEVI RY TSX 3 EGGITXEXI, TIRXVY
G IPI RY GSVIWTYRH VIEPMX'MPSV. (I I\IQTPY, RY TSEXI 3 EGGITXEX QSHYP R
GEVI WYRX EFSVHEXI TIVWTIGXMZIPI WXEXYPYM-RE'MYRI, EPI WYZIVERMX'MM RE'MSREPI.
)WXI GYRSWGYX WIRWMFMPMXEXIE RE'MYRMPSV #M RHISWIFM E GIPSV QMGM #M QMNPSGMM, E
XMRIVIPSV WXEXI VIGIRX IPMFIVEXI HI WYF GSPSRMEPMWQ JE' HI EGIWX WYFMIGX. R
6SQRME I\MWX YR TVSJYRH EXE#EQIRX JE' HI GSRGITXYP HI WYZIVERMXEXI
RE'MSREP #M S GSR#XMMR' ZMI TVMZMRH VSPYP MQTSVXERX GI VIZMRI WXEXYPYM RE'MSREP
R EWMKYVEVIE TVSKVIWYPYM IGSRSQMGS-WSGMEP EP GSPIGXMZMX'MPSV RE'MSREPI #M EP
YQERMX'MM R KIRIVEP R IXETE EGXYEP.
'YQ VIQEVGE XSZEV#YP 2MGSPEI 'IEY#IWGY, 4SVRMRH HI PE GSRGIT'ME
QEXIVMEPMWX-HMEPIGXMG #M MWXSVMG TVMZMXSEVI PE VSPYP RE'MYRMM R WSGMIXEXI HIGM #M
R WSGMIXEXIE WSGMEPMWX HI PE JETXYP G TIRXVY S TIVMSEH PYRK HI XMQT,
MRGPYWMZ R GSQYRMWQ, RE'MYRIE ZE GSRXMRYE W EMF YR VSP MQTSVXERX R
TVSKVIWYP WSGMIX'MM, R GSRPYGVEVIE GY EPXI RE'MYRM, EZIQ SFPMKE'ME W JEGIQ
XSXYP TIRXVY HI^ZSPXEVIE RWY#MVMPSV RSM EPI RE'MYRMM RSEWXVI, TIRXVY
SQSKIRMÊVIE #M RXVMVIE YRMX'MM IM, GE JEGXSV JYRHEQIRXEP EP ZMGXSVMIM
WSGMEPMWQYPYM #M GSQYRMWQYPYM R 6SQRME.
*MMRH IP RWY#M TVM^SRMIVYP TVSTVMMPSV MRWXVYQIRXI HI GIVGIXEVI R
XIVQIRMM TVIE KPSFEPM #M TVIE TY'MR RYER'E'M EM ZEPYVMPSV HI GMZMPMÊ'MI
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#M GRH ZSVFI#XI HI VSPYP #M PSGYP WXEXYPYM-RE'MYRI #M TIVWTIGXMZIPI WEPI IP RY
TPIEG HI PE S EREPM^ WTIGM3G FEÊX TI VIEPMX'MPI I\MWXIRXI R 'VMPI
GETMXEPMWXI, R GIPI WSGMEPMWXI WEY EPI PYQMM E XVIME. 9RISVM E3VQE'MMPI WEPI
TVMZMRH TIVWTIGXMZIPI VSPYPYM #M PSGYPYM WXEXYPYM-RE'MYRI WYRX JYRHEQIRXEXI QEM
HIKVEF TI HSVMR'E EYXSVYPYM HI E GVIE S GSRWXVYG'MI GSIVIRX GIPYM HI-EP
XVIMPIE ZEP HIGX TI S GIVGIXEVI E VIEPMX'MPSV. %PXISVM GSRWXEXVMPI WEPI WI
FEÎE^ TI JETXI, TI VIEPMX'M HMR 'VMPI GETMXEPMWXI. (IEPXJIP, IP WTYRI PE YR
QSQIRX HEX G KYZIVRIPI RE'MSREPI HMR ;EWLMRKXSR, 0SRHVE WEY 4EVMW
GSRXMRY, R KIRIVEP ZSVFMRH, W MQTYR YRSV GSPIGXMZMX'M XSX QEM HMZIVKIRXI
#M QEM WIKQIRXEXI SVMIRXVM YRMJSVQI, WXERHEVHMÊXI, GSRGITYXI TIRXVY S
WSGMIXEXI HI QEW (T. 430).
RXV-YR EWIQIRIE GSRXI\X, GMXMXSVYP ZE #XM WMRKYV W EREPMÎÎ E3VQE'MMPI
GYTVMRWI R GEVXI GY TVMZMVI PE TIVWTIGXMZIPI WXEXYPYM-RE'MYRI #M E WYZIVERMX'MM
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GSRWMHIVE'MM EPI EYXSVYPYM TI QEVKMRIE YRSV XVERWJSVQVM ZMMXSEVI R YRIPI
HSQIRMM EPI ZMI'MM WSGMEPI GYQ WYRX #M GIPI TVMZMRH TIVWTIGXMZIPI JEQMPMIM G
RYGPIY HI FE^ EP WSGMIX'MM.
0YM RY-M ZE 3 KVIY W-#M HIE WIEQE HI JETXYP G IZSPY'MMPI ZSV 3
HISWIFMXI R HMJIVMXI WSGMIX'M R JYRG'MI HI WTIGM3GYP EGIWXSVE, HI ZEPSVM, HI
XVEHM'MM GYPXYVEPI IXG, IXG.
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EPXJIP, RG HMR MRXVSHYGIVI IP EXVEKI EXIR'ME GMXMXSVYPYM G EXYRGM GRH E3VQ
G GIZE WI ZE RXQTPE EGIEWXE XVIFYMI PYEX GY VIÎVZE MRGIVXMXYHMRMM (T.
38). "M GYQ WTYRIEQ, IP RWY#M E3VQ PE YR QSQIRX HEX G GMZMPMÊ'ME GIPYM HI
EP XVIMPIE ZEP RY ZE TVMRHI GLMT GY RIGIWMXEXI E#E GYQ E ^YKVZMX-S EYXSVYP
R GEVXIE WE (T. 488).
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E TEVXMHYPYM RSWXVY JE' HI TVIÎRXEVIE PEVK E QM#GVMM GSRXIQTSVERI HI MHIM,
E WGLMQFYPYM HI MRJSVQE'MM, TIRXVY WXMQYPEVIE TVSGIWIPSV HI EREPM^, VI4IG'MI
#M GVIE'MI. %#E GYQ EVXE TVI#IHMRXIPI 6SQRMIM 1EM QYPX GE SVMGRH,
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TVIÎRX #M RYQIVSEWI EWTIGXI GY GEVI ZSQ 3 GSRJVYRXE'M R ERMM GI ZMR. RW#M
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WTIGMEPM^VMM, WMRGVSRM^VMM, GSRGIRXVVMM, QE\MQM^VMM #M GIRXVEPM^VMM I\GIWMZI
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E GEPMX'MM VIPE'MMPSV WSGMEPI, GE #M HI^FEXIVIE YRSV WGLMQFVM IWIR'MEPI TI GEVI
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GV'M MRGMXERXI.
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EGIEWXE E QTMRW KEPIVMMPI HI QMR QIVIY QEM EHRG, TR GRH ZIGLMPI
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VIGYRSWGRH HIREXYVEVIE TI GEVI S MQTPMG EGIEWX ST'MYRI. R EGIWX WTMVMX,
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TPERM3GEXSVMM FMVSGVE'M, QIRXEPMXEXIE GERXMXEXMZ #M GEPGYPEX, IXMGE
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TI GEVI S I\TPSEXE ^MPRMG TVMR QYRGE WE. 8SXY#M, R QSH TEVEHS\EP, W-E KVFMX
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%PMER'E 2E'MSREP TIRXVY TEXIVRMXEXIE ST'MSREPE, GEVI ETV HVITXYVMPI
GYTPYVMPSV JV GSTMM #M GSQFEXI TVSTEKERH R JEZSEVIE REXEPMX'MM.
3 SVKERMÊ'MI WMQMPEV, %WSGME'ME RE'MSREP TIRXVY TIVWSERIPI JV GSTMM,
E PYEX 3MR' R 1EVIE &VMXERMI #M TIWXI XSX R )YVSTE QYPXI GYTPYVM LSXVWG W
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R 3IGEVI QSQIRX RW I\MWX S ERYQMX PMQMX E GETEGMX'MM IPMXIPSV
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1EVIE PYTX E ^MPIM HI QMRI.
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WYTVEPYTXE TIRXVY ^MYE HI QMRI.
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RSMPSV JSV'I TSPMXMGI EPI GIPYM HI %P 8VIMPIE :EP.
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GEHVYP YRIM GMZMPMÊ'MM HI XMT MRHYWXVMEP.
,SXEVYP HMRXVI GIPI HSY XEFIVI RY IWXI RG RIX XVEWEX. 'E MRHMZM^M, GIM
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PMXMKMSEWI TEV RG RIGPEVI #M JV PIKXYVM RXVI IPI. 4I HIEWYTVE, 3IGEVI
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HISWIFMVM IRSVQI.
4IRXVY ETVXSVMM GIPYM HI %P (SMPIE :EP IWXI GEVEGXIVMWXMG JETXYP G PYTX
QTSXVMZE TYXIVMM QMRSVMX'MPSV; G MEY R HIVHIVI HIQSGVE'ME HMVIGX, RYQMRH-
S TSTYPMWQ; G WI STYR HIWGIRXVEPM^VMM, VIKMSREPMWQYPYM #M HMZIVWMX'MM; G WI
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VMHMGYPMÎE^ TVISGYTVMPI IGSPSKMGI, TVIHMG RE'MSREPMWQYP XVEHM'MSREP EP IVIM
MRHYWXVMEPI #M WI STYR MRM'MEXMZIPSV HI IHM3GEVI E YRIM SVHMRM IGSRSQMGI
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4VIGSRMÎE^ HI^QIQFVEVIE FMVSGVE'MMPSV KMKERXMGI. 6IZIRHMG YR WMWXIQ
IRIVKIXMG QEM TY'MR GIRXVEPMÊX, E\EX TI VIWYVWI VIKIRIVEFMPI. :SV W GSRJIVI
WXEXYX PIKEP YRSV WXVYGXYVM JEQMPMEPI HMJIVMXI HI JEQMPME RYGPIEV. 0YTX TIRXVY
EXIRYEVIE WXERHEVHM^VMM #M TVSQSZEVIE MRHMZMHYEPM^VMM R #GSPM. %GSVH S
TVMSVMXEXI EGGIRXYEX TVSFPIQIPSV IGSPSKMGI. 6IGYRSWG RIGIWMXEXIE
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1EM TVIWYW HI XSEXI, R XMQT GI ETVXSVMM GIPYM HI %P (SMPIE :EP TVEGXMG
NSGYP TSPMXMG XVEHM'MSREP, EHIT'MM GIPYM HI EP 8VIMPIE :EP TVMZIWG GY RIRGVIHIVI
TI XS'M GERHMHE'MM #M XSEXI TEVXMHIPI TSPMXMGI (GLMEV #M TI GIPI RSM) #M-#M HEY
WIEQE G HIGM^MMPI HI MQTSVXER' GVYGMEP TIRXVY WYTVEZMI'YMVIE RSEWXV RY
TSX 3 EHSTXEXI R EGXYEPYP GEHVY TSPMXMG.
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R VRHYVMPI PSV.
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GY RZIV#YREVI GSVTSVE'MMPSV. 9RMM WYRX EFWSVFM'M HI TVISGYTVM IGSPSKMGI; EP'MM
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HI^ZSPXEVIE TIVWSREPMX'MM. 9RMM WI GSRGIRXVIE^ ETVSETI I\GPYWMZ EWYTVE
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TVMRGMTEP TIVWTIGXMZIPI HI HIQSGVEXMÊVI TI GEVI PI HIWGLMHI VIZSPY'ME HMR
HSQIRMYP GSQYRMGE'MMPSV.
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QMPMXER'M TIRXVY HVITXYVMPI GMZMPI, JS#XM LMTT] #M I\TSRIR'M EM YRIM VIGXMXYHMRM
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2IRHSMIPRMG, QYP'M HMR GIM GI JSVQIE^ XEFVE GIPYM HI %P 8VIMPIE :EP EY WXYHMM
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TVSFEFMP, G EPGXYMIWG S GPEW. (EV E-M GEXIKSVMWM EWXJIP RWIEQR QEM
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WSGMIX'MM MRHYWXVMEPI WI RYQV QMRSVMX'M IXRMGI VIPEXMZ TY'MR MRWXVYMXI #M
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WIVZMIX R QR.
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PE QM#GEVIE HI EYXSENYXSVEVI# 'I W WTYRIQ HIWTVI GIM STVMQE'M TWMLSPSKMG
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TVMR'MM HMZSV'E'M WEY GIPMFEXEVM, QMRSVMX'MPI WI\YEPI GEVI RY TSX 3 GYTVMR#M
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XSXY#M, MQTSVXERXI WYVWI HI JSV' TIRXVY QM#GEVIE GIPYM HI %P 8VIMPIE :EP.
(I JETX, GLMEV #M XIVQIRYP HI QM#GEVI TSEXI W MRHYG R IVSEVI R
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TR R TVIÎRX, MEV R TEVXI TIRXVY G SEQIRMM GIPYM HI %P 8VIMPIE :EP, TI FYR
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:EP E JSWX S HVEQ PYRK #M WRKIVSEW, 'IWYX HMR V^FSEMI, VWGSEPI,
JSEQIXI, QMKVE'MM JSV'EXI, PSZMXYVM HI WXEX #M GEPEQMX'M. %WX^M QMÊ I GY QYPX
QEM QEVI, XMQTYP QEM WGYVX, EGGIPIVE'ME QEM MQTIXYSEW, MEV TIVMGSPIPI WYRX #M
QEM QEVM.
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'IM QEM QYP'M HMRXVI RSM #XMQ WEY MRXYMQ GX HI TVMQINHMSEWE I PYQIE R
GEVI XVMQ. "XMQ G MRWXEFMPMXEXIE WSGMEP #M MRGIVXMXYHMRMPI TSPMXMGI TSX W
HI^PR'YMI IRIVKMM JIVSGI. "XMQ GI RWIEQR V^FSMYP #M GEXEWXVSJIPI
IGSRSQMGI #M RI EQMRXMQ GX HI HIW E RGSP'MX XSXEPMXEVMWQYP TI WSPYP FYRIPSV
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HMJIVIR'IPI TS^MXMZI HMRXVI TVIÎRX #M XVIGYX.
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I\MWXEX YR RYQV EXX HI QEVI HI SEQIRM GY YR RMZIP VI^SREFMP HI IHYGE'MI,
REVQE'M PESPEPX GY S ÎWXVI HI GYRS#XMR'I HI S EQTPSEVI MRGVIHMFMP.
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TEVXI HMR XMQTYP #M IRIVKMMPI PSV VI4IG'MIM #M EG'MYRMM GMZMGI. 2MGMSHEX R-EY EZYX
EX'ME SEQIRM TSWMFMPMXEXIE HI E GPXSVM, GSQYRMGE #M RZ'E EXX HI QYPX HI
PE EPXI GYPXYVM. "M, QEM TVIWYW HI SVMGI, RMGMSHEX R-EY EZYX EX'ME SEQIRM HI
G#XMKEX EXX HI QYPX TVMR EWMKYVEVIE G YRIPI WGLMQFVM RIGIWEVI, HI#M
TVSJYRHI, ZSV 3 RJTXYMXI R QSH TE#RMG.
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GMZMPMÊ'MI. :E 3 RIZSMI HI IRIVKMMPI YRSV TSTSEVI RXVIKM. -EV EGIWXI IRIVKMM
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I\TPMGMX TIRXVY KIRIVE'ME YVQXSEVI GVIEVIE YRSV MRWXMXY'MM #M GSRWXMXY'MM GY
XSXYP RSM, EQ TYXIE HIGPER#E TVMR EGIEWXE GIZE GY QYPX QEM TYXIVRMG GLMEV #M
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FEÊXI TI GIPI XVIM TVMRGMTMM HIWGVMWI QEM WYW TYXIVIE QMRSVMX'MPSV,
HIQSGVE'ME WIQMHMVIGX #M QTV'MVIE HIGM^MIM GY EXX QEM QEVM ZSV 3 #ERWIPI
TIRXVY S XVER^M'MI TE#RMG. 2Y WGLMQFVMPI GE EXEVI WYRX GIPI GI WTSVIWG
VMWGYVMPI, GM RGIVGEVIE HI E QTMIHMGE IJIGXYEVIE PSV. RGIVGEVIE SEVF HI E
ETVE WXVYGXYVMPI TIVMQEXI IWXI GIE GEVI GVIIE^ TIVMGSPYP YRSV RJVYRXVM
WRKIVSEWI.
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RGITIQ HI TI EGYQ W RI GSRGIRXVQ EWYTVE TVSFPIQIM WGPIVS^VMM
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WTIGMEPM#XMPSV R HVITX GSRWXMXY'MSREP, EZSGE'MPSV #M TSPMXMGMIRMPSV GM W JEGIQ
HMR IE S TVISGYTEVI E TYFPMGYPYM RWY#M E SVKERMÊ'MMPSV GIX'IRI#XM, E
WMRHMGEXIPSV, E GSQYRMX'MPSV VIPMKMSEWI, E KVYTYVMPSV HI JIQIM, E QMRSVMX'MPSV
IXRMGI #M VEWMEPI, E SEQIRMPSV HI #XMMR', E KSWTSHMRIPSV #M E SEQIRMPSV HI
EJEGIVM.
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GIPYM HI %P 8VIMPIE :EP. %ZIQ RIZSMI HI GSRJIVMR'I, IQMWMYRM XIPIZMÊXI,
GSRGYVWYVM, I\IVGM'MM HI WMQYPEVI, MQMXE'MM HI EHYRVM GSRWXMXYERXI, TIRXVY E
KIRIVE YR IZERXEM PEVK HI TVSTYRIVM MRKIRMSEWI HI VIWXVYGXYVEVI TSPMXMG,
TIRXVY E HIGPER#E YR #YZSM HI MHIM TVSEWTIXI. 8VIFYMI W 3Q TVIKXM'M W
JSPSWMQ MRWXVYQIRXIPI GIPI QEM EZERWEXI GEVI RI WXEY PE HMWTS^M'MI, HI PE
WEXIPM'M #M GSQTYXIVI, TR PE ZMHISHMWGYVM #M PE XIPIZM^MYRIE MRXIVEGXMZ.
2MQIRM RY #XMI R EQRYRX RMGM GI RI VIÎVZ ZMMXSVYP, RMGM GI ERYQI WI
ZE HSZIHM GIP QEM ZMEFMP R WSGMIXEXIE GIPYM HI %P 8VIMPIE :EP. 8SGQEM HI EGIIE
RY XVIFYMI W RI KRHMQ PE S WMRKYV VISVKERMÊVI QEWMZ WEY PE S WMRKYV
WGLMQFEVI VIZSPY'MSREV, GEXEGPMWQMG, MQTYW HI WYW, GM PE QMM HI
I\TIVMQIRXI GSR#XMIRXI, HIWGIRXVEPMÊXI, GEVI RI-EV TIVQMXI W XIWXQ RSMPI
QSHIPI HI HIGM^MI TSPMXMG PE RMZIP PSGEP #M VIKMSREP, REMRXI HI E PI ETPMGE PE
RMZIPYP RE'MSREP #M PE GIP XVERWRE'MSREP.
(EV R EGIPE#M XMQT EV XVIFYM W RGITIQ IHM3GEVIE YRYM QIGERMWQ GEVI
W RI TIVQMX S I\TIVMQIRXEVI WMQMPEV E MRWXMXY'MMPSV PE RMZIPIPI RE'MSREP #M
XVERWRE'MSREP, R TIVWTIGXMZE YRIM VIWXVYGXYVVM VEHMGEPI E GIPSV I\MWXIRXI.
(I^MPY^MMPI, QRME #M RZIV#YREVIE, EXX HI VWTRHMXI EWX^M R PYQI, JE' HI
KYZIVRIPI GIPYM HI %P (SMPIE :EP TSX 3 GPY^MXI WTVI S HI^PR'YMVI JEREXMG HI
GXVI HIQEKSKM GI TPIHIE^ TIRXVY S GSRHYGIVI EYXSVMXEV, HEV TSX 3
QSFMPMÊXI #M R ZIHIVIE YRYM TVSGIW HI VIGSRWXVYG'MI HIQSGVEXMG.
4VMR MRM'MIVIE, WMQYPXER RXV-YR QEVI RYQV HI 'VM, E YRYM TVSGIW HI
RZ'EVI WSGMEP, E YRYM I\TIVMQIRX HI HIQSGVE'MI ERXMGMTEXMZ, TYXIQ WXZMPM
SJIRWMZE XSXEPMXEV. 4YXIQ TVIKXM QMPMSERIPI HI SEQIRM TIRXVY HMWPSGVMPI #M
GVMÎPI TVMQINHMSEWI GEVI RI E#XIETX R ZMMXSV. "M TYXIQ I\IVGMXE S TVIWMYRI
WXVEXIKMG EWYTVE WMWXIQIPSV TSPMXMGI I\MWXIRXI, R ZIHIVIE KVFMVMM
WGLMQFVMPSV RIGIWEVI.
*V EGIEWX JSVQMHEFMP TVIWMYRI HI NSW, RY RI TYXIQ E#XITXE GE QYP'M
HMR EGXYEPMM GSRHYGXSVM RSQMREPM TVI#IHMR'M #M TSPMXMGMIRM, WIREXSVM #M QIQFVM
EM GSQMXIXIPSV GIRXVEPI W RGIET W WI HIWSPMHEVMÎÎ XSGQEM HI RM#XI
MRWXMXY'MM GEVI, SVMGX EV 3 HI TIVMQEXI, PI GSRJIV TVIWXMKMY, FYRWXEVI
QEXIVMEP #M MPY^ME HEG RY #M VIEPMXEXIE TYXIVMM. 9RMM TSPMXMGMIRM WEY HIQRMXEVM
HI I\GIT'MI, RÎWXVE'M GY S QEM QEVI TIVWTMGEGMXEXI, ZSV EGSVHE RIRXV^MEX
WTVMNMRYP PSV PYTXIM TIRXVY XVERWJSVQVM TSPMXMGI. 'IM QEM QYP'M RW RY WI ZSV
GPMRXM HIGX EXYRGM GRH VIZIRHMGVMPI HMR EJEV ZSV HIZIRM MVI^MWXMFMPI WEY GRH
GVMÊ ZE 3 ENYRW RXV-YR WXEHMY EXX HI EZERWEX, #M EXX HI ETVSETI HI ZMSPIR',
RGX RY ZSV QEM ZIHIE RMGM S EPXIVREXMZ.
2SY RI VIZMRI, E#EHEV, VIWTSRWEFMPMXEXIE WGLMQFVMM. "M XVIFYMI W
RGITIQ GY RSM R#MRI, RZ'RH W RY RGLMHIQ TVIQEXYV SGLMM WTMVMXYPYM JE'
HI GIIE GI IWXI RSY, WYVTVMR^XSV, ETEVIRX VEHMGEP. %GIEWXE RWIEQR G
XVIFYMI W-M GSQFEXIQ TI EWEWMRMM HI MHIM, GEVI WYRX QIVIY KEXE W YGMH
SVMGI WYKIWXMI RSY TI QSXMZ G IWXI MVIEPMÊFMP, #M W ETIVI, R WGLMQF, GE
ZMEFMP, XSX GIIE GI I\MWX, SVMGX EV 3 HI EFWYVH, STVIWMZ #M RIJYRG'MSREP.
RWIEQR W PYTXQ TIRXVY PMFIVXEXIE HI I\TVMQEVI TIRXVY HVITXYP
SEQIRMPSV HI E-#M JEGI GYRSWGYXI MHIMPI, GLMEV HEG EGIWXIE WYRX IVIXMGI.
"M RWIEQR, QEM TVIWYW HI SVMGI, W RGITIQ EGIWX TVSGIW HI
VIGSRWXVYG'MI GLMEV EGYQ, REMRXI GE HI^MRXIKVEVIE WMWXIQIPSV TSPMXMGI
I\MWXIRXI W 3 ENYRW PE TYRGXYP GRH EV VWYRE TI WXV^M XVSTMXYP GEHIR'EX EP
JSV'IPSV XMVERMIM, MEV XVER^M'ME TE#RMG PE HIQSGVE'ME WIGSPYPYM EP <<--PIE EV
HIZIRM GY RITYXMR'.
(EG ZSQ RGITI EGYQ, RSM #M GSTMMM RS#XVM ZSQ TYXIE PYE TEVXI PE STIVE
GETXMZERX HI VIGSRWXVYG'MI RY RYQEM E WXVYGXYVMPSV RSEWXVI TSPMXMGI TIVMQEXI,
GM #M E GMZMPMÊ'MIM RWI#M.
%WIQIRIE KIRIVE'MIM VIZSPY'MSREVMPSV HIJYRG'M, EZIQ QIRMVIE HI E
GVIE.
7*6"-8
1 -SRM' 3PXIERY, (MEPSKYVM HIWTVI ZMMXSV, )HMXYVE 4SPMXMG, &YGYVI#XM,
1982.
2 2MGSPEI 'IEY#IWGY, 6SQRME TI HVYQYP GSRWXVYMVMM WSGMGX'MM WSGMEPMWXI
QYPXMPEXIVEP HI^ZSPXEXI, )HMXYVE TSPMXMG, &YGYVI#XM, 1982, ZSP. 22, T. 202.
3 'MXEX HYT 'SWXMR 1YVKIWGY, .ETSRME R IGSRSQME QSRHMEP. )HMXYVE
#XMMR'M3G #M IRGMGPSTIHMG, &YGYVI#XM, 1982.
4 )VSMRE VSQERGMIVIM EQIVMGERI )PIERSV ,. 4SVXIV (1868 1920) GEVI
QERMJIWX YR STXMQMWQ GSRWXERX #M HI RI^HVYRGMREX.
2SXE XVEH.
5 0SGYP YRHI, HYT %TSGEPMTWE PYM -SER, ZE EZIE PSG FXPME HIGMWMZ
HMRXVI FMRI #M VY.
2SXE XVEH.
6 6MXYEP EP /Y-/PY\-/PER-YPYM.
2SXE XVEH.
7 4IRXVY WGSTYVMPI EGIWXI GV'M, ZSM RKPSFE R WMWXIQYP MRHYWXVMEP
QSRHMEP HMR NYVYP ERYPYM 1979 %QIVMGE HI 2SVH, 7GERHMREZME, 1EVIE &VMXERMI #M
-VPERHE, )YVSTE HI ZIWX #M HI IWX (I\GITXRH 4SVXYKEPME, 7TERME, %PFERME,
+VIGME #M &YPKEVME), 9RMYRIE 7SZMIXMG, .ETSRME, 8EMZER, ,SRK /SRK, 7MRKETSVI,
%YWXVEPME #M 2SYE >IIPERH. )ZMHIRX, I\MWX #M EPXI ^SRI E GVSV MRGPYHIVI EV
TYXIE 3 HMWGYXEX GE #M GIRXVI MRHYWXVMEPI HMR 'VM IQMREQIRXI
RIMRHYWXVMEPMÊXI: 1SRXIVVI] #M 1I\MGS 'MX] R 1I\MG, &SQFE] R -RHME #M QYPXI
EPXIPI.
8 7SGMIXEXI TI EG'MYRM WEY GSVTSVE'MI (RHISWIFM PE EQIVMGERM).
2SXE XVEH.
9 'ERXMXEXIE HI TS#X GSRWXMXYMI YR MRHMGI MRWXERXERIY #M EHIGZEX EP
RMZIPYPYM HI MRHYWXVMEPMÊVI XVEHMXMSREP EP 3IGVIM 'VM. 4IRXVY WSGMIX'MPI GIPYM
HI %P (SMPIE :EP, QIHME HMR 1960 E JSWX 141 IJIGXI TS#XEPI TI TIVWSER. R
WGLMQF, R WSGMIX'MPI HMR 4VMQYP :EP, RMZIPYP E JSWX HSEV HI S ÎGMQI 12 TI
TIVWSER #M ER R 1EPE]WME #M +LERE, TEXVY TI ER R 'SPYQFME.
10 4ME'E GE XEFPSY HI GSQERH XVIFYMI W I\MWXI MRHMJIVIRX HEG WI JEGI
GSQIV' TVMR XVSG WEY TI FERM. )E XVIFYMI W I\MWXI 3I G WI SF'MRI YR TVS3X, 3I
G RY WI SF'MRI, 3I G TVI'YVMPI YVQIE^ SJIVX #M GIVIVIE, 3I G WYRX 3\EXI
HI WXEX, HEG WMWXIQYP IWXI TPERM3GEX WEY RY, MRHMJIVIRX HI TVSTVMIXEXIE
TEVXMGYPEV WEY WSGMEP EWYTVE QMNPSEGIPSV HI TVSHYG'MI. )E XVIFYMI W I\MWXI
GLMEV RXV-S IGSRSQMI MTSXIXMG GY 3VQI MRHYWXVMEPI GEVI WI EYXSGSRHYG #M R
GEVI QYRGMXSVMM #M WXEFMPIWG WMRKYVM WEPEVMM HIWXYP HI QEVM TIRXVY E IPMQMRE
TVS3XYP GE S GEXIKSVMI ETEVXI.
%XX HI QYPX WI XVIGI GY ZIHIVIE EGIWX JETX, EXX HI RHIETVSETI IWXI
MHIRXM3GEX TME'E GY RYQEM YRE HMR RYQIVSEWIPI IM ZEVMERXI (QSHIPYP
TVSTVMIX'MM TEVXMGYPEVI, FEÊX TI TVS3X, R GEVI TVI'YVMPI VI4IGX GIVIVIE #M
SJIVXE), RGX R ZSGEFYPEVYP SFM#RYMX EP #XMMR'IM IGSRSQMGI RMGM RY I\MWX YR
GYZRX GEVI W I\TVMQI QYPXMTPMGMXEXIE JSVQIPSV IM.
R EGIWXI TEKMRM, XIVQIRYP HI TME' IWXI JSPSWMX R WIRWYP WY KIRIVMG
GSQTPIX, QEM GYVRH HIGX R GIP VIWXVMGXMZ SFM#RYMX. 0WRH RW HISTEVXI
WIQERXMGE, VQRIQ GY VIEPMXEXIE JYRHEQIRXEP: SVMYRHI TVSHYGXSVYP #M
GSRWYQEXSVYP WYRX WITEVE'M, IWXI RIGIWEV YR QIGERMWMQ GEVI W QIHMIÎ
RXVI IM. 3VMGEVI EV 3 JSVQE WE, EGIWX QIGERMWQ IWXI GIP TI GEVI IY P RYQIWG
TME'E.
11 % RY WI GSRJYRHE GY 3VQE QYPXMRE'MSREP -88, -RXIVREXMSREP
8IPITLSRI & 8IPIKVETL 'SVTSVEXMSR.
12 %GIWXI QE#MRVMM EY JSWX HI JETX KVYTYVM HI TSPMXMGMIRM GEVI EY
HI'MRYX PE YR QSQIRX HEX WYTVIQE'ME TVMR QMNPSEGI RY RXSXHIEYRE GMRWXMXI.
2SXE XVEH.
13 R EJEVE SVKERIPSV TYXIVMM HI WXEX, R MRHYWXVMEPMWQ XSEXI TEVXMHIPI
TSPMXMGI, HI PE I\XVIQE HVIETX PE I\XVIQE WXRK, EY RXVITVMRW EYXSQEX
EG'MYRMPI XVEHMXMSREPI HI EPIKIVI E GSRHYGXSVMPSV PSV TVMR ZSX. 'LMEV RXVIGIVMPI
TIRXVY JYRG'MMPI HI GSRHYGIVI HI PE RMZIPYP GMVGYQWGVMT'MIM IPIGXSVEPI SVM
GIPYPIM PSGEPI VIGPEQ S JSVQ SEVIGEVI HI EPIKIVM, QGEV TIRXVY E VEXM3GE
ST'MYRMPI JGYXI QEM WYW. "M R QYPXI 'VM, VMXYEPYP EPIKIVMPSV E HIZIRMX TEVXI
MRXIKVERX HMR ZME'E QYPXSV EPXSV SVKERMÊ'MM, HI PE WMRHMGEXI #M FMWIVMGM PE
HIXE#EQIRXIPI HI GSTMM. :SXEVIE IWXI WTIGM3G QSHYPYM HI ZME'E MRHYWXVMEP.
14 :RXSVM HI ERMQEPI GY FPER TI GEVI PI TVMRHIEY R GETGERI.
2SXE XVEH-
15 (I I\IQTPY, GSQTERME % GYQTVE S QEXIVMI TVMQ HMRXV-S GSPSRMI
GY YR HSPEV PMZVE, HYT GEVI S JSPSWIE TIRXVY E JEFVMGE YR 4IEG GEVI WI ZMRHIE
GY HSM HSPEVM FYGEXE. 3VMGI EPX GSQTERMI GEVI EV 3 RGIVGEX W TXVYRH TI
TME'E VIWTIGXMZ W-EV 3 WXVHYMX W GYQTIVI QEXIVME TVMQ PE TVI'YP TPXMX HI
GSQTERME % WEY GLMEV PE YRYP QEM WG^YX. (EG RY EZIE ZVIS MRSZE'MI XILRMG
WEY HI EPX REXYV, RY-#M TYXIE TIVQMXI W TPXIEWG YR TVI' WIQRM3GEXMZ QEM
QEVI TIRXVY QEXIVME TVMQ #M XSXY#M W ZRH QEVJE PE YR TVI' GSQTIXMXMZ.
%WXJIP, GLMEV HEG JYWIWI GSRZIRMX WYF EQIRMR'EVIE FEMSRIXIPSV, TVI'YP MRM'MEP
EP QEXIVMIM TVMQI IVE FEÊ XYXYVSV RIKSGMIVMPSV YPXIVMSEVI.
16 'EVXIE PYM 1S, VIWTIGXMZ 1S^Y, 3PSWSJ GLMRI^ GEVI E XVMX R WIGSPIPI
: -: .I.R.
2SXE XVEH.
17 3VMGI 'EV PEXMRS-EQIVMGER QMG E GVIM IGSRSQMI WI FEÎE^ TI
GYPXYVE YRIM WMRKYVI TPERXI #M WI E4 WYF GSRXVSPYP GETMXEPYPYM WXVMR.
2SXE XVEH.
18 'YRSWGYX QMPMXERX EQIVMGER QTSXVMZE LSQSWI\YEPMX'MM.
2SXE XVEH.
19 *PY\YP QEKRIXMG. (IRYQMVIE HI QEM WYW ZMRI HI PE 2MOSPE 8IWPE (1856
1943), SQ HI #XMMR' EQIVMGER HI SVMKMRI MYKSWPEZ.
2SXE XVEH.
20 -RXIKVEVI TI WGEV QEVI XIVQIR HMR QMGVSIPIGXVSRMG.
2SXE XVEH.
21 R "SGYP ZMMXSVYPYM YRHI, GY QYP'M ERM R YVQ, EQ EFSVHEX TIRXVY
TVMQE SEV YRIPI HMR EGIWXI XIQI, EQ WGVMW G TR PE YVQ ZSQ ENYRKI W
TVITVSMIGXQ GSVTYP SQIRIWG, W GVI#XIQ QE#MRM, W TVSKVEQQ GLMQMG
GVIMIVYP, W JEGIQ GSTMM I\EGXI EPI TVSTVMIM RSEWXVI 3MR'I TVMR GPSREVI #M W
GVIQ JSVQI HI ZME' GSQTPIX RSM #M TIVMGYPSEWI. 'MRI ZE GSRXVSPE GIVGIXVMPI
HMR EGIWX HSQIRMY#, RXVIFEQ IY. 'YQ ZSV 3 ETPMGEXI RSMPI HIWGSTIVMVM#
3EVI RY ZSQ HI^PR'YM KVS^ZMM JE' HI GEVI SEQIRMM WYRX GSQTPIX
RITVIKXM'M#
9RMM GMXMXSVM EY WSGSXMX G TVIZM^MYRMPI QIPI WYRX I\EKIVEXI. %GIEWXE W-E
RXQTPEX RW REMRXI HI 1973 #M HI HIWGSTIVMVIE %(2-YPYM VIGSQFMRERX.
%WX^M, GRH VIZSPY'ME FMSPSKMG WI HIWJ#SEV MQTIXYSW, EGIPIEWM RXVIFVM
TPMRI HI XIQIVM WYRX TYWI HI GIX'IRM TVSXIWXEXEVM, HI GSQMXIXI EPI
'SRKVIWYPYM #M GLMEV HI SEQIRM HI #XMMR'.
22 (YT 2IH 0YHH, GEVI E HMWXVYW HSY V^FSEMI HI 'IWYX ETEV'MRRH
YRYM TEXVSR HMR 0IMGIWXIVWLMVI, ETVS\MQEXMZ R ERYP 1779.
2SXE XVEH.
23 4VMR EREPSKMI GY JSMPI ZSPERXI TYFPMGMXEVI HMJYÊXI HI QEKE^MRIPI
PSGEPI.
2SXE XVEH.
24 9RMM HMVIGXSVM HI ^MEVI RY GSRWMHIV ^MEVIPI QMNPSEGI HI MRJSVQEVI R
QEW HISEVIGI QYPXI HMR IPI EY YR XMVEN QMG #M WYRX HIWXMREXI YRSV
GSPIGXMZMX'M TY'MR RYQIVSEWI. (EV QENSVMXEXIE ^MEVIPSV, GIP TY'MR R 7XEXIPI
9RMXI, WYRX TPMRI HI QEXIVMEPI XMT #XMVM XVERWQMWI HI EKIR'MMPI %WWSGMEXIH
4VIWW #M 9RMXIH 4VIWW -RXIVREXMSREP, FIR^M HIWIREXI, GYZMRXI RGVYGM#EXI,
YPXMQE QSH, EVXMGSPI HI JSRH GEVI WYRX R QEVI QWYV EGIPIE#M R XSEXI
SVE#IPI. 4IRXVY E WI QIR'MRI R GSQTIXM'ME GY QMNPSEGIPI HI MRJSVQEVI QEM
PSGEPMÊXI, QEVMPI ^MEVI #M RQYP'IWG MRJSVQE'MMPI PSGEPI #M EHEYK S ZEVMIXEXI
HI VYFVMGM TI XIQI WTIGMEPI. 'SXMHMIRIPI GEVI ZSV WYTVEZMI'YM R ERMM '80 #M '90
ZSV 3 QSHM3GEXI HVEWXMG R YVQE WIKQIRXVMM TYFPMGYPYM GMXMXSV.
25 'MXMÎRW FERH ('&): SVMGEVI HMR GIPI HSY FIR^M HI YRHI WGYVXI
HIWXMREXI HI 'SQMWME *IHIVEP TIRXVY 'SQYRMGE'MM YXMPM^VMM PSGEPI PE TYXIVI
NSEW HI GXVI GIX'IRM WEY 3VQI.
2SXE XVEH.
26 4MT (FPMT R IRKPI^) IWXI YR MQTYPW JSEVXI WGYVX, WSRSV WEY PYQMRSW
(GE WIQREPIPI VEHEV).
2SXE XVEH.
27 (IRYQMXI #M TPGYXI GY GMVGYMXI MRXIKVEXI WEY E#GLMM HI WMPMGMY.
2SXE XVEH.
28 (I#M TYXIQ W EFSVHQ QYP'M JEGXSVM WMQYPXER PE RMZIPYP
WYFGSR#XMIRXYPYM WEY EP MRXYM'MIM, IWXI RIWTYW HI KVIY, HYT GYQ #XMI SVMGMRI E
RGIVGEX W GYTVMR^M GSR#XMIRX #M WMWXIQEXMG JSEVXI QYPXI ZEVMEFMPI.
29 7EXIPM'MM VIHYG GSWXYP XVERWQMWMIM PE HMWXER' TR PE ETVSETI ÎVS TI
WIQREP, EWXJIP G MRKMRIVMM ZSVFIWG EGYQ HIWTVI GSQYRMGE'MM MRHITIRHIRXI
HI HMWXER'. 'ETEGMXEXIE GEPGYPEXSEVIPSV IPIGXVSRMGI E GVIWGYX I\TSRIR'MEP MEV
TVI'YVMPI PSV EY GSFSVX EXX HI JERXEWXMG, RGX MRKMRIVMM #M TSWIWSVMM HI JSRHYVM
TIRXVY MRZIWXM'MM EY VQEW GY KYVE GWGEX. 'Y 3FVIPI STXMGI #M EPXI XILRMGM HI
ZVJ R TIVWTIGXMZ, IWXI PMQTIHI G RI TYXIQ E#XITXE PE GSWXYVM HMR GI R GI
QEM QMGM TI YRMXEXIE HI QIQSVMI, TI IXETE HI TVIPYGVEVI #M TI WIQREP
XVERWQMW.
30 8SXEPYP MRGPYHI GSTMMM RIPIKMXMQM #M GSTMMM EHSTXE'M HI JIQIM WMRKYVI
WEY (HMR GI R GI QEM JVIGZIRX) HI FVFE'M WMRKYVM.
31 4VIWGYVXEVI TIRXVY )YVSTIER 'YVVIRG] 9RMX (YRMXEXIE QSRIXEV
IYVSTIER).
2SXE XVEH.
32 %GIEWX JYRG'MI RY IWXI RMGMHIGYQ YRE HI QRE E HSYE. %WIQIRIE
EKVMGYPXSVMPSV GEVI G#XMK QEM QYPX HMR ZRÊVIE HI XIVIRYVM HIGX HMR
GYPXMZEVIE PSV, YRIPI HMR QEVMPI GSVTSVE'MM RVIKMWXVIE^ TVS3XYVM WEY TMIVHIVM
QEM WYFWXER'MEPI HMR QERMTYPEVIE HIZMÎPSV WEY HMR STIVE'MM 3RERGMEVI HIGX
HMR TVSHYG'ME TVSTVMY-^MW.
33 4YVXXSV HI GYZRX EP STMRMIM TYFPMGI.
2SXE XVEH,
34 1EKE^MRI GEVI ZRH PE TVI' VIHYW.
2SXE XVEH.
35 -RM'MEPIPI HI PE HS-MX-]SYVWIPJ, VIHEX HI RSM QEM WYW TVMR, TYRI QRE
#M J WMRKYV.
2SXE XVEH.
36 4SPMXMG HI PMQMXEVI E SVIPSV HI PYGVY R ZIHIVIE IZMXVMM #SQENYPYM R
RXVITVMRHIVM R YVQE MRXVSHYGIVMM EYXSQEXM^VMM.
2SXE XVEH.
37 8IVQIRYP, HIVMZEX HMR QEVOIX (TME'), HIWIQRIE^ HYT GYQ ZE
VI^YPXE HMR GYTVMRWYP TEVEKVEJYPYM TVSGIWYP HI IHM3GEVI #M PVKMVI E TMI'IM,
MRGPYWMZ PE WGEV TPERIXEV.
2SXE XVEH.
38 (I PE [LSPI, GEVI R IRKPI^ RWIEQR RXVIK, XSXEPMXEXI.
2SXE XVRH.
39 )WXI MRWXVYGXMZ W ETPMGQ EGIEWX ZM^MYRI R WJIVE IGSRSQMIM.
)GLMPMFVYP HMRXVI SJIVX #M GIVIVI IWXI QIR'MRYX TVMR ZEVMEXI TVSGIWI HI
JIIHFEGO. "SQENYP, HEG IWXI MRXIRWM3GEX HI YR JIIHFEGO TS^MXMZ #M RY IWXI
GSRXVEGEVEX TVMR YRYP RIKEXMZ RXV-YR EPX TYRGX EP WMWXIQYPYM, TSEXI TVMQINHYM
WXEFMPMXEXIE RXVIKYPYM. 4SEXI MRXIVZIRM #M EG'MYRIE GSRZIVKIRX E YRSV
4YGXYE'MM I\XIVRI GYQ WYRX, HI TMPH, GVI#XIVMPI EFVYTXI HI TVI'YVM PE TIXVSP
JGRH GE SWGMPE'MMPI #M 4YGXYE'MMPI MRXIVRI W HIZMR #M QEM ZMSPIRXI,
^HVYRGMRRH IGLMPMFVYP RXVIKYPYM WMWXIQ.
40 'SRWXEXEVIE IWXI ZEPEFMP, TI WIQRI, RY RYQEM TIRXVY VIEG'MMPI
GLMQMGI, GM #M TIRXVY WEPXYP HI PE GMZMPMÊ'ME GIPYM HI %P (SMPIE :EP PE GMZMPMÊ'ME
41 7IGXMSREP TVIWWYVIW, R SVMKMREP.
2SXE XVEH.
42 0SGYP TVMQYPYM ^GQRX HI TIXVSP XI\ER HEX R I\TPSEXEVI (1901).
2SXE XVEH.
43 )WXI ZSVFE HI WXEXIPI QIQFVI EPI 7. 9. %.
2SXE XVEH.
44 4IVWSERI GEVI SGYT R QSH MPIKEP S PSGYMR' WEY WI MRWXEPIE^ JV
EYXSVMÊ'MI TI YR XIVIR ETEV'MRRH WXEXYPYM.
2SXE XVEH.
45 :I^M RSXE HI PE T. 384 2SXE XVEH.
46 8IVQIRM HMR EVKSYP EQIVMGER HIWIQRRH HMJIVMXI GEXIKSVMM HI
GSRWYQEXSVM HI HVSKYVM.
2SXE XVEH.
47 2WGYX E HSYE SEV.
2SXE XVEH.
48 .MQQ]-#M-QEM-GYQ#, TSVIGP KPYQIE', PIKEX HI JETXYP G .MQQ]
'EVXIV IVE TY'MR GYRSWGYX EXYRGM GRH E JSWX HIWIQREX GERHMHEX TIRXVY
TVI#IHMR'ME 7. 9. %.
2SXE XVEH.
49 7MWXIQ HI XVERWTSVX RXVI HSQMGMPMY #M #GSEP QIRMX W JEZSVMÎÎ
ETVSTMIVIE VEWMEP E IPIZMPSV.
2SXE XVEH.
50 7XVMT-QMRI ! I\TPSEXEVI QMRMIV HI WYTVEJE'.
2SXE XVEH.
51 'IP QEM QEVI QEKE^MR GY ZR^VM TVMR GSVIWTSRHIR' HMR 7XEXIPI
9RMXI, GEXEPSKYP WY GYTVMR^RH QMM HI TEKMRM.
2SXE XVEH.
52 PSFF] KVYT HI TIVWSERI GEVI GEYX W MR4YIR'IÎ TI QIQFVMM
'SRKVIWYPYM R JEZSEVIE (WEY GSRXVE) YRSV QWYVM PIKMWPEXMZI.

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