Orienta Profesinal PDF

2012
15
Ana Rodrguez Martnez
Orientacin
profesional por
competencias
transversales para
mejorar la
empleabilidad
Departamento
Director/es
Ciencias de la Educacin
Corts Pascual, M. Pilar Alejandra
Director/es
Tesis Doctoral
Autor
Repositorio de la Universidad de Zaragoza Zaguan http://zaguan.unizar.es
UNIVERSIDAD DE ZARAGOZA
Departamento
Director/es
Ana Rodrguez Martnez
ORIENTACIN PROFESIONAL POR
COMPETENCIAS TRANSVERSALES
PARA MEJORAR LA EMPLEABILIDAD
Director/es
Ciencias de la Educacin
Corts Pascual, M. Pilar Alejandra
Tesis Doctoral
Autor
2012
Departamento
Director/es
Director/es
Tesis Doctoral
Autor

ORIETACI PROFESIOAL
POR COMPETECIAS
TRASVERSALES PARA
MEJORAR LA EMPLEABILIDAD.

Universidad de Zaragoza
Facultad de Educacin
Departamento de Ciencias de la Educacin.
rea: Mtodos de Investigacin Diagnstico en Educacin !MIDE"

TESIS DOCTORAL
#$%#

Doctoranda: Ana Rodrguez Martnez

Directora: &le'andra Corts (ascual

- 1 -
DICE DE COTEIDOS

INTRODUCCIN....14

I. ESTADO DE LA CUESTIN-PLANTEAMIENTO
TERICO...17

1. Orientacin pr!e"ina#....1$
1.1. Cncept %e Orientacin pr!e"ina#.1$
1.&. La i'prtancia %e #a t(tr)a en #a rientacin....&1
1.*. M%e#" %e rientacin pr!e"ina#...&4
1.4. M%e# %e inter+encin-rientacin para #a 'e,ra %e #a e'p#ea-i#i%a%......&.

&. C'petencia"...*/
&.1. Cncept %e C'petencia..*/
&.1.1. Ori0en #12ic %e c'petencia.......*/
&.&. Tip" %e c'petencia.....*1
&.&.1. C'petencia" -3"ica"....*1
&.&.&. C'petencia" 0en1rica" tran"+er"a#e"............*&
&.&.*. C'petencia" e"pec)!ica"......**
&.&.4. C'petencia" #a-ra#e" 4 c'petencia" pr!e"ina#e".........*4
&.&.5. C'petencia #a-ra# en E"pa6a.....*$
&.&... C'petencia" %e accin pr!e"ina#..*7

&.*. M%e#" %e !r'acin %e c'petencia".....41
&.*.1. M%e# Cn%(cti"ta.......4&
&.*.&. M%e# 8(ncina#i"ta........4&
&.*.*. M%e# Cn"tr(cti+ita...........4&

*. E'p#ea-i#i%a%...4*
*.1. Cncept %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%.....4*
*.1.1. Ori0en #12ic %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%.....4*
*.&. E'p#ea-i#i%a% 4 'erca% %e tra-a,.......45
*.*. E'p#ea-i#i%a% 4 !r'acin.........4.
*.4. E'p#ea-i#i%a%9 c'petencia 4 Uni+er"i%a%...4$
*.5. C'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" :(e c'pnen e# t1r'in %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%.....51
*.5.1. Capaci%a% %e an3#i"i".51

- & -
*.5.&. C'petencia r0ani;ati+a 4 %e p#ani!icacin51
*.5.*. C'petencia %e apren%i;a,e..51
*.5.4. Capaci%a% %e a%aptacin...........5*
*.5.5. Capaci%a% para ap#icar #" cnci'ient" a #a pr3ctica........5*
*.5... Capaci%a% para t'ar %eci"ine"..54
*.5.7. Prec(pacin pr #a Ca#i%a%..57
*.5.$. Capaci%a% para re"#+er pr-#e'a".......5$
*.5.7. Capaci%a% para tra-a,ar en e:(ip../
*.5.1/. Capaci%a% para c'(nicar"e....&
*.5.11. Capaci%a% %e a(tcnci'ient...*
*.5.1&. C'petencia para 'antener (na actit(% p"iti+a.*
*.5.1*. Capaci%a% para t'ar #a iniciati+a...4
*.5.14. Capacia%a% para tener e'patia......
*.5.15. C'petencia practi+a %e #" e0re"a%".......
*.5.1.. C'petencia para "er a"erti+.....7/
*... Otr" !actre" :(e c'pnen e# ter'in %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%....74
*...1. Mane, %e #" i%i'a" < #a" TIC......74
*...&. Di"pni-i#i%a%.......75
*...*. =erra'ienta" 4 Rec(r"" para 'e,rar #a e'p#ea-i#i%a%......77

4. >(e -("can #" "e#eccina%re"...7$
4.1. Principa#e" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" %e'an%a%a"..77
4.&. ?>(1 +a#ran #" "e#eccina%re"@..................................................................................$/

5. Re!erencia" terica".....$&
5.1. Tuning............$&
5.1.1.Cnteni% 4 e"tr(ct(ra........$4
5.1.&. Met%#0)a...$5
5.1.*. O-,eti+"........$5
5.1.4. Linea 1. C'petencia" tran"+er"a#e".....................................................................$.
5.1.5. Cnc#("ine"..........................................................................................................7&
5.&. Career" a#ter =i0Aer E%(catin a E(rpean Re"earcA S(r+e4 BC=EERSC.....................7*
5.*. TAe 8#e2i-#e Pr!e""ina# in tAe DnE#e%0e Sciet4. NeE De'an%" n
=i0Aer E%(cacin in E(rpe BRE8LEFC..............................................................................74
5.4. Pr!e"ina# 8#e2i-#e en #a "cie%a% %e# cnci'ient BPRO8LEFC..............................75
5.5. La Enc(e"ta %e In"ercin La-ra# %e #a ANECA......7.
5... Or0ani;acin para #a Cperacin 4 e# De"arr## Ecn'ic BOCDEC

- * -
DeSeC BDe!inicin 4 Se#eccin %e C'petencia"C.........7.
5.7. Otra" re!erencia" terica"....7$

.. Merca% %e tra-a,.....1/&
..1. E+a#(acin %e# 'erca% %e tra-a, a ni+e# internacina# entre &/1/-&/1&......1/&
..&. E+a#(acin %e# 'erca% %e tra-a, en E"pa6a %(rante &/1/-&/1&......1/7
..*. E+a#(acin %e# 'erca% %e tra-a, en Ara0n %(rante &/1/-&/1&.....11*

II. PLANTEAMIENTO EMPGRICO....11$

7. P#antea'ientH -,eti+"9 Aipte"i" 4 'et%#0)a....11$
7.1. O-,eti+"H 0enera#e" 4 e"pec)!ic"........11$
7.*. Met%#0)a......1&/
7.*.1. Di"e6..............................................1&/
7.*.1.1. In+e"ti0acin c(antitati+....1&&
7.*.1.&. In+e"ti0acin c(a#itati+......1&*
7.*.&. P-#acin9 '(e"tra 4 '(e"tre....1&.
7.*.*. 8r'a %e #a rec0i%a %e %at".....1&7
7.*.*.1. C(e"tinari.......1&7
7.*.*.&. T(tr)a" in%i+i%(a#i;a%a"...........1&$
7.*.*.*. Se"ine" 0r(pa#e".......1&7
7.*.4. E# prce%i'ient- acti+i%a%e".1&7
7.*.5. An3#i"i" %e %at"..1*&
7.*.5.1. An3#i"i" %e %at" c(antitati+"......1*&
7.*.5.&. An3#i"i" %e %at" c(a#itati+"1*4

- 4 -
III. RESULTADOS....1*$

$. E"ta%)"tic" %e"cripti+"....1*$
7. O-,eti+ I. c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e"..157
7.1. Re"(#ta%" c(antitati+".......157
7.1.1.M%e# #inea# 0enera#H Me%i%a" repeti%a"...1./
7.&. Re"(#ta%" c(a#itati+".........1.7
7.&.1. Entre+i"ta" per"na#e".........1.7
7.&.&. Ir(p" %e %i"c("in........17*
7.*. Re"(#ta%" inte0ra%".......177

1/. O-,eti+ II. I%i'a" 4 TIC...177
1/.1. Re"(#ta%" c(antitati+".....177
1/.1.1. M%e# #inea# 0enera#H 'e%i%a" repeti%a".........1$1
1/.&. Re"(#ta%" c(a#itati+"...1$5
1/.&.1. Entre+i"ta" per"na#e"...1$5
1/.&.&. Ir(p" %e %i"c("in..1$$
1/.*.Re"(#ta%" inte0ra%"......1$7

11. O-,eti+ III. Di"pni-i#i%a%.....17/
11.1. Re"(#ta%" c(antitati+".........17/
11.1.1. M%e# #inea# 0enera#H 'e%i%a" repeti%a".....17&
11.&. Re"(#ta%" c(a#itati+".......17.
11.&.1. Entre+i"ta" per"na#e".......17.
11.&.&. Ir(p" %e %i"c("in..17$
11.*. Re"(#ta%" inte0ra%".....177

1&. O-,eti+ IJ. =erra'ienta" 4 rec(r""......&//
1&.1. Re"(#ta%" c(antitati+".....&//
1&.1.1. M%e# #inea# 0enera#H Me%i%a" repeti%a"........&/&
1&.&. Re"(#ta%" c(a#itati+"...&/.
1&.&.1. Entre+i"ta" per"na#e".......&/.
1&.&.&. Ir(p" %e %i"c("in..&/7
1&.*. Re"(#ta%" inte0ra%".......&1/

- 5 -
1*. Otr" re"(#ta%"9 cate0r)a" 4 e"ta%)"tic".......&11
1*.1. Re"(#ta%" c(antitati+".....&11
1*.1.1. An+a9 Eta9 Pear"n 4 Ta(-- %e Den%a##.............&11
1*.&. Re"(#ta%" c(a#itati+"...&14
1*.&.1. Entre+i"ta" per"na#e" 4 0r(p" %e %i"c("in.....&14
1*.&.&. Re#acine" "i0ni!icati+a"...&17

IJ. CONCLUSIONES ...&1$
J. LIMITACIONES..&&.
JI. CONTRIKUCIN AL LMKITO DE LA INTERJENCIN
PSICOPEDAIIICA < SUIERENCIAS PARA TRAKAMOS
POSTERIORES................................................................................................&&7
KIKLIOIRA8IA.. .....&&7
RE8ERENCIAS IN8ORMLTICAS......&4&

- . -
Gn%ice %e ta-#a"
- Ta-#a 1. Caracter)"tica" %e #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" %e Kr(nner.............**
- Ta-#a &. Si'i#it(%e" 4 %i!erencia" entre c'petencia #a-ra# 4 pr!e"ina#...*5
- Ta-#a *. C'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" prp(e"ta" pr ANECA..........77
- Ta-#a 4. Crn0ra'a 4 te'pra#i;acin..1*1
- Ta-#a 5. C'petencia" %e!ini%a" inicia#'ente 4 n(e+a" c'petencia"1*.
- Ta-#a .. C%i0 a%,(%ica% a #a cate0r)a 4 0ra!)a %e# 'i"'.........1*7
- Ta-#a 7. CAi-c(a%ra% "e0Nn e%a% entre 0r(p cntr# 4 0r(p e2peri'enta#.....1*$
- Ta-#a $. CAi-c(a%ra% "e0Nn "e2 entre e# 0r(p cntr# 4 e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#.1*$
- Ta-#a 7. E%a% %e #" e0re"a%" BIET&C .1*7
- Ta-#a 1/. E%a% %e #" e0re"a%" B0cT&C .1*7
- Ta-#a 11. Se2 %e #" e0re"a%" BIET&C 14/
- Ta-#a 1&. Se2 %e #" e0re"a%" B0cT&C .....14/
- Ta-#a 1*. CAi-c(a%ra% "-re #a "it(acin !a'i#iar en e# 0r(p cntr# 4 en e# 0r(p
e2peri'enta#..14/
- Ta-#a 14. Sit(acin !a'i#iar %e #" e0re"a%" BIET&C.....141
- Ta-#a 15. Sit(acin !a'i#iar %e #" e0re"a%" B0cT&C...141
- Ta-#a 1.. CAi-cia%ra%9 e"ta% ci+i# en e# 0r(p cntr# 4 0r(p e2peri'enta#...141
- Ta-#a 17. E"ta% Ci+i# BIET&C.14&
- Ta-#a 1$. E"ta% Ci+i# B0cT&C...14&
- Ta-#a 17 .CAi-c(a%ra% "-re pr+incia %e re"i%encia en e# 0r(p cntr# 4 en e# 0r(p
e2peri'enta#..14*
- Ta-#a &/. Pr+incia %e re"i%encia BIET&C....14*
- Ta-#a &1. Pr+incia %e re"i%encia B0cT&C..14*
- Ta-#a &&. CAi-c(a%ra% %e e"t(%i" ter'ina%" en e# 0r(p cntr# 4 0r(p
e2peri'enta#..144
- Ta-#a &*. E"t(%i" ter'ina%" BIET&C.....144
- Ta-#a &4. E"t(%i" ter'ina%" B0cT&C..144
- Ta-#a &5 .CAi- c(a%ra%9 e"pecia#i%a% %e e"t(%i" en e# 0r(p cntr# 4 0r(p
e2peri'enta#..145
- Ta-#a &.. CAi-c(a%ra% "-re Sit(acin #a-ra# en 0r(p cntr# 4 0r(p
e2peri'enta#..14$
- Ta-#a &7. E+#(cin %e #a "it(acin #a-ra# entre e# IE 4 0c..14$
- Ta-#a &$. Ni+e# %e 'e,ra %e# ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% BIET&C...15&
- Ta-#a &7. Ni+e# %e 'e,ra %e# ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% B0cT&C.....15&
- Ta-#a */. Rea#i;acin %e pr3ctica" BIET&C..15*
- Ta-#a *1. Rea#i;acin %e pr3ctica" B0cT&C.....15*

- 7 -
- Ta-#a *&. Me%ia" 4 %e"+iacine" t)pica" %e +aria-#e" en e# IET1...154
- Ta-#a **. Me%ia" 4 %e"+iacine" t)pica" %e +aria-#e" en e# 0cT1155
- Ta-#a *4. E+#(cin %e #a" c'p. tran"+er"a#e" en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#.157
- Ta-#a *5. A#!a %e Crn-acA %e #a" c'pet. tra"+er"a#e" %e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#...15$
- Ta-#a *.. E+#(cin %e #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" %e# 0r(p cntr#...15$
- Ta-#a *7. A#!a %e Crn-acA %e #a" Aa-i#i%a%e" tra"+er"a#e" %e# 0r(p cntr#157
- Ta-#a *$. Pr(e-a %e cntra"te" intra-"(,et" %e #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e"...1.1
- Ta-#a *7. Pr(e-a %e cntra"te %e Le+ene "-re #a i0(a#%a% %e #a" +arian;a" errr %e #a"
c'petencia".1.1
- Ta-#a 4/. E0re"a%" :(e 'e,ran "( ni+e# %e c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e". BIEC.1.4
- Ta-#a 41. E0re"a%" :(e 'e,ran "( ni+e# %e c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e". B0cC..1..
- Ta-#a 4&. E0re"a%" :(e e'peran "( ni+e# %e c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e". B0cC....1.7
- Ta-#a 4*. Me%i%a" "i'1trica" entre e# ,(e; 1 4 e# ,(e; &..........1.$
- Ta-#a 44. Me%i%a" "i'1trica" entre e# ,(e; 1 4 e# ,(e; *.......1.$
- Ta-#a 45. Me%i%a" "i'1trica" entre e# ,(e; & 4 e# ,(e; *...1.$
- Ta-#a 4.. NO %e entre+i"ta" 4 nO %e +ece" en #a" :(e aparecen #a" c'petencia"
tran"+er"a#e". BIEC17&
- Ta-#a 47. NO %e entre+i"ta" 4 nO %e +ece" en #a" :(e aparecen #a" c'petencia"
tran"+er"a#e" "e0Nn tre" ,(ece" %i!erente" BIEC....17*
- Ta-#a 4$. E+#(cin %e #" i%i'a" 4 #a" TIC %e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#....177
- Ta-#a 47. A#!a %e Crn-acA %e #" i%i'a" 4 #a" TIC %e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#...177
- Ta-#a 5/. E+#(cin %e #" i%i'a" 4 #a" TIC %e# 0r(p cntr#..1$/
- Ta-#a 51. A#!a %e Crn-acA %e #" i%i'a" 4 #a" TIC %e# 0r(p cntr#..1$/
- Ta-#a 5&. Pr(e-a %e cntra"te" intra-"(,et" %e #" I%i'a" 4 #a" TIC.1$&
- Ta-#a 5*. Pr(e-a %e cntra"te %e Le+ene "-re #a i0(a#%a% %e #a" +arian;a" errr %e #"
I%i'a" 4 #a" TIC..1$&
- Ta-#a 54. Pr(e-a %e #" ran0" cn "i0n" Pi#c2n -#:(e %e I%i'a" 4 TIC Qpr(e-a
n para'1trica" BIEC.1$*
- Ta-#a 55. Per"na" 4 prcenta,e %e 'e,ra en I%i'a" - TIC BIEC.1$*
- Ta-#a 5.. Pr(e-a %e ran0" cn "i0n" Pi#c2n %e -#:(e %e I%i'a" QTIC. Pr(e-a
n para'1trica B0cC....157
- Ta-#a 57. Per"na" 4 prcenta,e %e 'e,ra 4 e'pera'ient I%i'a"-TIC B0cC.....1$4
- Ta-#a 5$. NO %e entre+i"ta" 4 nN'er %e +ece" :(e aparecen #a" c'petencia" %e
I%i'a"-TICB0cC1$.
- Ta-#a 57. Me%i%a" "i'1trica" entre e# ,(e; 1 4 e# ,(e; &...1$.
- Ta-#a ./. Me%i%a" "i'1trica" entre e# ,(e; 1 4 e# ,(e; *...1$7
- Ta-#a .1. Me%i%a" "i'1trica" entre e# ,(e; & 4 e# ,(e; *...1$7

- $ -
- Ta-#a .7. NO %e entre+i"ta" 4 nN'er %e +ece" :(e aparecen #a" c'petencia" %e
I%i'a"-TIC inter,(ece" B0cC.....1$$
- Ta-#a 7/. E+#(cin %e #a %i"pni-i#i%a% %e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#....17/
- Ta-#a 71. A#!a %e Crn-acA %e %i"pni-i#i%a% %e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#...17/
- Ta-#a 7&. E+#(cin %e #a %i"pni-i#i%a% %e# 0r(p cntr#.171
- Ta-#a 7*. A#!a %e Crn-acA %e %i"pni-i#i%a% %e# 0r(p cntr#.....171
- Ta-#a 74. Pr(e-a %e cntra"te" intra-"(,et" %e -#:(e %e %i"pni-i#i%a%....17*
- Ta-#a 75. Pr(e-a %e #" ran0" cn "i0n" Pi#c2n %e -#:(e %e %i"pni-i#i%a%-
pr(e-a n para'1trica BIEC..17*
- Ta-#a 7.. Per"na" 4 prcenta,e %e 'e,ra 4 e'pera'ient %e# -#:(e %e
%i"pni-i#i%a% BIEC...174
- Ta-#a 77. Pr(e-a %e ran0" cn "i0n" Pi#c2n %e -#:(e %e %i"pni-i#i%a%- pr(e-a
n para'1trica B0cC................175
- Ta-#a 7$. Per"na" 4 prcenta,e %e 'e,ra 4 e'pera'ient %e# -#:(e %e
%i"pni-i#i%a% B0cC.....175
- Ta-#a 77. NO %e entre+i"ta" 4 nN'er %e +ece" :(e aparecen #a" c'petencia" %e -#:(e
%i"pni-i#i%a% B0cC.....17.
- Ta-#a $/. Me%i%a" "i'1trica" entre e# ,(e; 1 4 e# ,(e; &...177
- Ta-#a $1. Me%i%a" "i'1trica" entre e# ,(e; 1 4 e# ,(e; *...177
- Ta-#a $&. Me%i%a" "i'1trica" entre e# ,(e; & 4 e# ,(e; *.......177
- Ta-#a $*. NO %e entre+i"ta" 4 nN'er %e +ece" :(e aparecen #a" c'petencia" %e -#:(e
%i"pni-i#i%a%-inter,(ece" B0cC..17$
- Ta-#a $4. E+#(cin %e #a" Aerra'ienta" 4 #" rec(r"" %e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#.&//
- Ta-#a $5.A#!a %e Crn-acA %e %i"pni-i#i%a% %e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#&//
- Ta-#a $.. E+#(cin %e #a" Aerra'ienta" 4 #" rec(r"" %e# 0r(p cntr#...&/1
- Ta-#a $7. A#!a %e Crn-acA %e %i"pni-i#i%a% %e# 0r(p cntr#.....&/&
- Ta-#a $$. Pr(e-a %e cntra"te" intra-"(,et" %e -#:(e %e Aerra'ienta" 4
rec(r""..&/*
- Ta-#a $7. Pr(e-a %e cntra"te %e Le+ene "-re #a i0(a#%a% %e #a" +arian;a" errr %e
-#:(e %e Aerra'ienta" 4 rec(r""....&/4
- Ta-#a 7/. Pr(e-a %e #" ran0" cn "i0n" Pi#c2n %e -#:(e Aerra'ienta" 4
rec(r""-pr(e-a n para'1trica BIEC....&/4
- Ta-#a 71. Per"na" 4 prcenta,e %e 'e,ra 4 e'pera'ient %e# -#:(e %e Aerra'ienta"
4 rec(r"" BIEC..&/5
- Ta-#a 7&. Per"na" 4 prcenta,e %e 'e,ra 4 e'pera'ient %e# -#:(e %e Aerra'ienta"
4 rec(r"" B0cC...&/.

- 7 -
- Ta-#a 7*. Pr(e-a %e ran0" cn "i0n" Pi#c2n %e -#:(e %e Aerra'ienta" 4 rec(r""-
pr(e-a n para'1trica B0cC....&/.
- Ta-#a 74.NO %e entre+i"ta" 4 nN'er %e +ece" :(e aparecen #a" c'petencia" %e -#:(e
Aerra'ienta" 4 rec(r"" B0cC..&/7
- Ta-#a 75.Me%i%a" "i'1trica" entre e# ,(e; 1 4 e# ,(e; &&/$
- Ta-#a 7.. .Me%i%a" "i'1trica" entre e# ,(e; 1 4 e# ,(e; *..&/$
- Ta-#a 77 .Me%i%a" "i'1trica" entre e# ,(e; & 4 e# ,(e; *...&/$
- Ta-#a 7$. NO %e entre+i"ta" 4 nN'er %e +ece" :(e aparecen #a" c'petencia" %e -#:(e
Aerra'ienta" 4 rec(r""-inter,(ece" B0cC...&/7
- Ta-#a 77. Crre#acine" %e Pear"n reci-ir rientacin 4 "it(acin #a-ra#.&1*
- Ta-#a 1//. Ta(-- %e Den%a##. Reci-ir rientacin 4 "it(acin #a-ra#..&1*
- Ta-#a 1/1. Crre#acine" %e Pear"n reci-ir rientacin 4 'e,ra %e# ni+e# %e
e'p#ea-i#i%a%....&1*
- Ta-#a 1/&. Ta(-- %e Den%a##. Reci-ir rientacin 4 ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%....&1*
- Ta-#a 1/*. Crre#acine" %e Pear"n %e# ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% 4 #a "it(acin
#a-ra#....&14
- Ta-#a 1/4. Ta(-- %e Den%a##. ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% 4 "it(acin #a-ra#&14
- Ta-#a 1/5. NO %e entre+i"ta" 4 nO %e +ece" :(e aparecen #a" c'petencia" %e -#:(e %e
n(e+a" c'petencia" B0cC......&15
- Ta-#a 1/.. .Me%i%a" "i'1trica" entre e# ,(e; 1 4 e# ,(e; &&15
- Ta-#a 1/7. Me%i%a" "i'1trica" entre e# ,(e; 1 4 e# ,(e; *.&15
- Ta-#a 1/$. Me%i%a" "i'1trica" entre e# ,(e; & 4 e# ,(e; *....&1.
- Ta-#a 1/7. NO %e entre+i"ta" 4 nN'er %e +ece" :(e aparecen #a" c'petencia" %e#
-#:(e %e tra" c'petencia" 4 rec(r""-inter,(ece"....&1.

- 1/ -

Gn%ice %e !i0(ra"
8i0(ra 1. Tip %e c'petencia". EcAe+err)a et a# B177$C......4/
8i0(ra &. Ter'in %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% OIT......45
8i0(ra *. E'p#ea-i#i%a% Btr" a(tre"C........45
8i0(ra 4. Mapa %e #a" In"tit(cine" Mie'-r %e T(nin0......$*
8i0(ra 5. I'prtancia %e #" re:(i"it" %e #" e'p#ea%re". ULE ......77
8i0(ra 5. O-,eti+ 0enera#.......11$
8i0(ra .. C'pnente" e,e" in!#(4ente" en #a e'p#ea-i#i%a%...11$
8i0(ra 7. Met%#0)a %e #a in+e"ti0acin.......1&/
8i0(ra $. M(e"tra %e #a in+e"ti0acin..........1&.
8i0(ra 7. 8a"e" %e prce" %e tra-a, en e# 0r(p cntr#.......1&7
8i0(ra 1/. 8a"e" %e prce" %e tra-a, en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta...1*/
8i0(ra 11. An3#i"i" %e %at" c(a#itati+".........1*4
8i0(ra 1&. E%a% %e #" e0re"a%" BIET&C................. 1*7
8i0(ra 1*. E%a% %e #" e0re"a%" B0cT&C.......... 1*7
8i0(ra 14. Se2 %e #" e0re"a%" BIET&C..........14/
8i0(ra 15. Se2 %e #" e0re"a%" B0cT&C....... 14/
8i0(ra 1.. Sit(acin !a'i#iar %e #" e0re"a%" BIET&C..........141
8i0(ra 17. Sit(acin !a'i#iar %e #" e0re"a%" B0cT&C.......141
8i0(ra 1$. E"ta% Ci+i# BIET&C...............14&
8i0(ra 17. E"ta% Ci+i# B0cT&C........14&
8i0(ra &/. Pr+incia %e re"i%encia BIET&C.........14*
8i0(ra &1. Pr+incia %e re"i%encia B0cT&C.......144
8i0(ra &&. E"t(%i" ter'ina%" BIET&C.....145
8i0(ra &*. E"t(%i" ter'ina%" B0cT&C.......145
8i0(ra &4. E"pecia#i%a% %e e"t(%i" BIET&C...14.
8i0(ra &5. E"pecia#i%a% %e e"t(%i" B0cT&C.........147
8i0(ra &.. E+#(cin %e #a "it(acin #a-ra# entre e# IE 4 0c...147
8i0(ra &7. E+#(cin %e #a "it(acin #a-ra# entre e# IET14 IET&..151
8i0(ra &$. E+#(cin %e #a "it(acin #a-ra# entre e# 0cT1 4 0cT&........151
8i0(ra &7. Ni+e# %e 'e,ra %e# ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% BIET&C.....15&
8i0(ra */. Ni+e# %e 'e,ra %e# ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% B0cT&C..........15&
8i0(ra *1. Rea#i;acin %e pr3ctica" BIET&C...........15*
8i0(ra *&. Rea#i;acin %e pr3ctica" B0cT&C........15*
8i0(ra **. E+#(cin %e #a" c'petencia" tran". en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#......157
8i0(ra *4. E+#(cin %e #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" %e# 0r(p cntr#...157

- 11 -
8i0(ra *5. E+#(cin %e #" i%i'a" 4 #a" TIC %e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#..........177
8i0(ra *.. E+#(cin %e #" i%i'a" 4 #a" TIC %e# 0r(p cntr#.......1$/
8i0(ra *7. E+#(cin %e #a %i"pni-i#i%a% %e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#.17/
8i0(ra *$ E+#(cin %e #a %i"pni-i#i%a% %e# 0r(p cntr#......171
8i0(ra *7. E+#(cin %e #a" Aerra'ienta" 4 #" rec(r"" %e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#...&//
Ta-#a 4/. E+#(cin %e #a" Aerra'ienta" 4 #" rec(r"" %e# 0r(p cntr#......&/

- 1& -
Gn%ice %e Ane2"

Ane2 1H C'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" %e# pr4ect T(nin0......&4$
Ane2 &H C(e"tinari %e tra-a, en e# DEA.........&5/
Ane2 *H E+#(cin en #a e#a-racin %e# pre-te"t 4 p"t-te"t...&54
Ane2 4H E,e'p# %e entre+i"ta ana#i;a%a pr (n %e #" ,(ece"...&7/
Ane2 5H Rec(ent %e cate0r)a" %e# an3#i"i" %e #a" 1// entre+i"ta".&$$
Ane2 .H Ta-#a %e cate0ri;acin %e re"(#ta%" Inter,(ece"......&71
Ane2 7H Tra"cripcin %e# 0r(p %e %i"c("in 'i2t.....&74

- 1* -
AGRADECIMIETOS

Me 0("tar)a apr+ecAar e"te aparta% para a0ra%ecer a 'i %irectra %e te"i" 4 ta'-i1n
a'i0a9 A#e,an%ra9 t% e# ap4 :(e 'e Aa -rin%a% a # #ar0 %e e"t" c(atr a6" en #" :(e
Ae nece"ita% c'pren"in9 %e%icacin9 e'pat)a 4 e"pecia#'ente cari69 en # :(e a# a"pect
e'cina# re"pecta. Pr tr #a% :(ier a0ra%ecer#e #a pr!e"ina#i%a% 4 ri0(r"i%a% cn #a :(e
Aa "a-i% re"#+er #a" %(%a" 4 p#antear tra" n(e+a". Para 'i ere" (n e,e'p# a "e0(ir9 0racia"
pr en"e6ar'e "ien% tN.

C' n p(e%e "er %e tra 'anera #e a0ra%e;c a t%a 'i !a'i#ia e# ap49 ca#r 4
3ni' :(e 'e Aan tra"'iti% %(rante e"te tie'p9 p(e"t :(e 'e Aa "er+i% %e i'p(#" para
intentar %ar (n pa"it '3" ca%a %)a. Entre t%" e##"9 c' n p%)a "er %e tra 'anera9 :(ier
%ar #a" 0racia" a 'i 'ari% 4 'i Ai,a9 "in #" c(a#e" n A(-iera p%i% ##e+ar a ca- e"ta
a+ent(ra.

>(ier '"trar#e 'i a0ra%eci'ient a t%" a:(e##" c'pa6er" 4 a'i0" %e
Sa#a'anca 4 Rara0;a :(e 'e Aan a4(%a% tant en #a +a#i%acin %e pr(e-a" c' en e#
an3#i"i" %e #" %at" 4 tra"cripcin %e #" 'i"'"9 "ien% e"ta #a tarea 'en" a0ra%eci%a per
'(4 +a#ra%a pr 'i parte.
E"t4 e"pecia#'ente a0ra%eci%a a #" pr!e"re" :(e Aan %e%ica% (n e"paci %e "( precia%
tie'p para a"e"rar'e en e# 3'-it 'et%#0ic %e #a te"i"9 '(cAa" 0racia".

Le '(e"tr 'i a0ra%eci'ient a t%a" #a" per"na" :(e Aan participa% en #a '(e"tra
%e# tra-a,9 0racia" a e##a" Ae apren%i% %iaria'ente 4 Ae p%i% ##e+ar a ca- %icAa te"i"9 4a
:(e "in e##" e"te tra-a, A(-iera "i% i'p"i-#e.

A t%" a:(e##" pr!e"ina#e" 4 c'pa6er" :(e 'e Aan %a% #a prt(ni%a% %e
iniciar'e en e# 3'-it %e #a %cencia 4 #a in+e"ti0acin 4 :(e 'e Aan tra"'iti% #a i'prtancia
%e# tra-a, 4 e# e"!(er; a")9 c' en"e6a% cn "( prce%er #" +a#re" :(e n %e-e'" per%er.

A t%" a:(e##" :(e Aan aprta% "( 0ranit %e arena para :(e e"te "(e6 "e cn+ierta
en rea#i%a%9 0racia" pr "ie'pre.

- 14 -

ITRODUCCI.

Para -tener e# %ip#'a %e e"t(%i" a+an;a%" rea#i;a'" %" in+e"ti0acine"
re#acina%a" cn #a" c'petencia" 4 #a" actit(%e" %e #" e0re"a%" ante #a in"ercin en e#
'erca% 4 e# p"terir e,ercici %e "( pr!e"in. En #" re"(#ta%" %e %icAa" #)nea" %e
in+e"ti0acin "e p(% c'pr-ar :(e #a" c'petencia" en #a" :(e #" e0re"a%" ten)an '3"
ni+e# eran #a capaci%a% para apren%er9 #a c'(nicacin9 e# tra-a, en e:(ip 4 #a a%aptacin a
n(e+a" "it(acine"9 'ientra" :(e #a" c'petencia" en #a" :(e #" e0re"a%" :(e participarn en
e# e"t(%i 'ani!e"tarn 'en" ni+e# !(ern e# 'ane, %e (na "e0(n%a #en0(a9 #a capaci%a% para
tra-a,ar en e# e2tran,er9 e# cnci'ient %e tra" c(#t(ra"9 #a iniciati+a9 e# e"p)rit( e'pren%e%r9
#a capaci%a% cr)tica 4 e# a(tcnci'ient. La" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" :(e #" e0re"a%"
cn"i%eran '3" i'prtante" para 'e,rar "( ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% !(ern #a c'(nicacin ra#
4 e"crita9 #a capaci%a% %e apren%er9 #a a%aptacin a n(e+a" "it(acine"9 #a r0ani;acin 4 #a
p#ani!icacin 4 #a ap#icacin %e #" cnci'ient" a #a pr3ctica. De ac(er% cn Cttn B&//1C9
"e -"er+a9 a tra+1" %e %i"tinta" in+e"ti0acine"9 :(e 'ientra" :(e #" e'p#ea%re" e"t3n
"ati"!ecA" en 0enera# cn #a" Aa-i#i%a%e" t1cnica" %e #" e0re"a%"9 n # e"t3n c'p#eta'ente
cn #a" Aa-i#i%a%e" tran"+er"a#e" 4 %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%. E"te a(tr en!ati; :(e #" e'p#ea%re"
+a#ran #a" Aa-i#i%a%e" %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% tran"+er"a#e" pr enci'a %e #a" Aa-i#i%a%e"
e"pec)!ica". E"t" re"(#ta%" n" ani'arn a pr!(n%i;ar '3" "-re e# e"t(%i %e #a
e'p#ea-i#i%a% 4 "( p"i-#e re#acin cn #a rientacin pr!e"ina# pr c'petencia"
tran"+er"a#e". N" pre0(nta-a'" ?:(1 p%r)a'" Aacer n"tr" c' rienta%re" para
cntri-(ir a :(e #" e0re"a%" 'e,ra"en "( ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%@. Pr t% # anterir9 en
e"ta te"i" n" p#antea'" c' -,eti+ e# inter+enir 4 rientar pr!e"ina#'ente pr
c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" a (n 0r(p %e e0re"a%" cn e# prp"it %e cncer c' in!#(4e
%icAa rientacin en "( ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%.
Para e##9 %e"p(1" %e Aacer (n pr!(n% e"t(%i9 tra-a,a'" c(atr par3'etr"
%i!erencia%" :(e c'pnen e# t1r'in %e e'p#ea-i#ia%S c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e"9 e# '3"
i'prtante 4 cn"i"tente %e #" 'i"'"9 cnci'ient" %e i%i'a" e in!r'3tica9 %i"pni-i#i%a%
4 cnci'ient" %e #a" Aerra'ienta" 4 #" rec(r"" para #a -N":(e%a 'e,ra %e e'p#e.
A "( +e;9 n" p#antea'" e# c'pr-ar "i e2i"ten %i!erencia" "i0ni!icati+a" "e0Nn "e29 e%a%
"it(acin #a-ra#.
Se tra-a,a (na 'et%#0)a c(a"i-e2peri'enta#9 cn (n 0r(p cntr# 4 tr
e2peri'enta#9 en #a :(e en (n pri'er ''ent "e ap#ica (n Bpre-te"tC9 "e rea#i;a (na
inter+encin en e# 3'-it %e #a rientacin 4 en (n "e0(n% ''ent "e +(e#+e a ap#icar e#
in"tr('ent Bp"t-te"tC. DicAa" apr2i'acine" a4(%an a :(e cn!#(4an "iner0ia" :(e !aci#itanH

- 15 -

1. Una 'a4r e!icacia en e# prce" %e inter+encin-rientacin # :(e %en'inar)a'"
+a#i%e; interna9 &. 8aci#itar (na 'a4r +arie%a% en #a inter+encin-rientacin en #" %i!erente"
cnte2t" %e ap#icacin B%i!erente" tit(#acine" 4 (-icacine"C9 -tenien% (na +a#i%e;
ec#0ica 4 !aci#itan% !(t(ra" ap#icacine" pr3ctica" %e p#ani!icar (n '%e# %e inter+encin-
rientacin 0enera#i;a-#e9 e!ica;9 e!iciente 4 +ia-#e para p%er "er ap#ica% cn e0re"a%" :(e
:(ieran 'e,rar "( ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%.
A "( +e;9 %(rante e# prce" %e inter+encin-rientacin en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# "e
rea#i;a (na e+a#(acin cntin(a 'e%iante entre+i"ta" in%i+i%(a#e" 4 0r(p" %e %i"c("in.
Prce%e'" cn ca(te#a en #a interpretacin %e #" re"(#ta%"9 ##e+an% a ca- #a e+a#(acin
"('ati+aTc(antitati+a 4 #a e+a#(acin c(a#itati+a9 p(e"t :(e !aci#ita (na +i"in 0#-a# 4
c'p#eta %e# -,et %e e"t(%i.
Una +e; p#antea%a #a te'3tica %e e"t(%i 4 rea#i;a%a #a recpi#acin %e e"t(%i"
anterire" antece%ente" re#acina%"9 "e perci-e :(e e2i"ten '(#tit(% %e e"t(%i" en #" :(e "e
tra-a,an #a" c'petencia" 4 e"pec)!ica'ente #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e"9 pr4ect" en #"
:(e "e tra-a,a c' 'e,rar #a e'p#ea-i#i%a% %e %i!erente" c#ecti+"9 in+e"ti0acine" en #a"
:(e "e p#antean %i!erente" '%e#" %e rientacin9 per "e %e"cnce nin0Nn e"t(%i :(e tra-a,e
#a rientacin pr!e"ina# pr c'petencia" para 'e,rar e# ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% 4 p#antee (n
p"i-#e '%e# %e inter+encin-rientacin para e##.
La e"tr(ct(ra 'arca%a en e"te tra-a, parte %e c(atr 0ran%e" -#:(e"H

1. E"ta% %e #a c(e"tin p#antea'ient teric. En e# :(e "e tra-a,an antece%ente" 4
cncept" re#acina%" cn #a rientacin pr!e"ina#9 #a" c'petencia"9 #a
e'p#ea-i#i%a%9 :(1 e" # :(e -("can #" e'pre"ari"9 re!erente" teric" %e -a"e 4
"it(acin cnte2t(a# %e# 'erca% %e tra-a,.
&. P#antea'ient e'p)ric en e# :(e "e %eta##an #" -,eti+"9 #a 'et%#0)a %e tra-a,9 e#
prce%i'ient 4 e# an3#i"i" %e #" %at".
*. Re"(#ta%" -teni%" %e"p(1" %e# an3#i"i" %e #" %at" tant a ni+e# c(antitati+ cn e#
pre-te"t 4 p"t-te"t c' a ni+e# c(a#itati+ cn #a" entre+i"ta" per"na#e" 4 #" 0r(p"
%e %i"c("in.
4. Cnc#("ine" !ina#e" a #a" :(e "e ##e0a %e"p(1" %e Aa-er ana#i;a% #" %at" 4
+a#racin %e p"i-#e" #i'itacine" 4 p"i-#e" #)nea" a %e"arr##ar en !(t(r" tra-a,".

En %icAa te"i"9 e# '%e# teric %e -a"e e" e# cn"tr(cti+i"' aprtan% (na %ireccin
"cr3tica cn e# 'ane, %e #a 'a41(tica en e# %e"arr## %e #a rientacin pr!e"ina# pr
c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e".

- 1. -
Tra" %e"i"tir en #a -N":(e%a %e (n in"tr('ent c(antitati+ :(e n" per'itie"e +a#rar e#
ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%9 prce%i'" a #a e#a-racin %e# 'i"' partien% %e '(#tit(% %e
tra-a,"9 in+e"ti0acine" 4 pr4ect" :(e %e (n ( tr '% e"t(%ia-an parte %e #"
c'pnente" prpi" %e# cncept %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% %e"arr##a% en e"ta te"i" 4 anta%"
anterir'ente. Para 0aranti;ar #a +a#i%e; 4 !ia-i#i%a% %e# in"tr('ent rea#ic1 (na e2Aa("ti+a
+a#i%acin pr parte %e e2pert" en #a te'3tica 4 (na pr(e-a pi#t pre+ia a# %e"arr## %e#
in"tr('ent !ina#. Tant #a +a#i%e; c' #a !ia-i#i%a% Aan "i% a "( +e; '(4 teni%a" en c(enta
en e# 3'-it c(a#itati+ 4 tra-a,a%a"9 entre tra"9 a tra+1" %e #a +a#racin inter,(ece".
La '(e"tra !ina# e"ta c'p(e"ta pr 44$ e0re"a%"9 #a 'ita% %e #" c(a#e" pertenecen a#
0r(p cntr# B&&4C 4 #a tra 'ita% a# 0r(p e2peri'enta# B&&4C. La !r'a %e rec0i%a %e %at"
e" c(antitati+aT"('ati+a cn #a e#a-racin %e (n pre-te"t p"t-te"t 4 c(a#itati+a cn e# an3#i"i"
%e 1// entre+i"ta" per"na#e" 4 tre" 0r(p" %e %i"c("in entre per"na" :(e ") Aan reci-i%
rientacin pr!e"ina#9 :(e n Aan reci-i% %icAa rientacin 4 'i2t en e# :(e participan tant
per"na" :(e "i Aan reci-i% %icAa rientacin c' #a" :(e n #a Aan reci-i%. Para !aci#itar e#
an3#i"i" %e #" %at" c(a#itati+" "e %e!inen cate0r)a" cn c%i0" a"i0na%" 4 (ni%a%e"
"e0'ent" %e an3#i"i"9 a "( +e; "e 'ani!ie"ta !#e2i-i#i%a% para #a p"i-#e %eteccin %e !r'a
in%(cti+a %e n(e+a" cate0r)a" :(e "(r0en %(rante e# prce".
E# an3#i"i" %e %at" "e Aace a tra+1" %e e"ta%)"tic" %e"cripti+" 4 tr" e"ta%)"tic" ta#e"
c'H an3#i"i" %e +arian;a cn 'e%i%a" repeti%a" prpia" %e# prce%i'ient %e# '%e# #inea#
0enera# BMLIC9 pr(e-a" %e A'0enei%a% cn e# e"ta%)"tic %e K29 e# e"ta%)"tic M 4 "(
tran"!r'acin en 89 e"ta%)"tic" '(#ti+aria%" c' #a Tra;a %e Pi##ai9 #a La'-%a %e Pi#U"9 #a
Tra;a %e =te##in0 4 #a ra); 'a4r %e R49 #a pr(e-a %e e"!erici%a% %e Ma(cA#49 e"ta%)"tic" 8
(ni+aria%" a"cia%" a ca%a e!ect9 e"ta%)"tic 8 %e Le+ene9 A#!a %e Crn-acA9 an3#i"i" %e #a
+arian;a9 Eta c(a%ra% BV
&C
9crre#acin %e Pear"n 4 pr(e-a %e ran0" cn "i0n" %e Pi#cn2n.
L" re"(#ta%" -teni%" "n %e"0#"a%" en re"(#ta%" c(antitati+"9 re"(#ta%" c(a#itati+" 4
#a 0#-a#i;acin c'pen%i %e #" %at" c(antitati+" 4 c(a#itati+"9 t'an% en t%" e##"
c' p(nt %e parti%a #" -,eti+" 'arca%" en #a in+e"ti0acin.
La" cnc#("ine" %e #a te"i" e"t3" %e"0#"a%a" pr -,eti+" e inc#(4en #a" "e'e,an;a" 4
%i!erencia" encntra%a" cn #" e"t(%i" inc#(i%" en e# 'arc teric en c(e"tin. A "( +e; "e
antan #a" #i'itacine" encntra%a" 4 #a" p"i-#e" !(t(ra" #)nea" %e e"t(%i en #a" :(e "e p%r)a
pr!(n%i;ar en p"terire" in+e"ti0acine" 4 en #a" :(e n %e"cart tra-a,ar en (n !(t(r n
#e,an.

- 17 -

I. ESTADO DE LA CUESTI-PLATEAMIETO
TERICO.

E# -,eti+ %e e"te aparta% e" rea#i;ar (n c'p#et p#antea'ient teric 4 (n cnci"
e"ta% %e #a c(e"tin %e# te'a :(e "e in+e"ti0a. Se (-ica cn %eteni'ient ca%a (n %e #"
t1r'in" :(e "e tra-a,an %e !r'a cn"tante %(rante e# %e"arr## %e #a in+e"ti0acin9 tant e#
cncept %e rientacin pr!e"ina#9 c' e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% 4 e# %e c'petencia p(e"t :(e
a%:(ieren (na 0ran i'prtancia en %icA tra-a,. E2i"ten e"t(%i" :(e %e (n ( tr '%
re#acinan e"t(%ian #a in"ercin en e# 'erca% #a-ra#9 #a !r'acin9 #a e'p#ea-i#i%a% 4 #a"
c'petencia". DicA" e"t(%i" "n re#e+ante" en e"ta in+e"ti0acin p(e"t :(e a4(%an a (-icar
e# e"ta% %e #a c(e"tin. Se re+i"an in+e"ti0acine" re#acina%a" cn #a te'3tica %e tra-a,9
p(-#ica%a" en %i!erente" pa)"e"9 "e rea#i;an #ect(ra" %e #i-r"9 art)c(#" 4 tr" %c('ent" %e
inter1" :(e enri:(ecen #a -a"e terica %e e"te tra-a,. Se c'ien;a Aa-#an% %e #a rientacin
pr!e"ina# 4 "e %e!inen a:(e##" '%e#" '3" "i0ni!icati+" inc#(4en% (na #i0era prp(e"ta %e
'%e# %e inter+encin-rientacin para #a 'e,ra %e #a e'p#ea-i#i%a%9 "e prce%e cn #a
nece"aria e2p#icacin %e# t1r'in %e c'petencia pre"t3n%#e e"pecia# atencin a# cncept en
")9 a #" tip" 4 a #" '%e#" %e !r'acin pr c'petencia". Se cntinNa cn #a e2p#icacin
%e# cncept %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% 4 "( re#acin cn e# 'erca% %e tra-a, inci%ien% a "( +e; en
%eta##ar #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" :(e "e ten%r3n en c(enta en e# e"t(%i9 #a !r'acin9 #a"
c'petencia" 4 #a Uni+er"i%a%9 a") c' "e e"ta-#ecen (na" pince#a%a" %e :(1 -("can #"
e'pre"ari". Una +e; !ina#i;a%" %icA" aparta%" "e Aace (n recrri% pr #a" re!erencia"
terica" '3" repre"entati+a"9 entre #a" :(e %e"tacan #" "i0(iente" pr4ect"S aC Tuning; b)
Careers alter Higher Education a European Research Survey BC=EERSCS cC The Flexible
Proessional in the !no"ledge Society. #e" $e%ands on Higher Educaci&n in Europe
BRE8LEFCS %) Pr!e"ina# 8#e2i-#e en #a "cie%a% %e# cnci'ient BPRO8LEFCS eC La
Enc(e"ta %e In"ercin La-ra# %e #a ANECAS 4 !C De!inicin 4 Se#eccin %e C'petencia"
BDeSeCC9 entre tr". Pr N#ti' "e cnc#(4e cn #a cnte2t(a#i;acin %e# 'erca% %e tra-a,
tant a ni+e# internacina#9 c' e"tata# 4 re0ina# para %e e"te '% p#a"'ar e# panra'a
cnte2t(a#9 n e2ent %e ca'-i9 en e# :(e #" e0re"a%" %e"arr##an "( ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%.
N" prpne'"9 pr en%e9 c'pr-ar en :(1 'e%i%a in!#(4e #a inter+encin-
rientacin pr!e"ina# pr c'petencia" en #a 'e,ra %e #a e'p#ea-i#i%a% %e #" e0re"a%" :(e
participan en e# e"t(%i.

- 1$ -

1. Orientacin pr!e"ina#.

1.1. Cncept %e Orientacin pr!e"ina#

A(n:(e "e (ti#i;an in%i"tinta'ente #" cncept" %e rientacin #a-ra# 4 rientacin
pr!e"ina#9 cn+iene ac#arar cncept(a#'ente :(e e# pri'er %e e##" "(e#e (ti#i;ar"e para
re!erir"e a c(a#:(ier prce" %e rientacin re#acina%a cn e# tra-a,9 c(an% #a a4(%a +a '3"
a##3 %e #a 'era -N":(e%a %e (n e'p#e 4 "e a'p#)a a# %e"arr## %e #a carrera9 e" '3" preci" 4
crrect (ti#i;ar e# t1r'in rientacin pr!e"ina#' BS3ncAe;9 &//4C. La Orientacin tiene "("
r)0ene" c' acti+i%a% r0ani;ati+a a principi" %e# "i0# FF en EEUU 49 "n e"encia#e" #a"
aprtacine" %e Par"n" B17/$C9 Da+i" B171/C 4 Ne##4 B1714S cit. pr Ki":(erra &/11C. E#
cncept %e rientacin pr!e"ina# "(r0i pr pri'era +e; a partir %e #" in!r'e" rea#i;a%"
pr Par"n" B17/$ cit. pr Ki":(erra &/11C cn #a re"e6a %e #a O!icina %e E%(cacin Jcacina#
4 #a -ra Choosing a (ocation B17/7S cit. pr Ki":(erra &/11C :(e !(n% en K"tn #a pri'era
!icina %e rientacin +cacina# c' (n "er+ici pN-#ic a# 'ar0en %e# 3'-it e%(cati+.
Da+i" B171/S cit. pr Ki":(erra &/11C cntri-(4 a# prpner #a inte0racin %e #a acti+i%a%
rienta%ra en e# c(rr)c(# e"c#ar 4 pr e## e" e# pa%re %e #a rientacin e%(cati+a. Ne##4 B1714S
cit. pr Ki":(erra &/11C9 ac(6a e# t1r'in rientacin e%(cati+a9 cn"i%era #a rientacin c'
(n prce" !r'ati+ %e a4(%a :(e Aa %e e"tar inte0ra% en e# c(rr)c(# para !aci#itar #a"
e#eccine" %e #" e"t(%iante" 4 #a re"#(cin %e pr-#e'a" per"na#e". Se inicia e# %e"arr## %e#
counselling en EEUU9 a partir %e #" a6" +einte "e e'pie;an a (ti#i;ar t1r'in" c'
Weducational guidanceX 4 Wvocational guidanceX 'ientra" :(e en E(rpa "e 0enera#i;a '3" e#
%e rientacin pr!e"ina#. Se a%+ierte (n inter1" creciente pr cn"i%erar #a rientacin c'
a#0 '3" :(e (na "i'p#e in!r'acin "-re #a" c(pacine"9 cn"i%er3n%"e c' (na
inter+encin '3" c'pr'eti%a enca'ina%a a :(e #" a#('n" !(eran capace" %e cncer"e a ")
'i"'" 4 "( entrn '3" cercan. E# t1r'in counselling e" intr%(ci% pr pri'era +e; pr
Prctr9 K#'!ie#% 4 Prenn B17*1-C 4 e" enten%i% c' (n prce" p"ic#0ic %e a4(%a
per"na# para #a c'pren"in %e #a in!r'acin pr!e"ina# 4 "( re#acin cn #a"
ptencina#i%a%e" 4 p"i-i#i%a%e" %e #a per"na. E# couselling e" cn"i%era% en (n pri'er
''ent c' (na t1cnica %e a4(%a in%i+i%(a# en e# prce" %e #a rientacin pr!e"ina# :(e
per'ite %ar (na atencin in%i+i%(a#i;a%a en e# prce" %e a"e"ra'ient. E"ta #)nea e" a"('i%a
pr Pi##ia'"n B17.5C en #a e"c(e#a %e Mine""ta p#a"'3n%"e en "( en!:(e %e ra"0" 4
!actre". Re"a#ta'" #" tra-a," %e S(per B1757C :(e "(pnen (n nta-#e a+ance en e#
'+i'ient %en'ina% re+#(cin %e #a carrera.
Iin;-er0e9 Iin"-(r0"9 A2e#E9 4 =er'a, B1751) -a"an "( en!:(e en #a P"ic#0)a
e+#(ti+a 4 en e# '%e# !re(%ian %e #a per"na#i%a%. E# '+i'ient %e #a carrera a%:(iere

- 17 -
re#e+ancia a# a%ptar a #a rientacin e# en!:(e %e# cic# +ita# :(e #a cn"i%era c' (n
prce" %e a4(%a a t%" #" "(,et" %(rante t%a "( +i%a 4 en t%" "(" a"pect". Se 'ani!ie"ta
(n inter1" pr0re"i+ pr #a atencin a #" 0r(p" en #(0ar %e# trata'ient in%i+i%(a#i;a%. La"
aprtacine" '3" %e"taca%a" "n #a" %e Prenn B17.&C9 MatAeE"n B17.&C 4 KrE B17.4CS Bcit.
pr <a'at9 17.7C. La rientacin pr!e"ina# "e +i i'p(#"a%a a !ina#e" %e# "i0# FIF9
##e0an% a in"tit(cina#i;ar"e en e# peri% %e #a pri'era I(erra M(n%ia#9 en re"p(e"ta a#
%e"e'p#e en a#0(na" pr!e"ine" 4 %e-i% a #a e"ca"e; %e per"na# en tra". L" r)0ene" %e #a
rientacin pr!e"ina# e"t3n e"trecAa'ente +inc(#a%" cn #" acnteci'ient" "cia#e"9
ecn'ic"9 cient)!ic" e i%e#0ic" %e #a 1pca9 e'er0i en tr" 3'-it" %e act(acin ante"
%e ##e0ar a #a in"tit(cin e%(cati+a9 ta# 4 c' "e Aa anta% anterir'ente.
E# trata% %e R'a B1757C 'arca #a" -a"e" %e #a rientacin pr!e"ina#9 cn car3cter
pN-#ic e in"tit(cina#. A partir %e 17$/9 #a "it(acin ecn'ica 4 %e# e'p#e ,(+eni# Aace :(e
#a rientacin pr!e"ina# a'p#)e "(" !(ncine" a #a a4(%a en #a t'a %e %eci"ine" 4 en #a
tran"icin a# '(n% "ci-#a-ra# a tra+1" %e itinerari" %e in"ercin 4 !r'acin aca%1'ica.
=a4 +ari" a(tre" :(e Aacen (na c#a"i!icacin %e #a" etapa" %e #a rientacin pr!e"ina# c'
e" e# ca" %e Crite" B1/71CS KecU B177*CS Ir%i## B17$$CS Ri+a" 4 Ar%it B177/CS Ki":(erra
B177&CS R%r)0(e; B177$CS SAertrer 4 Stne B177&C 4 K4 4 Pine B177.C :(e a!ir'an :(e #a
pr3ctica pr!e"ina# %e #" rienta%re" cn"i"te en ap#icar prce%i'ient" c#)nic"9 para
'e,rar %e"arr##ar (na -(ena c'(nicacin interper"na#9 a# "er e"ta #a ca("a %e #"
pr-#e'a". A")9 #" a"pect" a #" :(e "e #e" pre"ta e"pecia# atencin9 %e"%e #a acti+i%a%
rienta%ra9 "n e# a"e"ra'ient per"na#i;a%9 e# ca'-i %e actit(%e"9 e# %e"arr## %e
Aa-i#i%a%e" c'(nicati+a" 4 #a ap#icacin %e p"icterapia" centra%a" en #a per"na. En e# "i0#
FFI9 #a c'p#e,i%a% en #" "i"te'a" e%(cati+"9 #a pr#i!eracin 4 %i+er"i!icacin %e "a#i%a"
pr!e"ina#e"9 %e pcine" c(pacina#e" 4 %e (na t'a %e %eci"ine" ca%a +e; '3" acti+a 4
a(tn'a pr parte %e #a" per"na" rienta%a"9 a") c' #a -#i0a%a in'er"in en #a era %e #a
in!r'acin 4 #a tecn#0)a9 n" "itNan9 "e0Nn Kena+ent B1777H5.C Wen una escena de
intervenci&n cr)ticaX. N" Aa##a'" ante (na n(e+a per"pecti+a rienta%ra :(e +iene "ien%
cn"i%era%a pr #" en!:(e" teric" '3" a+an;a%" BL+1n9 &//*C en c(ant :(e perci-en a #a
per"na en "( 0#-a#i%a% e int(4en c' (n a"pect in!ra0'enta-#e #a cn"tr(ccin %e "(
pr4ect pr!e"ina# re"pect %e "( pr4ect +ita# BR%r)0(e;9 &//*C.
#a Le4 Or03nica 1/T&//&9 %e Ca#i%a% %e #a E%(cacin en e# t)t(# re!eri% a #a
E%(cacin Sec(n%aria9 %eta##a %e entre "(" pri'er" -,eti+" !r'ar a# a#('na% para "(
incrpracin a e"t(%i" p"terire" 4 para "( in"ercin #a-ra#9 a") c' %e"arr##ar %e"tre;a"
re#acina%a" cn #a" tecn#0)a" %e #a in!r'acin cn e# prp"it %e ("ar#a" en e# prce" %e
apren%i;a,e. En e"ta #)nea cnce%e e"pecia# i'prtancia a #" itinerari"9 pr+can% #a
nece"i%a% %e a"e"ra'ient a# !ina#i;ar e# "e0(n% c(r" %e e%(cacin "ec(n%aria cn e# !in %e
rientar a #a" !a'i#ia" 4 a# a#('na% en #a e#eccin %e #a" %i!erente" p"i-i#i%a%e" aca%1'ica"9

- &/ -
a%e#antan% a") e# ''ent %e "e0re0acin %e# a#('na%. E# inter1" pr e# e"c#areci'ient %e
#" %i!erente" itinerari" e%(cati+" 4 #a-ra#e" %e"%e e%a%e" aNn te'prana"9 en #a LOCE :(e%a
"(pe%ita% a #a" %irectrice" %e #a Unin E(rpea 4 a# e'pe6 %e A'0enei;ar #" "i"te'a" en
pr %e (na 'a4r c'petiti+i%a% en e# 'erca% e(rpe. O#i+er 4 L#+are; B&///C Aan p(e"t en
e+i%encia9 en "(" n('er"" e"t(%i" ana#i;a%"9 #a nece"i%a% %e rientacin e in!r'acin :(e
tienen #" e"t(%iante" en ''ent" %e tran"icin entre #a" etapa" e%(cati+a"9 re"a#tan% :(e
%e"cncen #a" in"tit(cine" %e %e"tin9 #a "(per!icia#i%a% en e# cnci'ient %e #" e"t(%i"
e#e0i%"9 %e"cnci'ient %e "a#i%a" pr!e"ina#e"9 i0nrancia %e #a" t1cnica" prpia" %e #a
-N":(e%a %e e'p#e 4 c' 'e,rar "( ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%. La i'prtancia :(e #" rec(r""
4 t1cnica" tienen en #a i'p#e'entacin %e #a in!r'acin +cacina#9 e+i%encian #a e2ce#encia
:(e e"t3n a%:(irien% #" pr0ra'a" in!r'3tic" 4 #a" n(e+a" tecn#0)a" en 0enera#
BR%r)0(e; &//&C. E" 'ani!ie"ta #a i'prtancia :(e #a Unin E(rpea e"t3 tr0an% a #a
intr%(ccin %e #a" Tecn#0)a" %e #a In!r'acin 4 C'(nicacin en #" centr" e%(cati+"9
incenti+an% pr (na parte9 #a capacitacin %e #" pr!e"ina#e" %e #a en"e6an;a en e"t"
entrn"9 4 %e !r'a para#e#a !'entan% #a creacin e incrpracin %e 'ateria#e" para "(
ap#icacin pr3ctica en e# a(#a. P(e%e %ecir"e :(e n" Aa##a'" ante #a "cie%a% %e #a
in!r'acin9 e"t" cnci'ient" "e p%r3n ap#icar en #a -N":(e%a %e e'p#e en partic(#ar 4 en
#a +i%a en 0enera#.
En e# in!r'e %e# WEuropean Centre or the $evelop%ent o (ocational TrainingX
BCEDE8OP9 &//$C. ArtA(r B1774C %eta##a en principi" acti+" 4 p#(ra#e" #a pra2i" rienta%raS
en!ati;an% #a cn"nancia entre #" ca'-i" en e# '(n% #a-ra#9 #a" inn+acine" nece"aria" 4
#a i'p#icacin %e #" rienta%re". Para L+1n B&//*C "in e'-ar09 n "n tant #a" pr3ctica"
pr!e"ina#e" #a" :(e incitan a# ca'-i9 cn%icina%a" c' e"t3n pr #a" re"i"tencia" %e #"
("(ari"9 "in e# %e-ate9 en (n entrn %e tran"icin Aacia #a c"'+i"in p"t'%erni"ta %e
n(e"tra" "cie%a%e" a+an;a%a". Ca-e9 en t% ca"9 e"ta-#ecer en tre" #" e,e" +erte-ra%te" %e#
ca'-iH aC e# prta0ni"' %e# c#iente9 "(,et centra# :(e arrie"0a en "( pr4ect %e +i%aS -C e#
pr!e"ina# %e #a rientacin :(e9 en cn"ec(encia9 "e entre+1 c' ac'pa6ante9 c#a-ra%r
4 'e%ia%r en e# prce"S cC #a" interaccine"9 :(e incre'entan "enti%" 4 "i0ni!ica%"9 4
a('entan #a %i+er"i%a% %e accine" :(e inte0ran a"i"tencia "cia#9 e'p#ea-i#i%a% 4 %e"arr## %e
#a carrera9 Aacien% nece"aria #a e+a#(acin.
W*as tendencias pol)tico+ad%inistrativas y econ&%icas de nuestro contexto apuntan a reor,ar
una orientaci&n proesional entendida co%o un $erecho de los ciudadanos- a la ve, .ue una
necesidad de nuestra sociedad globali,ada- cuyos reerentes centrales son el desarrollo socio+
proesional y co%petencial- y la gesti&n de la carrera de cada uno de los ciudadanos y grupos'
*a intervenci&n %ultidisciplinar desde un siste%a de servicios contextuali,ados y diversiicados-
se plantea as) co%o un reto preerente del ca%po proesionalX BS-ra% 4 Crte"9 &//7H &7C.

- &1 -

1.&. La i'prtancia %e #a t(tr)a en #a rientacin.
<a en #a Le4 Ienera# %e E%(cacin %e 177/ "e Aac)a 'encin a #a nece"i%a% %e
e"ta-#ecer (n r10i'en %e t(tr)a" para a4(%ar a #" e"t(%iante" a re"#+er #a" %i!ic(#ta%e" :(e
ten)an :(e +er cn "( prce" !r'ati+ 4 'a%(rati+. Act(a#'ente en #a LOU Bart)c(# 4.C "e
rec0e e# DerecA :(e tienen #" e"t(%iante" a "er aten%i%" 4 rienta%" pr "(" pr!e"re"
'e%iante (n "i"te'a %e t(tr)a". Per n "# #a" #e4e" :(e re0(#an e# "i"te'a (ni+er"itari "e
Aan prec(pa% %e #a accin !r'ati+a 4 t(tria#9 "in :(e9 ta'-i1n9 tr" r0ani"'" "e Aan
AecA ec %e #a" nece"i%a%e" %e #" ,+ene". A")9 e# /ndustrial Research and $evelop%ent
0dvisory Co%%itee o the Co%isi&n o the European Co%unities BIRDAC9 1774C %e C3'ara"9
re"a#ta (na "erie %e c'petencia" 4 Aa-i#i%a%e" :(e "e %e-en %e"arr##ar en e# a#('na%
(ni+er"itari 4 :(e9 "in %(%a9 tienen +inc(#acin cn e# 3'-it %e #a t(tr)aH c'petencia"
creati+a" en #a re"#(cin %e cn!#ict"9 %e"arr## %e# "enti% %e #a i%enti%a%9 a(te"ti'a 4
re"pn"a-i#i%a%9 %e"arr## %e #a 'a%(re; e'cina#9 e'pat)a 4 capaci%a% %e #i%era;09
capaci%a% cr)tica para +a#rar #" apren%i;a,e" a%:(iri%" 4 tra;ar"e n(e+a" 'eta" !r'ati+a"9
etc. Ta'-i1n #a UNESCO B177$C9 en #a Dec#aracin M(n%ia# "-re #a E%(cacin S(perir en e#
"i0# FFI9 in"i"te en :(e (na %e #a" i'prtante" re"pn"a-i#i%a%e" :(e e# pr!e"ra%
(ni+er"itari %e-e a"('ir e" #a %e !recer9 c(an% "e crea nece"ari9 rientacin 4 cn"e,9
c(r"" %e ap4 e%(cati+ 4 rec(peracin9 e"trate0ia" para e# e"t(%i 4 e# apren%i;a,e 4 tra"
!r'a" %e a"e"ra'ient 4 a4(%a a# a#('na% :(e per'itan 'e,rar "( "it(acin 4 "("
cn%icine" %e +i%a. Pr N#ti'9 #a 0%erican College Personnel 0ssociation BACPA9 177.C
a!ir'a :(e %e-er)a p"eer (na "erie %e c'petencia" a'p#ia"9 entre #a" :(e p%r)a'" re"a#tarH
#a capaci%a% para ap#icar #" apren%i;a,e" a "it(acine" pr3ctica" "(r0i%a" en #" %i"tint"
3'-it" %e #a +i%a9 capaci%a% %e t'a %e %eci"ine"9 capaci%a% para en!rentar cn!#ict"9
capaci%a% %e re!#e2in 4 pen"a'ient cr)tic9 capaci%a% para recncer 4 +a#rar #a" %i!erencia"
in%i+i%(a#e"9 capaci%a% %e i%enti%a% 4 re"pn"a-i#i%a% c' ci(%a%an9 etc.
C(an% "e Aa-#a %e :(e e# E"paci E(rpe %e E%(cacin S(perir BEEESC -("ca
!r'ar e"t(%iante" a tra+1" %e# apren%i;a,e a # #ar0 %e #a +i%a9 %e !r'a :(e "ean e##" 'i"'"
:(iene" t'en #a" rien%a" %e "( carrera9 e+itan% :(e "( pa" pr #a Uni+er"i%a% "ea (na 'era
a-"rcin %e cnci'ient"9 4 e"tr(ct(ra #a carrera en e# tra-a, 4 e"!(er; per"na# cntin(a%
rea#i;a% !(era %e #a" a(#a"9 a tra+1" %e #" cr1%it" ECTS BEuropean Credit Transer Syste%C9
"e cn"i%era i'prtante #a !i0(ra %e# t(tr :(e riente 4 'ar:(e a# a#('n e# ca'in a "e0(ir
para p%er c'p#etar "( pa" pr #a Uni+er"i%a%. C' cn"ec(encia9 #a t(tr)a "e cn+ierte en
(n e#e'ent c#a+e %e# EEES9 en (na Aerra'ienta !(n%a'enta# para %e"arr##ar #a n(e+a
'et%#0)a 4 a#can;ar #" -,eti+" prp(e"t" pr e# 'i"'.

- && -
< e"t e" a") pr #a" "i0(iente" ra;ne" BOr%6e; 4 P1re;9 &//.S Mart)ne; 4 Cre"p9 &/1/S cit
pr San-Antni-I'e; 4 Man;an A0(0#iar. &/1/CH
E# EEES e2i0e a# a#('n (n 'a4r prta0ni"' en "( %e+enir aca%1'ic9 # :(e
i'p#ica (na atencin '3" per"na#i;a%a :(e "epa a%aptar"e a #a" e"pecia#e" 4 per"na#e"
circ(n"tancia" %e ca%a a#('n.
La 0ran car0a %e tra-a, :(e "(pne e# n(e+ "i"te'a a tra+1" %e #" cr1%it" ECTS9
e2i0e9 i0(a#'ente9 (n a"e"ra'ient '3" ri0(r"9 4 #a e#a-racin %e p#ane" %e e"t(%i
a #a carta para #" a#('n".
E# n(e+ r# '3" acti+ %e# a#('n9 c' a(t1ntic prta0ni"ta %e "( entrn %e
apren%i;a,e9 tiene c' cntrapre"tacin para e# pr!e"ra% n(e+a" accine" %e ap4
per"na#i;a% :(e %e"arr##en "(" capaci%a%e".
Pr # tant9 #a" n(e+a" e2i0encia" %e# EEES "itNan a #a !i0(ra %e# rienta%rTt(tr 4 "(
!(ncin t(tria# c' c#a+e %e %e"arr## %e# 'i"' 49 en %e!initi+a9 c' in%ica%r %e ca#i%a%
BIair)n et a#.9 &//4C :(e9 n #+i%e'"9 e" (n %e #" -,eti+" !(n%a'enta#e" %e #a Dec#aracin
%e K#nia. N -"tante9 cree'" :(e #a t(tr)a n %e-er)a #i'itar"e a "er (n 'er in%ica%r %e
ca#i%a%9 "in :(e %e-e ir '3" a##39 para cn+ertir"e en e# re+(#"i+9 en e# e#e'ent c#a+e 4
%ina'i;a%r %e #a ca#i%a% en #a en"e6an;a9 p(e" "ir+e para %etectar tant #" p(nt" !(erte" 4
%1-i#e" %e# "i"te'a e%(cati+9 #a" n(e+a" nece"i%a%e" :(e "(r0en 49 "-re t%9 #a" %e'an%a"
rea#e" %e #" a#('n". En c(ant a #a !i0(ra %e# t(tr9 Aa4 :(e "(perar "( +ie,a cn!i0(racin
para cn+ertir a# t(tr n "# en e"e ap4 per"na#i;a% %e# a#('n :(e #e rienta en "(
itinerari c(rric(#ar 4 aca%1'ic9 "i n :(e ta'-i1n # Aa0a en "( +i%a per"na#9 4 trata %e
-tener %e# 'i"' "(" '32i'a" Aa-i#i%a%e" 4 c'petencia" :(e #e Aa0an %e"tacar para
cn"e0(ir "( 12it (ni+er"itari. E" %ecir9 #a t(tr)a %e-e en0#-ar %i+er"a" !(ncine" 4 a(nar en
(na "#a !i0(ra #" tra%icina#e" tip" %e t(tr)a BLa;ar9 1777S Krnat et a#.9 &//5C. A")9 (n
-(en rienta%r-t(tr cn!r'e a# n(e+ "i"te'a %e e%(cacin "(perir9 %e-e %e"arr##ar #a
t(tr)a9 ce6i%a a# 3'-it cient)!icS #a %cente9 en #a :(e #a t(tr)a "e cn+ierte en (na e"pecia#
!r'a %e %cencia a tra+1" %e 0r(p" pe:(e6"S a") c' #a t(tr)a per"na#9 :(e a-arca e#
3'-it '3" pri+a% %e# a#('n BMe"e0(er et a#.9 &//7C.
Un '%e# %e "i"te'a t(tria# '3" a+an;a% p(e%e "er e# :(e "e ap#ica en #a
Uni+er"i%a% %e De("t c(4 "er+ici %e rientacin %e"%e e# c(r" 1775T7. !(ncina cn (n
"i"te'a %e"centra#i;a% pr 8ac(#ta%e"9 en ca%a (na %e #a" c(a#e" e2i"te (n cr%ina%r %e
t(tre". Ka"a% en (na inte0racin %e #" prce"" %e in!r'acin 4 rientacin9 e"te '%e#
preten%e :(e #a rientacin "e pr%(;ca %e (na !r'a nat(ra#9 re%(cien% #a inter+encin %irecta
%e e"pecia#i"ta" en rientacin BMarr:()n9 Mnter 4 Pa##are"9 1777C. En #a" (ni+er"i%a%e"
pN-#ica" e"t3n "ien% '3" t)'i%" #" intent" %e cn"i%erar #a rientacin entre #a" !(ncine"
%e# pr!e"ra%. En #a Uni+er"i%a% %e A#'er)a9 "e Aa ##e+a% a ca- (n e"t(%i :(e cn!ir'a e#
car3cter e"encia#'ente -(rcr3tic :(e "e tr0a a #a t(tr)a9 a") c' #a !a#ta %e %irectrice" a#

- &* -
pr!e"ra% "-re e# cnteni% 4 !(ncin %e #a t(tr)a en #a (ni+er"i%a% B8ern3n%e; 4 San;9
1777C. En #a Uni+er"i%a% %e La La0(na9 %e"%e e# c(r" 77T7$9 e# "er+ici %e rientacin9 a%e'3"
%e #a rientacin %irecta a# a#('n en %i+er"" a"pect"9 a4(%a a# pr!e"ra% para e#
%e"e'pe6 %e #a accin t(tria# 4 rienta%ra. E# "i"te'a %e rientacin %e #a Uni+er"i%a% %e
Karce#na pta i0(a#'ente pr (n '%e# 'i2t9 en e# :(e "e prprcina rientacin a#
e"t(%iante a tra+1" %e# "er+ici %e rientacin9 ,(nt cn (na t(tri;acin pr e# pr!e"ra% %e#
Centr. Dentr %e e"9 "e Aa ##e0a% a %i+er"" 'atice" en #" '%e#" pr3ctic"9 %epen%ien%
%e ca%a e"c(e#a !ac(#ta%. A")9 pr e,e'p#9 en Ie#0)a9 #a" t(tr)a" "n a"('i%a" pr
pr!e"re" +#(ntari" en !(ncine" %e a4(%a per"na#i;a%a9 in!r'acin "-re a"pect"
aca%1'ic" 4 a%'ini"trati+" 4 a4(%a para "(perar %i!ic(#ta%e" en e# "i"te'a %e apren%i;a,e.
Ta'-i1n en tra in+e"ti0acin BSe-a"ti3n 4 ci".9 177.C9 "e pe%)a a #" a#('n" %e #a
UNED "( pinin acerca %e #a nece"i%a% %e atencin per"na#i;a%aS #a re"p(e"ta !(e ca"i
(n3ni'e acerca %e #a %e'an%a %e e"te tip %e atencin. En N#ti' t1r'in9 t%a per"na
pre!iere "er aten%i%a %e"%e "( in%i+i%(a#i%a%9 %e"%e "( prpia "it(acin circ(n"tancia9 cn #a
i'prtancia :(e 'erece c' per"na9 4 n %e"%e #a %e"per"na#i;acin %e (na +entani##a
'"tra%r pN-#ic9 cn e# anni'at #a atencin %e"c(i%a%a 4 !r)a :(e a 'en(% "e practica
en '(cA" centr" a%'ini"trati+".
De"%e e"te p(nt %e +i"ta9 en (n '%e# e%(cati+ inte0ra# en #a (ni+er"i%a%9 Aa-r3 :(e
Aa-#ar %e (n pr!e"ina# c' "e6a#a R%r)0(e; B&//*C cn a'p#ia" c'petencia"
rienta%ra". E# pr!e"r t(tr %e-er3 a"('ir (na "erie %e !(ncine"9 entre #a" :(e p(e%en
e"peci!icar #a" "i0(iente"H
Acn"e,ar a# a#('n9 tant "-re Y:(1 AacerY c(ant "-re Yc' Aacer#Y para cn"e0(ir
#" -,eti+" prp(e"t"9 !recien% a #" e"t(%iante" (n ap4 e"pecia# en #" ''ent" %e
e23'ene" e+a#(acine".
Orientar e# apren%i;a,e %e"%e acti+i%a%e" 4 !r'a" %e act(acin p#ani!ica%a"H
i'p#e'entacin %e pr0ra'a"9 rec'en%acin %e acti+i%a%e" aten%ien% a #a"
caracter)"tica" %e ca%a a#('nTa 0r(p9 etc. P#ani!icar acti+i%a%e" %e pre+encin9
anticip3n%"e9 %e"%e #a e2periencia %cente en "( 3'-it cient)!ic 4 %i"cip#inar.
Mti+ar 4 a4(%ar a# a#('na% en e# %e"arr## %e e"trate0ia" %e tra-a, inte#ect(a# 4 %e
apren%i;a,e a(tn'9 %e"%e #a en"e6an;a %e #a 'ateria e"pec)!ica. C' "e6a#a-a Ir%i##
B17$5H4*$C Wcada %ateria contiene oportunidades de proporcionar una educaci&n integralX.
E2p#icitar #a" i'p#icacine" cn"ec(encia" para e# %e"e'pe6 pr!e"ina# :(e "e %eri+an
%e %eter'ina%" cnteni%" c(rric(#are" %i"cip#inare" Bre#acin3n%#" cn e# 3'-it %e #a
rientacin9 #a" pr3ctica" 4 #a" "a#i%a" pr!e"ina#e"C.
A4(%ar a# a#('n a e"ta-#ecer (n ne2 entre #" a"pect" aca%1'ic" 4 #" pr!e"ina#e"9
4a :(e t%a %eci"in aca%1'ica p(e%e tener cn"ec(encia" en e# %e"arr## pr!e"ina#.

- &4 -
In!r'ar a #" a#('n"Ta" "-re c(e"tine" aca%1'ica"9 a%'ini"trati+a" pr!e"ina#e" a#
a#cance %e# t(tr9 per inci%ien% e"pecia#'ente en prprcinar#e" e"trate0ia" e#e'ent"
:(e #e" per'itan apren%er a -("car#a" e##" 'i"'" %e !r'a acti+a BRa'ran 4 O#i+er"9
1774C.
Se Aan %e !aci#itar t'a" %e %eci"ine" aca%1'ica" acerta%a"9 %entr %e prce""
p#ani!ica%" para e# %e"arr## +cacina#9 e+itan% %eci"ine" precipita%a" p(nt(a#e" %e"%e
criteri" pc re!#e2ina%". E"t 'i"' "e %e-e %e ap#icar a #a t(tr)a en rientacin
pr!e"ina#9 pre"t3n%#e e"pecia# atencin a #a nece"i%a% %e cr%inacin %e"%e a# 3'-it
e%(cati+ 4 pr!e"ina# cn e# -,eti+ %e #0rar (n "e0(i'ient 4 (na cntin(i%a% %e# prce"
%e rientacin %e"%e (na per"pecti+a inte0ra%ra9 %e ta# 'anera :(e #" 4a e0re"a%" p(e%an
cntin(ar cn #a recepcin %e (na rientacin c(an% "e en!renten a (na %e #a" etapa" %e
tran"icin '3" -r("ca" %e "( etapa e+#(ti+aS e# tra"pa" %e #a (ni+er"i%a% a# '(n% #a-ra#.
La !i#"!)a %e #a t(tr)a 4 %e #a rientacin en e# 3'-it pr!e"ina# %e-e %e "er (na
cntin(i%a% %e #a :(e "e ##e+a a caen #a (ni+er"i%a% per a%apt3n%#a a# n(e+ cnte2t. En
#a act(a#i%a% n p%e'" a%aptar a# E"paci E(rpe %e E%(cacin S(perir "#a'ente e#
3'-it %e #a rientacin e%(cati+a 4 #+i%arn" %e #a rientacin pr!e"ina#. La cntin(i%a% en
e# prce" a4(%ar3 a #a cn"ec(cin %e -,eti+" 4 'e,ra %e #a e'p#ea-i#i%a% %e #" anti0("
e"t(%iante" 4 !(t(r" pr!e"ina#e"9 %e aA) #a i'prtancia %e #a rientacin pr!e"ina# pr
Para Aacer (n "e0(i'ient en e# prce" %e rientacin p%e'" (ti#i;ar in"tr('ent"
c' e# prta!#i9 para tra-a,ar# 4 re+i"ar# en #a t(tr)a9 (n prta!#i pr!e"ina#9 e" (n
in"tr('ent re#e+ante en #a act(a#i%a% 4 Nti# para tener# en c(enta en #a t(tr)a BArrai; 4
Sa-irn9 &//7S Arrai;9 Sa-irn9 Crt1"9 K(en 4 E"c(%er9 &//7C. R%r)0(e; Mren 4 Ia##e0
B1777C "e6a#an e# prta!#i c' e"trate0ia "cr3tica %e a(te+a#(acin 4 a(tan3#i"i" en #a
e#a-racin %e# pr4ect aca%1'ic 4T pr!e"ina#.
1.*. M%e#" %e rientacin pr!e"ina#.
E" p"i-#e encntrar %i"tinta" c#a"i!icacine" %e '%e#" "e0Nn e# criteri (ti#i;a%. A")9
Je#a; 4 Ureta B177$H7.C rec0en #a "i0(iente c#a"i!icacinH
a. E'p#ean% (n criteri Ai"tric9 R%r)0(e; Mnere B1775H &1C9 %i"tin0(e #" "i0(iente"
W%odelos de orientaci&n educativa y proesional en el siglo 11XH

Z M%e#" Ai"tric"S e# '%e# %e Orientacin Jcacina# %e Par"n" B17$/C 4 e#
'%e# %e KreEer :(e a"i'i#a-a #a rientacin 4 #a e%(cacin B1714C.
Z M%e#" '%ern" %e Orientacin E%(cati+a 4 pr!e"ina#H

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Q La rientacin enten%i%a c' c#a"i!icacin 4 a4(%a a# a,("te a%aptacin
BD" 4 De!a(+er9 17*&C.
Q La rientacin c' prce" c#)nic.
Q La rientacin c' cn"e, prce" %e a4(%a para #a t'a %e %eci"ine".
Q La rientacin c' "i"te'a 'et%#0ica ec#1ctic
Z M%e#" cnte'pr3ne" %e Orientacin Bcentra%" en #a in"tit(cin e"c#ar 4 en #a"
r0ani;acine" e%(cati+a"CH
Q La rientacin c' (n cn,(nt cn"te#acin %e "er+ici".
Q La rientacin c' recn"tr(ccin "cia#.
Q La rientacin c' accin intencina# 4 %i!erencia%a %e #a e%(cacin.
Q La rientacin !aci#ita%ra %e# %e"arr## per"na#.

-. ParUer B1$.$C9 c#a"i!ica #" '%e#" en !(ncin %e# e"ti# 4 #a actit(% %e# rienta%r en e#
%e"arr## %e "( !(ncin9 en re#acin cn %" e,e" B%irecti+i%a%Q n %irecti+i%a% 4 en!:(e
e2i"tencia#i"ta Q cn%(cti"taC9 %i"tin0(ien%S '%e# %e ra"0" 4 !actre"9 '%e# e"pnt3ne Q
int(iti+S '%e# r0erianS '%e# pra0'3tic Q e'p)ricS '%e# cn%(cti"taS '%e#
ec#1ctic.
c. En !(ncin %e# tip %e re#acin :(e "e e"ta-#ece entre rienta%r 4 rienta%9 E"c(%er B17$.C
c#a"i!ica #" '%e#" %e# "i0(iente '%S

Z M%e# p"ic'1tricH e# rienta%r e" e# e2pert %e (na "erie %e t1cnica" 4 e# pr!e"r
e# %e"tinatari %e #" re"(#ta%" %e #a" 'i"'a".
Z M%e# c#)nic Q '1%icH -a"a%a en e# %ia0n"tic. E# rienta%r %ia0n"tic 4 %i"e6a
e# p#an %e inter+encin9 :(e e" ap#ica% pa"i+a'ente pr e# pr!e"r.
Z M%e# A('ani"taH #a rientacin e" (n prce" %e a4(%a a# in%i+i%( en (n c#i'a
p"iti+ %e re#acin. E# pr!e"r e" cnce-i% c' rienta%r.

Jari" a(tre" BL#+are; 4 Ki":(erra9 1777S R%r)0(e;9 177$S S3ncAe;9 &//4 4
EcAe+err)a 1777C cinci%en en a!ir'ar :(e #a rientacin pr!e"ina# Aa %e a"('ir (na -a"e
terica B'%e#" teric"C9 (n" -,eti+" 4 prce%i'ient" para #a inter+encin B'%e#" %e
inter+encinC 4 (na" nr'a" %e a%ec(acin 4 r0ani;acin rienta%ra" B'%e#" r0ani;ati+"C.
Partien% %e #" '%e#" teric"9 entre #" en!:(e" %e #a rientacin pr!e"ina# :(e '(e"tran
(na 'a4r ap#ica-i#i%a% %e"taca'"S aC e# en!:(e %e ra"0" 4 !actre" %e Pi##ia'"n B17.5C9
%icA en!:(e %e!ien%e :(e ca%a in%i+i%( tiene (n '%e# %e ra"0" :(e "e p(e%e 'e%ir 4
c(anti!icarS -C en!:(e -a"a% en #a tip#0)a %e =##an% B177*C9 #a c(3# a!ir'a :(e #a 'a4r)a
%e #a" per"na" p(e%en "er cate0ri;a%a" en (n %e #" "ei" tip" %e per"na#i%a% H rea#i"ta9
in+e"ti0a%r9 art)"tic9 "cia#9 e'pren%e%r 4 cn+encina#S cC en!:(e Sci-!en'en#0ic

- &. -
%e S(per B1757C9 c(4 prce" %e %e"arr## +cacina# "e centra en e# %e"arr## 4 rea#i;acin
%e cncept %e ") 'i"'S %C en!:(e %e apren%i;a,e "cia# para #a t'a %e %eci"ine" %e
Dr('-#t; B1777C :(e a!ir'a :(e e# in%i+i%( nace cn (na car0a 0en1tica 4 #a inter+encin %e
# 0en1tic cn e# a'-iente %e"arr##a (na "erie %e Aa-i#i%a%e"S eC en!:(e "ci-c0niti+ %e
Lent 4 KrEn 4 =acUett B1774C en e# c(a# "e a!ir'a :(e #a a(te!icacia 4 #a pr-a-i#i%a% %e
re"(#ta%" cn"tit(4en #" %eter'inante" %irect" %e #a !r'acin %e #" intere"e" pr!e"ina#e".
Cn re"pect a #a tip#0)a %e #" '%e#" %e inter+encin %e"tacanS aC e# '%e# c#)nic9
ta'-i1n cnci% pr e# ter'in counseling 4 a# :(e "e Aa AecA a#("in anterir'ente- "(r0e
en 17*/9 "e centra en #a re#acin rienta%r-rienta%9 "e -a"a priritaria'ente en inter+encin
in%i+i%(a#i;a%a9 reacti+a 4 e2terna9 tiene c' -,eti+ priritari e# "ati"!acer #a" nece"i%a%e"
%e car3cter per"na#9 !r'ati+ 4 "ci-pr!e"ina# %e #a per"na a # #ar0 %e #a +i%aS -C e#
'%e# %e pr0ra'a" t'a !(er;a en #a %1ca%a %e 177/9 tiene c' -,eti+ e# a%ec(a%
an3#i"i" %e nece"i%a%e" cncretan% (na" nr'a" %e act(acin 4 r0ani;acin. Un pr0ra'a e"
(na accin cntin(a9 p#ani!ica%a 4 -a"a%a en #a" nece"i%a%e" cn (n" -,eti+" %e!ini%"S cC e#
'%e# %e cn"(#ta Aa "i% e# '3" (ti#i;a% en #a act(a#i%a%9 %e!ini% c' #a re#acin entre %"
'3" per"na" %e# 'i"' pareci% "tat("9 :(e p#antean (na "erie %e acti+i%a%e" cn e# !in %e
a4(%arT!r'ar a (na tercera. E"ta tercera p(e%e "er (na per"na9 (n pr0ra'a9 (na in"tit(cin9
(n "er+ici9 (na e'pre"a etc. BL#+are;9 Riart9 Mart)ne;9 4 Ki":(erra9 177$C. E# rienta%r n
"# inter+iene9 "in :(e ta'-i1n e" !r'a%r9 cn"(#tr 4 a0ente %e ca'-i. Pr N#ti'9 #"
'%e#" r0ani;ati+" "n a:(e##" %e #" :(e "e "ir+e #a a%'ini"tracin para Aacer '3"
e!ecti+a #a inter+encin. De"tacanS aC #" '%e#" r0ani;ati+" in"tit(cina#e" c(an% "n #a"
A%'ini"tracine" pN-#ica" #a" :(e Aacen "( prp(e"ta para t% e# territri 4 -C '%e#"
r0ani;ati+" partic(#are" pri+a%" c(an% "e re!iere a (na in"tit(cin e%(cati+a
cn!e%eracin %e e'pre"ari" in"tit(cin e%(cati+a9 entre tra" p"i-i#i%a%e". A") W*a
orientaci&n se est2 convirtiendo en un ele%ento clave para la construcci&n de un espacio
europeo de educaci&n superior- la or%aci&n y el asesora%iento a lo largo de la vidaX
BS-ra% 4 Crte"9 &//7H47C.
1.4. M%e# %e inter+encin-rientacin para #a 'e,ra %e #a e'p#ea-i#i%a%.
En e"ta te"i" "e prpne ir (n p:(it '3" a##3 4 tra-a,ar (n '%e# %e Inter+encin-
rientacin pr!e"ina# pr c'petencia" para 'e,rar #a e'p#ea-i#i%a%9 !reci1n%#e (n pe"
e"pecia# a #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" cnci'ient" %e i%i'a" e In!r'3tica9
%i"pni-i#i%a% 4 cnci'ient" %e #a" Aerra'ienta" 4 #" rec(r"" para #a -N":(e%a 'e,ra %e
e'p#e.
C(an% "e Aa-#a %e rientacin pr!e"ina# pr c'petencia" a # #ar0 %e e"te tra-a,9
n" re!ieri'" a (na rientacin inte0ra# en #a :(e pri'a (na e"pecia# i'prtancia e# tra-a, 4

- &7 -
!rta#eci'ient %e t%a" a:(e##a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" 4 !actre" "it(acina#e"
c4(nt(ra#e" :(e in!#(4en en #a 'e,ra %e #a e'p#ea-i#i%a%. E# "a-er "er 4 e# "a-er e"tar "e
tra-a,an cn anteriri%a% a# "a-er "a-er Aacer9 per n pr e## "e #e" cn"i%era 'en"
i'prtante". La rientacin pr c'petencia" "e ap4a cn"tante'ente en t1cnica" 'a41(tica"
BScrate"C9 "e cn"i%era !(n%a'enta# :(e #a per"na rienta%a9 en e"ta ca"in e# e0re"a%9
re!#e2ine "-re a:(e##a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" :(e p"ee 4 a:(e##a" :(e %e-e %e"arr##ar
para 'e,rar "( ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%.
La" intencine" 4 'eta" %e e"te '%e# %e inter+encin-rientacin pr!e"ina# pr
c'petencia" atri-(4e e"pecia# i'prtancia a (n %e #" c(atr pi#are" :(e #a C'i"in %e
Mac:(e" De#r" "e6a#H e# "a-er "er B#" tr" tre" "nH "a-er9 "a-er Aacer 4 "a-er e"tarC.
E+i%ente'ente e# "a-er "er9 tiene :(e +er cn e# "a-er c' "er9 e" %ecir #" +a#re" c' !r'a
inte0rante %e perci-ir a #" tr" 4 +i+ir en (n %eter'ina% cnte2t "cic(#t(ra# para 'e,rar
"( ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% entre tr".
A cntin(acin "e pre"enta" #a" !a"e" %e #a inter+encin-rientacin.
1O !a"eH
E# p#antea'ient inicia# %e #a rientacin pr!e"ina# pr c'petencia" re:(iere %e (na
e+a#(acin %e %ia0n"tic c'petencia# inicia# en #a :(e "e p#antea c' -,eti+ !(n%a'enta#
p#antear #a "it(acin en #a :(e e# e0re"a% "e enc(entra9 "a-er %e %n%e parti'" para
p"terir'ente "a-er Aacia %n%e +a'". Se Aace Aincapi1 en recpi#ar in!r'acin "-re #a"
nece"i%a%e"9 !rta#e;a"9 %e-i#i%a%e" 4 -,eti+"9 "ie'pre %e"%e (na per"pecti+a %e re!#e2in en
#a :(e e# rienta%r participa c' 'er in"tr('ent :(e a4(%a a #a re!#e2in 4 pre0(nta
p#antea c(e"tine" :(e 0()an 4 a4(%an. La" c(e"tine" a p#antear n "e p(e%en 0enera#i;ar9 "e
r'per)a #a e"encia %e %icA prce" %e inter+encin-rientacin9 %e-en %e "er per"na#e" 4
"e0(ir e# ca'in :(e 'ar:(e ca%a per"na. E" i'pre"cin%i-#e :(e e# rienta%r "e prpn0a
cncer a# e0re"a%9 "a-er c' e"9 :(1 :(iere 4 :(1 e"ta Aacien% p(e%e Aacer para
cn"e0(ir#.
&[ !a"eH
En #a rientacin pr c'petencia" "e p#antea (na "e0(n%a !a"e en #a :(e e# e0re"a% 4a
"a-e c' e"9 :(1 :(iere 4 :(1 e"ta Aacien% p(e%e Aacer para cn"e0(ir "( -,eti+. En e"ta
!a"e e" e# ''ent %e ree"tr(ct(rar rep#antear e# -,eti+ -a"3n%n" en #a re!#e2in pre+ia.
N" prpne'" 'arcar (n" -,eti+" e"pec)!ic" cn "( crre"pn%iente 'et%#0)a 4
prce" %e e+a#(acin %e #" 'i"'". Se Aace Aincapi1 en e# tra-a, %e c'petencia"
tran"+er"a#e"9 i%i'a"9 in!r'3tica9 %i"pni-i#i%a% 4 cnci'ient" %e rec(r"" 4 Aerra'ienta"

- &$ -
para #a -N":(e%a 'e,ra %e e'p#e9 "ien% e"t" -3"ic" para #a 'e,ra %e #a e'p#ea-i#i%a%
enten%i%a %e"%e (na per"pecti+a 0#-a#. E# rienta%r en t% ''ent %e-e %e a%aptar"e a#
e0re"a% 4 per'anecer a-iert a# tra-a, %e tr" intere"e" :(e n e"t1 inc#(i%" en #"
anterire".
De ta# 'anera :(e "i (n %e #" -,eti+" %e# prce" e" 'e,rar "( ni+e# %e in0#1" en
"ei" 'e"e"9 p%a'" c'pr-ar "i tran"c(rri%" e"" "ei" 'e"e" Aa rea#i;a% a#0Nn c(r" %e
in0#1"9 "e Aa 'arcAa% a# e2tran,er Aa !rta#eci% e# 'i"' %e a#0Nn tr '%.
E# pape# %e# rienta%r en e"ta !a"e e" rientar#e para cn"e0(ir a:(e##" rec(r"" :(e !aci#itar3n
#a cn"ec(cin %e %icA" -,eti+" 4 !aci#itar :(e e# e0re"a% "pe"e #a" %i!erente" pcine".
Si0(ien% cn e# e,e'p# anterir9 e# rienta%r p%r)a in%icar#e %n%e cn"e0(ir c(r"" %e
in0#1"9 c' Aacer interca'-i %n%e encntrar -eca" "(-+encine" para +ia,ar a pa)"e" %e
Aa-#a in0#e"a. S# en e# ca" %e :(e #a per"na n p(e%a acce%er a (n rec(r" "er3 e# rienta%r
:(ien "e # !aci#ite.
*[ !a"e
La tercera 4 N#ti'a !a"e %e# prce" %e rientacin pr c'petencia" "e centra en #a
ce+a#(acin "(-,eti+a-re!#e2i+a %e# prce" %e rientacin 4 %e "( p"i-#e ap#icacin para :(e
e# e0re"a% 'e,re "( ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%. Se ##e0a a e"ta !a"e c(an% e# e0re"a% e"
a(tn' en "( prpi prce" %e 'e,ra 4 cn"ciente %e #a i'prtancia 4 cntin(i%a% %e#
'i"'. A%:(iere 0ran i'prtancia #a a(te+a#(acin :(e tant e# e0re"a% c' e#
entre+i"ta%r rea#icen. E2i"ten %i+er"" '%e#" 4 t1cnica" 'e%iante #" c(a#e" p(e%en ##e+ar"e
a ca- #a a(te+a#(acin %e 'anera !r'a# 4 "i"te'3tica BE"c(%er9 17$/C
Se parte %e# recnci'ient %e #a %i!ic(#ta% :(e "(pne e# e+a#(ar %icAa" c'petencia"
4 "e tiene en c(enta (na pr0re"in en e# prce" 4 #a e,ec(cin %e #a c'petencia en "). Pr e##
#a -"er+acin9 ac'pa6a%a tant %e re0i"tr" cerra%" B#i"ta" %e cntr#9 e"ca#a" %e +a#racin9
rN-rica"C c' %e re0i"tr" a-iert" B%iari"9 re0i"tr" anec%tic"9 re0i"tr" -"er+acina#e"
"i"te'3tic"C BPa%i##a9 &//&C9 p(e%e "er (na e"trate0ia %e rec0i%a %e in!r'acin in%i"pen"a-#e
para #a e+a#(acin %e cierta" c'petencia" 4 "e (ti#i;ar3n "ie'pre :(e "e a%apten a# e0re"a% 4
a #a" circ(n"tancia" a'-ienta#e" %e# prce". Se intenta :(e e# prpi e0re"a% re!#e2ine"9 "ea
participe %e# apren%i;a,e :(e %e"arr##a 4 # e+a#Ne ,(nt a# entre+i"ta%r.

3*a %e4or or%a de evaluar co%petencias es poner al su4eto ante una tarea co%ple4a-
para ver c&%o consigue co%prenderla y conseguir resolverla %ovili,ando
conoci%ientos' *os instru%entos de evaluaci&n e%pleados no pueden li%itarse a
pruebas para ver el grado de do%inio de contenidos u ob4etivos sino proponer unas
situaciones co%ple4as- pertenecientes a la a%ilia de situaciones deinida por la

- &7 -
co%petencia- .ue necesitar2 por parte del alu%no- asi%is%o- una producci&n
co%ple4a para resolver la situaci&n- puesto .ue necesita conoci%iento- actitudes-
pensa%iento %etacognitivo y estrat5gico6 BK#)+ar9 &//$H1$4C.

A pe"ar %e e"ta-#ecer (na r0ani;acin pr !a"e" para !aci#itar (na e2p#icacin
'et%#0ica :(e !aci#ite #a ca#i%a%9 e" nece"ari tener en c(enta :(e e# prce" en ") e" a-iert
4 per"na#i;a%9 pr # tant e"ta" !a"e" n" aprtan (na i%ea 0#-a# %e #a inter+encin "in
tener#a" en c(enta c' %eparta'ent" e"tanc"9 p(e"t :(e #a rientacin e" '(cA '3"
!#e2i-#e 4 re:(iere %e (na a%aptacin cn"tante.

- */ -

&. C'petencia".

&.1. Cncept %e c'petencia

De"p(1" %e rea#i;ar (na e2Aa("ti+a re+i"in %e cncept %e c'petencia "e ##e0a a #a
cnc#("in %e :(e %icA t1r'in n e" (n)+c. DicA n'-re9 pr tant9 e" c(ant 'en"
a'-i0( 4 e"cn%e (na cierta %i!ic(#ta% "e'3ntica. De-i% a :(e e# cncept +ar)a "e0Nn e#
a(tr 4 "e0Nn #" "(p(e"t" cn #" :(e "e tra-a,a e" aprpia% partir %e# ri0en #12ic %e#
cncept para p"terir'ente cntin(ar cn #a re+i"in %e %i!erente" en!:(e".

&.1.1. Ori0en #12ic %e c'petencia.

Eti'#0ica'ente c'petencia pr+iene %e# +er- #atin 3co%petereX9 c(4
"i0ni!ica% e" encntrar"e ir a# enc(entr %e (na c"a. Si n" re'nta'" a# "i0# FJ9
Wco%petere6 c'parte e# +er- #atin cn %" +er-" en ca"te##an Wc'petirX 4 Wc'peterX
:(e a pe"ar %e :(e "e %i!erencian e# "("tanti+ c'petencia e" c'Nn9 # c(a# a'p#i!ica #a
%i!ic(#ta%.
A# re+i"ar e# en!:(e %e Priet B1777C 1"te a#(%e a c'petencia c' a(tri%a% 4 e"t3
re#acina%a cn #a !i0(ra pr!e"ina# en #a :(e "e Aace a#("in tant a tarea" c' a !(ncine"
enten%ien% %icA t1r'in c' e# cn,(nt %e rea#i;acine"9 re"(#ta%"9 act(acine" 4
cn"ec(encia" :(e #e %e'an%an a# pr!e"ina#. Otra" acepcine" cn"i%eran #a c'petencia
c' capacitacin "(!iciencia. En (na pri'era re+i"in "e cn"i%era :(e #a c'petencia e"t3
e"trecAa'ente +inc(#a%a a #a" !(ncine" 4 tarea" %e (n pr!e"ina#9 %e ta# 'anera :(e %e"arr##e
a%ec(a%a'ente "( tra-a,. DicA p#antea'ient e"t3 e"trecAa'ente re#acina% cn e# prce"
%e capacitacin 4 c(a#i!icacin9 a(n:(e e" ine#(%i-#e #a %i!ic(#ta% :(e %e"%e e# p(nt %e +i"ta
!r'ati+ 4 pr!e"ina# tiene e# p%er e+a#(ar #a" c'petencia" para p"terir'ente acre%itar 4
certi!icar e# %'ini %e #a" 'i"'a". La c'petencia c'prta "ie'pre (n cn,(nt %e
cnci'ient"9 prce%i'ient"9 actit(%e" 4 capaci%a%e" :(e "n per"na#e" 4 "e c'p#e'entan
entre ")S %e 'anera :(e e# in%i+i%( p(e%a act(ar cn e!icacia !rente a #a" "it(acine"
pr!e"ina#e". La a%:(i"icin9 tran"'i"in 4 rea#i;acin %e #a" c'petencia" e"t3 tant en #"
prce"" !r'a#e" c' en prce"" in!r'a#e" %e #a +i%a cti%iana pr!e"ina#. E# pr4ect
Tuning Educational Structures in Europe B&//&C9 a# :(e "e a#(%ir3 p"terir'ente %e!ine #a
C'petencia c' (na c'-inacin %in3'ica %e atri-(t"9 en re#acin a prce%i'ient"9
Aa-i#i%a%e"9 actit(%e" 4 re"pn"a-i#i%a%e"9 :(e %e"cri-en #" encar0a%" %e# apren%i;a,e %e (n
pr0ra'a e%(cati+ # :(e #" a#('n" "n capace" %e %e'"trar a# !ina# %e (n prce"
e%(cati+.

- *1 -

&.&. Tip" %e c'petencia
C'petencia" -3"ica"9 0en1rica" tran"+er"a#e"9 e"pec)!ica"9 pr!e"ina#e" #a-ra#e" 4
%e accin "n cntin(a'ente a#(%i%a" a # #ar0 %e e"te tra-a, 4 pr e## "e en('era a
cntin(acin (na -re+e e2p#icacin %e ca%a (na %e e##a".
&.&.1. C'petencia" -3"ica".
La" c'petencia" -3"ica" "e a%:(ieren c' re"(#ta% %e #a e%(cacin -3"ica. Se
re!iere a #a" Aa-i#i%a%e" para #a #ect(ra9 e"crit(ra9 c'(nicacin ra#9 'ate'3tica" -3"ica". Otra
!r'a %e %en'inacin "nH 7asic S8ills en E.E.U.U.9 Core S8ills en U.D.9 !ey Co%petencies
en A("tra#ia9 Capacidades 72sicas en 8rancia. Se enc(entran re!erencia" en n(e"tra #e0i"#acin
en e# art)c(# . %e #a LOE9 :(e %e!ine e# c(rr)c(# c' e# cn,(nt %e -,eti+"9 c'petencia"
-3"ica"9 cnteni%"9 '1t%" pe%a00ic" 4 criteri" %e e+a#(acin. Se0Nn e# art)c(# &7 Wal
inali,ar el segundo curso de la Educaci&n Secundaria 9bligatoria todos los centros reali,ar2n
una evaluaci&n de diagn&stico de las co%petencias b2sicas alcan,adas por sus alu%nosX. E#
Cn"e, E(rpe %e Li"-a9 B&///C9 e"ta-#ece #a e"trate0ia %e Li"-a E%(cacin 4 8r'acin
&/1/ :(e a!ir'a # "i0(ienteH WTodo ciudadano debe poseer los conoci%ientos necesarios para
vivir y traba4ar en la nueva sociedad de la inor%aci&n6- "e rea#i;a (n ##a'a'ient para :(e "e
e"ta-#ecieran #a" n(e+a" %e"tre;a" -3"ica". En E"tc#'9 B&//1C9 "e e"ta-#ecen tre" -,eti+"
e"trat10ic" 4 trece -,eti+" preci"" c'p#e'entari" :(e %e-en a#can;ar"e ante" %e :(e
cnc#(4a &/1/ para cn"e0(ir (na "erie %e c'petencia" -3"ica". E# Aa-er a%:(iri% n9
%icAa" c'petencia" cn%icinar3 %irecta'ente e# ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% :(e (na per"na
p"ee 4 pr cn"i0(iente9 #a pr-a-i#i%a% :(e %icAa per"na tiene %e in"ertar"e en e# 'erca%
#a-ra# 4 'antener (n e"ta% %e -iene"tar.
E# Cn"e, %e Mini"tr" %e #a Unin E(rpea a%pt9 en "( re(nin %e# %)a 1& %e 'a4
%e &//79 e# n(e+ Marc para #a cperacin e(rpea en e%(cacin 4 !r'acin- cn e# -,eti+
%e a"e0(rar #a rea#i;acin pr!e"ina#9 "cia# 4 per"na# %e t%" #" ci(%a%an"9 #a
e'p#ea-i#i%a% 4 pr"peri%a% ecn'ica ""teni-#e9 a #a +e; :(e #a pr'cin %e #" +a#re"
%e'cr3tic"9 #a cAe"in "cia#9 #a ci(%a%an)a acti+a 4 e# %i3#0 interc(#t(ra#9 c' "e "e6a#a
en e# cap)t(# 1. L" -,eti+" e"ta-#eci%" en #a n(e+a e"trate0ia %e e%(cacin 4 !r'acin
&/&/ act(a#i;an a#0(n" %e #" %e!ini%" en #a anterir e"trate0ia &/1/9 e incrpran tr"
n(e+".
L" -,eti+" %e# "i"te'a e%(cati+ e"pa6# "e %e!iniern en #a LOE 4 en #"
c'pr'i"" %e# E"ta% E"pa6# cn #a E"trate0ia %e Li"-a 4 #" -,eti+" acr%a%" pr #"
pa)"e" %e #a Unin E(rpea para &/1/. E# car3cter %e"centra#i;a% %e# "i"te'a e%(cati+ e"pa6#
4 e# repart %e c'petencia" :(e re"pn"a-i#i;a %e #a e,ec(cin %e #a" p#)tica" e%(cati+a" a #a"

- *& -
a%'ini"tracine" e%(cati+a" e2i0e :(e #" -,eti+" "ean a"('i%" 4 ##e+a%" a #a pr3ctica %e
'anera cr%ina%a pr e# cn,(nt %e %icAa" a%'ini"tracine".
E# Mini"teri %e E%(cacin pre"ent ante #a C'i"in Ienera# %e E%(cacin en &//5
#" -,eti+" 4 p(nt" %e re!erencia e(rpe" para &/1/ 4 #" in!r'e" e#a-ra%" pr #a
C'i"in 4 e# Cn"e, "-re #a e+#(cin %e #" "i"te'a" e%(cati+" 4 "( "it(acin en re#acin
cn e# pr0re" Aacia #a cn"ec(cin %e %icA" -,eti+". WEn esta sesi&n se present& ta%bi5n el
Progra%a #acional de Reor%as' En el docu%ento espa:ol 9b4etivos europeos y espa:oles
;<=< >publicado en ;<<?) se anali,aban los ob4etivos europeos y se propusieron =< puntos de
reerencia- seis europeos y cuatro espec)ica%ente espa:olesX. O-,eti+" E%(cati+" E(rpe"
4 E"pa6#e" E"trate0ia E%(cacin 4 8r'acin &/&/9 B&/11H11C
&.&.&. C'petencia" tran"+er"a#e".
La" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" "n teni%a" en c(enta c' (na %e #a" caracter)"tica"
:(e in!#(4en %irecta'ente en e# ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%9 "e re!ieren a c'prta'ient" #a-ra#e"
prpi" %e %e"e'pe6" en %i!erente" "ectre" acti+i%a%e" 4 ("(a#'ente re#acina%" cn #a
interaccin Aacia tecn#0)a" %e (" 0enera#. Ta# e" e# ca" %e# 'ane, %e a#0(n" e:(ip" 4
Aerra'ienta" c'petencia" c' #a ne0ciacin9 e# cntr#9 #a interaccin cn c#iente" BCore
7ehaviors en E.E.U.U9 @eneric Anits en U.D. 4 Cross /ndustry Standars en A("tra#iaC. La"
c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" "n a:(e##a" c'petencia" 0en1rica"9 c'(ne" a #a 'a4r)a %e
pr!e"ine" 4 :(e "e re#acinan cn #a p(e"ta en pr3ctica inte0ra%a %e aptit(%e"9 ra"0" %e
per"na#i%a%9 cnci'ient" a%:(iri%" 4 ta'-i1n +a#re". Se re!iere -%e !r'a a'p#ia- a
a:(e##a"9 :(e "in "er e"pec)!ica" %e (n %eter'ina% p(e"t %e tra-a, %e (na %eter'ina%a
pr!e"in9 "n nece"aria" para %e"e'pe6ar"e %e !r'a c'petente en e# ni+e# re:(eri% pr e#
e'p#e9 a# tie'p :(e per'iten (na cntin(a a%aptacin a# ca'-iante '(n% #a-ra#. Se
entien%en pr tant c' (n cn,(nt %e Aa-i#i%a%e" %e a'p#i a#cance :(e a!ectan a %i"tinta"
c#a"e" %e tarea" 4 :(e "e %e"arr##an en "it(acine" %i"tinta"9 pr # :(e "n a'p#ia'ente
0enera#i;a-#e" 4 tran"!eri-#e"9 %an% c' re"(#ta% (na e,ec(cin pr!e"ina# e!ica;.
Re"pn%en a #a" n(e+a" a#!a-eti;acine"9 :(e inc#(4en 'ane, %e e:(ip" %e in!r'3tica9
i%i'a" 4 tra" Aa-i#i%a%e" 4 actit(%e" :(e per'iten a #a per"na "er '(#ti!(ncina#. P(e%en
tener -a"e cient)!ica9 tecn#0ica" Aacer re!erencia a ra"0" %e per"na#i%a% a actit(%e". E#
in!r'e P40'a#in rea#i;a% en %i+er"a" (ni+er"i%a%e" %e #a Unin E(rpea '(e"tra c' e"ta
a#!a-eti;acin -3"ica en in!r'3tica 4 !i'3tica e" '(4 pc e!ecti+a entre #" e0re"a%"
(ni+er"itari". E# In!r'e Se(""i" B&//*C cn!ir'a e"t" %at". Otr 3'-it e"encia# en
c(a#:(ier entrn pr!e"ina# e" e# %'ini %e #" i%i'a". La 0#-a#i;acin -#i0a a cncer
%i+er"" i%i'a" 4 a ("ar#" c' +eA)c(#" Aa-it(a#e" %e c'(nicacin en #a" Re#acine"
La-ra#e". DicAa" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e"9 a# i0(a# :(e c(rre cn #a" -3"ica" cn%icinar3n

- ** -
e# ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% %e (na per"na. E"ta" c'petencia" "n tran"!eri-#e"9 e" %ecir9 "e
ap#ican en c(a#:(ier a'-iente %n%e e2i"te (na r0ani;acin pr%(cti+aH #a !a'i#ia9 #a
c'(ni%a%9 #a e'pre"aS 0eneran e# %e"arr## cntin( %e n(e+a" capaci%a%e" 4 "n -"er+a-#e"
4 'e%i-#e"9 # c(a# "i0ni!ica :(e e" p"i-#e e+a#(ar#a" 4 certi!icar :(e (na per"na c(enta cn
e##a". En e# "i0(iente c(a%r "e pre"entan #a" principa#e" caracter)"tica" %e #a" c'petencia"
#a-ra#e".
Ta-#a 1. Caracter)"tica" %e #a" c'petencia" #a-ra#e" %e Kr(nner
Ien1rica"H n e"t3n #i0a%a" a (na c(pacin partic(#ar

Tran"+er"a#e"H "n nece"aria" en t% tip %e e'p#e

Tran"!eri-#e"H "e a%:(ieren en prce"" %e en"e6an;a apren%i;a,e

Ienerati+a"H per'iten e# %e"arr## cntin( %e n(e+a" capaci%a%e"

Me%i-#e"H "( a%:(i"icin 4 %e"e'pe6 e" e+a#(a-#e

La" c'petencia" #a-ra#e" tran"+er"a#e" c-ran e"pecia# i'prtancia en #a act(a#i%a%
en +irt(% %e #" ca'-i" :(e "e Aan %a% en #a r0ani;acin %e# tra-a,. La" r0ani;acine"
act(a#'ente e2i0en 'a4r cr%inacin entre #a" per"na" para e'pren%er accine"9
p#i+a#encia Bp"i-i#i%a% %e a"('ir %i"tint tip %e !(ncine" p(e"t" %e tra-a,C9 rientacin
a# "er+ici 4 a# 'e,ra'ient cntin(9 capaci%a% para en!rentar ca'-i"9 anticipar"e a #a"
"it(acine" 4 crear a#ternati+a" n+e%"a" para #a "#(cin %e pr-#e'a". Para 3*es livrets de
co%p5tencesB nouveaux outils pour lC5valuation des ac.uiX #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e"
tienen #a p"i-i#i%a% %e "er tran"!eri%a" 4 !#e2i-i#i;ar #a" %e"tre;a" 0en1rica" #a" cn+ierte en
in"tr('ent" '(4 +a#i"" para ##e+ar a ca- accine" p"iti+a" en "it(acine" te'pra#e"
ca'-iante" %n%e #a" c'petencia" p(ra'ente re#acina%a" cn #a" 'ateria" %(ran pc tie'p.
A#0(na" %e #a" %e"tre;a" 0en1rica" '3" %e"taca%a" "n #a c'(nicacin9 #a re"#(cin %e
pr-#e'a"9 e# ra;na'ient9 e# #i%era;09 #a creati+i%a%9 #a 'ti+acin9 e# tra-a, en e:(ip 4 #a
capaci%a% %e apren%er. Perren(% B1777H71C en!ati;a :(eH Wlas co%petencias transversales son
parte de las caracter)sticas generales de la acci&n hu%anaX.
&.&.*. C'petencia" e"pec)!ica".
La" C'petencia" e"pec)!ica" e"t3n %irecta'ente re#acina%a" cn e# e,ercici %e
c(pacine" cncreta" 4 n "n !3ci#'ente tran"!eri-#e" %e (n a tr 3'-it9 %a%a" "("
caracter)"tica" tecn#0ica". E" e# ca" %e c'petencia" c' #a peracin %e 'a:(inaria %e

- *4 -
cntr# n('1ric9 e# cAe:(e %e paciente"9 #a e#a-racin %e e"ta%" !inancier". B/ndustry
Especiic Standards en U.D. 4 A("tra#iaC. La" c'petencia" #a-ra#e" e"pec)!ica" "n a:(e##a"
nece"aria" para e# %e"e'pe6 %e #a" !(ncine" prpia" %e #a" c(pacine" %e# "ectr pr%(cti+.
P"eer#a" "i0ni!ica tener e# %'ini %e cnci'ient"9 Aa-i#i%a%e" 4 actit(%e" :(e cn##e+an a#
#0r %e re"(#ta%" %e ca#i%a% en e# c('p#i'ient %e (na c(pacin 49 pr tant9 !aci#itan e#
a#cance %e #a" 'eta" r0ani;acina#e". La" c'petencia" #a-ra#e" e"pec)!ica" e"t3n
re#acina%a" cn #a" !(ncine" pr%(cti+a". E"ta" c'petencia" Aa-i#itan a #a" per"na" para
%e"e'pe6ar (na c(pacin (n 0r(p %e c(pacine". Una c(pacin e" (n cn,(nt %e
p(e"t" %e tra-a, cn !(ncine" pr%(cti+a" a!ine" c(4 %e"e'pe6 re:(iere c'petencia"
c'(ne" re#acina%a" cn #" re"(#ta%" :(e "e -tienen. r e# AecA %e "e#eccinar c'
c#ecti+ %e e"ta in+e"ti0acin a per"na" e0re"a%a"9 parti'" %e# "(p(e"t %e :(e 4a Aan
a%:(iri% tant #a" c'petencia" -3"ica" c' #a" e"pec)!ica"9 p(e"t :(e tienen (n t)t(# :(e
a") # acre%ita.
&.&.4. C'petencia" #a-ra#e" 4 c'petencia" pr!e"ina#e".

En ca"ine" "e %e!ien%e #a p"t(ra %e :(e c'petencia #a-ra# en0#-a a# cncept %e
c'petencia pr!e"ina#9 pr:(e # #a-ra# i'p#ica t% # re#acina% cn e# '(n% %e# tra-a,9
4a "ea pr!e"in ( !ici. En #a #iterat(ra "e Aa-#a in%i"tinta'ente %e c'petencia" #a-ra#e"
pr!e"ina#e". Si0(ien% a S3ncAe; B&//4H&*1C e# c(a# a!ir'a :(e Wes %2s preciso y correcto
utili,ar el t5r%ino orientaci&n proesionalX9 en %icA tra-a, "e (ti#i;ar3 cn cierta priri%a%9
a(n:(e #a" %e!inicine" "n 'a4ritaria'ente c'(ne" per "epara%a" pr e# 'er cncept
"e'3ntic %e #a-ra# pr!e"ina#.

- *5 -

Ta-#a &. Si'i#it(%e" 4 %i!erencia" entre c'petencia #a-ra# 4 c'petencia pr!e"ina#

COMPETECIA LABORAL

COMPETECIA PROFESIOAL

WCo%petencia laboral es la capacidad eectiva para
llevar a cabo exitosa%ente una actividad laboral
plena%ente identiicadaX BI-er!p-Oei 177$H77C.
#a c'petencia pr!e"ina# cn"i"te en e# cn,(nt %e
cnci'ient"9 Aa-i#i%a%e"9 %e"tre;a" 4 actit(%e"9
a%:(iri%" a tra+1" %e prce"" !r'ati+" %e #a
e2periencia #a-ra#9 :(e per'iten %e"e'pe6ar 4 rea#i;ar
r#e" 4 "it(acine" %e tra-a, re:(eri%a" en e# e'p#e
BR.Decret .7.T177*C.
WCo%petencia laboral se concibe co%o una co%ple4a
estructura de atributos necesarios para el dese%pe:o de
situaciones espec)icas' Es una co%ple4a co%binaci&n de
atributos >conoci%iento- actitudes- valores y
habilidades) y las tareas .ue se tienen .ue dese%pe:ar
en deter%inadas situaciones' Este- ha sido lla%ado un
eno.ue hol)stico en la %edida en .ue integra y
relaciona atributos y tareas- per%ite .ue ocurran varias
acciones intencionales si%ult2nea%ente y to%a en
cuenta el contexto y la cultura del lugar de traba4o' #os
per%ite incorporar la 5tica y los valores co%o ele%entos
del dese%pe:o co%petenteX BIri0in 4 Jar0a"9 &//&H
1/C.
Ylas co%petencias proesionales deinen el e4ercicio
eica, de las capacidades .ue per%iten el dese%pe:o de
una ocupaci&n- respecto a los niveles re.ueridos en el
e%pleo' Es algo %2s .ue el conoci%iento t5cnico .ue
hace reerencia al saber y al saber D hacer' El concepto
de co%petencia engloba no s&lo las capacidades
re.ueridas para el e4ercicio de una actividad
proesional- sino ta%bi5n un con4unto de
co%porta%ientos- acultad de an2lisis- to%a de
decisiones- trans%isi&n de inor%aci&n- considerados
necesarios para el pleno dese%pe:o de la ocupaci&nY. E#
In"tit(t Nacina# %e E'p#e en E"pa6a INEMB1775H&1C
WCo%petencia laboral es la aptitud de un individuo para
dese%pe:ar una %is%a unci&n productiva en dierentes
contextos y con base en los re.ueri%ientos de calidad
esperados por el sector productivo' Esta aptitud se logra
con la ad.uisici&n y desarrollo de conoci%ientos-
habilidades y capacidades .ue son expresados en el
saber- el hacer y el saber hacer WBMerten"9 &///H1&C.
Pr "( parte #a Or0ani;acin Internacina# %e# Tra-a,
OIT B177*H*7C %e!ine e# cncept %e YCo%petencia
Proesional co%o la idoneidad para reali,ar una tarea o
dese%pe:ar un puesto de traba4o eica,%ente por poseer
las caliicaciones re.ueridas para ello' En este caso- los
conceptos co%petencia y caliicaci&n- se asocian
uerte%ente dado .ue la caliicaci&n se considera una
capacidad ad.uirida para reali,ar un traba4o o
dese%pe:ar un puesto de traba4oY.

WCo%petencia laboral es el 3con4unto integrado de
conoci%ientos- destre,as- habilidades- aptitudes-
actitudes- rasgos de personalidad y %otivaciones-
innatas o subyacentes en una persona- .ue le
predisponen para dese%pe:ar con 5xito- los re.uisitos y
exigencias de un puesto de traba4o- ocupaci&n- co%etido
o papel en un contexto proesional dado.X
BL'-ana.1777H1.*C.

Y*a co%petencia proesional es el resultado de la
integraci&n- esencial y generali,ada de un co%ple4o
con4unto de conoci%ientos- habilidades y valores
proesionales- .ue se %aniiesta a trav5s de un
dese%pe:o proesional eiciente en la soluci&n de los
proble%as de su proesi&n- pudiendo incluso resolver
a.uellos no predeter%inadosY. B8r0a" &//*H11&C

- *. -
La" c'petencia" #a-ra#e" pr!e"ina#e" "n (n p(nt %e enc(entr entre #" "ectre"
e%(cati+ 4 pr%(cti+9 pr c(ant '(e"tran :(1 "e %e-e !r'ar en #" tra-a,a%re" 4 #"
%e"e'pe6" :(e 1"t" %e-en a#can;ar en e# e"paci #a-ra#. WEl surgi%iento de la gesti&n por
co%petencia laboral en la e%presa- en parte obedece a la necesidad de acortar la distancia
entre esuer,o de or%aci&n y resultado eectivo6 BMerten" &///H1&C. E# cncept %e
c'petencia #a-ra# pr!e"ina# "e ac(6 pri'er en #" pa)"e" in%("tria#i;a%" a partir %e #a
nece"i%a% %e !r'ar per"na" para re"pn%er a #" ca'-i" tecn#0ic"9 r0ani;acina#e" 49 en
0enera#9 a #a %e'an%a %e (n n(e+ 'erca% #a-ra#. A "( +e;9 en #" pa)"e" en %e"arr## "(
ap#icacin Aa e"ta% a"cia%a a# 'e,ra'ient %e #" "i"te'a" %e !r'acin para #0rar (n
'a4r e:(i#i-ri entre #a" nece"i%a%e" %e #a" per"na"9 #a" e'pre"a" 4 #a "cie%a% en 0enera#.
La ap#icacin %e# en!:(e %e c'petencia" #a-ra#e" "e inici en e# Rein Uni% en
17$.S p"terir'ente !(e a"('i% pr A("tra#ia B177/C 4 M12ic B177.C9 a tra+1" %e p#)tica"
i'p(#"a%a" pr #" re"pecti+" 0-iern" centra#e" para cn"#i%ar "i"te'a" nacina#e" %e
e#a-racin9 !r'acin 4 certi!icacin %e c'petencia"9 cn e# prp"it %e 0enerar
c'petiti+i%a% en t%" #" "ectre" %e #a ecn')a. En tr" pa)"e" c' A#e'ania9 8rancia9
E"pa6a9 C#'-ia 4 Ar0entina9 %icA" "i"te'a" Aan "i% pr'+i%" pr #a accin %e #"
Mini"teri" %e E%(cacin9 E'p#e 4 Se0(ri%a% Scia#. En E"ta%" Uni%"9 Cana%39 Mapn 4
Kra"i#9 entre tr"9 "(r0en pr iniciati+a %e e'pre"ari" 4 tra-a,a%re" para prpiciar #a
c'petiti+i%a% %e a#0(n" "ectre" ecn'ic".
La" c'petencia" #a-ra#e" pr!e"ina#e" "n e# cn,(nt %e cnci'ient"9
Aa-i#i%a%e" 4 actit(%e" :(e ap#ica%a" %e'"tra%a" en "it(acine" %e# 3'-it pr%(cti+9 tant
en (n e'p#e c' en (na (ni%a% para #a 0eneracin %e in0re" pr c(enta prpia9 "e tra%(cen
en re"(#ta%" e!ecti+" :(e cntri-(4en a# #0r %e #" -,eti+" %e #a r0ani;acin ne0ci.
La" c'petencia" #a-ra#e" pr!e"ina#e"9 tant "i "n tran"+er"a#e" c' e"pec)!ica"9 "n (n
p(nt %e enc(entr entre #" "ectre" e%(cati+ 4 e'pre"aria#. En %icA tra-a, enten%e'" e#
t1r'in %e c'petencia #a-ra# pr!e"ina# c' (na c'-inacin %e #a" c'petencia"
-3"ica"9 tran"+er"a#e" 4 e"pec)!ica". De ta# 'anera9 :(e ce2i"te9 e# %'ini %e #a ter)a9 cn #a
ap#icacin en #a pr3ctica #a-ra#. Se0Nn e# Pr4ect Tuning9 c' 4a +ere'" '3" a%e#ante9
#a" c'petencia" p(e%en "er tran"+er"a#e" e"pec)!ica". La" tran"+er"a#e" "n 0en1rica" 4
c'parti%a" pr t%a" #a" 'ateria" 3'-it" %e cnci'ient. La" e"pec)!ica" e"t3n
re#acina%a" cn %i"cip#ina" cncreta". Una a"i0nat(ra en partic(#ar %e-e cnte'p#ar a'-a".
La" tran"+er"a#e"9 a "( +e;9 "e c#a"i!ican en in"tr('enta#e"9 interper"na#e" 4 "i"t1'ica" BAne2
1C. La" interper"na#e" 'i%en #a" Aa-i#i%a%e" %e re#acin "cia# 4 %e inte0racin en %i!erente"
c#ecti+" 4 #a capaci%a% %e tra-a,ar en e:(ip" e"pec)!ic" 4 '(#ti%i"cip#inare"9 e"t e"9 "e trata
%e #a" capaci%a%e" :(e per'iten :(e #a" per"na" ten0an interaccin cn #" %e'3". La"
"i"t1'ica" 'i%en #a" c(a#i%a%e" in%i+i%(a#e" 4 #a 'ti+acin en e# tra-a,9 4a :(e e2i0en
%e"tre;a" re#acina%a" cn #a c'pren"in %e #a tta#i%a% c' (n "i"te'a. La" c'petencia"

- *7 -
e"pec)!ica" "e %i+i%en en tre" c#a"e"H #a" aca%1'ica" re#ati+a" a cnci'ient" teric" B"a-erCS
#a" %i"cip#inare" cn,(nt %e cnci'ient" pr3ctic" re:(eri%" para ca%a "ectr pr!e"ina#
BAacerCS 49 !ina#'ente9 #a" %e 3'-it pr!e"ina#9 :(e inc#(4en tant Aa-i#i%a%e" %e
c'(nicacin e in%a0acin9 c' e# 8no" ho" ap#ica%a" a# e,ercici %e (na pr!e"in cncreta
B"a-er AacerC. Una a#ternati+a a #a anterir c#a"i!icacin9 c'p#e,a 4 aNn '3" #ia%a en #" #i-r"
-#anc" e" #a pre"enta%a en e# %c('ent DeSeC B&//&C. Rec'ien%a -("car #a" c'petencia"
c#a+e9 '3" :(e Aacer (n #i"ta% %e c'petencia". E# t1r'in 8ey s8ills B%e"tre;a"9 Aa-i#i%a%e"
c'petencia" c#a+eC "e e'p#ea9 %e"%e tr" 3'-it"9 para %e"cri-ir W#a" c'petencia" 0en1rica"
:(e #" in%i+i%(" nece"itan para cn+ertir"e en 'ie'-r" acti+" %e (n '(n% pr!e"ina#
!#e2i-#e9 cn capaci%a% %e a%aptacin 4 c'petiti+ 4 para e# apren%i;a,e a # #ar0 %e #a +i%aX.
E# e":(e'a -3"ic %e #a Aa-i#i%a% para cperar :(e prpne e" e# "i0(ienteH 1. act(ar
a(tn'a'enteS &. ("ar Aerra'ienta" interacti+a'enteS *. !(ncinar en 0r(p" "cia#'ente
Aeter01ne". Una tercera ta2n')a e" #a prp(e"ta pr R4cAen 4 =er"A B&//&C. La"
c'petencia" "e %e!inen c' Aa-i#i%a%e" c0niti+a" 4 %e"tre;a" 4 "e %i"tin0(en #a"
c'petencia" c0niti+a" 0enera#e" Qrec(r"" 'enta#e" e'p#ea%" para re"#+er (na tarea en
%i!erente" %'ini" 4 cnte2t"Q %e #a" c'petencia" c0niti+a" e"pecia#i;a%a" e"pec)!ica" Q
0r(p" %e c'petencia" #i"ta" para "er ap#ica%a" Bpr e,e'p#9 tcar #a e# +i#)nC. L" a(tre"
!recen #a c#a"i!icacin "i0(ienteH c'petencia" cncept(a#e"9 prce%i'enta#e"9 inte0ra%a"
'etac'petencia" Be+a#(ar 4 "#(cinar (n pr-#e'aC 4 c'petencia" %e (n cnteni%
%eter'ina%. 8ina#'ente9 ROE B&//&9 &//*C p#antea a(n '%e# c'pren"i+ %e #a"
c'petencia" para !r'ar e# !(t(r p"ic#0. La a%:(i"icin %e (na c'petencia inte0ra #"
inputs Bc(rr)c(#C 4 #" output Bpr3ctica pr!e"ina#C en #a e"tr(ct(ra cncept(a# %e
Wc'petenciaX. Se0Nn (n e"t(%i pre"enta% pr Mean-Mac:(e" Pa(# B&//.C9 %e# In"tit(t %e
In+e"ti0acin IREDU %e K(r06e9 %e"%e 177$ a &/// "e in+e"ti0arn a *../// 0ra%(a%" %e 7
pa)"e" e(rpe" tratan% %e e"t(%iar #a re#acin entre #a e%(cacin "(perir 4 e# e'p#e9 c(atr
a6" %e"p(1" %e "( 0ra%(acin. Se e#a-r (na #i"ta %e *. c'petencia" 4 "e #e" pre0(nt en
:(1 'e%i%a #a" ten)an c(an% "e 0ra%(arn 4 Aa"ta :(1 p(nt #a" nece"ita-an en "( tra-a,
act(a#. E"ta" c'petencia" p(e%e a0r(par"e en tre" cate0r)a"H cnci'ient teric9
cnci'ient pr3ctic 4 cnci'ient c'prta'enta#. E# cnci'ient teric inc#(4e c(atr
c'petencia"9 entre #a" :(e e"t3n e# cnci'ient 0enera# 4 e# cnci'ient teric "-re (n
ca'p e"pec)!ic. E# cnci'ient pr3ctic en0#-a9 a "( +e;9 "iete c'petencia"S entre e##a"9
#a" Aa-i#i%a%e" %e c'(nicacin e"crita9 %'ini %e (na #en0(a e2tran,era 4 Aa-i#i%a%e" en e#
(" %e #a" TIC. Para e# cnci'ient c'prta'enta# "e t(+iern en c(enta %" ni+e#e"H e#
in%i+i%(a# B(nin entre e# tra-a,a%r 4 #a" %e'an%a" %e "( tareaH Aa-i#i%a% para re"#+er
pr-#e'a"9 tra-a, -a, pre"in9 0e"tin %e# tie'p9 p%er %e cncentracinC 4 e# c#ecti+ Be#
tra-a,a%r c' 'ie'-r %e (n e:(ipH a"(ncin %e re"pn"a-i#i%a%e" 4 t'a %e %eci"ine"9
tra-a, en e:(ip9 #i%era;09 p#ani!icacin9 r0ani;acin 4 cr%inacinC. L" re"(#ta%"

- *$ -
cn!ir'an :(e #a" e'pre"a" %e'an%an '3" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" :(e e"pec)!ica". La
e%(cacin (ni+er"itaria tiene (n %1!icit %e e"pecia# re#e+ancia en #a" "i0(iente"H Aa-i#i%a% para
re"#+er pr-#e'a"9 re"i"tencia a #a pre"in #a-ra#9 0e"tin %e# tie'p 4 Aa-i#i%a%e" para
(ti#i;ar #a" TICS t'a %e re"pn"a-i#i%a%e" 4 %eci"ine"9 p#ani!icacin9 cr%inacin 4
r0ani;acin. La" c(atr pri'era" "n nece"aria" para %e"arr##ar e# tra-a, in%i+i%(a# 4 #a"
c(atr N#ti'a" e"t3n re#acina%a" cn e# %e"arr## c#ecti+ %e# tra-a,. A(n:(e Aa4 %i!erencia"
entre #" pa)"e"9 E"pa6a e Ita#ia "e (-ican pr %e-a, %e #a 'e%ia en #a 'a4r)a %e #a"
c'petencia"S #" pa)"e" nr%ic" %e"tacan pr "( Aa-i#i%a% para re"#+er pr-#e'a" 4 tra-a,ar
-a, pre"in. S(ecia9 Nr(e0a 4 Rein Uni% parecen entrenar 'e,r a "(" e"t(%iante" para #a
t'a %e re"pn"a-i#i%a%e" 4 %eci"ine"9 para p#ani!icar9 cr%inar 4 r0ani;ar "(" tarea".
&.&.5. La" c'petencia" #a-ra#e" en E"pa6a
En E"pa6a e"te cncept Aa entra% (n pc tar%e9 4a en #" 7/. ANn para '(cA" e" (n
cncept #i0a% a #a !r'acin9 a #a e%(cacin 4 a #a r0ani;acin %e Rec(r"" =('an". E#
Si"te'a Nacina# %e C(a#i!icacine" 4 8r'acin Pr!e"ina# %e E"pa6a9 e"ta-#eci% 'e%iante
#a Le4 r03nica 5T&//&9 e" re"(#ta% %e (na tra4ectria %e tra-a, en e# 3'-it %e #a !r'acin
:(e "e inicia cn #a !ir'a %e# ac(er% ecn'ic 4 "cia# entre e# 0-iern9 tra-a,a%re" 4
e'p#ea%re"9 en 17$4. P"terir'ente9 E"pa6a Aa teni% %" 0ran%e" pr0ra'a" nacina#e" %e
!r'acin pr!e"ina#H e# pri'er en 177* 4 e# "e0(n% en 177$9 a partir %e# c(a# "e !(e
cncretan% #a nece"i%a% %e crear (n Si"te'a Nacina# %e C(a#i!icacine". L" pr0ra'a"
nacina#e" %e !r'acin9 en e"pecia# e# "e0(n%9 ap(ntarn Aacia e# incre'ent %e #a ca#i%a% %e
#a !r'acin9 #a 'e,ra %e #a" c(a#i!icacine" %e #a p-#acin acti+a9 #a tran"parencia %e#
'erca% %e tra-a, 4 (n 'e,r a,("te e"tr(ct(ra# entre #a !erta 4 %e'an%a #a-ra#e". Un !actr
%i"tinti+ %e #" pr0ra'a" ra%ica en #a a'p#ia participacin %e e'p#ea%re" 4 tra-a,a%re" en
"( e#a-racin. E"ta N#ti' p(nt re+i"te e"pecia# i'prtancia %e-i% a #a nece"i%a% %e
e"ta-#ecer ne2" %e cr%inacin entre #a" tre" 0ran%e" '%a#i%a%e" %e !r'acin :(e e2i"ten
en E"pa6a9 a "a-erH a. La !r'acin pr!e"ina# re0#a%a9 prpia %e# cic# e%(cati+ 4 :(e
a#can;a e# ni+e# '32i' %e t1cnic %e 0ra% 'e%i t1cnic "(perir para (na pr!e"in en
partic(#arS -. La !r'acin pr!e"ina# c(pacina#9 !ca#i;a%a en tra-a,a-%re" %e"e'p#ea%"9
cn e# !in %e %e"arr##ar #a" c(a#i!icacine" nece"aria" para "( rein"ercin #a-ra#S c. La
!r'acin cntin(a9 %iri0i%a a #" tra-a,a%re" e'p#ea%" cn e# !in %e act(a#i;ar#" 4T
reca#i!icar#". Cn e# prp"it !(n%a'enta# %e pr'+er 4 %e"arr##ar #a" prp(e"ta" %e
inte0racin %e #a" !erta" %e !r'acin pr!e"ina#9 a") c' #a e+a#(acin 4 acre%itacin %e #a"
crre"pn%iente" c'petencia" pr!e"ina#e"9 !(e crea% en 17$. e# Si"te'a
Nacina# %e C(a#i!icacine"9 p"terir'ente '%i!ica% cn #a" #e4e" %e 1777 4 &///.
C' parte %e# Si"te'a9 e# Cn"e, Nacina# %e 8r'acin Pr!e"ina# e" e# r0an :(e9 cn #a

- *7 -
participacin %e #" a0ente" "cia#e"9 -rin%a a"e"ra'ient a# 0-iern en 'ateria %e !r'acin
pr!e"ina#. En 1777 !(e crea% e# In"tit(t Nacina# %e #a" C(a#i!icacine" BINCUALC pr e#
Rea# Decret *75T17779 %e 5 %e 'ar;9 c' r0an t1cnic %e ap4 a# Cn"e, Ienera# %e #a
8r'acin Pr!e"ina# 4 cn #a re"pn"a-i#i%a% %e %e!inir 4 'antener act(a#i;a% e# Cat3#0
Nacina# %e C(a#i!icacine" Pr!e"ina#e" 4 e# crre"pn%iente Cat3#0 M%(#ar %e 8r'acin
Pr!e"ina#.
Cn re"pect a #a Acre%itacin %e #a" c'petencia" pr!e"ina#e"9 e2i"te #a p"i-i#i%a%
%e :(e (na per"na acre%ite #a" c'petencia" pr!e"ina#e" :(e p"ee per :(e n tiene
acre%ita%a" a tra+1" %e (n t)t(# !icia#. E# ter'in %e c'petencia pr!e"ina# e"ta re#acina%
cn e# "i"te'a e%(cati+ %e !r'acin pr!e"ina#. En %icA prce" ca-e #a p"i-i#i%a% %e
rea#i;ar pr(e-a" %e c'petencia". La rientacin pr!e"ina# e" c#a+e en %icA" prce"" per
%icAa" acre%itacine" n "e centran en e0re"a%" "in :(e e"t3 '3" #i0a%a a# "i"te'a %e
!r'acin pr!e"ina#9 ta# 4 c' Ae'" c'enta% anterir'ente. E# Prce%i'ient
%e E+a#(acin 4 Acre%itacin %e C'petencia" BPEACC :(e "e e"t3 ap#ican% en Ara0n9 tiene
pr -,eti+ e# recnci'ient %e c'petencia" pr!e"ina#e" a%:(iri%a" a tra+1" %e #a
e2periencia #a-ra# 4 apren%i;a,e" n !r'a#e".

&.&... C'petencia %e accin pr!e"ina#.

La c'petencia %e accin pr!e"ina# "e pre"enta c' #a c'-inacin %e
c'petencia" :(e ata6en a %i+er"" r%ene" %e #a per"na re#acina%" cnS aC #"
cnci'ient" aptit(%e" 4 %e"tre;a" t1cnica" B"a-erCS -C #a" !r'a" 'et%#0ica" %e prce%er
en e# tra-a, B"a-er AacerCS cC #a" pa(ta" 4 !r'a" %e c'prta'ient in%i+i%(a#e" 4 c#ecti+a"
B"a-er e"tarCS 4 %C #a" !r'a" %e r0ani;acin e interaccin B"a-er "erC. DicAa c'petencia "#
e" %e!ini-#e en #a accin9 en "it(acine" %e tra-a,9 ta# 4 c' n" in%ica "( prpi n'-re
Wc'petencia %e accin pr!e"ina#X9 pr # tant ##e0a'" a# c(#'en %e %icAa c'-inacin
a6a%ien% e# t1r'in accin9 a c'petencia #a-ra# pr!e"ina#9 cn e# prp"it %e re!#e,ar
cn e##9 #a nece"i%a% %e pner en pr3ctica #" cnci'ient" teric"9 entre tr". E" pr tant
ac(6a% en e# tra-a, e# t1r'in %e c'petencia %e accin #a-ra# pr!e"ina#. Deci'" :(e
(n pr!e"ina# e" c'petente p"ee c'petencia pr!e"ina# c(an% (ti#i;a #" cnci'ient"
4 %e"tre;a" :(e Aa apren%i% en "( !r'acin9 %e ta# 'anera :(e a# tra-a,ar cn e0re"a%" "e
parte %e :(e %icAa" c'petencia" e"t3n '(4 %e"arr##a%a" Bc'petencia t1cnicaC B"a-erC.
A%e'3"9 ap#ica e"" cnci'ient" a %i+er"a" "it(acine" pr!e"ina#e" 4 #" a%apta en !(ncin
%e #" re:(eri'ient" %e "( tra-a, Bc'petencia 'et%#0icaC B"a-er AacerC. Per n -a"ta
cn e". Para "er +er%a%era'ente c'petente %e-e "er capa; %e re#acinar"e 4 participar cn "("
c'pa6er" %e tra-a, en #a" accine" %e e:(ip nece"aria" para "( tarea pr!e"ina#
Bc'petencia participati+aC B"a-er e"tarC. < pr N#ti' %e-e "er capa; %e re"#+er pr-#e'a" %e

- 4/ -
!r'a a(tn'a 4 !#e2i-#e9 c#a-rar en #a r0ani;acin %e# tra-a, Bc'petencia per"na#C
B"a-er "erC.
EcAe+err)a et a# B177$C9 ##e0an a %i"tin0(ir Aa"ta c(atr tip %e c'petencia"9 e2i0i%a" t%a"
e##a" pr #a" r3pi%a" tran"!r'acine" ecn'ica" 4 "cia#e". Un pr!e"ina# nece"ita #" c(atr
tip" %e c'petencia"H

8i0(ra 1. Tip %e c'petencia". EcAe+err)a et a# B177$C

3*a co%petencia t5cnica- ta%bi5n deno%inada co%o saberes a.uella .ue contribuye
a %ane4ar los contenidos y las tareas de su 2%bito proesional- as) co%o conoci%ientos y
destre,as re.ueridos en un a%plio entorno laboral'
*a co%petencia %etodol&gica- ta%bi5n deno%inada saber hacer- prepara para saber
reaccionar a tie%po ante los proble%as- aplicando procedi%ientos adecuados a las tareas
enco%endadas y a las irregularidades .ue se presenten- as) co%o encontrar de or%a aut&no%a
v)as de soluci&n y transerir adecuada%ente las experiencias ad.uiridas a otras situaciones de
traba4o' 0plicar en la pr2ctica lo aprendido de or%a te&rica'
*a Co%petencia participativa- ta%bi5n deno%inada saber estar- nos prepara para saber
colaborar en el traba4o con otras personas de or%a co%unicativa y constructiva- as) co%o
de%ostrar un co%porta%iento orientado al grupo y al entendi%iento interpersonal'
Co%petencia personal -ta%bi5n deno%inada saber ser- nos prepara para saber
participar en organi,aci&n del puesto de traba4o y en su entorno laboral- ser capa, de
organi,ar y decidir- estar dispuesto a aceptar responsabilidades y estar a la altura de las
circunstancias adapt2ndonos al contexto6 EcAe+err)a et a# B177$H&7.C.
En e# entrn #a-ra# act(a# "e pr%(ce (na pr!(n%a tran"!r'acin :(e c'prta
n(e+a" e2i0encia" pr!e"ina#e" a #" tra-a,a%re". <a n -a"ta cn p"eer Aa-i#i%a%e" 4
%e"tre;a"9 ta'-i1n "e %e-e "a-er re"#+er pr-#e'a" %e !r'a a(tn'a e i'p#icar"e en e#
prpi p(e"t %e tra-a,. WEstas nuevas de%andas tienden a deinirse en t5r%inos de
co%petencia de acci&n proesionalX BCreen 177$H&4C.

- 41 -
W*as reglas del traba4o est2n ca%biando' 0hora se nos 4u,ga segEn nor%as nuevas- ya no
i%porta s&lo la sagacidad- la preparaci&n y la experiencia- sino co%o nos %ane4a%os con
nosotros %is%os y con los de%2sX BI#e'an9 1777H*1C. La" c'petencia" %e #" pr!e"ina#e"
4a n ra%ican "i'p#e'ente en #a %e"tre;a perati+a9 tra%(ci%a en 0e"t "in '+i'ient". La
n(e+a c(a#i!icacin i'p#ica #a nece"i%a% %e ,(;0ar9 %eci%ir9 e inter+enir ante # n(e+9 ante #
i'pre+i"t. Se6a#a a# re"pect De#c(rt B1777H11C9 c' ca'-i" "(-"tancia#e" en #a 'an %e
-raS W a) la exigencia de co%prensi&n del proceso co%pleto del traba4o y la participaci&n en la
concepci&n del proyecto rente a ob4etivos preestablecidos y la co%prensi&n li%itada del
proceso global del traba4o; b) el predo%inio de niveles crecientes de responsabilidad y
autono%)a rente a las cadencias de traba4o r)gida%ente predeter%inadas; c) aparici&n de
contenidos no divisibles en tareas discretas rente a contenidos 2cil%ente divisibles en otras
tareas ele%entales y rutinarias; d) la necesidad del control del proceso rente al tradicional
control del producto- .ue re.uiere adaptaci&n a nuevas tecnolog)as y capacidad de resoluci&n
de proble%asX. La c'petencia %e accin pr!e"ina# e" (n "a-er c'-inatri. Ca%a accin
pr!e"ina# e" e# pr%(ct %e (na c'-inacin %e rec(r"". Para cn"tr(ir "(" c'petencia"9 e#
pr!e"ina# (ti#i;a (n %-#e e:(ipa'ientH e# e:(ipa'ient incrpra% a "( per"na Wsaberes-
saberes hacer- cualidades- experiencia-''' y e.uipa%iento de sus experiencias- %edios- red
relacional- red de inor%aci&n6 BLe Kter!9 1777H4$C. Se0Nn Sara"#a B&///H7&C9 c'petencia
%e accin pr!e"ina# "er)a Wla puesta en pr2ctica del con4unto de conoci%ientos-
procedi%ientos- actitudes y capacidades .ue una persona posee y son necesarias para hacer
rente de or%a eectiva a las tareas .ue de%anda una proesi&n en un deter%inado puesto de
traba4o- resolver los proble%as .ue sur4an de or%a aut&no%a y creativa y colaborar en la
organi,aci&n del traba4o y con su entorno sociolaboralX. >(e%a i'p#)cita #a i'prtancia %e#
cnte2t en #a %e!inicin9 a%:(i"icin 4 rea#i;acin %e #a c'petencia. E" %ecir9 #a c'petencia
"# p(e%e "er e2pre"a%a a tra+1" %e pr3ctica" "cia#e" cnte2t(a#'ente %e!ini%a" 4 e"t3
re#acina%a cn #a" re0#a" t3cita" 4 e2pectati+a" %eri+a%a" %e# cnte2t. La c'petencia
c'prta t% (n cn,(nt %e cnci'ient"9 prce%i'ient"9 actit(%e" 4 capaci%a%e" :(e "n
per"na#e" 4 "e c'p#e'entan entre ")S %e 'anera :(e e# in%i+i%( para act(ar cn e!icacia
!rente a #a" "it(acine" pr!e"ina#e" %e-e W"a-erX9 W"a-er AacerX9 W"a-er e"tarX 4 W"a-er "erX.

&.*. M%e#" %e !r'acin %e c'petencia"
La" %i!erente" e2periencia" a%e#anta%a" en 'ateria %e c'petencia"9 e"t3n arrai0a%a" en
'(cA" ca"" a #a c(#t(ra e%(cati+a %e ca%a pa)". En 0enera# #a" +aria%a" %e!inicine" %e#
cncept %e c'petencia "e i%enti!ican cn %i!erente" ten%encia" a #a" :(e "e a!i#ian %e (na
!r'a ( tra "(" a(tre"9 "ien% #a" :(e '3" "e %e"tacan en e# p#an internacina# #a Cn%(cti"ta9
8(ncina#i"ta 4 #a Cn"tr(cti+i"ta9 %e #a" c(a#e" "e e2pne a cntin(acin (na ")nte"i" %e "("
principa#e" caracter)"tica" BMerten"9 &///C.

- 4& -

&.*.1. M%e# Cn%(cti"ta.
Ap#ica% en #" E"ta%" Uni%". Se -a"a en e# e"t(%i %e# %e"e'pe6 para e"ta-#ecer
#" !actre" :(e per'iten a (n tra-a,a%r (n %e"e'pe6 "(perir. S( "e## %i"tinti+ ra%ica en
:(e "(" re"(#ta%" "e cn"tatan en #a" c"a" :(e Aacen #" 'e,re"9 #" re#e+ante"9 pr
c'prta'ient" -"er+a-#e"9 re0i"tra-#e" e+i%ente" 4 n(nca pr re:(i"it". Dn%e "e
%en'inan c'petencia" a #a" c(a#i%a%e" %e #" c'petente"9 pr Aa-er a#can;a% (n per!i# %e
e2ce#encia.

&.*.&. M%e# 8(ncina#i"ta.
Ap#ica% en Iran Kreta6a9 -("ca %etectar #" e#e'ent" e"encia#e" :(e cntri-(4en
"i0ni!icati+a'ente a# #0r %e# re"(#ta% %e"ea%. Se pre0(nta c(a#e" "n #a" !(ncine"
e"encia#e" en #a" :(e e# tra-a,a%r %e-e c'pr-ar "( capaci%a% %e %e"e'pe6. La re#acin %e
#a !(ncin cn"tit(4e e# principi %e #a "e#eccin !r(ct)!era %e #" %at" re#e+ante". Ana#i;a #a"
%i!erente" re#acine" :(e e2i"ten en #a r0ani;acin entre re"(#ta%" capaci%a%e"9 Aa-i#i%a%e"9
cnci'ient" 4 aptit(%e" %e #" tra-a,a%re"9 c'paran% (na" cn tra".

&.*.*. M%e# Cn"tr(cti+ita.
Uti#i;a% en A("tra#ia 4 8rancia. Parte %e #a i%ea %e re"#+er #a" %i"!(ncina#i%a%e" 4
pr-#e'a" :(e Aa4 en #a r0ani;acin a !in %e #0rar #" -,eti+". La" %i"!(ncine" "e
re"(e#+en a partir %e #a capacitacin 4 #a r0ani;acin %e #a pr%(ccin. Intenta re"#+er #a
pre0(ntaH ?>(e %e"e'pe6 %e-e '"trar e# tra-a,a%r para re"#+er #a" %i"!(ncine" %e #a
r0ani;acin@ enten%ien% pr %e"e'pe6 pr!e"ina# e# cn,(nt %e accine" cti%iana" :(e
rea#i;a (n pr!e"ina# en #a rea#i;acin %e "(" !(ncine". Ja#ra #a" re#acine" '(t(a" 4 #a"
accine" entre #" 0r(p" 4 "( entrn9 per ta'-i1n entre "it(acine" %e tra-a, 4 %e
"(peracin. Cn"tr(4e #a c'petencia n "# a partir %e #a !(ncin :(e nace %e# 'erca%9 "in
:(e cnce%e i0(a# i'prtancia a #a per"na9 a "(" -,eti+" 4 p"i-i#i%a%e". <a en #a" ter)a"
cn"tr(cti+ita"9 "e cn"i%era :(e e# N#ti' re"pn"a-#e %e# prce" %e apren%i;a,e e" e# a#('n
per"na. Para e##9 e# cacA9 ten%r3 :(e cncer #" e":(e'a" pre+i" %e #" :(e parte "(
("(ari a#('n9 para :(e 1"te p(e%a encntrar (na "i0ni!icati+i%a% #0ica entre # 4a cnci%
4 e# n(e+ 'ateria#9 re:(i"it nece"ari ,(nt #a 'ti+acin para #a -tencin %e apren%i;a,e"
"i0ni!icati+" BTer)a %e# apren%i;a,e "i0ni!icati+ %e A("(-e#C 4 p%er a") cn"tr(ir n(e+"
cnci'ient". La" e'pre"a" +a#ran e# e%po"er%ent 4 tien%en a tra-a,ar (n '%e# %e 0e"tin
-a"a% en #a %e#e0acin %e# p%er cn #a '32i'a in!r'acin.

- 4* -
*. E'p#ea-i#i%a%.

*.1. Cncept %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%

E# cncept %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% "(r0i en #a %1ca%a %e #" cAenta9 +inc(#a%9 "e0Nn
'(cA"9 a #a #entit(% %e re"p(e"ta ante #a cri"i" %e# 'erca% #a-ra#.
E# cnte2t ecn'ic 4 #a-ra# %e E"pa6a %(rante #" a6" &/1/-&/1&9 %(rante #" c(a#e" "e
##e+ a ca- #a inter+encin prpia %e e"ta te"i"9 "e caracteri;a pr tener (na ta"a %e %e"e'p#e
:(e a#can;a '32i'" Ai"tric" 4 re"pn%e a (na "it(acin cr)tica en c(ant a# 'erca% #a-ra#
en partic(#ar 4 #a ecn')a en 0enera#. =a4 '(#tit(% %e %e'an%a" para '(4 pca" !erta"
#a-ra#e". La e'p#ea-i#i%a% %e"e'pe6a (n pape# cr(cia# en e"ta "it(acin9 p(e"t :(e para "er e#
can%i%at e#e0i% 4 ptar a (na %e #a" !erta" :(e "#icita e# 'erca%9 e# ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%
%e-e %e "er ca%a +e; '3" a#t. La c'petiti+i%a% :(e "e 0enera en e# 'erca% #a-ra# re:(iere
%e (n cntin( e"!(er; 4 act(a#i;acin pr parte %e #" tra-a,a%re"9 "ien% en e"te ca" #"
e'pre"ari" #" :(e tienen (n 'a4r nN'er %e can%i%at" para "e#eccinar.

3ho" e%ployability is deined "ill deter%ine its operationalisationF >*ee Harvey
;<<=B?G)

*.1.1. Ori0en #12ic %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%

La pa#a-ra e'p#ea-i#i%a% n e2i"te c' ta# en #a #en0(a ca"te##ana9 pr+iene %e #a
pa#a-ra in0#e"a WE%ployabilityX. E"ta pa#a-ra9 a "( +e; !(e cn"tr(i%a a partir %e We'p#4X9 :(e
"e tra%(ce c' e'p#e 4 WhabilityX9 c(4a tra%(ccin e" Aa-i#i%a%. <a (ni%a" !r'arnH
WE%ployabilityX9 #a c(a# "e Aa a%apta% "in 'a4re" ca'-i" a# e"pa6# c' We'p#ea-i#i%a%X.
E# "i0ni!ica% ca"i #itera# :(e "e #e tr0a a e"ta pa#a-ra e"H 3habilidad para obtener o
conservar un e%pleo6'
La" %e!inicine" %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% "n '(cAa" 4 +aria%a"9 "e0Nn "e a%pte (na ( tra
%e!inicin9 ten%re'" %i!erente" cn,(nt" %e %i'en"ine" e in%ica%re". =ar+e4 B&//.C e2p#ica
:(e "i e'p#ea-i#i%a% !(era %e!ini%a c' 3la habilidad de los graduados para conseguir
e%pleo69 #a" %i'en"ine" e in%ica%re" a t'ar "er)an '(4 %i!erente" :(e "i pta'" pr (na
%e!inicin '3" inte0ra#. Una %e!inicin -a"tante e2Aa("ti+a %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% e" #a cnteni%a en
#a Re"#(cin "-re %e"arr## %e rec(r"" A('an" %e #a re(nin %e #a Cn!erencia
Internacina# %e# Tra-a, en e# a6 &//7. La e'p#ea-i#i%a% "e %e!ine en t1r'in" 0enera#e"
c' (n %e #" re"(#ta%" !(n%a'enta#e" %e (na e%(cacin 4 !r'acin %e a#ta ca#i%a% 4 %e #a
e,ec(cin %e +aria" p#)tica". A-arca #a" ca#i!icacine"9 #" cnci'ient" 4 #a" c'petencia"
:(e a('entan #a capaci%a% %e #" tra-a,a%re" para cn"e0(ir 4 cn"er+ar (n e'p#e9 'e,rar

- 44 -
"( tra-a, 4 a%aptar"e a# ca'-i9 e#e0ir tr e'p#e c(an% # %e"een pier%an e# :(e ten)an e
inte0rar"e '3" !3ci#'ente en e# 'erca% %e tra-a, en %i!erente" per)%" %e "( +i%a. La"
per"na" "n '3" e'p#ea-#e" c(an% Aan a%:(iri% (na e%(cacin 4 (na !r'acin %e -a"e
a'p#ia 4 ca#i!icacine" -3"ica" 4 tran"!eri-#e" %e a#t ni+e#9 inc#(i%" e# tra-a, en e:(ip9 #a
capaci%a% para re"#+er pr-#e'a"9 #a" tecn#0)a" %e #a c'(nicacin 4 #a in!r'acin9 e#
cnci'ient %e i%i'a"9 #a c'(nicacin 4 capaci%a% para apren%er a apren%er9 a") c'
c'petencia" para prte0er"e a ") 'i"'" 4 prte0er a "(" c'pa6er" cntra #" rie"0" 4 #a"
en!er'e%a%e" pr!e"ina#e". La c'-inacin %e e"ta" ca#i!icacine" #e" per'ite a%aptar"e a #"
ca'-i" en e# '(n% %e# tra-a,. La e'p#ea-i#i%a% ta'-i1n a-arca #a" ca#i!icacine" 'N#tip#e"
:(e "n e"encia#e" para cn"e0(ir 4 cn"er+ar (n tra-a, %ecente. E# e"p)rit( %e e'pre"a p(e%e
cntri-(ir a crear prt(ni%a%e" %e e'p#e 49 pr en%e9 'e,rar #a e'p#ea-i#i%a%. Sin e'-ar09
#a e'p#ea-i#i%a% n e" "#a'ente (na !(ncin %e #a !r'acin 4 re:(iere (na "erie %e tr"
in"tr('ent" cn%(cente" a #a creacin %e '3" e'p#e" 4 %e 'e,r ca#i%a%9 a") c' a (n
e'p#e ""teni-#e. La e'p#ea-i#i%a% %e #" tra-a,a%re" "# e" ""teni-#e en (n entrn
ecn'ic :(e pr'(e+a e# creci'ient %e# e'p#e 4 rec'pen"e #a" in+er"ine" in%i+i%(a#e"
4 c#ecti+a" en #a !r'acin 4 %e"arr## %e rec(r"" A('an".
Entnce"9 Ye'p#ea-i#i%a%Y -a"3n%"e en %icAa %e!inicin a-arca n "# e# acce" a#
e'p#e "in ta'-i1n e# 'anteni'ient 4 #a 0eneracin %e e'p#e. O %icA %e tr '%9 #a
in"ercin9 #a a%aptacin 4 #a actit(%. Se entien%e c' e# cn,(nt %e aptit(%e" 4 %e actit(%e"
:(e -rin%an a (n in%i+i%( #a prt(ni%a% %e in0re"ar a (n p(e"t %e tra-a, 4 a%e'3" %e
per'anecer en e#.
Se cn"i%era %e +ita# i'prtancia e# %e#i'itar :(1 "e entien%e pr e'p#ea-i#i%a% en e"te
pr4ect !r'a# %e te"i"9 p(e"t :(e %epen%ien% %e c' enten%a'" %icA t1r'in9 "e
en!ati;ar3 '3" en (n ( tr en!:(e %e %e"arr##. Pr e## a cntin(acin "e e2pnen #a" %"
%e!inicine" a partir %e #a" c(a#e" "e e#a-ra #a %e!inicin %e #a :(e "e partir3 en %icA tra-a, %e
in+e"ti0acinH

1. Irt 4 Maa""en B&///H574C =i##a0e 4 P##ar% B177$C %e!inen #a e'p#ea-i#i%a% c' 3una
capacidad para encontrar- obtener y %antener un e%pleo6'

&. Ia;te#3n B&//4H11C %e!ine e'p#ea-i#i%a% c' 3las posibilidades .ue tiene una persona de
acceder a un puesto de traba4o en unci&n de sus co%petencias y de las exigencias del
%ercado6

Se cnc#(4e e2pnien% :(e a # #ar0 %e %icA tra-a, enten%ere'" e'p#ea-i#i%a% c'H

- 45 -
8i0(ra &. T1r'in %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% OIT

8i0(ra *. E'p#ea-i#i%a% H Irt 4 Maa""en B&///C9 =i##a0e 4 P##ar% B177$C9 4 Ia;te#3n B&//4C

La" caracter)"tica" :(e "e tienen en c(enta para e+a#(ar #a e'p#ea-i#i%a% :(e tienen #"
e0re"a%" "n !(n%a'enta#'ente c(atrH
- C'petencia" tran"+er"a#e"9 Aacien% (na "e#eccin %e #a" 1. %e %icAa" c'petencia".
- 8r'acin 4 cnci'ient"9 pre"tan% (n inter1" e"pecia# en #a" TIC 4 #" i%i'a".
- Di"pni-i#i%a% 4 !#e2i-i#i%a% ante #a -N":(e%a %e e'p#e 'e,ra pr!e"ina#.
- =erra'ienta" 4 rec(r"" :(e "e (ti#i;an para -("car tra-a, 'e,rar e# :(e 4a "e tiene.

*.&. E'p#ea-i#i%a% 4 'erca% %e tra-a,.

L" pa)"e" en %e"arr## Aan i% incrpran% a "(" e":(e'a" %e cntratacin #"
c'pnente" %e #a e'p#ea-i#i%a% %e!ini%" pr #" 'erca%" %e"arr##a%"9 entre e##" e#
e"pa6#. En "( !r'(#acin '3" "enci##a9 #a ter)a %e #a !i#a W%e #a c#aX9 c' #a i%enti!ican
Pire 4 Derin0er B17$5C9 ""tienen :(e #" e'pre"ari" racinan #" p(e"t" e2i"tente" entre
#" tra-a,a%re"9 %e ac(er% cn "(" pre!erencia" en re#acin a #a cntratacin. L" tra-a,a%re"
'3" "#icita%" "n #" pri'er" %e #a c#a9 %e,an% :(e #" 'en" "#icita%" enc(entren
tra-a, en #" p(e"t" 'en" %e"ea-#e" %e #" "ectre" 'ar0ina#e" %e #a ecn')a
per'ane;can %e"e'p#ea%". Pr %e!inicin9 #" %e"!a+reci%" :(e "n #" :(e '(e"tran 'enr
ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% Aa4an rea#i;a% 'enr in+er"in en capita# A('an9 "e enc(entran
"it(a%" a# !ina# %e #a c#a %e tra-a, 4 tienen (n acce" #i'ita% a #a" prt(ni%a%e" %e e'p#e
'3" "#icita%a" BPire9 17$*C.
De"%e #a per"pecti+a %e #a ncin %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%9 "# :(e%ar)a pr e2p#icar :(e e" #
:(e %e!ine #a p"icin :(e #" e0re"a%"9 en e"te ca"9 c(pan en #a !i#aS e"tar a# !rente a# !ina#
%e #a c#a "in %(%a :(e n %epen%e %e Aa-er ##e0a% ante" %e"p(1" a# 'erca% %e tra-a,9 n
e" (n a"(nt %e te'pra#i%a% "in %e atri-(t" Aa-i#i%a%e"S #" :(e ten0an '3" Aa-i#i%a%e" %e
e'p#ea-i#i%a% e"tar3n a# inici %e #a !i#a.
El t5r%ino 3e%pleabilidad6 se reiere a las co%petencias y cualiicaciones transeribles .ue
reuer,an la capacidad de las personas para aprovechar las oportunidades de educaci&n y de
or%aci&n .ue se les presenten con %iras a encontrar y conservar un traba4o decente- progresar en la
e%presa o al ca%biar de e%pleo y adaptarse a la evoluci&n de la tecnolog)a y de las condiciones del
%ercado de traba4o'
OIT9 Rec'en%acin 175 "-re e# %e"arr## %e #" rec(r"" A('an"9 &//4H47
*a probabilidad .ue tiene una persona de encontrar e%pleo y %antenerlo en unci&n de sus
co%petencias y de las exigencias del %ercado

- 4. -
*.*. E'p#ea-i#i%a% 4 !r'acin.

Una +e; :(e e# tra-a,a%r e" cntrata%9 Aa4 (n ni+e# e#e+a% %e cnci'ient" :(e #a
prpia e'pre"a !aci#ita a# e'p#ea% e in+ierte (n" rec(r"" para :(e e# prpi tra-a,a%r
a%:(iera (na "erie %e Aa-i#i%a%e"9 +a#re"9 cnci'ient" 4 c'prta'ient". Se tien%e a
pen"ar :(e "i #a e2periencia 4 #a !r'acin %e# tra-a,a%r en p(e"t" "i'i#are" a'p#ia9 e# tie'p
4 #a in+er"in :(e ten%r3 :(e rea#i;ar #a e'pre"a "er3 'enr cn"i0(ien% 'e,re" i0(a#e"
re"(#ta%".
ArrE B177&C "(0iri :(e #a e%(cacin p(e%e "er (n 'ecani"' para %i"tin0(ir a #"
tra-a,a%re" %e"ea-#e" %e #" n %e"ea-#e". E"ta Aipte"i" ta'-i1n reci-e e# n'-re %e ter)a %e#
W!i#trX9 :(e a# i0(a# :(e e# e!ect %e !i#a9 i'p#ican :(e #a e%(cacin "ir+e c' (n 'e%i para
c#a"i!icar a #a" per"na" "e0Nn #" certi!ica%" %e e"t(%i" :(e Aa4an -teni% 4 :(e p(e%en %ar
'(e"tra %e (na 'a4r %i"cip#ina 4 tenaci%a%.
E# e"t(%i %e CEPAL9 Ke+er#4 B&//*C %e"cri-i #a re#acin p"iti+a entre e# nN'er %e
a6" %e e%(cacin 4 e# acce" a# e'p#e. E"ta re#acin "e 'antiene c(an% "e a"cia #a
e%(cacin cn e# ni+e# %e in0re"" perci-i%". E"ta c#ar :(e a (n ni+e# 'a4r %e e%(cacin #e
crre"pn%e (n 'e,r ni+e# %e e'p#e e in0re"". Sin e'-ar09 #" ,+ene" :(e "e incrprarn
%e !r'a te'prana a# 'erca% %e tra-a,9 a") c' #" a%(#t" :(e # Aiciern a-an%nan% "("
e"t(%i"9 re:(ieren %e pcine" para acce%er a 'ecani"'" e%(cati+" :(e #e" !aci#iten
act(a#i;ar "(" capaci%a%e" 4 Aa-i#i%a%e". La "#(cin n e" incre'entar #" a6" %e e"c#ari%a%9
'3" -ien "e trata %e recncer #a" c'petencia" !r,a%a" %(rante #a +i%a #a-ra# 4 rea#i;ar
e"!(er;" para :(e "ea recnci%a 4 tra%(ci%a en #0r" :(e a "( +e; cntri-(4an a# %e"arr##
%e n(e+a" c'petencia".
L" pr0ra'a" %e !r'acin a # #ar0 %e #a +i%a e"t3n intentan% a-rir #a p(erta %e
acce" a #" a%(#t" :(e iniciarn "( +i%a #a-ra# %e !r'a te'prana 4 'antienen aAra (n
%1!icit %e c'petencia". E# %e"a!) cn"i"te en %e"arr##ar "(" c'petencia"9 tran"'itien%
cnteni%" tra%icina#'ente e%(cati+" :(e per'itan e# %e"arr## %e c'petencia" +a#ra%a"
en e# e'p#e 4 pr tant p(e%an 'e,rar "( e'p#ea-i#i%a%. A#0(n" e'pre"ari" cn"i%eran :(e
#a e"c(e#a9 en t%" "(" ni+e#e"9 %e-e a"('ir "( re"pn"a-i#i%a% 4 tr0ar e# '32i' %e
Aa-i#i%a%e" -3"ica" a #" ,+ene" :(e !r'an.W...*os Haestros de educaci&n industrial en las
escuelas secundarias no deber)an olvidar .ue hay una gran necesidad para preparar a la gente
4oven en sus respectivas clases con buenos h2bitos de traba4o' *os estudiantes necesitan pensar
en cosas co%o la honestidad- la puntualidad- la atenci&n regular- la productividad y la
rigurosidad'''6 BL(n%49 17$4C.
Cttn B177*C rea#i; (na in+e"ti0acin "-re #" criteri" '3" a'p#ia'ente %i!(n%i%"
entre #" e'pre"ari" para i%enti!icar 4 e#e0ir a "( per"na# en !(ncin %e "(" atri-(t" %e
e'p#ea-i#i%a%. La" cnc#("ine" %e %icAa in+e"ti0a%ra "e p(e%en re"('ir en (n cn,(nt %e

- 47 -
n(e+a" e2i0encia" :(e en0#-an pr (n #a% c'petencia" -3"ica" :(e per'iten #a
c'(nicacin 49 pr tr9 actit(%e" 4 -(ena %i"p"icin a# tra-a, en e:(ip. Para "(
pre"entacin #a" r0ani; en tre" cate0r)a" %e %e'an%aH Aa-i#i%a%e" -3"ica"S Aa-i#i%a%e" %e
pen"a'ient %e a#t ni+e# 4 Aa-i#i%a%e" a!ecti+a" 4 %e trat BCttn9 177*C. E" %e"taca-#e e#
pre%'ini %e #a" Aa-i#i%a%e" re#acina%a" cn #a a!ecti+i%a% 4 #a capaci%a% %e !recer (n -(en
trat n "# a #" "(-r%ina%"9 "in a #" c'pa6er" %e tra-a,. T%a" a:(e##a" %en'ina%a"
a!ecti+a"9 partic(#ar'ente #a W!r'a#i%a%X9 Wre"pn"a-i#i%a%X 4 Wactit(% p"iti+a Aacia e#
tra-a,X "n +ita#e" %e"%e e# p(nt %e +i"ta %e #" e'pre"ari". L" re"(#ta%" cn!ir'an :(e #a"
Aa-i#i%a%e" c(pacina#e" e"pec)!ica" "n 'en" cr(cia#e" para #" e'p#e" :(e (n ni+e#
0enera# %e Aa-i#i%a%e" %e #ect(ra9 %e re"pn"a-i#i%a%9 %e actit(%e" Aacia e# tra-a,9 #a Aa-i#i%a%
%e c'(nicar"e -ien 4 #a Aa-i#i%a% para cntin(ar apren%ien%. KeacA B17$&C cita
in+e"ti0acine" :(e in%ican :(eH ...el IJ K de las personas .ue perdieron sus e%pleos o no
ueron pro%ovidos se debi& a .ue ten)an 3inapropiados h2bitos de traba4o y %ala actitud %2s
.ue alta de conoci%iento o habilidades de traba4o6'''' BKeacA9 17$&C. Si0(ien% a Pein-er0
B&//5C9 #" c'pnente" %e #a e'p#ea-i#i%a% %e-er)an t'ar en c(enta #a" "i0(iente"
%i'en"ine"S 1C Capaci%a%e" S &C C'petencia" S *C 8actre" per"na#e" 4 c(#t(ra#e"9 entre #"
:(e "e enc(entran #a" 'ti+acine" e intere"e" a") c' #" -"t3c(#" intern".S 4C E"tr(ct(ra
%e prt(ni%a%e"9 entre #a" :(e e"t3n #a !a'i#ia9 #a e"c(e#a9 e# E"ta% 4 e# 'erca%.
<eap#e9 a(tr %e W*a venta4a H70X9 en (na entre+i"ta cnce%i%a a #a Re+i"ta MKA
Center en ,(#i %e &//7 c'enta-a :(e #a %eci"in %e "e0(ir e"t(%i" %e tip Ma"ter e" (na
%eci"in %e in+er"in per"na# '(4 i'prtante 4 #a ,("ti!ica-a pr #a" 0anancia" !inanciera"
%eri+a%a" %e #a %i!erencia entre # :(e "e 0anar)a cn (n 'a"ter 4 # :(e "e 0anar)a "in e# 'a"ter.
Se0Nn e"te e"t(%i9 e# a(tr cnc#(4e :(e #" pr0ra'a" %e p"t0ra% %e #a" 'e,re" e"c(e#a"
p"een a#t" e!ect" '(#tip#ica%re" en #" "a#ari"9 incre'entan% Aa"ta &95 +ece" #" "a#ari"
%e #" pr!e"ina#e" :(e "e !r'an en e"ta" e"c(e#a" %(rante #" pri'er" cinc a6" "i0(iente"
a "( 0ra%(acin. Sin e'-ar09 en e# act(a# entrn ecn'ic9 #a #(cAa pr n per%er e# p(e"t
%e tra-a, pr encntrar (n e'p#e tra"#a%a a (n "e0(n% p#an e# inter1" pr c(anti!icar #a"
p"i-#e" +enta,a" !inanciera" :(e p(e%e ##e0ar a reprtar (n p"t0ra%9 para centrar #a atencin
en #a !r'a en :(e e"t" e"t(%i" 'e,ran #a" p"i-i#i%a%e" #a-ra#e" in!#(4en en #a
%eter'inacin %e :(i1n e" '3" "("cepti-#e %e "er %e"pe%i% cntrata%. Pr e##9 e# %e-ate "e
centra en #a in!#(encia %e #a !r'acin en #" ni+e#e" %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% %e #a" per"na".
A e"te re"pect9 e# in!r'e %e #a enc(e"ta rea#i;a%a en &/1/ pr ManAattan Re+ieE9
e'pre"a r0ani;a%ra %e# Pr#% MKA T(r en Karce#na9 "-re #" "a#ari" %e e"t" 0ra%(a%"9
a pe"ar %e pner %e 'ani!ie"t e# i'prtante creci'ient %e #" "a#ari" tra" #a !ina#i;acin %e
(n p"t0ra%9 e"te incre'ent "e e"ti'a %e 'a4r re#e+ancia en #" pa)"e" e'er0ente" %n%e #"
"a#ari" entre #" ni+e#e" 'e%i" 4 "(perire" c'ien;an a "er pr2i'" a #" %e pa)"e" '3"
ric"9 rec'ien%a +a#rar tr" a"pect" '3" a##3 %e #" %e )n%#e "a#aria# c' "n #a

- 4$ -
pr4eccin pr!e"ina# 4 #a e'p#ea-i#i%a%. En e"ta 'i"'a #)nea9 Re-ecca 8ie#%in09 %irectra
!inanciera %e #a A""ciatin ! Ira%(ate Recr(iter" BAIRC 4 %irectra %e ta#ent en =ein;
BRein Uni%C9 %ec#ara-a en (na entre+i"ta cnce%i%a en +eran %e &//7 :(e #" -ene!ici"
"a#aria#e" %e (n p"t0ra% n "n "i0ni!icati+" ni in'e%iat" "in :(e %epen%en cr(cia#'ente
%e #a !r'a en :(e e# tra-a,a%r (ti#ice #" cnci'ient" a%:(iri%" en #a re"#(cin %e
pr-#e'a". En "( pinin9 e# 'a4r -ene!ici :(e "e -tiene %e e"t" pr0ra'a" e" #a capaci%a%
para e#e+ar e# en!:(e 4 #a per"pecti+a "-re #" principa#e" ret" 4 %e"a!)" :(e e# 'erca% %e
tra-a, !rece a #" pr!e"ina#e" %e A4. BL(c49 &//7C
En e# &/119 (n reprta,e p(-#ica% pr e# In"tit(t M(nicipa# %e E'p#e 4 8'ent
E'pre"aria# %e Rara0;a BRara0;a %in3'icaC a!ir'a-a rt(n%a'ente :(e Wuna %anera de
ganarle la guerra al e%pleo- son los %aster6 4 :(e 3los titulados .ue posean uno o varios
%asters tienen %2s garant)as de acceso al %ercado laboralX. Se0Nn e"ta !(ente9 ca"i (n
cinc(enta pr cient %e #" e'pre"ari" recncen :(e #a 0ran 'a4r)a %e #" pr!e"ina#e" :(e
"e incrpran a "(" p#anti##a" %e tra-a, Aan rea#i;a% (n p"t0ra% 4 :(e en a#0(n" "ectre"
cntar cn (n p"t0ra% e" ca"i (na 0arant)a %e acce" a# p(e"t %e tra-a,.
E" i'prtante tener en c(enta :(e #a" etapa" %e ca'-i nece"itan (n peri% %e a"i'i#acin para
%e"p(1" prce%er a #a a%aptacin. R'er B1777C cncept(a#i;a #a tran"icin c' (n cncept
a'p#i :(e "e %e a # #ar0 %e t%a #a +i%a 4 en %i!erente" ''ent" 4 :(e i'p#ica e#
c(e"tina'ient9 #a interpretacin 4 #a cn"tr(ccin %e #a prpia i%enti%a% per"na# 4
pr!e"ina#. A%e'3" p#antea tre" etapa"H 1C "eparacin %e #a cn%icin pre+ia9 &C %e"arr## %e
(na "it(acin a tra9 e *C incrpracin a (na n(e+a "it(acin pr!e"ina# 4 "cia#.
WEn los resultados de nuestra investigaci&n obtuvi%os .ue el estudiante universitario .ue
ter%ina su or%aci&n en el tie%po prescrito se dierencia del .ue abandona por su %ayor
satisacci&n con la titulaci&n cursada' Esa e%oci&n positiva presente en los estados de
satisacci&n es t)pica en personas elicesX BL#+are;9 KetAenc(rt9 Ca-rera9 4 In;3#e; &//5H7.C.

*.4. E'p#ea-i#i%a%9 c'petencia 4 Uni+er"i%a%.

La prec(pacin %e #a (ni+er"i%a% pr e# '(n% %e# tra-a, aparece rec0i%a en #a
#iterat(ra9 a") La4er B&//4C9 a!ir'a :(e #a prec(pacin en re#acin a #a e%(cacin (ni+er"itaria
4 e# '(n% %e# tra-a,9 e" ca%a +e; '3" #a a%ec(acin %e #a" per"na" :(e Aan reci-i%
e%(cacin (ni+er"itaria a# '(n% #a-ra#. En e"te 'i"' "enti% Se'ei,n et a#. B&//5C9
%e!ien%en #a re"pn"a-i#i%a% %e #a e%(cacin "(perir %e !r'ar e"t(%iante" para "( -(en
!(ncina'ient en e# 'erca% %e tra-a,. Pr # tant9 "e a-re e# %e-ate "-re "i #a Uni+er"i%a%
%e-a tener entre "(" -,eti+" e# %e %e"arr##ar #a e'p#ea-i#i%a% %e "(" e0re"a%". <rUe
B&//4H54C9 "e re!iere a #a e'p#ea-i#i%a% %e #" 0ra%(a%" (ni+er"itari" c'H WAn con4unto de
logros+habilidades- conoci%ientos y atributos personales .ue au%entan la probabilidad de los

- 47 -
graduados de encontrar un e%pleo y de tener 5xito en sus puestos- lo cual les beneicia a ellos
%is%os- a la uer,a de traba4o- a la co%unidad y a la econo%)aX.
E"t3 c#ar :(e e# e"t(%iante reci-e c'petencia" a # #ar0 %e t% e# c(rr)c(# 4 e"ta" #e
"n +3#i%a" para "( e'p#ea-i#i%a% !(t(ra. Si0(ien% a Iarc)a B&//4C9 Aa4 %" prec(pacine"
principa#e" :(e atraen #a atencin %e #" in+e"ti0a%re". La pri'era e"t3 re#acina%a cn #a
%eter'inacin %e #a" c'petencia" c#a+e :(e in!#(4en en e# 12it %e #" e0re"a%"9 'ientra" :(e
#a "e0(n%a "e re!iere a# c' 4 a# c(3n% e"a" c'petencia" Aan "i% 0enera%a". Para tratar %e
%ar re"p(e"ta a e"ta" %" cn"i%eracine" 4 %e ac(er% cn Cttn B&//1C9 "e -"er+a9 a tra+1"
%e %i"tinta" in+e"ti0acine" :(e9 'ientra" :(e #" e'pre"ari" e"t3n "ati"!ecA" en 0enera# cn
#a" Aa-i#i%a%e" t1cnica" %e #" 0ra%(a%"9 n # e"t3n c'p#eta'ente cn #a" Aa-i#i%a%e" n
t1cnica" Btran"+er"a#e"C 4 %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%. E"te a(tr en!ati; :(e #" e'pre"ari" +a#ran #a"
Aa-i#i%a%e" %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% 0en1rica" pr enci'a %e #a" Aa-i#i%a%e" e"pec)!ica". Un" a(tre"
re"a#tan #a i'prtancia %e #a" c'petencia" e"pec)!ica" 'ientra" tr" Aacen # 'i"' cn #a"
%en'ina%a" c'petencia" 0en1rica". A")9 K"A(i;en B&//4C9 %e"taca #a i'prtancia %e
%e"arr##ar #a" c'petencia" e"pec)!ica" %(rante e# prce" e%(cati+. En #a 'i"'a #)nea Ki"Ap
B1775C9 re"a#ta #a i'prtancia para e# prce" e%(cati+ %e centrar"e en Aa-i#i%a%e" e"pec)!ica"
prpia" %e #a c(pacin '3" :(e en Aa-i#i%a%e" aca%1'ica" 0enera#e". Otr" a(tre"9 c'
D(ncan B17.$C9 %e!ien%en :(e e" '3" i'prtante ptenciar #a" %en'ina%a" c'petencia"
e"pec)!ica". E"t" a(tre" a!ir'an :(e #a" Aa-i#i%a%e" +er-a#e" 4 'ate'3tica" "(r0en c' (n
pr%(ct i'prtante %e #a e%(cacin9 n "# pr:(e "n +a#i"a" en ") 'i"'a" "in pr:(e
p(e%en !a+recer e# prce" %e e%(cacin 4 !r'acin cntin(a. A+an;an% en e"te %e-ate
=ei,Ue et a#. B&//*C9 %ec#aran :(e #a" c'petencia" e"pec)!ica" re!(er;an #a" p"i-i#i%a%e" %e
c('p#ir cn #" re:(eri'ient" %e# p(e"t %e tra-a, 'ientra" :(e #a" c'petencia" 0en1rica"
re!(er;an #a" p"i-i#i%a%e" %e -tener (n tra-a, !(era %e# ca'p %e #a c(pacin. En #a 'i"'a
#)nea9 e"te a(tr a!ir'a :(e #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" a4(%an a a%:(irir #a" c'petencia"
e"pec)!ica" re:(eri%a" 4 %i"tin0(e entre #a" Aa-i#i%a%e" aca%1'ica" -3"ica" Bcnci'ient
0enera#9 e# cnci'ient 4 e# pen"a'ient inter%i"cip#inarC9 #a" Aa-i#i%a%e" e"pec)!ica" %e (n
ca'p B#" cnci'ient" teric" 4 '1t%" e"pec)!ic" %e (n ca'p pr!e"ina# en c(e"tinC
4 #a" Aa-i#i%a%e" %e 0e"tin Be# #i%era;09 #a creati+i%a%9 #a t#erancia...C. Pr "( parte9 Dni0At 4
<rUe B&//*C9 %eter'inarn #a e2i"tencia %e tre" cate0r)a" %e c'petencia" :(e re!(er;an #a
e'p#ea-i#i%a% %e# e"t(%ianteS c(a#i%a%e" per"na#e"9 Aa-i#i%a%e" c#a+e 4 Aa-i#i%a%e"
re#acina%a" cn #" prce"". Kri%0e9 O\nei## 4 Cr'ie. B&//*C9 e"ta-#eciern #a e2i"tencia %e
Aa-i#i%a%e" per"na#e" tran"!eri-#e"9 :(e "n +a#ra%a" pr #a e'pre"a en entrn" %e tra-a,.
Kri%0e e"ta-#eci (na #i"ta cn #a" "i0(iente" Aa-i#i%a%e" per"na#e" tran"!eri-#e" :(e c'-inan
c(a#i%a%e" per"na#e" 4 rientacine" in%i+i%(a#e"H Aa-i#i%a%e" %e c'(nicacinS tra-a, en
0r(pS Aa-i#i%a%e" per"na#e"S capaci%a% %e r0ani;acinS Aa-i#i%a%e" interper"na#e"S
capaci%a% %e "#(cin %e pr-#e'a"S 0e"tin %e rec(r"". Re"pect a #a "e0(n%a c(e"tin

- 5/ -
p#antea%a9 e" %ecir9 a tra+1" %e :(1 'ecani"'" "e a%:(ieren #a" c'petencia" re:(eri%a" para
e# e'p#e9 p%e'" %ecir :(e e"t3 c#ar :(e a # #ar0 %e t% e# prce" e%(cati+ e#
e"t(%iante reci-e c'petencia" :(e #e "n +3#i%a" para "( e'p#ea-i#i%a% !(t(ra. L" e"t(%iante"
a%:(ieren (na "erie %e cnci'ient" WsaberX9 per ta'-i1n Aan %e %e"arr##ar (na"
Aa-i#i%a%e" pr3ctica" Wsaber hacerX. =a4 a(tre" :(e %e!ien%en :(e a#0(na" Aa-i#i%a%e"
pr3ctica" Wsaber hacerX9 #a" c(a#e" "n e"pecia#'ente +a#ra%a" en e# 'erca% %e tra-a,9 "n
a%:(iri%a" '3" e!iciente'ente en "it(acine" pr3ctica" :(e en cnte2t" e%(cati+" p(r". A")9
#a Sctti"A C(nci# 8(n%atin B&//*H*&C9 e"ta-#ece en "(" cnc#("ine" :(e Whay una gran
evidencia .ue la experiencia pr2ctica en el lugar de traba4o es clave para la pronta obtenci&n
de e%pleo por parte de los egresadosX. E"ta a!ir'acin e"t3 crr-ra%a pr =ar+e4 B1777C9
:(ien e"ta-#ece :(e #a e2periencia %e tra-a, "e Aa '"tra% c' (n %e #" e#e'ent" c#a+e"
%eter'inante %e# 12it %e #" 0ra%(a%" en #a -N":(e%a %e e'p#e. Parece9 pr tant9 :(e #a
a%:(i"icin %e c'petencia" pr!e"ina#e" a tra+1" %e #a ap#icacin pr3ctica %e cnci'ient" 4
e# %e"arr## %e #a" Aa-i#i%a%e"9 e" (na +)a i'prtante para #a e'p#ea-i#i%a% !(t(ra.
E"ta'" ante (n ca'-i %e '%e# %e #a" en"e6an;a" (ni+er"itaria"9 n tan "# en
E"pa6a "in %entr %e #" pa)"e" %e# E"paci E(rpe %e E%(cacin S(perir. E"te %en'ina%
Wn(e+ para%i0'a e%(cati+X "e ap4a "-re (na "erie %e principi" c' "nH #a e"tr(ct(ra %e
#" e"t(%i" %e 0ra% 4 p"t0ra%9 #a ptenciacin %e #a '+i#i%a% %e e"t(%iante" 4 pr!e"re"9
e# cr1%it c' !r'a %e 'e%ir #a car0a %e tra-a, %e #" e"t(%iante" en "( prce" %e
apren%i;a,e9 etc. Per e" "in %(%a e# n(e+ r# :(e "e atri-(4e a #a" in"tit(cine" %e e%(cacin
"(perir e# :(e "(pne (n p(nt %e in!#e2in en e# pape# :(e ,(e0a #a (ni+er"i%a% en e"te
prce". La (ni+er"i%a% a"('e9 %entr %e# EEES9 #a re"pn"a-i#i%a% %e capacitar a #"
e"t(%iante" para :(e e"t" p(e%an %e"arr##ar e!ecti+a'ente (na acti+i%a% pr!e"ina#. L"
t)t(#" %e 0ra% Aan %e "er+ir para :(e #" e"t(%iante" a%:(ieran #a" c'petencia" nece"aria"
:(e !aci#iten "( e'p#ea-i#i%a%. C' Ae'" ap(nta% anterir'ente9 e# cncept %e
c'petencia pr!e"ina# 4 e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% t'an (n pe" i'prtante %entr %e# n(e+
'%e# e%(cati+ 4 #a nece"i%a% %e 'e%ir #" re"(#ta%" WoutputsX %e #a e%(cacin en !r'a
%e c'petencia" a%:(iri%a" pr parte %e #" e"t(%iante" +a a -#i0ar a re%i"e6ar #" "i"te'a" %e
e+a#(acin %e# apren%i;a,e.

- 51 -

*.5. A cntin(acin %e"arr## c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" 4 tra" caracter)"tica" :(e
cn"i%era'" :(e in!#(4en en e# t1r'in %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%.

*.5.1. Capaci%a% %e an3#i"i".

La capaci%a% %e an3#i"i" reperc(te en '(#tit(% %e !actre" 4 e" +a#ra%a '(4
p"iti+a'ente ante #a -N":(e%a 'e,ra %e e'p#e. >(e (n e0re"a% "ea capa; %e re!#e2inar 4
ana#i;ar "it(acine" reperc(te en e# -(en Aacer %e (-icacin para cncer c(3# e" #a "it(acin en
#a :(e "e +i+e 4 c(3# e" #a !r'a '3" e!ecti+a %e cn"e0(ir #" -,eti+" 'arca%" tant a 'e%i
c' a #ar0 p#a;. E# "er capa; %e ana#i;ar #a" "it(acine" !aci#ita e# p%er recti!icar a tie'p 4
pre+enir "it(acine" re"(#ta%" n %e"ea-#e" a #ar0 p#a;. En e# prce" %e rientacin
pr!e"ina# pr c'petencia" "e in+ita a :(e #" prpi" e0re"a%" Aa0an (n an3#i"i" %e #a
"it(acin en #a :(e "e enc(entran tant e##" c' e# entrn9 p(e"t :(e %e!ien% #a p"t(ra %e
:(e "e apren%e Aacien%. E"t #e" a4(%a 4 e+ita %i"tr"ine" en e# p#antea'ient %e -,eti+".

*.5.&. C'petencia r0ani;ati+a 4 %e p#ani!icacin.

A pe"ar %e :(e #" e0re"a%" 'ani!ie"tan :(e #a r0ani;acin 4 #a p#ani!icacin #a
cn"i%eran i'prtante ante #a p"i-#e 'e,ra %e #a e'p#ea-i#i%a%9 en #a pr3ctica n "n '(4
prpen"" a ##e+ar (na r0ani;acin 4 (na p#ani!icacin %e #a -N":(e%a 'e,ra %e e'p#e a #
#ar0 %e# tie'p. E" i'prtante "e#eccinar a:(e##a 'anera %e r0ani;ar"e p#ani!icar"e :(e
'e,r enca,e cn e# e0re"a% a ni+e# in%i+i%(a# p(e"t :(e ca%a per"na tiene (n "i"te'a %e
apren%i;a,e %i!erente 4 e"te in!#(4e en #a !r'a %e r0ani;ar #a in!r'acin. Se parte %e #a
nece"i%a% %e -tener e"ta in!r'acin para %e"p(1" e#e0ir e# prce%i'ient %e r0ani;acin 4
p#ani!icacin :(e '3" "e a%ec(e a ca%a (n.

*.5.*. C'petencia %e apren%i;a,e.

I'p#ica #a p"i-i#i%a% %e apren%er9 a"('ir 4 %iri0ir e# prpi apren%i;a,e a # #ar0 %e #a
+i%a9 %e inte0rar"e en #a" %i!erente" c(#t(ra" 4 "it(acine"9 a") c' %e '+i#i;ar #" %i+er""
"a-ere" c(#t(ra#e"9 #in0])"tic"9 "cia#e"9 cient)!ic" 4 tecn#0ic" para c'pren%er #a rea#i%a%.
Apren%er e" cn"("tancia# a# "er A('an. S( 12it c' e"pecie %epen%e %e "( capaci%a% %e
apren%er e inn+ar. La c(ri"i%a% e" (na %e "(" caracter)"tica" '3" "rpren%ente". En #a
"cie%a% act(a#9 "('i%a en (n prce" %e interca'-i interc(#t(ra# 4 %e ace#eracin %e# ca'-i
"cia# pr e# i'pact %e# %e"arr## cient)!ic 4 tecn#0ic9 apren%er e" a#0 '3" :(e (na
p(#"in A('ana. E" (na "!i"tica%a nece"i%a% c(#t(ra# :(e per'ite a #" in%i+i%(" a%aptar"e 4

- 5& -
"-re+i+ir en (n entrn :(e ca'-ia cntin(a'ente9 tant 'e,r "i #e" a4(%a ta'-i1n a
pre"er+ar "( i%enti%a%. En e"te cnte2t9 apren%er %e,a %e "er #a acti+i%a% prpia %e (na 1pca
%e #a +i%a para cn+ertir"e en (na nece"i%a% %e apren%i;a,e per'anente. Pr tra parte9 0racia"
a #" a+ance" %e #a P"ic#0)a9 #a Sci#0)a 4 #a Pe%a00)a9 a") c' %e #a" ap#icacine" %e #a"
n(e+a" tecn#0)a" a #a en"e6an;a 4 a# apren%i;a,e9 A4 e" p"i-#e apren%er 'e,r9
cient)!ica'ente. E" p"i-#e apren%er a apren%er. De AecA9 #" '+i'ient" act(a#e" %e #a
Pe%a00)a -("can #a %e'crati;acin %e #a caracter)"tica '3" nta-#e %e #a e%(cacin "(perir
tra%icina#H #a capaci%a% %e pen"ar pr c(enta prpia 4 %e %e"arr##ar #a prpia capaci%a% %e
apren%er.
En 17/* Pa+#+ p(-#ic "(" re"(#ta%" ##a'an% a e"t (n Y rele4o condicionadoY9 :(e
e" %i!erente %e (n re!#e, nat(ra#9 ta# c' "acar (na 'an %etr3" %e (na ##a'a9 en :(e t(+ :(e
"er apren%i%. Pa+#+ ##a' e"te prce" %e apren%i;a,e Ben c(a# +iene e# "i"te'a ner+i" %e#
perr a"ciar #a a#ar'a a# a#i'ent9 pr e,e'p#C cn%icina%. ^# ta'-i1n encntr :(e e#
re!#e, cn%icina% "eria repri'i% "i e# e"ti'(# pr(e-a Y incorrecto Y "e pre"enta-a
%e'a"ia% a 'en(%. DeEe4 %e!en%i :(e e# apren%i;a,e "e rea#i;a "-re t% a tra+1" %e #a
pr3ctica. S(" ter)a" e"t3n '(4 pre"ente" en #a cn!i0(racin %e #" "i"te'a" e%(cati+"
cci%enta#e"9 p(e" en e##" Aa ca#a% #a i%ea %e :(e #" ni6" apren%en 0racia" a :(e Aacen a#09
# :(e "(pne %e,ar en (n "e0(n% p#an pe%a00ic #a tran"'i"in %e cnci'ient". En 171/
pr- :(e (ti#i;an% e2periencia" cncreta"9 e# a#('n %a-a re"p(e"ta" acti+a" 4 #0ra-a
apren%i;a,e pr 'e%i %e pr4ect" para #a "#(cin %e pr-#e'a". J40t"U4 cn"i%era-a :(e e#
e"t(%i %e #a P"ic#0)a era e# e"t(%i %e #" prce"" ca'-iante"9 4a :(e c(an% #a" per"na"
re"pn%en a #a" "it(acine"9 #a" a#teran. Una %e "(" 'a4re" cr)tica" %e #a ter)a %e Pia0et e" :(e
e# p"ic#0 "(i; n %a-a -a"tante i'prtancia a #a in!#(encia %e# entrn en e# %e"arr## %e#
ni6. Se cn"i%era a J40t"U4 (n %e #" pri'er" cr)tic" %e #a ter)a %e# %e"arr## c0niti+
%e Pia0et9 e# c(3# p(" e# 1n!a"i" %e "( tra-a, en c'pren%er e# %e"arr## inte#ect(a# %e# "er
A('an. S(" e"t(%i" pr3ctic" #" rea#i; cn ni6" en #" :(e -"er+a-a c' i-an
%e"arr##an% etapa" 4 c' a%:(ir)an %i+er"a" Aa-i#i%a%e" 'enta#e". SUinner -a"a-a "( ter)a
en e# an3#i"i" %e #a" cn%(cta" -"er+a-#e". Di+i%i e# prce" %e apren%i;a,e en re"p(e"ta"
perante" 4 e"t)'(#" re!r;ante"9 # :(e cn%(, a# %e"arr## %e t1cnica" %e '%i!icacin %e
cn%(cta en e# a(#a. Trat #a cn%(cta en t1r'in" %e re!r;ante" p"iti+" Brec'pen"aC cntra
re!r;ante" ne0ati+" Bca"ti0C. L" p"iti+" a6a%en a#0 a #a "it(acin e2i"tente9 #" ne0ati+"
apartan a#0 %e (na "it(acin %eter'ina%a. En #" e2peri'ent" cn #" %" tip" %e re!r;ante"
#a" re"p(e"ta" "e incre'enta-an. SUinner !(e :(ien "ent #a" -a"e" p"ic#0ica" para #a ##a'a%a
en"e6an;a pr0ra'a%a. De"arr## "(" principi" %e an3#i"i" %e #a cn%(cta 4 ""t(+ :(e era
in%i"pen"a-#e (na tecn#0)a %e ca'-i %e #a cn%(cta. Atac #a c"t('-re cnte'pr3nea %e
(ti#i;ar e# ca"ti0 para ca'-iar #a cn%(cta 4 "(0iri :(e e# (" %e rec'pen"a" 4 re!(er;"
p"iti+" %e #a cn%(cta crrecta era '3" atracti+ %e"%e e# p(nt %e +i"ta "cia# 4

- 5* -
pe%a00ica'ente '3" e!ica;. La P"ic#0)a c0niti+a intenta %e"arr##ar #a" Aa-i#i%a%e"
inte#ect(a#e" %e# "(,et9 para :(e 1"te -ten0a e# '32i' cnci'ient. A pe"ar %e :(e en
E(rpa #a P"ic#0)a c0niti+a Aa-)a teni% '(cAa in!#(encia9 E"ta%" Uni%" "e 'anten)a aNn
-a, #a !(erte in!#(encia %e #a tra%icin cn%(cti"ta. En 17./9 Kr(ner !(n% e# Centr %e
E"t(%i" C0niti+" %e #a Uni+er"i%a% %e =ar+ar% 49 a(n:(e n in+ent #a P"ic#0)a c0niti+a9
#e %i (n !(erte i'p(#" para :(e !(e"e cn"i%era%a c' %i"cip#ina cient)!ica 4 reci-ie"e e#
re"pet :(e "e 'erece. Kr(ner B17./C 'ant(+ #a re0#a -3"ica %e #a cienciaH -"er+ar #"
!en'en"9 4 a partir %e e"a -"er+acin9 e#a-rar #a" cnc#("ine". C' p%e'" %e%(cir %e
# anterir'ente e2p(e"t e2i"ten %i!erente" ter)a" "-re e# apren%i;a,e per t%a" e##a"
cinci%en en #a i'prtancia %e tratar a ca%a in%i+i%( %e"%e "( partic(#ari%a%.

*.5.4. Capaci%a% %e a%aptacin.

>(e #" e0re"a%" "ean capace" %e a%aptar"e a #a" n(e+a" "it(acine" 4 p(e%an %ar
re"p(e"ta cn nat(ra#i%a% a a:(e## :(e e# 'erca% #a-ra# e"pera %e e##"9 a4(%a a #a
cn"ec(cin %e -,eti+". Tener (na -(ena capaci%a% para a%aptar"e "ir+e %e a4(%a para "a#+ar
-"t3c(#" en t%a" #a" !aceta" %e #a +i%a en 0enera# 4 %e# 'erca% #a-ra# en partic(#ar.
A#0(na" crriente" "ci#0ica" ""tienen :(e #a capaci%a% %e a%aptacin r3pi%a e" (n %e #"
caractere" centra#e" %e# n(e+ '%e# "cia# BIn0#eAart9 1777C. En #a "cie%a% p"t'ateria#i"ta
#" +a#re" tra%icina#e" %e pr"peri%a% 'ateria# 4 %e"arr## ecn'ic9 !(erte'ente
%epen%iente" %e (n entrn e"ta-#e 4 (na tra4ectria +ita# apr2i'a%a'ente #inea#9 "e +er)an
"(p#anta%" pr +a#re" p"'ateria#i"ta" centra%" en e# %e"arr## per"na# 4 (na 'a4r
#i-erta% para e"c0er. La capaci%a% %e a-an%nar patrne" %e c'prta'ient "e0Nn "e Aiciera
nece"ari9 e" %ecir9 %e e#e+ar #a capaci%a% %e a%aptacin9 "er)a cr(cia# para act(ar en (n '(n%
en :(e !r'a" !(erte'ente arrai0a%a" %e e"tr(ct(ra !a'i#iar9 #a-ra# re#i0i"a parecen e"tar
%i"#+i1n%"e.

*.5.5. Capaci%a% para ap#icar #" cnci'ient" a #a pr3ctica.

E# cnci'ient n "e +e c'p#eta% ni (ti#i;a% "i n "e ap#ica a #a pr3ctica. DicA
cnci'ient "e enc(entra +inc(#a% a# A'-re %e"%e "(" c'ien;". Cn"i"te en (na
apreAen"in %e #a rea#i%a%9 pr #a c(a# :(e%a !i,a%a a# "(,et %e !r'a repre"entati+a 4 e"
tran"'iti%a a tr" "(,et". La 'et%#0)a (ti#i;a%a para c'pren%er #a rea#i%a%9 pr 'e%i %e
#a 'e,ra cntin(a %e# cnci'ient9 cn"i"te en cnte'p#ar #a" acti+i%a%e" :(e rea#i;a #a
r0ani;acin. E" re#ati+a'ente i'prtante ap#icar a ca%a acti+i%a% #a" Aa-i#i%a%e"9
e"pecia#i%a%e" 4 cnci'ient" nece"ari" para a('entar e# +a#r a6a%i% 4 p%er cncer
'e,r #a rea#i%a% %e #a acti+i%a% :(e "e %e"arr##a. Me%iante e# prce" %e inn+acin 4

- 54 -
e2periencia9 a('enta #a !r'acin %e #a" per"na" in+#(cra%a" en #a acti+i%a%. A# repetir e#
prce" "e +(e#+e a pr%(cir (na 'e,ra en e# cnci'ient 4 'a4r 4 'e,r c'pren"in %e #a
rea#i%a%. Para %i"pner %e cnci'ient %e #a rea#i%a% nece"itare'" Win!r'acinX. A 'a4r
0ra% %e in!r'acin "e re%(ce #a incerti%('-re 4 "e %i"pne %e '3" cnci'ient "-re #a
rea#i%a%9 cn%icina% a# 0ra% %e !r'acin %e #a per"na :(e preten%e e"t(%iar %icAa rea#i%a%.
C(ant '3" cnci'ient "e ten0a %e #a rea#i%a%9 %e '3" +a#r a6a%i% %i"pn%r3 e# e0re"a%.
OCDE "e6a#a9 a# re"pect %e #a e2i"tencia %e c(atr tip" %e "a-er9 :(e "nH
- Sa-er :(1H "e re!iere a AecA" 4 rea#i%a%e" cnci%a". E" e# p(nt %n%e e# cnci'ient e"t3
'3" cerca %e #a in!r'acin.
Sa-er pr :(1H e" e# cnci'ient cient)!ic9 re#ati+" a principi" 4 #e4e" %e #a nat(ra#e;a. E" #a
-a"e %e# %e"arr## tecn#0ic 4 "e pr%(ce en #a" (ni+er"i%a%e" 4 en centr" %e in+e"ti0acin.
- Sa-er c'H e" #a capaci%a% :(e tiene e# A'-re para Aacer a#0. E" #a -a"e %e #a" iniciati+a"
:(e tiene #a r0ani;acin para a%aptar"e a #a rea#i%a%.
- Sa-er :(i1nH cn"i"te en "a-er :(i1n e" e# e2pert cnce%r %e #a acti+i%a% %e'an%a%a.
^"ta e" #a-r %e %irecti+"9 rea#i;a%a #a i%enti!icacin e# "i0(iente pa" "er3 encar0ar tarea" 4
re"pn"a-i#i%a%e" a# per"na# %e "( e:(ip :(e e" e2pert cnce%r %e #a 'ateria.
T%" e##" p(e%en "er tra-a,a%" pr #" e0re"a%" para 'e,rar "( ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%.

*.5... Capaci%a% para t'ar %eci"ine".

La" per"na" en 0enera# 4 #" e0re"a%" en partic(#ar9 ante ca%a pr-#e'a :(e Aan %e
re"#+er9 tienen :(e t'ar %eci"ine" 4 "i 1"ta"9 c'pr'eten a# in%i+i%( %e 'anera
i'prtante cr(cia#9 rara +e; #a" %eci"ine" e"t3n ai"#a%a" (na" %e tra"9 ca"i n(nca "n
in%epen%iente" %e #a tra4ectria pa"a%a 49 "-re t% %e #a" a#ternati+a" %i"pni-#e" %e# cnte2t
!(t(r. En cn"ec(encia9 (na ter)a Nti# para #a %eci"in9 i'p#ica +inc(#ar #a ter)a cn #a
pr3ctica9 pr-a%a a partir %e #a +a#i%acin pre%icti+a %e re"(#ta%" anterire". La t'a %e
%eci"ine" e" trata%a pr %i!erente" 3rea" %e cnci'ient9 (na" '+i%a" pr e# inter1" teric
%e# prce" A('an %e #a %eci"in Bter)a" :(e p%e'" ca#i!icar %e antrp#0ica"9 !i#"!ica"
4 p"ic#0ica"CS tra"9 pr #a !r'(#acin 'ate'3tica %e #" '%e#" B%e crte e"ta%)"ticCS tra"
pr e# rie"0 4 #a" cn"ec(encia" ap#ica%a"9 4 #a 'a4r)a9 pr #a +ertiente in"tit(cina# %e #"
e#e'ent" i'p#ica%" en #a t'a %e %eci"in Be+ent"H ne0ci"9 in"tit(cina#e"9 "ani%a%9
in!r'3tic"9 e%(cacin....C. La t'a %e %eci"ine"9 c' ter)a 4 pr3ctica %e# c'prta'ient
A('an en #" '3" +aria%" cnte2t"9 e" te'a %e e"t(%i 4 an3#i"i" %e cn!erencia"
'n0r3!ica" :(e "e +ienen ce#e-ran% en E(rpa ca%a %" a6 %e"%e 17.7 B#a pri'era9 en
=a'-(r0C. E# 'arc internacina# e inter%i"cip#inar atien%e (na a'p#ia 0a'a %e te'a" :(e +a
%e"%e9 #a pr-#e'3tica %e #a" cn"ec(encia" "cia#e" B#a 0(erra n(c#ear9 #a "ani%a%9 #a ec#0)a9
#a a#i'entacin '(n%ia#9 e# terrri"' etcC9 a# e"t(%i %e '%e#" ai"#a%" 4 e"pec)!ic" %e #a

- 55 -
t'a %e %eci"ine"9 a #a" pr-a-i#i%a%e" "(-,eti+a"9 #a %e"cripcin %e #" prce"" i'p#ica%" en
#a t'a %e %eci"ine"9 etc. La ter)a %e #a %eci"in "e %e!ine pr =('pAre4"9 S+en"n9 4 Jari9
B17$*H&5C9 c'H WAna teor)a de elecci&n individual tiene .ue ver con la deli%itaci&n del acto+
secuencia del evento- .ue acarrea unas consecuencias y su evaluaci&n; el c2lculo de la utilidad
esperada de las acciones e%prendidas- y tratan de tener una esti%aci&n expl)cita de las
acciones y consecuencias .ue pueden ob4etivarseX.
PAi##ip" B17$*C ana#i;a #a t'a %e %eci"ine" a0r(pa%a en tre" 0ran%e" para%i0'a" %e
in+e"ti0acin p"ic#0icaH p"ic!)"icS p"ic'1tricS prce"a'ient %e #a in!r'acin. De #a
re+i"in %e #" para%i0'a"9 i%enti!ica c(atr 0ran%e" 3rea" pr-#e'3tica"H O-,eti+i%a%. La
repre"entacin 4 e"tr(ct(racin %e# pr-#e'aS Ienera#i;acin. E# pr-#e'a %e #a" %i!erencia"
in%i+i%(a#e"S De!iciencia c0niti+a. La e2i"tencia %e #i'itacine" :(e inter!ieren #a %eci"in
Me%icin. La e"ta-i#i%a% 4 cn"tancia c' e#e'ent centra#. C' ")nte"i" %e #a re+i"in %e
#" para%i0'a"9 p#antea e# "i0(iente re"('enH aC M%e# P"ic!)"icH A"('e #a e2i"tencia %e
e"t3n%are" -,eti+" :(e "e "'eten a #a e+a#(acin ,(ici per"na#. E# pr-#e'a e" :(e #a
percepcin %e e"a -,eti+i%a% rea#9 n e" ta#. -C M%e# P"ic'1tricH Parte %e #a e2i"tencia %e#
errr9 p(nt(acin +er%a%era9 pr-a-i#i%a% +er%a%era 4 +a#r +er%a%er. E# pr-#e'a e" :(e e"te
acerca'ient e" '(4 #i'ita% c(an% "e re!iere a# ca" in%i+i%(a#. cC M%e# Prce"a'ient %e
#a in!r'acinH Trata %e ##e0ar a e+a#(ar #a pr-a-i#i%a% %e Aacer ,(ici" "e0(r"9 "e0Nn #a
in!r'acin :(e "e 'ane,a. E# pr-#e'a ra%ica en #a %i!ic(#ta% %e %e#i'itar #a in!r'acin :(e
"e cnce 4 #a :(e inter+iene en e# pr-#e'a.
De"%e (n en!:(e a 'e%i ca'in entre #a p"ic#in0])"tica 4 #a P"ic#0)a 0en1tica
Bpia0etianaC9 D;ie#ecUi B17$1C9 cn"i%era a# "(,et :(e %eci%e c' (n "i"te'a %e
prce"a'ient %e #a in!r'acin :(e9 '3" :(e %e"cri-ir #a tarea9 Aace (na repre"entacin
interna %e #a 'i"'a 4 #a e"ti'acin %e# rie"0 :(e cn##e+a #a t'a %e %eci"ine" "e0Nn #a"
caracter)"tica" per"na#e" %e# "(,et9 per"na#i%a% 4 %e #a %i!ic(#ta% %e #a tarea 'i"'a. Se6a#a
c(atr !a"e" e"ta%i"H aC Ieneracin %e #a repre"entacin interna 'enta# %e #a tareaS -C
Ja#racin %e #a" p"i-#e" cn"ec(encia"S cC Pre%iccin %e #a" cn"ec(encia" 4 %C E#eccin %e
(na a#ternati+a -a, rie"0. A:() aparece9 c#ara'ente !r'(#a%9 e# pape# :(e tiene #a c0nicin
in%i+i%(a# %e #a tarea pr-#e'a -,et %e %eci"in 4 #a cn"tr(ccin 'enta# en #a %eci"in.
Ac(%ien% a #a" re+i"ine" :(e "-re #a ter)a %e #a %eci"in "e rec0en %e"taca'" #a"
"i0(iente"H
Z Rappprt 4 Pa##"te B1777C9 parten %e #a" aprtacine" %e L(ce 4 S(p#e" B17.5C9 e'p#ean%
#a" ter)a" pr-a-i#)"tica 4 a#0e-raica" "-re #a %e %eci"ine" in%i+i%(a#e"9 %e"%e cncept" ta#e"
c' (ti#i%a% "(-,eti+a'ente e"pera%a9 #a a'-i0]e%a% c' Wrie"0 !rente incerti%('-reX %e
McCri''n B177*CS incrpran% "i"te'a" "ec(encia#e" 4 %in3'ic" %e %eci"in E"t" N#ti'"9
cnte'p#an :(e ca%a %eci"in t'a%a en (n e"ta% anterir9 inter+iene en #a %eci"in N#ti'a9

- 5. -
intr%(cien% #a e"ta%)"tica -a4e"iana Bpr-a-i#i%a% "(-,eti+aC c(4a principa# %i!ic(#ta% e"tri-a9
en #a e"ti'acin %e (n criteri -,eti+.
Z Pit; 4 SacA" B17$4H157C en WLudg%ent and decisionX9 Aacen %e e"ta te'3tica (na parte %e #a
P"ic#0)a c0niti+a9 cnc#(4en% :(eH AAra e2i"te (na !(n%a'entacin para (na tecn#0)a
:(e e2p#i:(e #" prce"" i'p#ica%" en #a t'a %e %eci"ine" i'prtante" 4 #a e"tr(ct(ra %e #a"
pre!erencia" :(e p(%iera 0(iar e"a" %eci"ine". A(n:(e n e" p"i-#e %e!inir re0#a" pre"cripti+a"
para e"a" pre!erencia" 4 %eci"ine"9 e" p"i-#e "in e'-ar0 a4(%ar a #a per"na :(e %eci%e para
:(e e2p#re #a" i'p#icacine" %e (n cn,(nt %e ,(ici" 4 recncer "(" interre#acine" ape#an%
a (na e"tr(ct(ra" c0niti+a" 4 a!ecti+a" 0enera#e"
Z Pa4ne9 Kett'an 4 MAn"n B177&C en 37ehavioral decision researchB a constructive
processing perspective6 "e "eparan %e #a pri'era !(n%a'entacin :(e %iera E%Ear%" B1754C a #a
t'a %e %eci"ine" %e"%e cncept" cn%(cti"ta" 4 :(e. M3" tar%e Si'n B177$C9 per!eccinara
intr%(cien% e# prce"a'ient %e #a in!r'acin. L" a(tre"9 "e6a#an c(atr ten%encia" en #a
#iterat(ra p"ic#0ica cient)!ica "-re #a in+e"ti0acin en ter)a %e %eci"ine"9 %e"%e 17$* a
1771H aC "e Aan a%pta%9 %e 'anera 0enera#i;a%a9 #a ter'in#0)a p"ic#0icaS -C "e intr%(cen
e#e'ent" "-re #a e"tr(ct(racin %e# apren%i;a,e en #a ter)a %e #a %eci"inS cC "e "i0(e
pr0re"an% en #" '1t%" %e %e"cripcin 4 pr-#e'a" %e %eci"in 4 %C %e 'anera incipiente9
aparece #a te'3tica "-re #a nat(ra#e;a cn"tr(cti+a %e# ,(ici 4 #a e#eccin. En e"ta N#ti'a9 #a"
aprtacine" %e A-e#"n B17$5C9 S#+ic B17$$C 4 Ste+en"n B177/C "n %e e"pecia# inter1".
En re"('en9 en "( cn,(nt9 intere"a %e"tacar :(eH a) La i%ea cn"tr(cti+a %e #a pre!erencia
"i0ni!ica :(e 1"ta n e"t3 re0i%a pr (n a#0rit' Nnic9 "in :(e #a" creencia" e"t3n %entr %e
#a pre!erenciaS -C L" !actre" %e# cnte2t9 tant c' #a "i'i#it(%9 inter+ienen en #a +a#racin
%e #a" a#ternati+a"S cC Tarea" 4 !actre" %e# cnte2t9 inter+ienen en #a 'anera %e e+car #a
in!r'acinS %C La" %i!erencia" in%i+i%(a#e"9 tant c' #a" capaci%a%e" %e prce"a'ient9
inter+ienen en #a %eci"inS eC La" pre!erencia"9 creencia" 4 +a#re" inter+ienen en #a a"i0nacin
%e cntin0encia" a #a" %eci"ine"S !C L" acci%ente" en #a in+arian;a en #a t'a %e %eci"ine"
BcAerenciaC "e %e-en aH 1O :(e #a" %eci"ine" in+#(cran cn!#ict %e +a#re"9 e" #a 'a4r
!(ente %e %i!ic(#ta%S &O #a c'p#e,i%a% %e #a" %eci"ine" "e %e-e a :(e inc#(4en '(cA"
atri-(t" a#ternati+a" interna"S 4 *O a"pect" %e# a'-iente "cia#9 #a" creencia" %e tr"9 a!ectan
a #a t'a %e %eci"ine"S 0C L" '%e#" %e t'a %e %eci"ine" '(e"tran e"ca"a in+arian;a9 pr
# ap(nta% anterir'ente9 4 pr:(e a%e'3"9 #" "(,et" tien%en a "er "e%(ci%" pr #
aparente'ente '3" %e"taca%9 %e 'anera an3#0a a c' "e e'ite (n ,(ici c#)nic :(e9 en #a
'a4r)a %e #a" ca"ine"9 e"t3 0(ia% pr # 'a" +i"i-#e pr a:(e## :(e ##a'a ante" #a
atencin.
La N#ti'a re+i"in e" %e-i%a a Me##er"9 ScAEartt; 4 CU B177$H$7C. 3Ludg%ent and
decision %a8ingX. C' "e aprecia en e# t)t(#9 #" a(tre" %i!erencian entre e#eccin 4 t'a %e
%eci"ine". La re+i"in a-r%a c' te'a"H e# "(,et :(e %eci%e9 #a tarea %e %eci%ir9 re0#a" 4

- 57 -
a"pect" re#acina%" cn #a t'a %e %eci"ine". < c' cnc#("ine" "e6a#anH aC La
in+e"ti0acin "-re #a e#eccin 4 t'a %e %eci"in Aa i%enti!ica% i'prtante" #i'itacine"
c0niti+a" 4 '3" reciente'ente9 #a inter+encin %e prce"" e'cina#e". L" 'en"a,e" %e
errre" 4 "e"0" %e %eci"in tienen a'p#i" e!ect"S -C L" p"ic#0" Aan e2a'ina% %i"tinta"
a#ternati+a" 49 Aan %e,a% c#ar :(e e" pe#i0r" eti:(etar c' irracina#9 a:(e##a" accine"
:(e "e "eparan %e #a ter)a racina# %e #a e#eccin 4 e2p#ran %i"tint" acerca'ient" :(e
per'itan encntrar #" 'ecani"'" :(e #a 0ente e'p#ea para t'ar %eci"ine" e!iciente"9
a%aptati+a" 4 "ati"!actria"9 a(n:(e "e a#e,en %e (n e":(e'a racina#. A") MarcA B1771C
prpne #a ncin %e r(#e !##Ein09 Bprce%i'ient" %e ata,C c' prce%i'ient 0en1ric
:(e p(e%e re%(cir e# e"!(er; %e "e0(ir t%" #" pa"" itinerari" :(e "e pre"(pnen
nece"ari". La 'a4r)a %e n(e"tra" %eci"ine" "n %e e"te tipS cC E# !(t(r %e #a in+e"ti0acin
en #a e#eccin 4 t'a %e %eci"ine" ten%r3 :(e +er cn #a Aa-i#i%a% para %e"arr##ar tr" 'arc"
%e re!erencia :(e e"ta-#e;can ne0ciacine" entre #a" e'cine"9 #a c0nicin 4 #" !actre"
in"tit(cina#e" "cia#e".
Ri+a" 4 Ar%it B177/C a-r%arn #a t'a %e %eci"ine" c' (na +ariante %e #a
re"#(cin %e pr-#e'a" en e# 'arc %e# a"e"ra'ient +cacina#. E"ta per"pecti+a "i0(e
tenien% +i0encia para n"tr"9 pr +aria" ra;ne". La %1ca%a tran"c(rri%a Aa cn!ir'a% #a
pertinencia %e #a" e#a-racine" terica" 4 pr3ctica" :(e Di2n 4 I#+er B17$4C e"ta-#ecieran
para e# a"e"ra'ient c#)nic 4 per"na# Bc(n"e#in0C c' "#(cin %e pr-#e'a". En n(e"tr
'e%i9 #a #)nea %e in+e"ti0acin %iri0i%a pr e# pr!e"r Ri+a"9 enc(a%ra%a en e# en!:(e
Cn%(ct(a# C0niti+ %e# a"e"ra'ient9 Aa i% cn!i0(ran% (na !(n%a'entacin terica 4
tecn#0ica :(e (ti#i;a 4 %e"arr##a9 #a" i%ea" !(n%a'enta#e" %e #a "#(cin %e pr-#e'a" en #a
t'a %e %eci"ine".

*.5.7. Prec(pacin pr #a Ca#i%a%.

La prec(pacin :(e #" e0re"a%" atri-(4en a# tra-a, -ien AecA 4 a# c('p#i'ient %e
"(" e2pectati+a" en #a +i%a en 0enera# 4 en #a 'e,ra %e #a e'p#ea-i#i%a% en partic(#ar9 'arca
(na pa(ta en e# c'prta'ient %e #" 'i"'" :(e #e" a4(%a a 'e,rar 4 crecer
pr!e"ina#'ente. La ca#i%a% n e" (n te'a n(e+ 4a :(e %e"%e #" tie'p" %e #" ,e!e" tri-a#e"9
re4e" 4 !arane" Aan e2i"ti% #" ar0('ent" 4 par3'etr" "-re ca#i%a%. E# C%i0 %e
=a''(ra-i :(e %ata %e 175& a. C.9 %ec#ara-aH WSi un alba:il construye una casa para un
ho%bre- y su traba4o no es uerte y la casa se derru%ba %atando a su due:o- el alba:il ser2
condenado a %uerteX. L" in"pectre" !enici"9 crta-an #a 'an a :(ien Aac)a (n pr%(ct
%e!ect("9 acepta-an recAa;a-an #" pr%(ct" 4 pn)an en +i0r #a" e"peci!icacine"
0(-erna'enta#e". A#re%e%r %e# a6 145/ a. C.9 #" in"pectre" e0ipci" c'pr-a-an #a"

- 5$ -
'e%i%a" %e #" -#:(e" %e pie%ra cn (n pe%a; %e cr%e#. L" 'a4a" ta'-i1n ("arn e"te
'1t%.
La pa#a-ra ca#i%a% tiene 'N#tip#e" "i0ni!ica%". E" (n cn,(nt %e prpie%a%e"
inAerente" a (n -,et :(e #e cn!ieren capaci%a% para "ati"!acer nece"i%a%e" i'p#)cita"
e2p#)cita". La ca#i%a% %e (n pr%(ct "er+ici e" #a percepcin :(e e# c#iente tiene %e# 'i"'9
e" (na !i,acin 'enta# %e# cn"('i%r :(e a"('e cn!r'i%a% cn %icA pr%(ct "er+ici 4
#a capaci%a% %e# 'i"' para "ati"!acer "(" nece"i%a%e". La nr'a ISO 7/// %e!ine #a ca#i%a%
c'H Wgrado en el .ue un con4unto de caracter)sticas inherentes cu%ple con los re.uisitosX.
Para cn"e0(ir (na -(ena ca#i%a% en e# pr%(ct "er+ici Aa4 :(e tener en c(enta tre" a"pect"
i'prtante" B%i'en"ine" -3"ica" %e #a ca#i%a%CH aC %i'en"in t1cnicaH en0#-a #" a"pect"
cient)!ic" 4 tecn#0ic" :(e a!ectan a# pr%(ct "er+iciS -C %i'en"in A('anaH c(i%a #a"
-(ena" re#acine" entre c#iente" 4 e'pre"a"S cC %i'en"in ecn'icaH intenta 'ini'i;ar c"te"
tant para e# c#iente c' para #a e'pre"a
Otr" !actre" re#acina%" cn #a ca#i%a% "nH aC canti%a% ,("ta 4 %e"ea%a %e pr%(ct :(e Aa4
:(e !a-ricar 4 :(e "e !rece. -C rapi%e; %e %i"tri-(cin %e pr%(ct" %e atencin a# c#iente 4 cC
preci e2act B"e0Nn #a !erta 4 #a %e'an%a %e# pr%(ctC.

*.5.$. Capaci%a% para re"#+er pr-#e'a".

En #" "ere" A('an" en 0enera# 4 #" e0re"a%" en partic(#ar 9 #a" interaccine"
"cia#e" "n (na parte in%i"pen"a-#e %e #a +i%a9 e" pr e"t :(e n e" i'p"i-#e +er a# A'-re
c'p#eta'ente ai"#a% %e# 3'-it "cia#9 4a :(e %e"%e :(e nace "e enc(entra in'er" en (n
pri'er nNc#e "cia# :(e e" #a !a'i#ia 4 e" a:() %n%e c'ien;an "(" pri'era" interaccine"
"cia#e" :(e cn e# pa" %e# tie'p "e +an e2ten%ien% Aacia %i!erente" 0r(p" "cia#e"9 4 e" pr
e"t :(e a#0(n" a(tre" 'ani!ie"tan :(e #a 'anera en c' act(a'" 4 n" en!renta'" a #a"
%i!erente" "it(acine" :(e "e n" pre"entan en %icA" 0r(p" e"tar3 %eter'ina% pr # :(e
##a'a'" c'petencia" "cia#e". E" i'prtante 'encinar :(e %icAa" c'petencia" n "n
capaci%a%e" innata" cn #a" c(a#e" #a" per"na" +eni'" a# '(n%S "i n :(e (na c'petencia
en "i9 e" (na capaci%a% %e act(ar :(e "e p(e%e apren%er9 #a c(a# e" re:(eri%a para e,ec(tar
c'p#eta'ente (na tareaS e" pr t% # anterir :(e #a" c'petencia" "cia#e"9 entre e##a" #a
re"#(cin %e pr-#e'a"9 %epen%en %e #a 'a%(racin 4 %e #a" e2periencia" %e apren%i;a,e pr
e## #a a%ec(acin %e %icAa" c'petencia" a n(e"tra per"na %epen%er3 %e #a" %e'an%a" %e #a"
prpia" "it(acine" en interaccin cn #" tr". La ter)a acerca %e #a "#(cin %e pr-#e'a"
tiene "( !(n%a'entacin en e"t(%i" %e #a-ratri cn -a"e en #a e2peri'entacin 4 %e"%e #"
a6" "e"enta p#antea :(e e# "er A('an "e en!renta a (n pr-#e'a c(an% Aa acepta% (na tarea
per n "a-e c' rea#i;ar#a9 4 re!iere :(e #" pr-#e'a" +an %e"%e #" 'a" a#ta'ente
e"tr(ct(ra%" Aa"ta #" :(e "e enc(entran en #a +i%a %iaria a #" c(a#e" "e #e" cn"i%era :(e

- 57 -
nece"itan 'a" tie'p para "er re"(e#t" Ireen B1777C. La re"#(cin %e pr-#e'a" e" (na
cn%(cta A('ana #a c(a# e"ta en interaccin cn tre" "i"te'a" principa#e" %e #" c(a#e"
Aa-#are'" a cntin(acinH
1. E# prce"a'ient %e in!r'acinH e"te prce"a'ient e"ta re#acina% cn e#
pen"a'ient9 4a :(e 1"te %eter'ina #" prce"" :(e "e acti+an en #a "#(cin %e
pr-#e'a" %icAa cn%(cta %e re"#+er pr-#e'a" re:(iere %e (na -N":(e%a :(e "e
rea#i;a en pe:(e6" pa"" #a c(a# +a %iri0i%a Aacia e# a#'ac1n %e #a in!r'acin
##a'a%a 'e'ria 4a "ea a crt #ar0 p#a;S #a c(a# p(e%e n cntener in!r'acin
pre+ia :(e p(e%a a(2i#iar a# "er A('an en #a "#(cin %e #" pr-#e'a" E"te "i"te'a %e
prce"a'ient %e in!r'acin # +ere'" 'a" a%e#ante 4a :(e e" %e 0ran i'prtancia
tener (n repertri %e cnci'ient" pre+i" :(e n" a4(%aran a re"#+er pr-#e'a" %e
'anera e!ica; .
&. La e"tr(ct(ra %e# a'-iente %e #a tareaH e# a'-iente %e #a tarea tiene (na !(ncin
%e"cripti+a %e# pr-#e'a. ^"ta e"tr(ct(ra "e encar0a %e #i'itar #a cn%(cta %e re"#+er
#" pr-#e'a" %e +aria" !r'a"S (na %e e##a" e" %e!inien% #a" a#ternati+a" per'iti%a" B
#a" '3" a%ec(a%a"C :(e ##e+ar3n a a#can;ar #a 'etaS #a c(a# e" %e 0ran i'prtancia :(e
e"te -ien %e!ini%a p(e" e"ta #a :(e interactNa cn #" #i'ite" %e #a 'e'ria a crt p#a;S
Aacien% a") :(e #" ca'in" %e #a "#(cin %e pr-#e'a" re"(#ten 'a" !3ci#e" %e
encntrar.
*. L" e"paci" %e# pr-#e'aH e# e"paci %e #a tarea tiene (na !(ncin %e repre"entacin
##a'a% ta'-i1n e"paci -3"icS e# c(a# "e cnci-e c' (n cn,(nt %e n(%". La
per"na %e-e repre"entar"e en #a 'e'ria e# a'-iente %e #a tarea B %e #a "it(acin
cn!#icti+aC e"ta repre"entacin p(e%e "er 'enta# 0r3!ica 4a :(e e" 1"ta #a :(e %e#i'ita
4 cn"tit(4e e# e"paci %n%e "e enc(entra "it(a% e# pr-#e'a.
4. La in!r'acin inc#(i%a en #" e"paci" %e# pr-#e'aH ca%a e"ta% %e cnci'ient e"
(n n(% en e# e"paci pr-#e'a 4 (na +e; :(e "e a#can;a (n n(% cnci'ient
n(e+ #a per"na # e+a#Na 4 "i e"te #e a4(%ara a re"#+er e# pr-#e'a entnce" # t'a
para "i. A e"te prce" "e #e ##a'a pr0re" e# c(a# e" (na re"p(e"ta p"iti+a en #a
re"#(cin %e pr-#e'a".
La "#(cin %e# pr-#e'a %epen%er3 %e# 12it :(e ten0a e# e0re"a% a# repre"entar"e #a
e"tr(ct(ra %e# a'-iente 4 #" e"paci" %e# pr-#e'a 4a :(e #a -N":(e%a %e (na "#(cin
repre"enta (na %i"ea a tra+1" %e# e"paci %e# pr-#e'a %e"%e (na entra%a %e cnci'ient a
tr. En #a "#(cin %e pr-#e'a" "e c'-inan %" prce"" c'p#e," (n e" #a c'pren"in
:(e 0enera (n e"paci en e# pr-#e'a 4 (n %e "#(cin e# c(a# e2p#ra e# e"paci %e# pr-#e'a
para %e 1"ta !r'a intentar re"#+er e# pr-#e'a. La repre"entacin :(e e# "(,et cn"tr(4e %e#
pr-#e'a e"t3 %eter'ina%a pr #a !r'a en #a :(e "e p#antea e# pr-#e'a a re"#+er.

- ./ -
Ante e"ta "cie%a% tan ca'-iante9 para #" e0re"a%" re"(#ta (na nece"i%a% '(4
i'prtante "er capa; %e apren%er a re"#+er pr-#e'a" 4 ##e0ar a "er creati+"S # c(a# e"
%e'an%a% pr e# 'i"' nNc#e "cia# 4 e'pre"aria#. L anterir tiene (na !ina#i%a% '(4 c#ara
4 e" crear 'ente" a-ierta"9 cr)tica" 4 "en"i-#e" a #" pr-#e'a". La" 'ente" creati+a" "er3n
capace" %e a%aptar"e a #a rea#i%a% e2i"tente.
La" per"na" e0re"a%" "e en!rentan a (n pr-#e'a c(an% "e trpie;a cn a#0(na
"it(acin a #a c(a# "e tienen :(e re"pn%er per %e ''ent n %i"pne %e #a in!r'acin
in'e%iata 4 e"peci!ica. Per ?c(3#e" "n t%a" a:(e##a" caracter)"tica" :(e "n prpia" %e #a"
per"na" e0re"a%" cn 'ente" creati+a"@ La" 'ente" creati+a" "n a:(e##a" :(e "n !#e2i-#e"9
tienen (na apert(ra 'enta# :(e #e" per'ite e# !#(ir %e i%ea"9 e# p%er %e c'(nicar9 #a capaci%a%
%e an3#i"i" 4 ")nte"i"9 #a" c(a#e" re"(#tan e"encia#e" para %e"arr##ar (n c'prta'ient A3-i#
ante (na "it(acin %eter'ina%a9 :(e #e" per'ite a-rir e# panra'a :(e per'itir3 re"#+er #"
pr-#e'a" %e #a 'anera 'a" e!ica;.
< e" a") c(an% #a creati+i%a% t'a (n "enti% e" :(e e# e0re"a% %e-e c'-inar e"a"
cn%(cta" Aa-i#i%"a" :(e p"ee en "( repertri %e !r'a creati+a para a") p%er a%aptar "(
c'prta'ient a #a" e2i0encia" %e# entrn. E" '(4 i'prtante cn"i%erar :(e #a Creati+i%a%
n e" crear c"a" c' "i !(era pr arte %e 'a0ia "in :(e e" %ar#e (n e"paci %entr %e e##"
'i"'" para ac0er#a 4 a#-er0ar#a c' (na c'-inacin %e i%ea" :(e per'itir3n #a creacin
%e n(e+a" i%ea". < c' 4a # re+i"a'" en #a" !a"e" %e re"#(cin %e pr-#e'a" en #a !a"e %e
-("car a#ternati+a" "e nece"ita -("car e# 'a4r nN'er %e i%ea" :(e %ar3n #a" pcine" para #a
-N":(e%a %e #a "#(cin '3" e!ica; 4 e# "er creati+ a-rir3 #a" p(erta" para +er #a" %i!erente"
"#(cine" ante #" pr-#e'a" a #" :(e "e en!rentan #" e0re"a%".
< e" a") p(e" :(e en #a "#(cin %e pr-#e'a" "e p(e%e Aacer (" %e #a" principa#e"
t1cnica" creati+a" :(e +an a per'itir #a a%:(i"icin %e Aa-i#i%a%e" "cia#e"9 (ti#i;an% #a
creati+i%a% c' (n in"tr('ent in%i"pen"a-#e para #a re"#(cin %e pr-#e'a"9 "e p(e%en
tra-a,ar pr-#e'a" e"c#are"9 #a-ra#e" 4 per"na#e" tant en a%(#t" c' en ni6"9 pr e## e"
:(e re"(#ta %e 'anera tan !(n%a'enta# crear (n a'-iente !a+rece%r %e #a creati+i%a% %entr
%e #a (ni+er"i%a% 4 e# 'erca% #a-ra#.

*.5.7. Capaci%a% para tra-a,ar en e:(ip.

De-i% a #" cn"tante" ca'-i" a"('i%" pr #a "cie%a%9 #" e0re"a%" nece"itan
tran"!r'ar e# in%i+i%(a#i"' pr #a c(#t(ra %e# tra-a, en e:(ip en #a" r0ani;acine". Ka,
e"ta per"pecti+a9 S3ncAe; B&//.H17C "e6a#a #a nece"i%a% %e Wasignar dierentes roles a los
%ie%bros de un e.uipo y reali,ar tareas de or%a cooperativa para el logro de %etas
co%partidasX. Para Krre# B&/1/H*4C %entr %e c(a#:(ier r0ani;acin "e %e-e +a#rar e# tra-a,
en e:(ip c' Wuna estrategia dirigida a ortalecer el traba4o interdependiente desarrollado

- .1 -
por cada uno de los actores del proceso- para ello es necesario co%partir habilidades-
conoci%ientos y destre,as en la bEs.ueda de la eiciencia institucionalX9 t% e## cn##e+a a#
12it9 p(e" "(" inte0rante" tienen tarea" %e!ini%a" 4 a#can;an -,eti+" c'parti%". En e#
'i"' r%en %e i%ea"9 e# tra-a, en e:(ip -("ca c('p#ir (n cn,(nt %e acti+i%a%e" c#ecti+a"
entre #" e0re"a%" 4 #a "cie%a%S #a c(a# i'p#ica a"pect" %e +ita# i'prtancia para #a
r0ani;acin c' # "n #a interaccin9 cperacin9 cr%inacin entre "(" 'ie'-r" a !in %e
a#can;ar -,eti+" pre+ia'ente e"ta-#eci%". En e"te r%en %e i%ea"9 e# tra-a, en e:(ip
re:(iere e"tar rienta% 4 cr%ina% pr #a %ireccin %e #a r0ani;acin cn e# !in %e a#can;ar
e# e:(i#i-ri entre e# %e"e'pe6 in%i+i%(a#9 #a tarea %e#e0a%a 4 #" re"(#ta%" -teni%". De
i0(a# 'anera9 e" nece"ari cn"i%erar tr" a"pect" %e +ita# i'prtancia c' # "n e#
#i%era;0 participati+9 re"pn"a-i#i%a% c'parti%a9 c'(nicacin9 +i"in9 cncentracin en #a"
tarea"9 creati+i%a%S a") c' #a i%enti!icacin 4 e# apr+ecAa'ient %e #a" prt(ni%a%e"
e2terna". De ac(er% a S3ncAe; B&//.C9 #" actre" e%(cati+" 4 e'pre"aria#e" tienen -ene!ici"
a# tra-a,ar en e:(ip9 a# cn"i%erar #" cncept"9 caracter)"tica" 4 '%e#" :(e e2p#ican #a"
Aa-i#i%a%e" %e "(" 'ie'-r" tra-a,a%re" para in+#(crar"e %e 'anera cAe"ina%a en
prc(ra %e a#can;ar 'eta" c'(ne"S a") 'i"'9 pr'+er e# interca'-i %e i%ea" e inn+acin
%e e"trate0ia" %iri0i%a" a 0enerar re"p(e"ta" !#e2i-#e" para a-r%ar #a" nece"i%a%e"
in"tit(cina#e". E# p#antea'ient %e# a(tr 'encina%9 per'ite +i"#('-rar :(e t% e# per"na#
%e #a r0ani;acin %e"%e #a a#ta 0erencia Aa"ta #" ni+e#e" %e 'enr ,erar:()a recn;can 4
+a#ren e# tra-a, en e:(ip9 p(e" !aci#ita #a apert(ra %e e"paci" rienta%" Aacia #a interaccin
para ana#i;ar #a" rea#i%a%e" circ(n%ante"S a%e'3" aprta i%ea" rienta%a" a rea#i;ar #a 0e"tin %e
ca#i%a%9 en +i"ta" %e %ar re"p(e"ta a #a" e2i0encia" in"tit(cina#e". Se0Nn Kenni"9 Spreit;er 4
C(''in0" B&//.C e# 0erente :(e cntrata a# e0re"a% p(e%e crear (n a'-iente :(e e"ti'(#e e#
tra-a, en e:(ip9 %n%e pre+a#e;ca e# 12it c#ecti+ "-re e# in%i+i%(a#. A #a #(; %e e"ta"
cn"i%eracine"9 #a" in"tit(cine" prpician a'-iente" !a+ra-#e" %iri0i%" a 0enerar #a cAe"in
4 e# cn"en" c' 'ecani"' para #0rar 'eta" c'(ne"S # c(a# "e tra%(ce en +a#r a0re0a%
:(e en e"te ca" e" #a !r'acin inte0ra# %e# e0re"a%.
Ta'-i1n9 "e cn"i%era :(e #a ap#icacin %e# tra-a, en e:(ip n e" (na tarea !3ci#
pr:(e #a" r0ani;acine" a # #ar0 %e #a Ai"tria Aan tran"ita% pr pr3ctica" in%i+i%(a#e"9 #a"
c(a#e" i'pi%en #a cn!r'acin %e e:(ip" para rea#i;ar #a" tarea" %e 'anera cn"en"(a%a. A")
'i"'9 Da+i" 4 NeE"trn B&//7C a!ir'an e# tra-a, en e:(ip "e pre"enta c(an% #" 'ie'-r"
cncen #" -,eti+" en !(ncin %e cntri-(ir re"pn"a-#e a# rea#i;ar #a" tarea" ap43n%"e
entre "). En ")nte"i"9 e"ta e"trate0ia prpicia e# %e"e'pe6 %e r#e" %e 'anera e!iciente a#
per'itir cn e## %i"'in(ir %e-i#i%a%e"9 enri:(ecer e# ta#ent A('an9 !rta#ecer #a" capaci%a%e"
4 Aa-i#i%a%e" %iri0i%a" a e#e+ar e# ni+e# %e e!icienciaS n -"tante e# 12it %entr %e c(a#:(ier
r0ani;acin %epen%er3 %e# %e"arr## pti' %e (n cn,(nt %e Aa-i#i%a%e" "cia#e" %e #"
act(a#e" e0re"a%" 4 p"i-#e" !(t(r" tra-a,a%re".

- .& -

*.5.1/. Capaci%a% para c'(nicar"e.

La c'petencia c'(nicati+a in!#(4e en '(#tit(% %e !actre". E# arte %e #a -(ena
c'(nicacin p(e%e (ti#i;ar#a e# e0re"a% para cn"e0(ir "(" -,eti+". De"%e t%" #" 3'-it"
en 0enera# 4 %e"%e e# 3'-it e'pre"aria# en cncret9 "e +a#ra #a c'(nicacin c' (n
cn,(nt :(e en0#-a #a Aa-i#i%a% c'(nicati+a %e c'prta'ient 4 %e tra"'itir a tra+1" %e
#a" pa#a-ra" 4 #" 0e"t". En 3'-it" "it(acine" prpia" %e# prce" %e "e#eccin c' p(e%e
"er #a entre+i"ta per"na# #a capaci%a% para (ti#i;ar a%ec(a%a'ente #a c'(nicacin %e!inir3 e#
re"(#ta% %e %icA prce". E" i'p"i-#e n c'(nicar pr en%e # '3" a%ec(a% e" c'(nicar
# :(e :(ere'" 4 n +ice+er"a.
De"%e e# pri'er terci %e# "i0# FF Aa"ta #a act(a#i%a%9 #a ter)a %e #a c'(nicacin "e
Aa i% cn"tr(4en% %e"%e per"pecti+a" '(4 %i!erente". De"%e #a ter)a !)"ic-'ate'3tica %e
SAannn 4 Pea+er9 cnci%a c' WTeor)a %ate%2tica de la inor%aci&nX9 Aa"ta #a ter)a
p"ic#0ica cn -a"e a #a percepcin9 pa"an% pr (na ter)a "cia# cn -a"e en #a #en0(a9 cn
-a"e en #a antrp#0)a c0niti+a cn -a"e en #" en!:(e" interaccini"ta" 4 "i"t1'ic"
Kate"n9 Pat;#aEicU9 I!!'an. < '3" aNn9 ta'-i1n Aan %e"taca% #a" aprtacine" en e#
ca'p %e #" e!ect" %e #a c'(nicacin %e 'a"a"9 (n 3'-it repre"enta% pr n'-re" c'
La""Ee##9 La;ar"!e#%9 Kere#"n 4 =+#an% B177&C9 4 #a" ter)a" cr)tica" %e #a c'(nicacin9
pr'+i%a" %e"%e #a E"c(e#a %e 8ranU!(rt pr inte#ect(a#e" c' A%rn9 =rUAei'er 4
Marc("e B177*C9 entre tr". E"te panra'a pne en e+i%encia #a c'p#e,i%a% %e# a"(nt9 #a"
'N#tip#e" aprtacine" cn :(e "e Aa trata% %e %tar %e cAerencia a # :(e cnce'" c'
Ter)a %e #a C'(nicacin. E## e" re"(#ta%9 entre tr" !actre"9 %e #a p#i"e'ia 'i"'a %e#
cncept %e c'(nicacin. De"%e e# en!:(e "i"t1'ic %e #a c'(nicacin9 (n %e c(4"
'32i'" repre"entante" e" Pat;#aEicU B177&C9 #a c'(nicacin "e p(e%e %e!inir c' (n
Wcon4unto de ele%entos en interacci&n en donde toda %odiicaci&n de uno de ellos aecta las
relaciones entre los otros ele%entosX BMarc 4 Picar%9 177&H *7C.
E"ta %e!inicin n" acerca a# cncept %e "i"te'a9 c(4 !(ncina'ient "e "("tenta a
partir %e #a e2i"tencia %e %" e#e'ent"H pr (n #a%9 #a ener0)a :(e # '(e+e9 #" interca'-i"9
#a" !(er;a"9 #" '+i#e"9 #a" ten"ine" :(e #e per'iten e2i"tir c' ta#S 4 pr e# tr9 #a
circ(#acin %e in!r'acine" 4 "i0ni!icacine"9 'i"'a :(e per'ite e# %e"arr##9 #a re0(#acin 4
e# e:(i#i-r %e# "i"te'a. 8rente a #a i%ea %e c'petencia #in0])"tica aparece #a ncin %e
c'petencia c'(nicati+a p#antea%a pr =4'e" en 177&9 re!eri%a a# (" %e# #en0(a,e en act"
%e c'(nicacin partic(#are"9 cncret" 4 "cia# e Ai"trica'ente "it(a%". Se cn"i%era :(e #a
!r'acin en (n 3rea partic(#ar en e# ca'p %e #a" ciencia" "e rienta Aacia e# %e"arr## %e #a"
%i'en"ine" %e# act(ar A('an9 # :(e in+#(cra #a Aer'en1(tica9 #a 1tica 4 #a e"t1tica9 # :(e

- .* -
e2i0e interpretacin 4 ar0('entacin en #a c'pren"in %e (na c(#t(ra. E"ta rientacin p(e%e
enten%er"e c' (na "e'itica 0enera#9 ta# 4 c' #a cnci-e BEc9 177&C.

*.5.11. Capaci%a% %e a(tcnci'ient.

E# a(tcnci'ient e" #a ra); %e t% cnci'ient. La intr"peccin enten%i%a c'
a(t-an3#i"i"9 a(t-e2a'en9 a(t--"er+acin 4 cnte'p#acin %e #" prpi" "enti'ient"9
pen"a'ient" 4 accine" re"(#ta Nti# c' t1cnica p"ic#0ica "("tenta%a en principi"
!i#"!ic" "cr3tic"9 per'itien% a tra+1" %e #a 'a41(tica %e #a t1cnica %e #a pre0(nta9 e#
%ar"e c(enta %e... Aacer cn"ciente" #a" e#eccin %e en"e6ar 4 apren%er %e #" %e'3". La
pre'i"a "er)a entnce" prc(rar (n apren%i;a,e a partir %e# a(tcnci'ient9 %e #a c'pre"in
%e# tr 4 #a intencin %e apren%er %e #" tr" c' per"na" BCarrer 4 Jie#'a9 &//&C. La
intr"peccin "e0Nn MicAe# B&//1C9 "e #0ra a tra+1" %e# cnci'ient %e #a" prpia"
e2periencia" %entr %e# a'-iente intern %e #a per"na :(e e" ca%a :(i1n9 %e# "er :(e "e e" en
re#acin cn tr"9 captan% # :(e "e tiene en ") 'i"' %e #" %e'3". E# cnci'ient
a(t%iri0i% p(e%e cana#i;ar"e pr 'e%i %e #" cntact" interper"na#e"9 #a" #ect(ra" 4 #a"
re!#e2ine". Se captan nr'a" %e cn%(cta9 actit(%e"9 0e"t"9 "i0ni!ica%"9 '%" %e interpretar
"it(acine" %i+er"a"9 cncentr3n%"e #a atencin en e# %i3#0 intern "(-,eti+ 4 a(t%iri0i%.
De ac(er% cn E"cat B&//7C9 e# cnci'ient per"na# e" (na c(e"tin a"cia%a a #a
antrp#0)a pe%a00ica9 e" %ecir9 a #a cn"tr(ccin 4 e%(cacin %e #a per"na :(e a#can;a #a
a(trrea#i;acin en crre"pn%encia cn "(" +a#re". De"%e e"ta ptica #a intr"peccin c('p#e
(na !(ncin re+e#a%ra en e# "enti% %e rea!ir'ar :(e t% "er A('an tiene #a p"i-i#i%a% %e
en"i'i"'ar"e9 Aaci1n%"e pre0(nta" %e car3cter +a#rati+9 entre #a" c(a#e"9 p(e%en
'encinar"e a#0(na"H ?:(i1n "4@9 ?para :(1 -("c tra-a,@9 ?:(1 'e Aace "entir -ien@?:(1 'e
'ti+a@9 ?c' 'e "ient re"pect %e ') 'i"'@9 ?:(1 e"t4 apren%ien% %e #" %e'3"@9 ?:(1
p(e%en apren%er #" tr" %e ')@

*.5.1&. C'petencia para 'antener (na actit(% p"iti+a.

La actit(% :(e #" e0re"a%" 'antienen ante #a -N":(e%a 'e,ra %e e'p#e in!#(4e en
e# prce" %e rientacin en ")9 "ien% e"te '3" ar%( 4 c"t" ante actit(%e" ne0ati+a" 4 '3"
!#(i% 4 a0ra%eci% ante p"icine" p"iti+a".
La +i%a e" n(e"tr per"na# "enti'ient %e #a" c"a" :(e n" pa"an9 e"tan% 1"ta"
"(pe%ita%a" a n(e"tra" actit(%e" 4 %eci"ine". P%e'" '%i!icar n(e"tra percepcin %e e"a"
Ycosas .ue nos pasanY. Dec)a e# !i#"! e"tic :(e ##e0 a "er e'pera%r r'an Marc
A(re#i B1&1-1$/C9 en "( -ra YPensa%ientosF- :(e Fsi te sientes dolido por las cosas externas-
no son 5stas las .ue te %olestan- sino tu propio 4uicio acerca de ellas' M est2 en tu poder el

- .4 -
ca%biar este 4uicio ahora %is%oF. E# p"ic#0 C"iU";ent'iAa#4i B177/H47C Aa "e6a#a% :(e
Funo de los instru%entos %2s i%portantes en esta bEs.ueda lo orece la Psicolog)aF. M(cA"
p"ic#0" 4 !i#"!" Aan e"t(%ia% e"e pr-#e'a %e"%e #" tie'p" '3" arcaic". E# p"ic#0
I#e'an B1775C Aa rec0i% '(cA" %e e"" e"t(%i" 4 #e" Aa %a% (n e'p(,e 0#-a# '(4
intere"ante en "( #i-r Y/nteligencia E%ocionalY.
La i'prtancia %e# pti'i"' Aa "i% %e'"tra%a9 pr e,e'p#9 a partir %e pr(e-a"
e!ect(a%a" pr e# p"ic#0 Sn4%er %e #a Uni+er"i%a% %e Dan"a"9 entre a#('n" (ni+er"itari"
%e E"ta%" Uni%". En e"e e"t(%i "e cnc#(4 :(e e# ren%i'ient aca%1'ic (ni+er"itari %e
(n a#('n %epen%e '3" %e #a actit(% %e 1"te :(e %e "( cciente inte#ect(a#. A")9 +iern :(e (n"
-(en" re"(#ta%" aca%1'ic" eran -teni%" '3" pr a#('n" cn (na actit(% p"iti+a 4
pti'i"ta Be+a#(a%" a tra+1" %e te"t e"pecia#e"C :(e pr a#('n" cn (na -(ena nta en e#
S.A.T.9 (n te"t cn (na e#e+a%a crre#acin cn e# Ce!iciente Inte#ect(a#. E# S.A.T. BScholastic
0ptitude TestC e" e# e2a'en %e aptit(% e"c#ar :(e rea#i;an #" e"t(%iante" e"ta%(ni%en"e" :(e
acce%en a #a Uni+er"i%a% Be# e:(i+a#ente a #a pr(e-a %e Se#ecti+i%a%-PAU en E"pa6aC. Se0Nn
Rin%er B&//1H$7C9 Flos estudiantes con un alto nivel de expectativas se proponen ob4etivos
elevados y saben lo .ue deben hacer para alcan,arlos' El Enico actor responsable del distinto
rendi%iento acad5%ico de estudiantes con si%ilar aptitud intelectual parece ser su nivel de
expectativasF. E"ta 'i"'a re!#e2in #a p%e'" ap#icar en e# 3'-it %e #a rientacin. La !a#ta
%e actit(%e" p"iti+a" Aacia #a -N":(e%a %e e'p#e p(e%e tra%(cir"e en (n !raca" en #a
-N":(e%a 4 pr+car #a aparicin %e# %e"e'p#e en #" e0re"a%" :(e e" e# ca("ante %e
cn"ec(encia" p"ic#0ica" %e en+er0a%(ra9 a "a-erH a#teracine" %e #a a(te"ti'a9 !actre" %e
per"na#i%a%9 "a#(% 'enta#9 -iene"tar p"ic#0ic9 re#acine" !a'i#iare"9 actit(%e"9 intere"e" 4
+a#re" 4 e"ta%" %e atri-(cin e in%e!en"in apren%i%a9 %epre"in 4 "(ici%i" BIarc)a9 177$C.

*.5.1*. Capaci%a% para t'ar #a iniciati+a.

Se0Nn 8re"e 4 8a4 B&//1C #a iniciati+a per"na# e" (na caracter)"tica in%i+i%(a# en e#
prce"9 :(e per'ite a (n tra-a,a%r 'antener "( e'p#e cn"e0(ir tr9 en ca" %e Aa-er
!ina#i;a% e# :(e "e ten)a. La iniciati+a Aace :(e #a" per"na" "ean a0ente" acti+" %e#
'e,ra'ient %e "(" "it(acine" #a-ra#e" en (n '(n% ca'-iante c' e# act(a#. Cn #a"
tran"!r'acine" "ci#a-ra#e" reciente"9 "e e"t3 pr%(cien% #a tran"!erencia %e #a
re"pn"a-i#i%a% %e #a 0e"tin 4 e# %e"arr## %e carrera %e #" e'p#ea%re" a #" e'p#ea%". En
e"te cnte2t9 #a iniciati+a per"na# "e cn+ierte en (n !actr c#a+e en e# prpi %e"arr##
pr!e"ina# 4 en #a 0eneracin %e prt(ni%a%e" %e e'p#e 8(0ate9 DinicUi 4 A"A!rtA9 B&//4C.
La iniciati+a Aa "i% %e!ini%a c' Wuna conducta .ue se %aniiesta en una aproxi%aci&n
activa y espont2nea de la persona para la reali,aci&n del traba4o llev2ndolo a cabo %e4or de lo
.ue or%al%ente se re.uiere6 B8re"e et a#.9 &//.H *$C. La" per"na" cn iniciati+a e"t3n

- .5 -
rienta%a" a# #0r %e -,eti+" a #ar0 p#a;9 per ta'-i1n a #a" accine" :(e ##e+an a e##9 "n
per"i"tente" en r%en a "(perar #a" -arrera" 4 Aacen #a" c"a" "in :(e "e #a" pi%an B8re"e 4 8a49
&//1C.
E"ta" caracter)"tica" n "# "e re#acinan cn #a !r'a %e Aacer e# tra-a, c(an% "e
tiene e'p#e "in cn act(acine" %e a(t-%e"arr## %e carrera en #a" "it(acine" en #" :(e Aa4
:(e cn"e0(ir tr B8re"e 4 8a49 &//1C. A")9 8re"e et a#. B&//.C ar0('entan :(e #a" per"na"
cn iniciati+a p(e%en ("ar #" ca'-i" en e# e'p#e para -tener (n e'p#e '3" reta%r 4
e2p#rar #a" prt(ni%a%e" en e# a'-iente cn e# !in %e encntrar prt(ni%a%e" '3" a,("ta%a" a
"(" e2pectati+a" # :(e ##e+ar)a a 'e,rar "( "ati"!accin #a-ra#. L" re"(#ta%" e'p)ric"
-teni%" pr e"t" a(tre" '(e"tran :(e #a iniciati+a per"na# e"t3 re#acina%a cn (n" p#ane"
%e carrera '3" c#ar"9 #a e,ec(cin %e %icA" p#ane"9 (na 'a4r e'p#ea-i#i%a% 4 '3" 12it en #a
-N":(e%a %e e'p#e. A") p(e"9 #a iniciati+a per"na# e" (n e#e'ent cn%(ct(a# :(e !aci#ita #a
-tencin %e #" e'p#e" acr%e" cn #a" prpia" pre!erencia". Parece c#ar a partir %e #"
tra-a," %e 8re"e 4 c#a-ra%re"9 :(e #a" per"na" cn iniciati+a tienen '3" pr-a-i#i%a%e" %e
-tener tra-a," cn cn%icine" #a-ra#e" "ati"!actria" :(e #e" per'itan -tener -(en"
ni+e#e" %e "ati"!accin #a-ra#. L" in%i+i%(" cn iniciati+a i%enti!icar)an #a" prt(ni%a%e"
#a-ra#e" '3" a,("ta%a" 4 per"i"tir)an para -tener#a". De t%" '%"9 #a e+i%encia e'p)rica
%i"pni-#e e" #i'ita%a 4 n prprcina cnc#("ine" c#ara". Cncreta'ente9 8re"e et a#. B&//.C
enc(entran (na crre#acin p"iti+a "i0ni!icati+a entre (na 'e%i%a -,eti+a %e iniciati+a 4 #a
"ati"!accin #a-ra# 0enera# %e #" tra-a,a%re"9 a(n:(e %icAa crre#acin n "e rep#ica en (na
"e0(n%a '(e"tra. N -"tante en e"ta N#ti'a '(e"tra "e -tiene (na crre#acin p"iti+a entre #a
e'p#ea-i#i%a% Aace re!erencia a #a a%ec(acin entre #a preparacin 4 c(a#i!icacin %e (n
tra-a,a%r 4 #a" %e'an%a" %e# 'erca% #a-ra# en e# :(e e"te "e enc(entra in'er". A%e'3"9
c' e"a" %e'an%a" ca'-ian cn !rec(encia9 (na cn%icin para 'antener #a e'p#ea-i#i%a% e"
#a !r'acin 4 preparacin cntin(a9 :(e Aace p"i-#e #a capaci%a% %e re"p(e"ta a e"a" n(e+a"
%e'an%a". Pr tra parte9 #a iniciati+a e" (na caracter)"tica per"na# :(e ##e+a a #a" per"na" a
rea#i;ar cn%(cta" anticipatria"9 per"i"tente" 4 capace" %e "(perar %i!ic(#ta%e" cn e# !in %e
cn"e0(ir #" -,eti+" :(e "e preten%en. A'-a" caracter)"tica"9 "e n" 'ani!ie"tan re#e+ante"
para incre'entar #a e#eccin %e (n tra-a, acr%e cn #a" prpia" pre!erencia" 4 para
%e"e'pe6ar e"e tra-a, %e !r'a :(e a('enten #a" pr-a-i#i%a%e" %e :(e "ea "ati"!actri en
"(" %i!erente" !aceta" para #" e'p#ea%". E"t e" e"pecia#'ente ciert en (n cnte2t en e# :(e
pr0re"i+a'ente "e +a pr%(cien% (na 'a4r in%i+i%(a#i;acin %e #a" Re#acine" La-ra#e" 4
en e# :(e ca-e 'ar0en %e ne0ciacin "-re #a" caracter)"tica" 4 cn%icine" %e tra-a, en
!(ncin %e# +a#r a6a%i% :(e (n e'p#ea% p(e%e aprtar cn "( tra-a, a #a e'pre"a.

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*.5.14. Capaci%a% para tener e'patia.

En #a" N#ti'a" %1ca%a" "e Aa p(e"t %e re#ie+e #a i'prtancia %e #a e'pat)a en #a
%i"p"icin pr"cia# %e #a" per"na" 4 "( !(ncin inAi-i%ra %e #a a0re"i+i%a%. En (n tra-a, %e
re+i"in %e #" e"t(%i" "-re e# te'a Ei"en-er0 p#antea #a i'prtancia %e #a e'pat)a en e#
%e"arr## 'ra# %e #a" per"na" BEi"en-er09 &///C9 enten%i%a c' (na re"p(e"ta e'cina#
:(e prce%e %e #a c'pren"in %e# e"ta% "it(acin %e tra per"na 4 e" "i'i#ar a # :(e #a
tra per"na e"t3 "intien%. Pr # tant9 #a re"p(e"ta e'p3tica inc#(4e #a capaci%a% para
c'pren%er a# tr 4 pner"e en "( #(0ar9 a partir %e # :(e "e -"er+a9 %e #a in!r'acin +er-a#
%e in!r'acin acce"i-#e %e"%e #a 'e'ria Bt'a %e per"pecti+aC 4 a%e'3" #a reaccin
a!ecti+a %e c'partir "( e"ta% e'cina#9 :(e p(e%e pr%(cir tri"te;a9 'a#e"tar an"ie%a%. La
e'pat)a a") enten%i%a %e"e'pe6ar)a (n pape# centra# en #a %i"p"icin pr"cia# %e #a" per"na"
BEi"en-er09 &///C.

*.5.15. C'petencia practi+a %e #" e0re"a%"

Un e0re"a% practi+ tiene #a c(a#i%a% p"iti+a %e anticipar"e a #a accin9 "in
nece"i%a% %e (na r%en9 "in Aacien% (" %e "( #i-erta% %e %eci"in. Per ?e" "(!iciente cn
e"t@ E# t1r'in Wpracti+i%a%X Aa "i% ac(6a% en n('er"a" ca"ine" pr a(tre" ta#e" c'
8ranU# B174.C9 Ke## B17$7C9 StaE B17$7C9 C+e4 B17$7C9 Crant B177*C9 ScAEar;er B1777C9
Kate'an B1777C9 Sei-ert B1777C Crant B1777C9 Pan-er0 B&///C Da''er4er B&///C9 ca%a (n
%e e##" Aa en!ca% %icA t1r'in %e (n '% %i!erente.
8ranU# B174.C pp(#ari;arn #a practi+i%a% 4 #e %i (n en!:(e per"na#9 aprt "(
+i+encia c' ne(r#0 4 p"i:(iatra a("triac :(e "-re+i+i a #" ca'p" %e cncentracin
na;i"9 en "( #i-r HanNs Search or Heaning BE# A'-re en -("ca %e "enti%9 174.C. C(an% (n
e"t(%iante (ni+er"itari (n e0re"a% e" practi+ "e0Nn entien%e %icA t1'in 8ranU# B174.C9
"(perar3 #a" a%+er"i%a%e" re#acina%a" cn "( etapa e%(cati+a 4 ten%r3 (na a#ta pr-a-i#i%a% %e
"(peracin en e# 3'-it per"na#9 p(e"t :(e e" (na !r'a %e a!rntar 4 "entir #a prpia Ai"tria
%e +i%a. C+e4 B17$.C #e aprt a# t1r'in practi+i%a% (n en!:(e '3" e'pre"aria#9 e"cri-i e#
-e"t-"e##er L" "iete A3-it" %e #a" per"na" a#ta'ente e!ecti+a". Cn"i%era :(e #a e"encia %e #a
per"na practi+a e" #a capaci%a% %e #i%erar "( prpia +i%a. A# 'ar0en %e # :(e pa"e a "(
a#re%e%r9 #a per"na practi+a %eci%e c' :(iere reaccinar ante #" e"t)'(#". La
practi+i%a% para C+e4 B17$.C n cn"i"te "# en t'ar #a iniciati+a9 "in :(e i'p#ica a"('ir
#a re"pn"a-i#i%a% %e Aacer :(e #a" c"a" "(ce%anS %eci%ir en ca%a ''ent :(1 :(ere'"
Aacer 4 c' # +a'" a Aacer.
Ka"3n%n" en e# en!:(e %e C+e4 B17$.C9 e# e"t(%iante (ni+er"itari practi+9 ten%r3
(na 'a4r pr-a-i#i%a% %e 12it en e# 3'-it pr!e"ina#. Ser3 capa; %e #i%erar "( prpia

- .7 -
tra4ectria pr!e"ina#9 p(e"t :(e e"ta %entr %e "( p#an %e +i%a. ScAEar;er B1777C %e!ien%e
:(e e# c'prta'ient practi+ e" #a creencia %e #" e"t(%iante" (ni+er"itari" en "( ptencia#
para 'e,rar"e a ") 'i"'"9 "( "it(acin 4 a "( entrn. La" per"na" :(e "e ri0en pr e"te
c'prta'ient anticipan %etectan e"tre"re" ptencia#e" 4 pr # tant actNan para
pre+enir#". Ka"3n%n" en e# cncept tra-a,a% pr ScAEar;er B1777C #" e"t(%iante" :(e "e
cn"i%eran e!icace"9 :(e pien"an :(e p(e%en cntr#ar #a "it(acin 4 "#(cinar "(" pr-#e'a"9
tienen '3" !aci#i%a% para e'pren%er #a accin 4 #0rar a#can;ar (n re"(#ta% e2it". La prpia
cncepcin :(e e# e"t(%iante tiene %e "i 'i"' in!#(4e en "( !(t(ra accin. Pr # tant #a
practi+i%a% e"t3 e"trecAa'ente re#acina%a cn #a "en"acin %e cntr# 4 %e a(te!icacia.
<a Ari"tte#e" #e %a-a (na i'prtancia priritaria a #a accin c(an% %ec)aH YEl ser no
s&lo se to%a en el sentido de sustancia- de cualidad- de cuantidad- sino .ue hay ta%bi5n el ser
en potencia y el ser en acto- el ser relativa%ente a la acci&nY. BYMeta!)"ica9 #i-r IF9 1C.
Tant para Kate'an B1777C c' para Crant B177*C #a practi+i%a% "(pne %ar#e (n #(0ar
priritari a #a creacin %e ca'-i. N e" "(!iciente cn pre+er e# ca'-i anticipar#9 e"
nece"aria #a accin. 4 #a acti+i%a%. Se0Nn e"t" a(tre" "er (n e"t(%iante practi+ n cn"i"te
Nnica'ente en "er !#e2i-#e" 4 a%aptar"e a # :(e n" %epara e# !(t(r9 "in :(e e" preci" t'ar
#a iniciati+a 4 pr # tant act(ar. Ka"3n%n" en Katter'an B1777C 4 Crant B177*C e# e"t(%iante
:(e '(cA %ice 4 pc Aace n e" practi+9 e"ta 'i"'a per"pecti+a e" ap#ica-#e a# 3'-it
pr!e"ina#9 %e AecA9 a'-" a(tre" Aan p(-#ica% %i"tint" tra-a," %e in+e"ti0acin en #"
:(e ana#i;an e# c'prta'ient practi+ 4 # re#acinan cn +aria" 'e%i%a" %e #0r9
ren%i'ient9 #i%era;09 4 re"(#ta%" %e carrera. De"p(1" %e +aria" entre+i"ta" tant cn
e"t(%iante" "(perire" c' cn tra-a,a%re"9 ##e0an a #a cnc#("in :(e e# c'prta'ient
practi+ tiene cn"ec(encia" p"iti+a" %e'"tra-#e" tant para #" e"t(%iante" 4 tra-a,a%re"
c' para #a" r0ani;acine" e'pre"a" cntratante".
A(tre" c' Sei-ert B1777C 4 Crant B177*C Aan e"ta-#eci% (na re#acin entre #a
per"na#i%a% practi+a9 #a inn+acin 4 #a iniciati+a en (n e"t(%i :(e cnt cn (na '(e"tra %e
77* a#('n" %e %" e"pecia#i%a%e"S e"c(e#a" %e ne0ci" e in0enier)a. Se0Nn %icA tra-a, %e
in+e"ti0acin e2i"te (n i'pact p"iti+ %e #a inn+acin en e# 12it pr!e"ina#9 a!ir'an% :(e
a:(e##" e'p#ea%" capace" %e re"#+er #" pr-#e'a"9 cn capaci%a% %e iniciati+a e
inn+a%re" ten%r3n (na 'a4r pr-a-i#i%a% %e 12it pr!e"ina#.
=a-#a'"9 pr tant9 %e c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" ta#e" c'9 inn+acin9 iniciati+a9
practi+i%a% 4 capaci%a% %e re"#+er pr-#e'a". M(cAa" %e e##a" "n +a#ra%a" en e"t(%i" ta#e"
c' Careers ater Higher Educaci&n a European Research Suvey BC=EERSS 1777C9 Tuning
B&///C9 ta'-i1n !(ern teni%a" en c(enta e"ta" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" en #a enc(e"ta %e
In"ercin #a-ra# %e #a A0encia Nacina# %e Ca#i%a% 4 Acre%itacin BANECAS &//4C 4 en e#
E%(cacin in E(rpe BRE8LEFS &//.C9 pr4ect !inancia% pr #a Unin E(rpea en #a :(e
c#a-rarn enti%a%e" %e %ieci"1i" pa)"e" e(rpe" 4 c(arenta 4 %" (ni+er"i%a%e". *a Secretary

- .$ -
o *aborOs Co%isi&n on 0chieving #ecessary S8ills BSCANS9 1771C p(-#ic e# %c('ent Phat
Por8 Re.uires o School9 en e# c(a# #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" "n a0r(pa%a" en cinc
cate0r)a" nece"aria" para cn"e0(ir #a in"ercin #a-ra#9 en %icAa p(-#icacin "e #e !rece (n
trat priritari a #a practi+i%a%. Centr3n%n" en #a" c'petencia" :(e #" e'pre"ari"
e'p#ea%re" pre!ieren :(e acre%iten #" tra-a,a%re" a"pirante" a (n p(e"t %e tra-a,9
%e"taca'" :(e :(ince a6" atr3" 4a "e Aacia a#("in a cncept" :(e A4 en %)a "n c#a+e"9
tener cn!ian;a en ") 'i"' 4 en "(" capaci%a%e"S "er capace" %e apren%er n(e+a" %e"tre;a" 4
'antener actit(%e" p"iti+a"S "er -(en" c'(nica%re"9 cn -(ena e2pre"in ra# 4 e"crita9
-a"a%a en (n aprpia% %'ini 0ra'atica#S p"eer capaci%a% para #a #ect(ra 4 #a" 'ate'3tica"S
%e"arr##ar 4 'antener #a %eci"in %e "entir"e c'pr'eti%" cn #" -,eti+" inte0ra#e" %e #a
e'pre"a. BEcAe+err)a9 177*C. D(rante e"e 'i"' a69 tr" a(tre" a#(%en a #a i'prtancia %e#
"a-er c'(nicar"e9 "a-er a%aptar"e9 "a-er apren%er9 "a-er re"#+er9 "a-er c#a-rar9 "a-er t'ar
%eci"ine"9 "a-er -("car entrar 4 'antener e# tra-a, BRepett9 177*C.
En e# tra-a, rea#i;a% pr Pan-er0 4 Da''e4er-M(e##er9 B&///H*75C Wpredictors and
outco%es o proactivity in the sociali,ation processY "e ana#i;a #a i'prtancia %e#
c'prta'ient practi+ en e# prce" %e "cia#i;acin %entr %e #a" r0ani;acine"
enti%a%e" e'pre"aria#e"S #a re#acin entre e# c'prta'ient practi+ 4 #a capaci%a% para
cn+ertir"e en #)%er en e# !(t(r9 Kate'an 4 Crant9 B1777C #a 'a4r !aci#i%a% %e #a" per"na"
practi+a" para cn"e0(ir #0r" pr!e"ina#e" pr "( capaci%a% para in!#(ir "-re #a" %eci"ine"
i'prtante" :(e "e t'an para pr0re"a" 4T pr'cinar %entr %e (na r0ani;acin. BKe## 4
StaE9 17$7C.
Si enten%e'" #a practi+i%a% c' (na actit(% en #a :(e e# "(,et a"('e e# p#en
cntr# %e "( cn%(cta +ita# %e '% acti+9 e"t i'p#ica :(e #a t'a %e iniciati+a en e#
%e"arr## %e accine" tiene c' prp"it #a "(peracin 4 e# apren%i;a,e. Ap#ica%a e"ta
re!#e2in a #" e"t(%iante" (ni+er"itari" n" ##e+a a a!ir'ar :(e e# re"(#ta% %epen%e9 entre
tra" c"a"9 %e n(e"tra actit(% 4 pr cn"i0(iente "e p(e%e cntr#ar 4 tra-a,ar e# re"(#ta% !ina#.
E# apr-ar "("pen%er9 e# encntrar tra-a, n encntrar#9 n %epen%er)a %e !actre"
e2tern" :(e n" -#i0an a t'ar %eci"ine"9 "in :(e %epen%e %e# (" :(e ca%a (n #e %a a #a
#i-erta% %e e#eccin :(e n" pertenece 4 pr tant pre+a#ece #a #i-erta% %e e#eccin "-re #a"
circ(n"tancia" %e #a +i%a9 "in a!ir'ar cn e"t9 :(e #a" circ(n"tancia" %e #a +i%a ten0an "( !actr
in!#(4ente. Se rea#i; (n e"t(%i en e# :(e entre+i"tarn a e'pren%e%re" 4 e,ec(ti+" %e +aria"
e'pre"a" e(rpea"9 a'ericana" 4 a"i3tica". L" re"(#ta%" %e %icA tra-a, re-e#an :(e (n
e"t(%iante practi+ e"t3 -("can% cntin(a'ente n(e+a" prt(ni%a%e"9 "e 'arca -,eti+"
e!ecti+" 4 a#can;a-#e" rienta%" a# ca'-i9 rea#i;a c"a" %i!erente"9 "e anticipa a #"
pr-#e'a"9 cn"i0(e re"(#ta%" tan0i-#e"9 "e e"!(er;a %e !r'a per"i"tente 4 ##e+a a ca- #a
accin. BKate'an 4 Crant 1777C.

- .7 -
D" per"na" :(e e"t(%ian en #a 'i"'a (ni+er"i%a%9 #a 'i"'a tit(#acin9 :(e tienen #a"
'i"'a" a"i0nat(ra" 4 cn re"pn"a-i#i%a%e" i%1ntica" p(e%en "er e"t(%iante" '(4 %i!erente". Un
e"t(%iante c(e"tina #a 'anera Aa-it(a# %e tra-a,ar "i n -tiene #" re"(#ta%" %e"ea%"9
e'pren%e cn"tante'ente n(e+a" accine" 4 0enera ca'-i" cn"tr(cti+" en "( entrn. E#
tr e"t(%iante9 "e cn!r'a cn "( "it(acin act(a# 4 n Aace na%a para ca'-iar # :(e n
!(ncina. E# pri'er e"t(%iante "e c'prta %e !r'a practi+a9 4 e# "e0(n%9 # Aace %e !r'a
reacti+a.
Se0Nn A##prt B17.4H*7C #a per"na#i%a% e" Yla organi,aci&n din2%ica de los siste%as
psico)sicos .ue deter%ina una or%a de pensar y de actuar- Enica en cada su4eto en su proceso
de adaptaci&n al %edioY. E2i"ten t1cnica" %e pr"peccin %e# !(t(r :(e "e -a"an en e# '1t%
%e Racina#i"' Cr)tic prp(e"t pr e# cient)!ic Ppper B1774C 4 en e##a" "e +a#ra #a
0eneracin %e i%ea" in%i+i%(a#e" 4 0r(pa#e"9 #a -N":(e%a %e prt(ni%a%e" 4 e# partir %e
Aipte"i" a(%ace". T% e"t(%iante (ni+er"itari -("ca e# "enti% %e # :(e Aace9 El ho%bre en
busca de sentido9 8ranU# B174.H45C, e# c(a# %e!ini #a practi+i%a% c' Fla libertad de elegir
nuestra actidud rente a las circunstancias de nuestra propia vidaY. A pe"ar %e #a" e2periencia"
+i+i%a" pr #" (ni+er"itari"9 na%ie p(e%e arre-atar#e" "( #i-erta% interir 4 pr tant "(
capaci%a% %e %eci%ir e# '% en e# :(e #e" a!ectan #a" circ(n"tancia" "(ce"".
Ante (n e"t)'(# p(e%en "(ce%er"e 'N#tip#e" re"p(e"ta"9 #a per"na e" #a :(e
"e#eccina (na ( tra Aacien% (" %e "( #i-erta% %e %eci"in 4 %e accin. Se rec'ien%a en
'(cA" ca"" %e,ar (n e"paci entre e"t)'(# 4 re"p(e"ta para e+itar re"p(e"ta" in+#(ntaria" e
in%e"ea-#e" !r(t %e reaccine" i'p(#"i+a". Ante #a 'i"'a "it(acin 4 partien% %e# 'i"'
e"t)'(#9 (n (ni+er"itari p(e%e "e#eccinar (na re"p(e"ta 'ientra" e# tr pta pr tra
tta#'ente p(e"ta. E" i'pre"cin%i-#e "a-er :(e t%a re"p(e"ta tiene (na cn"ec(encia 4 :(e
pr # tant "e %e-e %e e"tar %i"p(e"t a a"('ir #a cn"ec(encia %e t%a reaccin e#e0i%a. La
practi+i%a% inc#(4e e# cnci'ient %e %icAa cn"ec(encia 'ientra" :(e #a" per"na" reacti+a"
"e #i'itan 'era'ente a reaccinar ante (n e"t)'(# c(an% e" nece"ari Aacer#.
Se0Nn Are" B&//4C rea#'ente9 %e %n%e '3" p(e%e "acar e" %n%e #a ca#i%a% %e# terren
e" '3" -(ena. DicA %e tra 'aneraH #" :(e '3" ca'-ian "n #" -(en" tra-a,a%re"9 #" :(e
'3" ptencia# %e %e"arr## tienen. L" :(e "a-en9 :(ieren 4 p(e%en Aacer #a" c"a" "n #" :(e
'3" p"i-i#i%a%e" %e 'e,ra %e cn%(cta tienen. Si :(ere'" :(e ca'-ien %e cn%(cta "# #"
W%alosX9 p%e'" e"tar %e"per%ician% t%a n(e"tra ener0)a en (n pr4ect 'ti+acina# n
rea#i;a-#e. Inc#(" #a" ter)a" '3" c#3"ica" %e# #i%era;0 Aa-#a-an %e :(e e# #i%era;0
tran"accina# "e centra-a en #" pr-#e'a" :(e aparec)an en "it(acine" cncreta". D(rante
'(cA" a6" Ae'" e"t(%ia% #a" t1cnica" %e "#(cin %e pr-#e'a"9 e# prce" %e t'a %e
%eci"ine"9 para (n #i%era;0 tran"accina#. Para "it(acine" :(e !(ncinan -ien pne'" pi#t
a(t'3tic 4 c(an% !(ncinan 'a# e" c(an% #e pre"ta'" atencin.

- 7/ -
E# tra-a,a%r Aa "i% anterir'ente a#('n 4 a# i0(a# :(e Ae'" %e in+ertir tie'p 4
rec(r"" en cncer a# tra-a,a%r9 %e-e'" %e Aacer e# tra-a, in+er". WPara poder conocer
con %ayor proundidad esta te%2tica debe%os de- entre otras cosas- investigar sobre ellos- por
lo tanto debe%os conocer co%o son nuestros estudiantes6 BCrte"9 &//1H*$C. A# i0(a# :(e e"
cn+eniente in%a0ar para cncer #" +a#re" #a-ra#e" %e #" (ni+er"itari" BCrte" et a#. &//$C9
p(e"t :(e para cncer #a practi+i%a% %e #" (ni+er"itari" ante" %e-e'" %e cncer#" a
e##" 4 %e"p(1" in%a0ar e# #" ni+e#e" %e practi+i%a%9 #a" ca("a" %e "( a("encia pre"encia (
tra" c(e"tine" :(e !r'an parte %e e##" 'i"'".
Se0Nn Crte" B&//$C L" +a#re" #a-ra#e" B# :(e #a 0ente e"pera en "( %e"arr##
pr!e"ina#C "e re#acinan cn #a" c'petencia" %e accin pr!e"ina# B# :(e e# '(n%
aca%1'ic 4 #a-ra# e2i0e %e# tra-a,a%rC. Per n %e-e'" #+i%ar :(e e"te prce" e"
ca'-iante 4 re:(iere %e (na a%aptacin cntin(a tant a #a e+#(cin %e# 'erca% #a-ra# c'
a #" ca'-i" %e e"tr(ct(ra 4 'et%#0)a e%(cati+a.
In%epen%iente'ente %e :(e e# t)t(# %e e"te art)c(# "ea La practi+i%a% en e"t(%iante"
(ni+er"itari"9 n cn+iene eti:(etar a 0r(p" 4 #+i%ar :(e ca%a per"na e" Nnica
in%epen%iente %e a :(1 0r(p 0r(p" pertenece. En e"te ca" en cncret9 e" ca%a +e; '3"
!rec(ente :(e (n 'i"' e"t(%iante "ea tra-a,a%r. Pr cn"i0(iente #a practi+i%a% +a (ni%a
intr)n"eca'ente a #a per"na en t%" 4 ca%a (n" %e #" r#e" :(e repre"enta en #a +i%a 4 n a
(n %e #" 0r(p" a #" :(e pertenece ni a eti:(eta" "(per!#(a". Si (na per"na e" practi+a #
"er3 c' e"t(%iante9 c' tra-a,a%r 4 c' per"na.

*.5.1.. C'petencia para "er a"erti+.

A#0(n" a(tre" ret'an #a a"erti+i%a% c' a:(e##a cn%(cta :(e p"i-i#ita #a
%i"'in(cin %e #a an"ie%a%. En tant :(e 8en"terAei' 4 Kaer B177.H51&C %e!inen a# in%i+i%(
a"erti+ c'H W0.uella persona .ue tiene una personalidad excitativa o activa- el .ue deine
sus propios $erechos y no presenta te%ores en su co%porta%ien6.Opinan a%e'3" e"t" a(tre"
:(e #a" caracter)"tica" -3"ica" %e #a per"na a"erti+a "nH Li-erta% %e e2pre"in. C'(nicacin
%irecta9 a%ec(a%a9 a-ierta 4 !ranca. 8aci#i%a% %e c'(nicacin en t%a c#a"e %e per"na". S(
c'prta'ient e" re"peta-#e 4 acepta "(" #i'itacine". P#pe B1777H1$*C9 %e!ine #a cn%(cta
a"erti+a c'H W*a expresi&n adecuada dirigida a otras personas- de cual.uier e%oci&n .ue no
sea la respuesta de ansiedad.X. A#-ert4 4 E''n" B177$H*7C9 #a %e!inen c'H W*a conducta
.ue per%ite a una persona actuar con base a sus intereses %2s i%portantes- deenderse sin
ansiedad- expresar c&%oda%ente senti%ientos honestos o e4ercer los $erechos personales- sin
negar los $erechos de los otrosX. Ri" B17$$H45C %e!ine #a cn%(cta a"erti+a c'H Y0.uella
conducta .ue per%ite a la persona expresar adecuada%ente >sin %edir distorsiones cognitivas
o ansiedad y co%binando los co%ponentes verbales y no verbales de la %anera %2s eectiva

- 71 -
posible) oposici&n >decir no- expresar desacuerdos- hacer y recibir cr)ticas- deender $erechos
y expresar en general senti%ientos negativos) y aecto >dar y recibir elogios- expresar
senti%ientos positivos en general) de acuerdo a sus intereses y ob4etivos- respetando el $erecho
de los otros e intentando dierentes deiniciones de la conducta asertiva no se ven aectadas
directa%ente por la clase de respuesta6' =a4 ac(er% en cn"i%erar :(e e# cncept %e
a"erti+i%a% e" '(#ti%i'en"ina# 4 p(e%e inc#(ir (n ran0 a#t %e re"p(e"ta". Para e# pre"ente
e"t(%i "e t'ar3 en c(enta #a %e!inicin anterir9 p(e"t :(e %icAa ter)a c-i,a a"pect"
i'prtante" %e# in%i+i%( en "( interaccin cn #" %e'3"9 c' "n #a c'(nicacin n +er-a#
4 #a cn%(cta n a"erti+a a#can;ar #a 'eta prp(e"ta.
La" %i!erente" %e!inicine" %e #a cn%(cta a"erti+a n "e +en a!ecta%a" %irecta'ente pr
#a c#a"e %e re"p(e"ta. =a4 ac(er% en cn"i%erar :(e e# cncept %e a"erti+i%a% e"
'(#ti%i'en"ina# 4 p(e%e inc#(ir (n ran0 a#t %e re"p(e"ta". Para e# pre"ente e"t(%i "e t'ar3
en c(enta #a %e!inicin anterir9 p(e"t :(e %icAa ter)a c-i,a a"pect" i'prtante" %e#
in%i+i%( en "( interaccin cn #" %e'3"9 c' "n #a c'(nicacin n +er-a# 4 #a cn%(cta
n a"erti+a.
C'pnente" %e #a cn%(cta a"erti+a. P(e%e Aa-#ar"e %e (n ran0 a'p#i :(e a-arca
c'pnente" a%ec(a%" :(e a# c'-inar"e pti'i;a #a e!ecti+i%a% %e #a cn%(cta9 ta#e" c'H
- Cnteni% +er-a#H D(racin %e #a cn+er"acin9 cntact +i"(a#9 "nri"a"9 '+i'ient"
%e -ra;" 4 pierna"9 e2pre"in !acia# 4 crpra#9 0e"t"9 entnacin. Se Aan rea#i;a%
a#0(na" in+e"ti0acine" re!erente" a #a e+a#(acin %e Aa-i#i%a%e" "cia#e"9 #a" c(a#e"
'(e"tran :(e "e #e %a (n 'a4r +a#r a #" a"pect" +er-a#e". La" re"p(e"ta" acti+a" a
tra+1" %e# "i"te'a 'tr p(e%en tener %" 'ani!e"tacine" -3"ica"S 'tra +er-a# 4 n
+er-a#.
- Cn%(cta 'tra +er-a#H La e2pre"in %e# "(,et p(e%e ana#i;ar"e en %" "(-0r(p" %e
c'pnente"H
o En pri'er #(0ar p(e%e ana#i;ar"e e# cnteni% en ")9 "ea9 #a :(e e# "(,et %ice9
pien"a 4 "iente Ba"pect" #in0])"tic"C. DicA cnteni% %e!ine e# tip %e
re"p(e"ta e2pre"an% p"icin9 a!ect re:(eri'ient.
o En "e0(n% #(0ar9 "e p(e%e ana#i;ar #a entnacin 4 e# +#('en %e +;
Bc'pnente" para#in0]i"tic"C.
E# "i"te'a %e prce"a'ient c0niti+ Bi'30ene"9 pen"a'ient"S e" e# re"(#ta%
cnc#("in %e (na "erie %e pa"" pre+i" en e# prce"a'ient %e #a in!r'acin %n%e
interactNan +ari" !actre"C a# i0(a# :(e e# "i"te'a %e prce"a'ient a(tn'ic9 Btiene c'
!(ncin principa# preparar e# r0ani"' para (na accin e!iciente9 #a c(a# in+#(cra #a"
re"p(e"ta" !i"i#0ica" iner+a%a" principa#'ente a# "i"te'a ner+i" a(tn' :(e a "( +e;

- 7& -
acti+an e# "i"te'a 'trC p(e%en %i"tr"inar #a entnacin9 %i"'in(ir "("tancia#'ente e#
+#('en %e +;9 inc#(" inAi-ir tta#'ente e# cnteni%.
- Cn%(cta 'tra n +er-a#H S(" in%ica%re" "n 'irar a #" ,"9 e2pre"in !acia# 4
e2pre"in crpra#.
I0(a#'ente p(e%en +er"e a!ecta%" pr e# "i"te'a a(tn'ic 4 c0niti+9 a(n:(e e#
a(tn'ic parece in!erir %e 'anera '3" %irecta 4 !rec(ente9 -ien "ea acti+an% e# "i"te'a
'tr e":(e#1tic9 pr%(cien% #a retira%a !)"ica %e #a "it(acin "i'p#e'ente %i"tr"inan% #a
e2pre"in !acia# 4 crpra# Bte'-#re"9 ri0i%e; 4 '+i'ient" e2ce"i+"C 4 e# cntact +i"(a#
Be+itacin %e 'ira%a"9 inter'itencia -a,a" %e +i"taC.
Di'en"ine" %e #a cn%(cta a"erti+a. La a"erti+i%a% n e" (n Yra"0Y %e #a per"na. E#
in%i+i%( n "e cn"i%era a"erti+ Yn a"erti+Y9 "in :(e (n in%i+i%( "e c'prta
a"erti+a'ente n9 en (na +arie%a% %e "it(acine".
Caracter)"tica" %e# in%i+i%( :(e actNa a"erti+a'ente. E# in%i+i%( a"erti+ "(e#e %e!en%er"e
-ien en "(" re#acine" interper"na#e". E"t3 "ati"!ecA %e "( +i%a "cia# 4 tiene cn!ian;a en ")
'i"' para ca'-iar c(an% nece"ite Aacer#. E# in%i+i%( a"erti+ e" e2pre"i+9 e"pnt3ne9
"e0(r 4 capa; %e in!#(enciar a #" tr". 8(n%a'enta#'ente "er a"erti+9 e" %ar"e c(enta "-re
") 'i"'9 c' a# cnte2t :(e # r%ea. A# %ar"e c(enta re"pect a ") 'i"'9 cn"i"te en 'irar
%entr para "a-er # :(e :(iere ante" %e 'irar a#re%e%r9 para +er # :(e #" %e'3" :(ieren 4
e"peran %e (na "it(acin %a%a.
Di!erenciacin %e #a cn%(cta a"erti+aH Cn%(cta A"erti+a Scia#'ente =3-i#. E2pre"in
%irecta %e #" prpi" "enti'ient"9 %e"e"9 DerecA" #e0)ti'" 4 pinine" "in a'ena;ar
ca"ti0ar a #" %e'3" 4 "in +i#ar #" DerecA" %e e"a" per"na". La a"ercin i'p#ica re"pet
Aacia (n 'i"' a# e2pre"ar nece"i%a%e" prpia" 4 %e!en%er #" prpi" DerecA" 4 re"pet
Aacia #" DerecA" 4 nece"i%a%e" %e #a" tra" per"na". E# in%i+i%( tiene :(e recncer
ta'-i1n c(3#e" "n "(" re"pn"a-i#i%a%e" en e"a "it(acin 4 :(1 cn"ec(encia" re"(#tan %e #a
e2pre"in %e "(" "enti'ient". Cn%(cta Pa"i+a. Tra"0re"in %e #" prpi" DerecA" a# n "er
capa; %e e2pre"ar a-ierta'ente "enti'ient"9 pen"a'ient" 4 pinine" a# e2pre"ar#" %e (na
'anera a(t%errti"ta9 cn %i"c(#pa"9 cn !a#ta %e cn!ian;a9 %e ta# '% :(e #" %e'3" p(e%an
n Aacer#e ca". =a4 (n #)'ite re"pect a #a canti%a% %e !r("tracin :(e (n in%i+i%( p(e%e
a#'acenar %entr %e ") 'i"'. E# :(e reci-e #a cn%(cta n a"erti+a p(e%e e2peri'entar
ta'-i1n (na +arie%a% %e cn"ec(encia" %e"!a+ra-#e". Tener :(e in!erir cn"tante'ente # :(e
e"t3 rea#'ente %icien% #a tra per"na tener :(e #eer "(" pen"a'ient" e" (na tarea %i!)ci# 4
a-r('a%ra :(e p(e%e %ar #(0ar a "enti'ient" %e !r("tracin9 '#e"tia inc#(" ira Aacia #a
per"na :(e "e e"t3 c'prtan% %e !r'a n a"erti+a. Cn%(cta A0re"i+a. De!en"a %e #"
DerecA" per"na#e" 4 e2pre"in %e #" pen"a'ient"9 "enti'ient" 4 pinine" %e (na 'anera
inaprpia%a e i'p"iti+a 4 :(e tran"0re%e #" DerecA" %e #a" tra" per"na". La cn%(cta

- 7* -
a0re"i+a en (na "it(acin p(e%e e2pre"ar"e %e 'anera %irecta in%irecta. La a0re"in +er-a#
%irecta inc#(4e !en"a" +er-a#e"9 in"(#t"9 a'ena;a" 4 c'entari" A"ti#e" A('i##ante".
La a0re"i+i%a% e" (na !(er;a :(e p(e%e a4(%ar tant a cn"tr(ir c' a %e"tr(ir "e0Nn
#a %ireccin 4 e# "i0ni!ica% :(e "e #e %e. La a0re"i+i%a% n e" i0(a# a #a +i#encia9 per ") "e
p(e%e cn+ertir en +i#encia c(an% -("ca an(#ar %e"tr(ir a# tr. E# c'pnente n +er-a#
p(e%e inc#(ir 0e"t" A"ti#e" a'ena;ante"9 c' e"0ri'ir e# p(6 #a" 'ira%a" inten"a" e
inc#(" #" ata:(e" !)"ic". La a0re"in +er-a# in%irecta inc#(4e c'entari" "arc3"tic" 4
rencr"" 4 '(r'(racine" 'a#ici"a". La" cn%(cta" n +er-a#e" a0re"i+a" inc#(4en 0e"t"
!)"ic" rea#i;a%" 'ientra" #a atencin %e #a tra per"na "e %iri0e Aacia tr #(0ar act"
!)"ic" %iri0i%" Aacia tra" per"na" ( -,et". La" +)cti'a" %e #a" per"na" a0re"i+a" aca-an9
'3" tar%e '3" te'pran9 pr "entir re"enti'ient 4 pr e+itar#a".
E# -,eti+ Aa-it(a# %e #a a0re"in e" #a %'inacin %e #a" tra" per"na". La +ictria "e
a"e0(ra pr 'e%i %e #a A('i##acin 4 #a %e0ra%acin. Se trata en N#ti' t1r'in %e :(e #"
%e'3" "e Aa0an '3" %1-i#e" 4 'en" capace" %e e2pre"ar 4 %e!en%er "(" DerecA" 4
nece"i%a%e". La cn%(cta a0re"i+a e" re!#e, a 'en(% %e (na cn%(cta a'-ici"a9 :(e intenta
cn"e0(ir #" -,eti+" a c(a#:(ier preci9 inc#(" "i e" "(pne tran"0re%ir #a" nr'a" 1tica" 4
+(#nerar #" DerecA" %e #" %e'3". La cn%(cta a0re"i+a p(e%e traer c' re"(#ta% a crt
p#a; cn"ec(encia" !a+ra-#e"9 c' (na e2pre"in e'cina# in"ati"!actria9 (n "enti'ient
%e p%er 4 #a cn"ec(cin %e #" -,eti+" %e"ea%". N -"tante9 p(e%en "(r0ir "enti'ient" %e
c(#pa9 (na en1r0ica cntraa0re"in %irecta en !r'a %e (n ata:(e +er-a# !)"ic pr parte %e #"
%e'3" (na cntraa0re"in in%irecta -a, #a !r'a %e (na r1p#ica "arc3"tica %e (na 'ira%a
%e"a!iante. La" cn"ec(encia" a #ar0 p#a; %e e"te tip %e cn%(cta" "n "ie'pre ne0ati+a".
Cn%(cta A!ecti+a. En 0enera# "e "(e#e i%enti!icar e# a!ect cn #a e'cin9 per9 en rea#i%a%9
"n !en'en" '(4 %i"tint" a(n:(e9 "in %(%a9 e"t3n re#acina%" entre "). Mientra" :(e #a
e'cin e" (na re"p(e"ta in%i+i%(a# interna :(e in!r'a %e #a" pr-a-i#i%a%e" %e "(per+i+encia
:(e !rece ca%a "it(acin. E# a!ect e" (n prce" %e interaccin "cia# entre %" '3"
r0ani"'". La" e'cine" %e"cri-en 4 +a#ran e# e"ta% %e -iene"tar Bpr-a-i#i%a% %e
"(per+i+encia en e# :(e "e enc(entra e# in%i+i%(C.
Una %i!erencia !(n%a'enta# entre e'cin 4 a!ect e" :(e #a e'cin e" a#0 :(e "e
pr%(ce %entr %e# r0ani"'9 'ientra" :(e e# a!ect e" a#0 :(e p(e%e !#(ir 4 tra"#a%ar"e %e
(na per"na a tra. A %i!erencia %e #a" e'cine"9 e# a!ect e" a#0 :(e p(e%e a#'acenar"e
Bac('(#ar"eC. E" %ecir :(e en %eter'ina%a" circ(n"tancia"9 "e a#'acena (na 'a4r capaci%a%
%e a!ect :(e "e p(e%e %ar a #" %e'3". AAra -ien9 a pe"ar %e #a" %i!erencia"9 e# a!ect e"t3
)nti'a'ente #i0a% a #a" e'cine"9 4a :(e p(e%en (ti#i;ar"e t1r'in" "e'e,ante" para e2pre"ar
(na e'cin (n a!ect. A") %eci'"H W'e "ient '(4 "e0(rX Be'cinC -ien W'e %a '(cAa
"e0(ri%a%X Ba!ectC. E# a!ect e" #a nece"i%a% :(e tienen t%" #" r0ani"'" "cia#e" %e reci-ir
a4(%a 4 c#a-racin %e "(" cn01nere" para p%er "-re+i+ir.

- 74 -

*... Otr" !actre" :(e c'pnen e# t1r'in %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%

*...1. Mane, %e #" i%i'a" < #a" TIC.

=4 en %)a9 e" percepti-#e c' #" ca'-i" c(#t(ra#e" e"t3n '3" :(e n(nca #i0a%" a
#a" n(e+a" tecn#0)a" %e #a in!r'acin 4 #a c'(nicacin. En e"t" prce"" %e %e"arr##
e%(cati+ #i0a% a #a" n(e+a" 'et%#0)a" %i0ita#i;a%a" e" preci" re%e!inir e# cncept %e
e%(cacin 4 e# pape# :(e #" a0ente" :(e inter+ienen en #" prce"" e%(cati+" %e"arr##an. De
e"ta !r'a9 #a Scie%a% %e# Cnci'ient re:(iere ca%a %)a '3" %e #a c'p#ici%a% %e #"
a0ente" e%(cati+" i'p#ica%" en e"ta incipiente a"(ncin %e n(e+" para%i0'a" e%(cati+".
M3" :(e n(nca #a !#e2i-i#i%a%9 #a apert(ra 4 #a interaccin in!r'acina# c-ran a") (n n(e+
"enti%. E# apren%i;a,e para t%a #a +i%a9 e# apren%i;a,e cntin(a% Blielong learningC nece"ita
%e n(e+" '%e#"9 n(e+a" pa(ta" %e inter+encin9 %i!erente" "iner0ia" :(e "("citen prp(e"ta"
para e# %e"arr## %e p#)tica" rienta%a" a #a !r'acin 4 e# %e"arr## %e apren%i;a,e" tenien%
en c(enta #a %i'en"in e"paci-tie'p. Se a-ren n(e+a" !rntera" en #a a%:(i"icin 4 e# 'ane,
%e #a in!r'acin. E# apren%i;a,e #i0a% a# %'ini %e c'petencia"9 enten%i%a" c' "a-er
Aacer c(a#:(ier acti+i%a% en (n %eter'ina% cnte2t c-ra a:() '3" !(er;a :(e n(nca BC#'
4 T(ri63n9 &//$C. La" Aerra'ienta" interacti+a" "e Aacen ca%a +e; '3" pre"ente" en e"t"
n(e+" para%i0'a" e%(cati+".
En e# entrn %i0ita#9 ta'-i1n ##a'a% tercer entrn9 +#ca'" n(e"tr" "enti'ient" 4
e'cine" c' "i %e (na 0ran -a"e %e %at" "e tratara cn+irti1n%#" en #en0(a,e Pe-. DicA
#en0(a,e '(#ti'e%ia tiene c' pre'i"a" #a interacti+i%a%. Se trata %e (na rea#i%a% :(e Aa "i%
a"i'i#a%a para #a interaccin entre per"na"9 (n e"paci "cia# cn"tr(i% para #a pr3ctica "cia#9
%n%e #a n cinci%encia e"paci-tie'p p"i-i#ita tra" !r'a" %e 'e%iacin A('ana.
La aparicin %e n(e+a" actit(%e"9 %e c'(ni%a%e" "cia#e" 4 #" n(e+" ("" %e #a" tecn#0)a"
Aan pr'+i% (n n(e+ para%i0'a c(#t(ra# en #a "cie%a%-re%. L" pre"(p(e"t" 'e%ia%" pr
#a tecn#0)a %e #a in!r'acin %e"%e e"ta %i'en"in +irt(a# "e Aan %e'crati;a% 4 e2ten%i%
a# "er #" prpi" ("(ari" %e e"ta" p#ata!r'a" #" prta0ni"ta" 4 crea%re" cn tr" ("(ari"
%e "(" !erta" c'(nicati+a" 4 %e #" -,et" '(#ti'e%ia. La prpia Pe- e" #a p#ata!r'a. E#
S!tEare Scia# enten%i% c' e# cn,(nt %e Aerra'ienta" 0enera%a" pr nece"i%a%e" %e
c'(nicacin entre %" '3" in%i+i%(" :(e cn!r'an (na c'(ni%a% 4 a #" c(a#e" (nen
intere"e" c'(ne"9 tiene ca%a +e; '3" aceptacin 4 (ti#i%a%. Pa#a-ra" c' c'partir9 ri:(e;a
%e inter!ace9 !i#tra% c#a-rati+9 s%art %obs Binte#i0encia c#ecti+aC9 'icr!r'at"9 a6a%en
a# act c'(nicati+ t%a #a i'prnta %e# +a#r %e c'partir en re%. E# ("(ari cn!r'a t%
(n cN'(# %e e"trate0ia" -a"a%a" en #a creati+i%a% 4 # e"t1tic para Aacer atracti+ "( -#09
PiUi c(a#:(ier "prte :(e p"i-i#ite #a c'(nicacin "incrnica 4 a"incrnica cn tr"

- 75 -
("(ari". E# +a#r %e #a e%(cacin 'e%ia%a pr #a tecn#0)a in!r'3tica en #a Pe- &./ ra%ica
en #a percepti-i#i%a% %e #" in%i+i%(" BSan; In;3#e;9 &//1C.
En e"te "enti%9 #a percepcin cn :(e #a" per"na" ana#i;an 4 crean #" -,et" n"
!ac(#ta para9 '3" a##3 %e #a nat(ra#e;a9 prpner -,et %e!ini-#e" en t1r'in" %e -e##e;a9 %e
p#acer9 %e r%en 4 ar'n)a. Dentr %e# c(rr)c(#9 e# trata'ient %e #a in!r'acin 4
c'petencia %i0ita# "e %e"taca c' (na %e #a" cA c'petencia" -3"ica" :(e Aan %e "er
a-r%a%a" tran"+er"a#'ente 4 en e# 3'-it e'pre"aria# e" (na c'petencia :(e %e'an%a e#
'erca% (n (na in"i"tencia 4 'ane, ca%a +e; '3" "(perir.
?De-e'" anticiparn" a# %e"arr## n@ >(i;3" +#+e'" a #a p#1'ica entre Pia0et 4
Ji0t"U4 acerca %e# 3rea ptencia# %e %e"arr##S per e# %e-ate "e Aa centra% en t1r'in" %e "i
#a intr%(ccin %e# apren%i;a,e %e #a in!r'3tica9 :(e a ni+e# %e ("(ari "e a%:(iere cn e# ("9
+a#0a #a re%(n%ancia Q n ten%r3 c' cn"ec(encia #a n atencin %e tra" 3rea" priritaria" %e
re!(er; c' "n #a c'pren"in #ectra9 #a" 'ate'3tica" #" i%i'a". En #" p(nt" %e
re!erencia e"pa6#e" para e# &/1/ 1"t" 3'-it" aparecen c' nece"ari" 4 n #a" TICS en e#
%c('ent WO-,eti+" e%(cati+" e(rpe" 4 e"pa6#e" para e# &/1/X9 a pe"ar %e #a" cntin(a"
re!erencia" e(rpe"9 c' Ae'" +i"t9 a #a a#!a-eti;acin tecn#0ica. BIarc)a9 &//5C

*...&. Di"pni-i#i%a%- !#e2i-i#i%a%.

L" e0re"a%" :(e '(e"tran (na %i"pni-i#i%a% a'p#ia tant en Arari" c' en
(-icacin !)"ica p"i-#e '+i#i%a% 0e0r3!ica a('entan #a pr-a-i#i%a% %e in"ertar"e en e#
'erca% 'e,rar pr!e"ina#'ente. Pr # tant p%r)a'" %ecir :(e c(anta 'a4r "ea #a
%i"pni-i#i%a% :(e '(e"tre e# e0re"a% 'a4r "er3 #a pr-a-i#i%a% %e :(e "( ni+e# %e
e'p#ea-i#i%a% a('ente9 e"pecia#'ente tenien% en c(enta #a c4(nt(ra #a-ra# en #a :(e "e
enc(entra E"pa6a entre #" a6" &/1/-&/1& c(4a "it(acin #a-ra# %e cri"i" %i"'in(4e %e pr ")
#a" p"i-i#i%a%e" :(e tienen #" e0re"a%" %e in"ertar"e en e# 'erca% 'e,rar
pr!e"ina#'ente.
Para '(cA" e0re"a%" #a pcin %e '+er"e 0e0r3!ica'ente %entr %e# 'i"' pa)"
+ia,ar a tr #e !aci#ita #a cn"ec(cin %e -,eti+" 4 n "(pne (n -"t3c(#9 "in t% #
cntrari9 per a "( +e; e2i"te #a p"t(ra cntraria en #a :(e #" e0re"a%" n "e p#antean e"ta
pcin pr %i!erente" 4 +aria%" 'ti+" :(e en '(#tit(% %e ca"ine" e"t3n +inc(#a%" a#
3'-it a!ecti+.
La %i"pni-i#i%a% e'er0e c' e# n(e+ para%i0'a a partir %e# c(a# #eer e interpretar
#a" tran"!r'acine" :(e e# 'erca% %e tra-a, +iene e2peri'enta% %e"%e !ina#e" %e #" a6"
$/ 4 e"pecia#'ente entre &//$ 4 &/11. En e"te "enti%9 "e cn"i%era :(e (na %e #a" principa#e"
'ani!e"tacine" %e #a %i"pni-i#i%a% 4 !#e2i-i#i%a% #a-ra# "e %a a tra+1" %e# tie'p %e tra-a,
en !r'a %e Arari" at)pic"9 ca'-i" %e t(rn9 cntratacin te'pra#9 rec(ent an(a# %e Ara"9

- 7. -
etc. A #a #(; %e e"ta" tran"!r'acine"9 #a ,rna%a #a-ra# re0(#ar caracter)"tica %e# cnte2t
in%("tria# aparece c' (na ,rna%a '(#ti!r'e en e# cnte2t %e #a "cie%a% %e# -iene"tar. A#
i0(a# :(e en e# "i0# FIF9 re"(#ta %i!)ci# e"ta-#ecer c#ara" !rntera" entre e# tie'p %e tra-a, 4
n tra-a,S #a" anterire" !rntera" :(e %e#i'ita-an e"t" %" e"paci" "e %i!('inan cn (na
n(e+a cncepcin c)c#ica %e# tie'p %e tra-a, re'(nera%. A%e'3"9 "e a#tera #a re#acin
"a#aria# 49 n(e+a'ente9 "e e2tien%e #a 'e%i%a %e# tra-a, "e0Nn #a" tarea" a rea#i;arH #a
'%a#i%a% tra%icina# %e# tra-a, a %e"ta, cn"tit(4e #a -a"e %e# act(a# tra-a, pr -,eti+". E#
cncept %i"pni-i#i%a% rec0e (na i%ea "enci##a :(e p#antea #a nece"i%a% %e a%aptar #a"
pr3ctica" #a-ra#e" a #a" nece"i%a%e" "cia#e" 4 ecn'ica" BReci9 &//4C. E" %ecir9 !a+rece
(na 'a4r capaci%a% %e a%aptacin a #a" nece"i%a%e" %e #a" per"na" tra-a,a%ra" 49
"i'(#t3nea'ente9 (na 'a4r capaci%a% %e a%aptacin a #a" nece"i%a%e" pr%(cti+a" "e0Nn #a"
tran"!r'acine" %e# 'erca%. Per '3" a##3 %e #a "i'p#ici%a% %e e"ta %e!inicin9 e# (" %e#
cncept "e en!renta a %" %i!ic(#ta%e" :(e cn+ierten e# %e-ate "-re #a !#e2i-i#i%a% en (na
c(e"tin cn!("a 4 a'-i0(a.
La pri'era %i!ic(#ta% "(r0e cn e# a-anic %e !r'a" :(e e"ta e"trate0ia t'a %entr %e#
'erca% #a-ra#. E# ca" e" :(e #a p#(ra#i%a% %e !r'a" a tra+1" %e #a c(a# "e 'ani!ie"ta #a
%i"pni-i#i%a% Aace %i!)ci# e"ta-#ecer (n" criteri" +3#i%" para recntar 4 ana#i;ar "("
cn"ec(encia".
A%e'3"9 #a" n(e+a" '%a#i%a%e" %e# tie'p %e tra-a, "e %an en (n cnte2t
caracteri;a% pr #a !a#ta %e e"ta-i#i%a% cntract(a# 4 #a precarie%a% #a-ra#9 e"t" %" a"pect"
n Aacen "in a('entar #a incerti%('-re #a-ra#. =a"ta e# p(nt :(e9 "i0(ien% #a" pa#a-ra" %e
Sei!ert B&//7C9 parece :(e #a nr'a Araria Aa pa"a% %e !recer #a "e0(ri%a% %e #a ,a(#a %ra%a
in%("tria# a #a ine"ta-i#i%a% :(e pr%(ce #a #i-erta% a;ar"a. En e!ect9 "e Aa pa"a% %e #a certe;a
#a-ra# 4 ri0i%e; te'pra# +i0ente %(rante #a 1pca %ra%a %e# capita#i"' a #a incerti%('-re
#a-ra# 4 #a !#e2i-i#i%a% te'pra# prpia %e #a" "cie%a%e" cci%enta#e" cnte'pr3nea" BReci
&//4C. La cn"tatacin %e e"ta" tran"!r'acine" "ir+e %e -a"e para interr0ar"e "-re a#0(n"
a"pect" '3" cncret"H ?C' a!ecta #a incerti%('-re %e# tie'p %e tra-a, re'(nera% a #a
+i%a cti%iana %e #a" per"na" tra-a,a%ra"@ ?C(3#e" "n #" c#ecti+" '3" per,(%ica%"@
?C' in!#(4e en #a %e!inicin %e# pr4ect %e +i%a@ ?C(3# e" e# pe" %e #a nr'a te'pra#
in%("tria# en #" "(,et" '3" per,(%ica%" pr #a !#e2i-i#i%a% te'pra# %e# 'erca% %e tra-a,@
E# 71_ %e #" pr!e"ina#e" r(""9 e# $7_ %e #" e"pa6#e" 4 e# $$_ %e #" -rit3nic"
a"e0(ra :(e #a" pr3ctica" %e tra-a, !#e2i-#e p(e%en 'e,rar #a "it(acin act(a# a") c'
cntri-(ir a %i"'in(ir e# 0a"t %e# e'p#ea%r :(e +e c'9 cn e"ta !r'(#a9 p(e%e %i"'in(ir
"(" 0a"t" a# n tener :(e (ti#i;ar !icina" 4T in"ta#acine" a tie'p c'p#et. Ser)a "i'p#i"ta
"(0erir :(e e# tra-a, !#e2i-#e e" #a panacea para re"#+er e# %e"e'p#e a# :(e "e en!rentan #"
pa)"e" e(rpe"9 a(n:(e e" "rpren%ente #a !e :(e '(cAa 0ente tiene en :(e "ea capa; %e crear
p(e"t" %e tra-a, 4 acti+ar #a ecn')a. De t%a" 'anera"9 ") cre :(e en e# cnte2t %e #a

- 77 -
%e"ace#eracin ecn'ica act(a# #" e'p#ea%re" "e +er3n 'ti+a%" a pen"ar 4 a%ptar (na
!r'a inte#i0ente %e apr2i'acin a #a" !(er;a" #a-ra#e"9 (ti#i;an% #a !#e2i-i#i%a% c' (na
'anera pr3ctica 4 e!ecti+a %e cn"er+ar a #" tra-a,a%re" ta#ent"" :(e nece"iten para p%er
Aacer !rente a "(" c'pr'i""9 Ka4er B17$7C9 pre"i%ente %e A+a4a en #a re0in %e EOMA. A")9
para cn"tatar aNn '3" e"ta ten%encia9 "e Aan cnci% #" re"(#ta%" %e tra-a, !#e2i-#e &//79
(n e"t(%i rea#i;a% pr D4na'ic MarUet" para A+a4a 4 :(e9 "-re #a -a"e %e #a" pinine" %e
'3" %e *.5// tra-a,a%re" %e 8rancia9 E"pa6a9 A#e'ania9 Ita#ia9 R("ia 4 e# Rein Uni%9 "e6a#a
c' #a 'a4r)a %e e"t" pr!e"ina#e" cree :(e e# tra-a, !#e2i-#e p(e%e9 inc#("9 %ar (n
e'p(,e a# 'erca% #a-ra# act(a#. La a(tn')a per"na# 4 #a !#e2i-i#i%a% en e# %e"e'pe6
pr!e"ina# cn"tit(4en e#e'ent" e"encia#e" en #a c'pren"in %e #a c'petencia9 ta# c'
%e"taca K(nU B1774C.

*...*. =erra'ienta" 4 Rec(r"" para 'e,rar #a e'p#ea-i#i%a%

La" Aerra'ienta" :(e !(n%a'enta#'ente "e tra-a,an en e"te e"t(%i "n e# c(rric(#('
+itae9 #a carta %e a0ra%eci'ient9 %e pre"entacin para re"pn%er a !erta" 4 %e a(tcan%i%at(ra.
Se tiene en c(enta t% e# prce" %e "e#eccin9 %e"%e e# cnci'ient %e# 'erca% Aa"ta #a
rea#i;acin %e# an3#i"i" %e# p(e"t #a preparacin %e #" 0r(p" %e %i"c("in entre+i"ta" %e
tra-a,. La" Aerra'ienta" "n a:(e##a" e"trate0ia" :(e p%e'" (ti#i;ar para :(e e# e0re"a% "e
"a:(e parti% 4 "epa 'ani!e"tar %e #a 'e,r 'anera :(e enca,a en e# per!i# :(e -("ca e#
e'pre"ari 4 nece"ita e# 'erca%.
L" rec(r"" "n #" 'e%i" :(e p(e%e (ti#i;ar (n e0re"a% para ##e0ar a# -,eti+ %e
in"ertar"e en e# 'erca% 4 'e,rar pr!e"ina#'ente. L" rec(r"" :(e "e tienen en c(enta "n
#a r0ani;acin 4 tra-a, %e #" cntact" tant per"na#e" c' te#e'3tica'ente9 #a -N":(e%a 4
r0ani;acin %e e'pre"a"9 cn"(#tra"9 -#"a" 4 (ni%a%e" %e in"ercin #a-ra#9 centr" %e
!r'acin c'p#e'entaria9 Pe-" %e Internet 4 c#e0i" pr!e"ina#e" entre tr".

- 7$ -

4. >(1 -("can #" "e#eccina%re"

Cr(cA9 8ine0#% 4 SaU B&//1H1&.C %e"tacan :(e Wel %ercado laboral actual est2
exigiendo periles %uy or%ados y con una visi&n cercana al %undo realX. Pr "( parte9 I0naci
Ka9 pre"i%ente %e Ka 4 Partner"9 e'pre"a e"pecia#i;a%a en 0e"tin %e# ta#ent 4 recruiting %e
e,ec(ti+"9 en (na entre+i"ta cnce%i%a a# %iari AKC en &/11 e2p#ica-a :(e #a ten%encia act(a#
%e #a ecn')a 4 e# "a#t %e #a" e'pre"a" a #a e"cena internacina# Aan pr+ca% (n ca'-i en
#a" nece"i%a%e" %e #a" 0ran%e" c'pa6)a" a# :(e #" pr!e"ina#e" "e %e-en a%aptar cn rapi%e;.
E"ta" nece"i%a%e" inc#(4en #a Aa-i#i%a% para 'ane,ar 4 #i%iar cn e:(ip" '(#ti%i"cip#inare"9 %e
%i"tinta" c(#t(ra" 4 en (n a'-iente rep#et %e ca'-i". N -"tante9 intentan% pr!(n%i;ar %e
!r'a '3" e2Aa("ti+a 4 %e ac(er% cn Cttn B&//1C9 "e -"er+a9 a tra+1" %e %i"tinta"
in+e"ti0acine" :(e9 'ientra" :(e #" e'p#ea%re" e"t3n "ati"!ecA" en 0enera# cn #a"
Aa-i#i%a%e" t1cnica" %e #" 0ra%(a%"9 n # e"t3n c'p#eta'ente cn #a" Aa-i#i%a%e" n
t1cnica" Btran"+er"a#e"C 4 %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%. E"te a(tr en!ati; :(e #" e'p#ea%re" +a#ran #a"
Aa-i#i%a%e" %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% 0en1rica" pr enci'a %e #a" Aa-i#i%a%e" e"pec)!ica". Re"('ien%
#a" %i!erente" cnc#("ine"9 re#ati+a" a #" atri-(t" %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% :(e #" in+e"ti0a%re"
citan '3" !rec(ente'ente9 p%e'" %ecir :(e e"ta" "e e"tr(ct(ran en Aa-i#i%a%e" -3"ica"S
Aa-i#i%a%e" 'etac0niti+a"S Aa-i#i%a%e" a!ecti+a" 4 ra"0" per"na#e".
A(tre" c' Sta"; B177$H45C9 %e!ien%e :(e We%pleadores y traba4adores %uestran la
necesidad- tanto de las habilidades gen5ricas co%o la soluci&n de proble%as- la co%unicaci&n
y la capacidad para traba4ar en e.uipoX Cttn B&//1C9 para :(ien #a 'a4r)a %e #"
e'pre"ari" parecen -("car Wsot s8illsX c' e# tra-a, en e:(ip9 Aa-i#i%a%e" %e
c'(nicacin #a "#(cin %e pr-#e'a"9c' c'p#e'ent a #a" Aa-i#i%a%e" e"pec)!ica" a#
tra-a,9 #a" c(a#e" p(e%en "er a%:(iri%a" a tra+1" %e #a e%(cacin %e #a e2periencia.
A+an;an% en e"te %e-ate =ei,Ue et a#. B&//*C9 %ec#aran :(e #a" c'petencia"
e"pec)!ica" re!(er;an #a" p"i-i#i%a%e" %e c('p#ir cn #" re:(eri'ient" %e# p(e"t %e tra-a,
'ientra" :(e #a" c'petencia" 0en1rica" re!(er;an #a" p"i-i#i%a%e" %e -tener (n tra-a, !(era
%e# ca'p %e #a c(pacin. En #a 'i"'a #)nea9 e"te a(tr a!ir'a :(e #a" c'petencia"
tran"+er"a#e" a4(%an a a%:(irir #a" c'petencia" e"pec)!ica" re:(eri%a" 4 %i"tin0(e entre #a"
Aa-i#i%a%e" aca%1'ica" -3"ica" Bcnci'ient 0enera#9 e# cnci'ient 4 e# pen"a'ient
inter%i"cip#inarC9 #a" Aa-i#i%a%e" e"pec)!ica" %e (n ca'p B#" cnci'ient" teric" 4 '1t%"
e"pec)!ic" %e (n ca'p pr!e"ina# en c(e"tinC 4 #a" Aa-i#i%a%e" %e 0e"tin Be# #i%era;09 #a
creati+i%a%9 #a t#erancia...C.

- 77 -
Se -"er+a aNn (na incn0r(encia 4 !a#ta %e cne2in entre #a" c'petencia" tra-a,a%a" en #a
(ni+er"i%a% 4 #a" %e'an%a%a" pr e# 'erca% #a-ra# BA'at 4 P(i09 1777S KreE9 1775S Mir9
R""e##a 4 Serrat9 &//*S Mra 4 Iarc)a9 &//4C.
C' p%e'" %e%(cir %e # %e"arr##a% en e# aparta% anterir9 #a e2periencia9 #"
cnci'ient" #a" Aa-i#i%a%e" pr!e"ina#e" "n !actre" nece"ari"9 per n "(!iciente" para
"er "e#eccina%". A%e'3" #a" r0ani;acine" -("can actit(%e"9 +a#re"9 ra"0" %e per"na#i%a%
4 'ti+acine"9 :(e 'arcan #a %i!erencia entre pr!e"ina#e" acepta-#e" 4 #" pr!e"ina#e" %e
12it. E"te p#antea'ient "(pne Aa-#ar %e (n n(e+ '%e# %e C'petencia" ap#ica% en #"
prce"" %e "e#eccin.

4.1. Principa#e" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" %e'an%a%a".

ANECA prpne c' c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" c'(ne" a #a 'a4r)a %e pr!e"ine" #a"
:(e pre"enta'" a cntin(acinH
Ta-#a *. C'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" prp(e"ta" pr #a ANECA.

Instrumnt!"s

Prs#n!"s

Capaci%a% %e an3#i"i" 4 %e ")nte"i".
Capaci%a% %e r0ani;acin 4
p#ani!icacin.
C'(nicacin ra# 4 e"crita en #a
#en0(a nati+a
Cnci'ient %e (na #en0(a
e2tran,era.
Cnci'ient" %e in!r'3tica
re#ati+" a# 3'-it %e e"t(%i.
Capaci%a% %e 0e"tin %e #a
in!r'acin.
Re"#(cin %e pr-#e'a".
T'a %e %eci"ine"

Tra-a, en e:(ip.
Tra-a, en (n e:(ip %e car3cter
inter%i"cip#inar.
Tra-a, en (n cnte2t internacina#.
=a-i#i%a%e" en #a" re#acine"
interper"na#e".
Recnci'ient a #a %i+er"i%a% 4 #a
'(#tic(#t(ra#i%a%.
Ra;na'ient critic.
C'pr'i" 1tic

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S$st%m$&!s
Apren%i;a,e a(tn'
A%aptacin a n(e+a" "it(acine".
Creati+i%a%.
Li%era;0.
Cnci'ient %e tra" c(#t(ra" 4 c"t('-re".
Iniciati+a 4 e"p)rit( e'pren%e%r.
Mti+acin pr #a ca#i%a%.
Sen"i-i#i%a% a te'a" a'-ienta#e"

<rUe 4 Dni0At B&//*C9 %eter'inarn :(e #a e2i"tencia %e #a" tre" cate0r)a" %e
c'petencia" re!(er;a #a e'p#ea-i#i%a% %e# e"t(%iante. Kri%0e et a#. B&//*C9 e"ta-#eciern #a
e2i"tencia %e Aa-i#i%a%e" per"na#e" tran"!eri-#e"9 :(e "n +a#ra%a" pr #a e'pre"a en entrn"
%e tra-a,. Kri%0e e"ta-#eci (na #i"ta cn #a" "i0(iente" Aa-i#i%a%e" per"na#e" tran"!eri-#e" :(e
c'-inan c(a#i%a%e" per"na#e" 4 rientacine" in%i+i%(a#e"H Aa-i#i%a%e" %e c'(nicacinS
tra-a, en 0r(pS Aa-i#i%a%e" per"na#e"S capaci%a% %e r0ani;acinS Aa-i#i%a%e" interper"na#e"S
capaci%a% %e "#(cin %e pr-#e'a"S 0e"tin %e rec(r"".

4.&. ?>(1 +a#ran #" "e#eccina%re"@ ?>(1 'e,ra e# ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%@

Recr%e'" :(e =i##a0e 4 P##ar% B177$H$7C9 %e!iniern e# cncept %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%
c' Wla capacidad de obtener un e%pleo- %antenerlo y obtener un nuevo e%pleo si se
re.uirieseX. L" a(tre" cn"i%eran :(e #a e'p#ea-i#i%a% %e (n in%i+i%( c'pren%e9 Ws8illsX
BAa-i#i%a%e"C 4 actit(%e"9 en#a;an% cn e"ta i%ea9 %e!ien%en :(e #" !actre" '3" %eter'inante"
en #a "e#eccin %e can%i%at" "nH actit(%e" B:(e #a per"na "e i%enti!i:(e cn #a p#)tica %e #a
e'pre"a9 e'pat)a9 cari"'a9 iniciati+a9 %ina'i"'9 capaci%a% %e e'pren%er pr4ect"9 capaci%a%
%e a%aptacin9 inter1" e i#("in pr e# p(e"t %e tra-a, 4 "e0(ri%a% en "i 'i"'9 entre tra".CS
aptit(%e" Bp#i+a#encia. Capaci%a% %e re"#(cin %e pr-#e'a"9 capaci%a% %e tra-a, en
e:(ip...CS e2periencia pr!e"ina#S i%i'a" BIn0#1"C 4 e"t(%i" %e p"t0ra% e"pecia#i;acinS
rec'en%acine" per"na#e" 4 !#e2i-i#i%a% Araria.
Si0(ien% a Jan-%er 4 I'e; B&//.C9 "i tene'" en c(enta #" a"pect" :(e '3"
+a#ran #a" e'pre"a" en "(" !erta" %e e'p#e9 %e-e'" %e"tacar #" i%i'a"9 #a e2periencia
pr!e"ina#9 in!r'3tica e Internet9 #" e"t(%i" %e p"t0ra%9 #a !aci#i%a% para #a a%aptacin 4
tra" c(a#i%a%e" e"peci!ica" Bi'a0en9 capaci%a% %e c'(nicacin9 #i%era;09 %i"pni-i#i%a%9
re"#(cin %e pr-#e'a"...C.

- $1 -
La e'p#ea-i#i%a%9 pr tant9 e"t3 re#acina%a cn e# %e"arr## %e c'petencia" :(e "n
+a#ra%a" en e# 'erca% %e tra-a,9 e" %ecir9 "e a"('e #a e2i"tencia %e (na "erie %e
c'petencia" :(e 'e,ran #a" p"i-i#i%a%e" %e #" in%i+i%(" :(e #a" p"een %e encntrar (n
e'p#e 4 %e 'antener# en e# tie'p. La" c'petencia" pr!e"ina#e" "n9 pr tant9 c#a+e"
para #a c'pren"in %e# cncept %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%9 per n" intere"a #a apr2i'acin a#
e"t(%i %e #a" c'petencia" pr!e"ina#e" %e"%e e# p(nt %e +i"ta 4 cn e# -,eti+ %e ana#i;ar
c(3#e" "n #a" c'petencia" '3" +a#ra%a" en e# '(n% %e# tra-a, 4 :(e pr tant ptencian #a
e'p#ea-i#i%a% %e :(iene" #a" p"een.
De #a 'i"'a 'anera9 #a" c'petencia" pr!e"ina#e" +an (ni%a" a# cncept %e per!i#
pr!e"ina#9 4a :(e c' ap(nta <an); B&//4H.$C9 Wel concepto de peril proesional deine la
identidad proesional de las personas .ue- con una titulaci&n acad5%ica- llevan a cabo una
deter%inada labor6 4 pr tant9 c' a!ir'a e# a(tr9 #a re#acin %e !(ncine" 4 tarea"
pr!e"ina#e" a4(%a a i%enti!icar #a capacitacin para ##e+ar#a" a ca-. De e"ta !r'a "e tra;a (n
ca'in :(e (ne e# cncept %e per!i# pr!e"ina# cn e# %e c'petencia" pr!e"ina#e"9
capacitacin 4 pr # tant cn #" p#ane" aca%1'ic".
En e# e"t(%i rea#i;a% pr #a c3'ara %e c'erci %e Karce#na "-re #a tip#0)a %e
c(a#i%a%e" per"na#e" en e# per!i# !(t(r %e# tra-a,a%r in%("tria# "e cnc#(4e :(e en r%en %e
i'prtancia "e %i"tin0(enH 1.- Tra-a, en e:(ip. &.- Capaci%a% para en"e6ar. *.- I%enti!icacin
4 re"#(cin %e pr-#e'a". 4.- M+i#i%a% internaT0e0r3!ica. 5.- C'(nicacin. ..-
Re"pn"a-i#i%a%. 7.- Mti+acin. $.- Preparacin %e 'a:(ina". 7.- A-a"teci'ient %e 'a:(ina"
Bcar0a 4 +acia%C. 1/.- Ca'-i %e Nti#e". 11.- M1t% %e tra-a,. 1&.- In"peccin 4 +eri!icacinH
a(tcntr#. 1*.- Manteni'ient pre+enti+. 14.-T'a %e %eci"ine" 15.- Creati+i%a%. 1..-
Inter1" en recic#ar"e. 17.- A(tapren%i;a,e. 1$.- Iniciati+a prpia. 17.- Ca#i%a% 4 +eri!icacin
&/.- Se0(ri%a% #a-ra#. &1.- Manteni'ient. &&.- Me,ra %e prce"" 4T pr%(ct". &*.-
Ie"tin %e Aerra'ienta" &4.- Dc('entacin 0enera%a. La prec(pacin %e #a (ni+er"i%a% pr
%e"arr##ar e"ta" c(a#i%a%e" per"na#e" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" aparece rec0i%a en #a
#iterat(ra9 a") La4er B&//4C9 a!ir'a :(e #a prec(pacin en re#acin a #a e%(cacin (ni+er"itaria
4 e# '(n% %e# tra-a,9 e" ca%a +e; '3" #a a%ec(acin %e #a" per"na" :(e Aan reci-i%
e%(cacin (ni+er"itaria a# '(n% #a-ra#. Pr # tant #" e0re"a%" 4a tienen (n pri'er
cntact cn e# tra-a, %e %icAa" c'petencia" en e# 3'-it (ni+er"itari. En e"te 'i"'
"enti% Se'ei,n et a#. B&//5C9 %e!ien%en #a re"pn"a-i#i%a% %e #a e%(cacin "(perir %e !r'ar
e"t(%iante" para "( -(en !(ncina'ient en e# 'erca% %e tra-a,. E" i'prtante tra-a,ar %e
!r'a cr%ina%a para :(e e# tra-a, inicia% en #a (ni+er"i%a% ten0a (na cntin(i%a% 4 "e +ea
c'p#e'enta% cn #a rientacin pr!e"ina# reci-i%a (na +e; ter'inan #a (ni+er"i%a%.

- $& -
5. Re!erencia" terica".

5.1. Tuning B&///C.

E# Pr4ect Tuning !(e !inancia% pr #a C'i"in E(rpea en e# 'arc %e# Pr0ra'a
Scrate". La +er"in en ca"te##an %e# pr4ect WTuning Educational Structures in EuropeX
'antiene9 c' # Aace en t%a" #a" %e'3" tra%(ccine"9 "( t)t(# ri0ina# pr ac(er%
c'Nn'ente a%:(iri% 4 pr ra;ne" %e i%enti%a%. E# +er- Wto tuneX "i0ni!ica a!inar9 acr%ar9
te'p#ar 4 "e re!iere a in"tr('ent" '("ica#e". Ta'-i1n "i0ni!ica preparar"e9 e,ercitar"e9 pner"e
a p(nt. En e# pr4ect "e ("a t(nin09 en 0er(n%i9 para %e,ar c#ar :(e e" a#0 :(e e"t3 en
prce" 4 :(e "ie'pre # e"tar39 p(e"t :(e #a e%(cacin %e-e e"tar en %i3#0 cn #a"
nece"i%a%e" "cia#e" 4 1"te e" (n prce" a-iert 4 %in3'ic. Una %e #a" ra;ne" !(n%a'enta#e"
para #a creacin %e# pr4ect Tuning !(e #a nece"i%a% %e i'p#e'entar a ni+e# %e #a" in"tit(cine"
(ni+er"itaria" e# prce" :(e "i0(i a #a Dec#aracin %e K#nia %e 17779 (ti#i;an% #a"
e2periencia" ac('(#a%a" en #" pr0ra'a" Era"'(" 4 Scrate" %e"%e 17$7. A e"te re"pect9
re+i"te e"pecia# i'prtancia e# Si"te'a E(rpe %e Tran"!erencia 4 Ac('(#acin %e Cr1%it"
BECTSC. E# pr4ect "e rienta Aacia c'petencia" 0en1rica" 4 e"pec)!ica" a ca%a 3rea te'3tica
%e #" 0ra%(a%" %e pri'er 4 "e0(n% cic#. ANn '3"9 e# pr4ect tiene (n i'pact %irect en
e# recnci'ient aca%1'ic9 0arant)a 4 cntr# %e ca#i%a%9 c'pati-i#i%a% %e #" pr0ra'a" %e
e"t(%i a ni+e# e(rpe9 apren%i;a,e a %i"tancia 4 apren%i;a,e per'anente. En tra" pa#a-ra"9
Tuning a-r%a t%" #" te'a" 'encina%" en e# C'(nica% %e Pra0a BPrague Co%%uni.u5C
%e ,(ni %e# &//1 4 #" en#a;a c' parte" %e (n t% (ni!ica%. E" E# pr4ect %e 'a4r
i'pact crea% pr #a" Uni+er"i%a%e" E(rpea" para re"pn%er a# ret %e #a Dec#aracin %e
K#nia 4 %e# C'(nica% %e Pra0a. Se e"pera :(e a 'e%ian 4 #ar0 p#a; #" re"(#ta%" %e#
pr4ect ten0an "( i'pact en #a 'a4r)a9 4 %e "er p"i-#e en t%"9 #a" in"tit(cine" 4
pr0ra'a" %e e%(cacin "(perir e(rpea" en 0enera# 4 en #a" e"tr(ct(ra" 4 pr0ra'a"
e%(cati+" en partic(#ar.
Se Aa e"c0i% e# n'-re Tuning para e# pr4ect- ta# 4 c' Ae'" c'en;a% a
antar anterir'ente9 para re!#e,ar #a i%ea %e :(e #a" (ni+er"i%a%e" n e"t3n -("can% #a
ar'ni;acin %e "(" pr0ra'a" c(a#:(ier tra c#a"e %e c(rr)c(# e(rpe (ni!ica%9 nr'ati+
%e!initi+ "in "i'p#e'ente p(nt" %e ac(er%9 %e cn+er0encia9 4 enten%i'ient '(t(9 4
pr # :(e "(pne %e p(e"ta a p(nt %e #a (ni+er"i%a% e(rpea !rente a# ret %e K#nia. La
prteccin %e #a rica %i+er"i%a% %e #a e%(cacin e(rpea Aa "i% !(n%a'enta# en e# pr4ect
Tuning %e"%e "(" c'ien;" 4 e# pr0ra'a -a, nin0Nn a"pect -("ca re"trin0ir #a
in%epen%encia %e aca%1'ic" e"pecia#i"ta" per,(%icar #a a(tri%a% #ca# nacina#.
La" c(atr #)nea" %e accin :(e "e Aan tra-a,a% en e# pr0ra'a Tuning "nH

- $* -
1. C'petencia" Ien1rica" 4 e"pec)!ica". B#a c(3# %e"arr##are'" '3" a%e#anteC
&. En!:(e" %e en"e6an;a apren%i;a,e 4 e+a#(acin.
*. Cr1%it" aca%1'ic".
4. Ca#i%a% 4 Tran"parenciaH C'pati-i#i%a% internacina# %e tit(#acine".

E# pr4ect Tuning cn"(#t9 pr 'e%i %e c(e"tinari"9 a #" 0ra%(a%"9 e'p#ea%re" 4
aca%1'ic" en "iete 3rea" te'3tica" BE'pre"aria#e"9 Ciencia" %e #a E%(cacin9 Ie#0)a9
=i"tria9 Mate'3tica"9 8)"ica 4 >()'icaC %e 1/1 %eparta'ent" (ni+er"itari" en 1. pa)"e"
e(rpe". A e"t" c(e"tinari" re"pn%iern 7.1&5 per"na" B5.1$* 0ra%(a%"9 744
e'p#ea%re" 4 77$ aca%1'ic"C "in 'encinar #" e:(ip" %e tra-a, in!r'a#9 re!#e2in 4
%e-ate :(e "(r0iern a ni+e# %e %eparta'ent"9 %i"cip#ina" 4 pa)"e". La cn"(#ta trat "-re
c'petencia" 4 %e"tre;a" 0en1rica" 4 e"pec)!ica" a ca%a %i"cip#ina.

8i0(ra 4. Mapa %e #a" In"tit(cine" Mie'-r %e T(nin0

Se "e#eccinarn treinta c'petencia" 0en1rica" %eri+a%a" %e tre" cate0r)a"H in"tr('enta#e"9
interper"na#e" 4 "i"t1'ica". Se pi%i a #" enc(e"ta%" :(e e+a#(a"en #a i'prtancia 4 e# ni+e#
%e #0r en ca%a c'petencia pr tit(#acine" %e ca%a 3rea te'3tica 4 ta'-i1n :(e c#a"i!ica"en
#a" cinc c'petencia" '3" i'prtante". Se tra%(,ern #" c(e"tinari" a nce i%i'a" 4

- $4 -
!(ern en+ia%" pr ca%a (na %e #a" in"tit(cine" participante" a 15/ 0ra%(a%" 4 */
e'p#ea%re" %e 0ra%(a%" en "( 3rea %e e"t(%i. E# c(e"tinari para #" aca%1'ic" "e -a" en
#a" 17 c'petencia" BAne2 1C :(e #" 0ra%(a%" 4 #" e'p#ea%re" cn"i%erarn c' #a" '3"
i'prtante". Para ca%a (na %e #a" c'petencia" "e pi%i a #" enc(e"ta%" :(e in%ica"en #a
i'prtancia %e #a %e"tre;a c'petencia para tra-a,ar en "( pr!e"in 4 e# ni+e# %e rea#i;acin
en #a e,ec(cin %e #a %e"tre;a c'petencia :(e Aa-)an #0ra% c' re"(#ta% %e Aa-er
c'p#eta% "( pr0ra'a %e e"t(%i" pr!e"ina#e".
En e# pr4ect Tuning B&//*C9 #a" c'petencia" repre"entan (na c'-inacin %in3'ica
%e atri-(t" c' e# cnci'ient 4 "( ap#icacin9 actit(%e" 4 re"pn"a-i#i%a%e" :(e %e"cri-en
#" re"(#ta%" %e# apren%i;a,e %e (n %eter'ina% pr0ra'a9 c' #" e"t(%iante" "er3n
capace" %e %e"en+#+er"e a# !ina#i;ar %e# prce" e%(cati+. En re"('en (na c'petencia e"
(na c'-inacin %in3'ica %e e#e'ent" per"na#e" :(e "n %e"arr##a%" a partir %e (n
pr0ra'a e%(cati+.
3*os nuevos tie%pos .ue corren y .ue apuntan hacia la convergencia europea nos
sitEan en un periodo de transici&n en la universidad- .ue va a obligar a redeinir distintas
cuestiones reeridas al %odelo de ense:an,a y al papel .ue va a 4ugar el proesorado' El nuevo
%odelo de ense:an,a pone el acento en cuestiones tales co%o el siste%a de cr5ditos europeos
>ECTS) o el aprendi,a4e aut&no%o del alu%nado- lo .ue hace .ue la unci&n tutorial del
proesorado cobr5 una enor%e i%portancia6 BL#+are; 4 L3;ar9 &//&S L#+are; 4 Mi'1ne;9
&//*C.

5.1.1. Cnteni% 4 e"tr(ct(ra.

E# pr4ect Tuning n "e centra en #" "i"te'a" e%(cati+" "in en #a" e"tr(ct(ra" 4 e#
cnteni% %e #" e"t(%i". Mientra" :(e #" "i"te'a" e%(cati+" "n ante" :(e t%
re"pn"a-i#i%a% %e #" 0-iern"9 #a" e"tr(ct(ra" e%(cati+a" 4 e# cnteni% # "n %e #a"
in"tit(cine" %e e%(cacin "(perir. C' cn"ec(encia %e #a Dec#aracin %e K#nia9 #"
"i"te'a" e%(cati+" %e #a 'a4r)a %e #" pa)"e" e(rpe" e"t3n en prce" %e tran"!r'acin.
E"te e" e# re"(#ta% %irect %e #a %eci"in p#)tica %e #" 'ini"tr" %e e%(cacin %e rea#i;ar #a
cn+er0encia %e #" "i"te'a" e%(cati+". Para #a" in"tit(cine" %e e%(cacin "(perir e"ta"
re!r'a" "i0ni!ican e# +er%a%er p(nt %e parti%a para tr an3#i"i"H #a sintoni,aci&n en t1r'in"
%e e"tr(ct(ra" 4 pr0ra'a" 4 %e #a en"e6an;a prpia'ente %icAa. En e"te prce" %e re!r'a
%e-er3n %e"e'pe6ar (n i'prtante pape#9 a%e'3" %e #" -,eti+" :(e !i,e #a c#ecti+i%a%
aca%1'ica9 #" per!i#e" aca%1'ic" 4 pr!e"ina#e" :(e e2i0e #a "cie%a%. Per e"t" per!i#e" n
"n "(!iciente"H %e i0(a# i'prtancia e" e# e"c#areci'ient %e# ni+e# %e !r'acin :(e %e-e
#0rar"e en t1r'in" %e c'petencia" 4 re"(#ta%" %e# apren%i;a,e.

- $5 -

5.1.&. Met%#0)a.

En e# 'arc %e# pr4ect Tuning "e Aa %i"e6a% (na 'et%#0)a para #a c'pren"in
%e# c(rr)c(# 4 para Aacer# c'para-#e. C' parte %e #a 'et%#0)a "e intr%(, e# cncept
%e re"(#ta%" %e# apren%i;a,e 4 c'petencia". Para ca%a (na %e #a" 3rea" te'3tica" 'encina%a"9
1"ta" Aan "i% %e"crita" en t1r'in" %e p(nt" %e re!erencia :(e %e-en "er "ati"!ecA". De
ac(er% a Tuning e"t" "n #" e#e'ent" '3" "i0ni!icati+" en e# %i"e69 cn"tr(ccin 4
e+a#(acin %e #a" c(a#i!icacine". Pr re"(#ta%" %e# apren%i;a,e :(ere'" "i0ni!icar e# cn,(nt
%e c'petencia" :(e inc#(4e cnci'ient"9 c'pren"in 4 Aa-i#i%a%e" :(e "e e"pera :(e e#
e"t(%iante %'ine9 c'pren%a 4 %e'(e"tre %e"p(1" %e c'p#etar (n prce" crt #ar0 %e
apren%i;a,e. P(e%en "er i%enti!ica%" 4 re#acina%" cn pr0ra'a" c'p#et" %e e"t(%i B%e
pri'er "e0(n% cic#C 4 cn (ni%a%e" in%i+i%(a#e" %e apren%i;a,e B'%(#"C. La"
c'petencia" "e p(e%en %i+i%ir en %" tip"H c'petencia" 0en1rica"9 :(e en principi "n
in%epen%iente" %e# 3rea %e e"t(%i 4 c'petencia" e"pec)!ica" para ca%a 3rea te'3tica. La"
c'petencia" "e -tienen nr'a#'ente %(rante %i!erente" (ni%a%e" %e e"t(%i 4 pr tant
p(e%en n e"tar #i0a%a" a (na "#a (ni%a%. Sin e'-ar09 e" '(4 i'prtante i%enti!icar en :(1
(ni%a%e" "e en"e6an #a" %i+er"a" c'petencia" para a"e0(rar (na e+a#(acin e!ecti+a 4 (na
ca#i%a%. E"t :(iere %ecir :(e #a" c'petencia" 4 #" re"(#ta%" %e# apren%i;a,e %e-er)an
crre"pn%er a #a" c(a#i!icacine" N#ti'a" %e (n pr0ra'a %e apren%i;a,e. La" c'petencia" 4
#" re"(#ta%" %e apren%i;a,e per'iten !#e2i-i#i%a% 4 a(tn')a en #a cn"tr(ccin %e# c(rr)c(#
49 a# 'i"' tie'p9 "ir+en %e -a"e para #a !r'(#acin %e in%ica%re" %e ni+e# :(e p(e%an "er
c'pren%i%" internacina#'ente. En tta# "e Aan %e"arr##a% c(atr #)nea" %e en!:(eH 1C
c'petencia" 0en1rica" &C c'petencia" e"pec)!ica" %e #a" 3rea" te'3tica" BAa-i#i%a%e"9
cnci'ient" 4 cnteni%C9 *C e# pape# %e# ECTS c' "i"te'a %e tran"!erencia 4 ac('(#acin
%e cr1%it" 4 4C en!:(e" %e apren%i;a,e9 en"e6an;a 4 e+a#(acin en re#acin cn #a 0arant)a 4
cntr# %e ca#i%a%.

5.1.*. O-,eti+".

Tuning -("ca `a!inara #a" e"tr(ct(ra" e%(cati+a" %e E(rpa a-rien% (n %e-ate c(4a
'eta e" i%enti!icar e interca'-iar in!r'acin 4 'e,rar #a c#a-racin e(rpea para e#
%e"arr## %e #a ca#i%a%9 e!ecti+i%a% 4 tran"parencia. A# c'en;ar e# %e"arr## %e# pr4ect "e
"e6a#arn #a" "i0(iente" 'eta" 4 -,eti+"H
bI'p(#"ar9 a e"ca#a e(rpea (n a#t ni+e# %e cn+er0encia %e #a e%(cacin "(perir en #a" cinc9
'3" tar%e "iete9 3rea" te'3tica" BE'pre"aria#e"9 Ciencia" %e #a E%(cacin9 Ie#0)a9 =i"tria9

- $. -
Mate'3tica"9 8)"ica 4 >()'icaC 'e%iante #a" %e!inicine" acepta%a" en c'Nn %e re"(#ta%"
pr!e"ina#e" 4 %e apren%i;a,e.
bDe"arr##ar per!i#e" pr!e"ina#e"9 re"(#ta%" %e# apren%i;a,e 4 c'petencia" %e"ea-#e" en
t1r'in" %e c'petencia" 0en1rica" 4 re#ati+a" a ca%a 3rea %e e"t(%i" inc#(4en% %e"tre;a"9
cnci'ient" 4 cnteni% en #a" "iete 3rea".
b8aci#itar #a tran"parencia en #a" e"tr(ct(ra" e%(cati+a" e i'p(#"ar #a inn+acin a tra+1" %e #a
c'(nicacin %e e2periencia" 4 #a i%enti!icacin %e -(ena" pr3ctica".
bCrear re%e" e(rpea" capace" %e pre"entar e,e'p#" %e pr3ctica" e!icace"9 e"ti'(#ar #a
inn+acin 4 #a ca#i%a% 'e%iante #a re!#e2in 4 e# interca'-i '(t(9 # :(e "e ap#ica ta'-i1n a
#a" tra" %i"cip#ina".
bDe"arr##ar e interca'-iar in!r'acin re#ati+a a# %e"arr## %e #" c(rr)c(#" en #a" 3rea"
"e#eccina%a" 4 crear (na e"tr(ct(ra c(rric(#ar '%e# e2pre"a%a pr p(nt" %e re!erencia para
ca%a 3rea9 pti'i;an% e# recnci'ient 4 #a inte0racin e(rpea %e %ip#'a".
bCrear p(ente" entre e"ta re% %e (ni+er"i%a%e" 4 tra" enti%a%e" aprpia%a" 4 ca#i!ica%a" para
pr%(cir cn+er0encia en #a" 3rea" %e #a" %i"cip#ina" "e#eccina%a".
bE#a-rar (na 'et%#0)a para ana#i;ar #" e#e'ent" c'(ne"9 #a" 3rea" e"pec)!ica" 4
%i+er"a" 4 encntrar #a !r'a %e a#can;ar cn"en"".
bAct(ar en cr%inacin cn t%" #" actre" in+#(cra%" en e# prce" %e p(e"ta a p(nt %e
#a" e"tr(ct(ra" e%(cati+a"9 en partic(#ar e# 0r(p %e "e0(i'ient %e K#nia9 #" 'ini"teri" %e
e%(cacin9 #a cn!erencia %e rectre" Binc#(4en% #a A"ciacin E(rpea %e Uni+er"i%a%e"
BEUACC9 tra" a"ciacine" c' #a A"ciacin E(rpea %e In"tit(cine" %e E%(cacin S(perir
BEURAS=EC9 #" r0ani"'" %e acre%itacin 4 #a" r0ani;acine" %e 0arant)a %e ca#i%a%9 a")
c' #a" (ni+er"i%a%e".
Rec%e'" :(e #a" c(atr #)nea" %e accin :(e "e Aan tra-a,a% en e# pr0ra'a Tuning "nH
1. C'petencia" Ien1rica" 4 e"pec)!ica".
&. En!:(e" %e en"e6an;a apren%i;a,e 4 e+a#(acin.
*. Cr1%it" aca%1'ic".
4. Ca#i%a% 4 Tran"parenciaH C'pati-i#i%a% internacina# %e tit(#acine".
A cntin(acin prce%e'" a# %e"arr## %e #a pri'era parte %e #a #)nea 1 pr #a i'p#icacin
%irecta :(e tiene cn #a te"i".

5.1.4. L)nea 1. C'petencia" tran"+er"a#e".

Un %e #" -,eti+" c#a+e %e# pr4ect Tuning e" e# %e cntri-(ir a# %e"arr## %e
tit(#acine" !3ci#'ente c'para-#e" 4 c'pren"i-#e" W%e"%e %entrX 4 en (na !r'a artic(#a%a
en t%a E(rpa9 %e #a nat(ra#e;a %e ca%a (n %e #" %" cic#" %e"crit" pr e# prce" %e
K#nia. En #a -N":(e%a %e per"pecti+a" :(e p(%ie"en !aci#itar #a '+i#i%a% %e #" p"ee%re"

- $7 -
%e t)t(#" (ni+er"itari" 4 pr!e"ina#e" en E(rpa9 e# pr4ect trat %e a#can;ar (n a'p#i
cn"en" a e"ca#a e(rpea "-re #a !r'a %e enten%er #" t)t(#" %e"%e e# p(nt %e +i"ta %e #a"
acti+i%a%e" :(e #" p"ee%re" %e %icA" t)t(#" e"tar)an en capaci%a% %e %e"e'pe6ar. A e"te
re"pect9 %" e#eccine" 'arcarn e# pr4ect %e"%e e# c'ien;H
bLa e#eccin %e -("car p(nt" c'(ne" %e re!erencia.
bLa e#eccin %e centrar"e en #a" c'petencia" 4 %e"tre;a" B"ie'pre -a"a%a" en e#
cnci'ientC.
La e#eccin %e ("ar p(nt" c'(ne" %e re!erencia 4 n %e!inicine" %e t)t(#" '(e"tra
(n c#ar p"icina'ient a # #ar0 %e tre" #)nea" c'p#e'entaria"H "i #" pr!e"ina#e" "e +an a
e"ta-#ecer 4 -("car e'p#e en tr" pa)"e" %e #a Unin E(rpea9 "( e%(cacin tiene :(e tener (n
ciert ni+e# %e cn"en" cn re"pect a p(nt" %e re!erencia acr%a%" cn,(nta'ente 4
recnci%" %entr %e ca%a (na %e #a" 3rea" %e #a" %i"cip#ina" e"pec)!ica". A%e'3"9 e# (" %e
p(nt" %e re!erencia %e,a e"paci para #a %i+er"i%a%9 #a #i-erta% 4 #a a(tn')aH e"a" cn%icine"
p(e%en "er 'anteni%a" 4 0aranti;a%a" pr #a "e#eccin %e e#e'ent" cr(cia#e" 4 pr #a"
%i!erente" c'-inacine" p"i-#e" %e #" 'i"'"9 a# e#e0ir pcine" c'p#e'entaria"
a#ternati+a"9 a# "e0(ir %i!erente" pa""9 etc. La %i+er"i%a%9 #a #i-erta% 4 #a a(tn')a caracteri;an
#a i%enti%a% e(rpea 4 n(nca p%r3n %e,ar"e %e #a% en (n pr4ect a(t1ntica'ente e(rpe. E#
(" %e p(nt" %e re!erencia ta'-i1n %e,a #(0ar a# %ina'i"'. E"t" ac(er%" n e"t3n e"crit"
"-re pie%ra "in :(e e"t3n en (n prce" cn"tante %e e+#(cin en (na "cie%a% "ie'pre
ca'-iante c(4a" nece"i%a%e" 4 +a#re" e"t3n ##a'a%" a "er+ir. Otr ra"0 "i0ni!icati+ %e
Tuning e" "( c'pr'i" %e cn"i%erar #" t)t(#" en t1r'in" %e re"(#ta%" %e# apren%i;a,e 4
partic(#ar'ente en t1r'in" %e c'petencia"H 0en1rica" Bin"tr('enta#e"9 interper"na#e" 4
"i"t1'ica"C 4 c'petencia" e"pec)!ica" a ca%a 3rea te'3tica B:(e inc#(4en #a" %e"tre;a" 4 e#
cnci'ientC. L" cic#" pri'er 4 "e0(n% Aan "i% %e"crit" en t1r'in" %e p(nt" %e
re!erencia acr%a%" 4 %in3'ic"H re"(#ta%" %e# apren%i;a,e 4 c'petencia" a "er %e"arr##a%a"
4 #0ra%a". E# atracti+ %e #a" c'petencia" c'para-#e" 4 #" re"(#ta%" %e# apren%i;a,e e" :(e
per'iten !#e2i-i#i%a% 4 a(tn')a en #a cn"tr(ccin %e# c(rr)c(#. A# 'i"' tie'p9
cn"tit(4en #a" -a"e" para !r'(#ar in%ica%re" %e ni+e# :(e p(e%an "er c'pren%i%" 4
e#a-ra%" cn,(nta'ente. A e"te re"pect9 "i -ien #a" c'petencia" re#acina%a" cn ca%a 3rea
%e e"t(%i "n cr(cia#e" para c(a#:(ier t)t(# 4 "e re!ieren a #a e"peci!ici%a% prpia %e (n ca'p
%e e"t(%i9 #a" c'petencia" 0en1rica" i%enti!ican #" e#e'ent" c'parti%" :(e p(e%en "er
c'(ne" a c(a#:(ier tit(#acin9 ta#e" c' #a capaci%a% %e apren%er9 %e t'ar %eci"ine"9 %e
%i"e6ar pr4ect"9 #a" %e"tre;a" a%'ini"trati+a"9 etc.9 :(e "n c'(ne" a t%" a #a 'a4r)a %e
#a" tit(#acine". En (na "cie%a% ca'-iante %n%e #a" %e'an%a" tien%en a Aa##ar"e en cn"tante
re!r'(#acin9 e"a" c'petencia" 4 %e"tre;a" 0en1rica" "n %e 0ran i'prtancia. M3" aNn9 #a
'a4r)a %e 1"ta" p(e%en %e"arr##ar"e9 n(trir"e %e"tr(ir"e pr en!:(e" %e en"e6an;a 4

- $$ -
apren%i;a,e 4 pr 'ateria#e" aprpia%" inaprpia%". En e# pr4ect Tuning #a e#eccin %e #a"
c'petencia" c' p(nt" %in3'ic" %e re!erencia aprta '(cAa" +enta,a"H
aC 8'enta #a tran"parencia en #" per!i#e" pr!e"ina#e" 4 aca%1'ic" %e #a" tit(#acine" 4
pr0ra'a" %e e"t(%i 4 !a+rece (n 1n!a"i" ca%a +e; 'a4r en #" re"(#ta%"
En #a re!#e2in "-re #" per!i#e" aca%1'ic" 4 pr!e"ina#e"9 #a" c'petencia" e'er0en c'
(n principi rienta%r para #a "e#eccin %e #a c#a"e %e cnci'ient" :(e p(e%en "er
aprpia%" para -,eti+" e"pec)!ic". E"te principi tiene (na capaci%a% inAerente para e"c0er9
%entr %e (na a'p#ia 0a'a %e p"i-i#i%a%e"9 # :(e p(e%e "er a%ec(a%. E# 1n!a"i" en :(e #"
e"t(%iante" a%:(ieran '3" c'petencia" %eter'ina%a" p(e%e a!ectar p"iti+a'ente #a
tran"parencia en #a %e!inicin %e #" -,eti+" !i,a%" para (n pr0ra'a e%(cati+ e"pec)!ic.
E"t "e cn"i0(e a# a6a%ir in%ica%re" :(e p(e%an "er 'e%i%" 'etic(#"a'ente9 'ientra" "e
e"ta-#ece :(e e"" -,eti+" tienen :(e "er '3" %in3'ic" 4 '3" acr%e" cn #a" nece"i%a%e" %e
#a "cie%a% 4 %e# e'p#e. E"te ca'-i ##e+a nr'a#'ente a (na tran"!r'acin en e# en!:(e %e
#a" acti+i%a%e" e%(cati+a"9 %e #" 'ateria#e" %e en"e6an;a 4 %e (na 0ran +arie%a% %e "it(acine"
e%(cati+a"9 p(e"t :(e !a+rece #a participacin "i"te'3tica %e# e"t(%iante9 in%i+i%(a#'ente en
0r(p9 en #a preparacin %e tra-a," pertinente"9 pre"entacine"9 retrin!r'acin r0ani;a%a9
etc. A%e'3"9 Aa4 (n ca'-i %e 1n!a"i" %e !i,ar"e en # :(e "e #e" %a a #" e"t(%iante" BinputC "e
pa"a a #a i'prtancia %e #" re"(#ta%" BoutputC. E"t ##e+a cn"i0 (n re!#e, en #a e+a#(acin
%e# %e"e'pe6 %e #" e"t(%iante"9 :(e "e %e"p#a;a %e# cnci'ient c' re!erencia %'inante
B4 a +ece" NnicaC Aacia (na e+a#(acin centra%a en #a" c'petencia"9 capaci%a%e" 4 prce"".
E"te ca'-i "e re!#e,a en #a e+a#(acin %e# tra-a, 4 #a" acti+i%a%e" re#acina%a" cn e# a+ance
%e# e"t(%iante Aacia e# #0r %e #" per!i#e" aca%1'ic" 4 pr!e"ina#e" %e!ini%" cn
anteriri%a%. E"te 0ir "e '(e"tra ta'-i1n en #a +arie%a% %e en!:(e" %e e+a#(acin :(e p(e%en
("ar"e Bprta!#i9 t(tr)a9 tra-a, per"na#C 4 en "it(acine" %e apren%i;a,e. E# (" %e
c'petencia" 4 %e"tre;a" B,(nt cn e# cnci'ientC 4 e# 1n!a"i" en #" re"(#ta%" Boutputs)
a6a%en tra i'prtante %i'en"in :(e p(e%e e:(i#i-rar #a %i!erencia en #a #n0it(% %e #"
pr0ra'a" %e e"t(%i. La %e!inicin %e per!i#e" aca%1'ic" 4 pr!e"ina#e" para cnce%er (na
tit(#acin e"t3 )nti'a'ente #i0a%a a #a i%enti!icacin 4 %e"arr## %e c'petencia" 4 %e"tre;a" 4
a #a" %eci"ine" "-re #a !r'a c' e# e"t(%iante %e-e a%:(irir#a" en (n pr0ra'a %e e"t(%i".
Para #0rar e"ta 'eta9 n e" "(!iciente e# tra-a, %e aca%1'ic" ai"#a%". E# te'a %e-e "er
en!ca% en !r'a tran"+er"a# a tra+1" %e #" c(rr)c(#" %e (n %eter'ina% pr0ra'a %e"tina%
a tr0ar (na tit(#acin. La tran"parencia 4 #a ca#i%a% %e #" per!i#e" aca%1'ic" 4 pr!e"ina#e"
"n i'prtante" +enta,a" c(an% "e trata %e #a p"i-i#i%a% %e acce%er a# '(n% %e# tra-a, 4 a#
e,ercici re"pn"a-#e %e #a ci(%a%an)aS e# acrecenta'ient %e #a ca#i%a% 4 #a cn"i"tencia c'
e"!(er; cn,(nt %e-e "er priritari para #a" in"tit(cine" e(rpea". La %e!inicin %e per!i#e"
aca%1'ic" 4 pr!e"ina#e" 4 e# %e"arr## %e #a" 3rea" %e c'petencia" re:(eri%a"9 re!(er;an #a
ca#i%a% en t1r'in" %e en!:(e 4 tran"parencia9 -,eti+"9 prce"" 4 re"(#ta%".

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-C De"arr## %e# n(e+ para%i0'a %e e%(cacin pri'r%ia#'ente centra%a en e# e"t(%iante 4 #a
nece"i%a% %e enca(;ar"e Aacia #a 0e"tin %e# cnci'ient.
En e# para%i0'a en"e6an;a-apren%i;a,e "e e"t3 pr%(cien% (n ca'-i :(e "(-ra4a ca%a +e;
'3" #a i'prtancia %e (na e%(cacin centra%a en e# "(,et :(e apren%e. P%r)a %ecir"e :(e #a
nece"i%a% %e recncer 4 +a#rar e# apren%i;a,e tiene "( i'pact en #a" c(a#i!icacine" 4 en #a
cn"tr(ccin %e pr0ra'a" e%(cati+" :(e cn%(;can a tit(#acine" %eter'ina%a". En e"te
cnte2t9 #a cn"i%eracin %e c'petencia" ,(nt cn #a cn"i%eracin %e cnci'ient" !rece
inn('era-#e" +enta,a" :(e e"t3n en ar'n)a cn #a" %e'an%a" :(e "(r0en %e# n(e+ para%i0'a.
E"t "(pne (n %e"p#a;a'ient %e (na e%(cacin centra%a en #a en"e6an;a Aacia (na e%(cacin
centra%a en e# apren%i;a,e. Re!#e2inan% "-re #" %i!erente" a"pect" :(e caracteri;an e"ta
ten%encia9 e" e+i%ente #a re#e+ancia %e# en!:(e centra% en #a" c'petencia". E# para%i0'a
anterir i'p#ica-a (n 1n!a"i" en #a a%:(i"icin 4 tran"'i"in %e# cnci'ient. L" e#e'ent"
para e# ca'-i %e %icA para%i0'a inc#(4enH (na e%(cacin '3" centra%a en e# e"t(%iante9 (na
tran"!r'acin %e# pape# %e# e%(ca%r9 (na n(e+a %e!inicin %e -,eti+"9 (n ca'-i en e#
en!:(e %e #a" acti+i%a%e" e%(cati+a"9 (n %e"p#a;a'ient %e# 1n!a"i" en #" "('ini"tr" %e
cnci'ient" BinputC a #" re"(#ta%" Boutput) 4 (n ca'-i en #a r0ani;acin %e# apren%i;a,e.
E# inter1" en e# %e"arr## %e c'petencia" en #" pr0ra'a" e%(cati+" cnc(er%a cn (n
en!:(e %e #a e%(cacin centra% pri'r%ia#'ente en e# e"t(%iante 4 en "( capaci%a% %e
apren%er9 :(e e2i0e '3" prta0ni"' 4 cta" '3" a#ta" %e c'pr'i" p(e"t :(e e" e#
e"t(%iante :(ien %e-e %e"arr##ar #a capaci%a% %e 'ane,ar in!r'acin ri0ina#9 -("car#a 4
e+a#(ar#a en (na !r'a '3" +aria%a B-i-#iteca9 pr!e"re"9 Internet9 etc.C. E"te p(nt %e +i"ta
Aace 1n!a"i" en :(e e# e"t(%iante9 e# :(e apren%e9 e" e# centr %e# prce". Pr cn"i0(iente9
a!ecta #a 'anera %e enca(;ar #a" acti+i%a%e" e%(cati+a" 4 #a r0ani;acin %e# cnci'ient9 :(e
pa"an a "er re0i%" pr #a" 'eta" %e# e"t(%iante. A!ecta ta'-i1n #a e+a#(acin a# %e"p#a;ar"e %e#
"('ini"tr a #" re"(#ta%" Bro% input to output) 4 a #" prce"" 4 cnte2t" %e# :(e apren%e.
cC La" %e'an%a" creciente" %e (na "cie%a% %e apren%i;a,e per'anente 4 %e (na 'a4r
!#e2i-i#i%a% en #a r0ani;acin %e# apren%i;a,e. La W"cie%a% %e# cnci'ientX e" ta'-i1n #a
`"cie%a% %e# apren%i;a,e a9 E"ta i%ea "itNa in'e%iata'ente #a e%(cacin en (n cnte2t '3"
a'p#iH e# prce" ininterr('pi% %e apren%i;a,e per'anente.
%C Se tienen en c(enta #a -N":(e%a %e 'a4re" ni+e#e" %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% 4 %e ci(%a%an)a
De AecA9 #a re!#e2in "-re #a re#acin entre c'petencia" 4 e'p#e e" '(4 anti0(a. La
-N":(e%a %e (na 'e,r 'anera %e pre%ecir (n %e"e'pe6 pr%(cti+ en e# #(0ar %e tra-a, '3"
a##3 %e #a" 'e%i%a" %e inte#i0encia9 per"na#i%a% 4 cnci'ient"9 "e cn"i%era a 'en(% c'
e# p(nt %e parti%a %e #a re!#e2in "-re c'petencia". E"te 1n!a"i" "-re e# %e"e'pe6 en e#
tra-a, cntinNa "ien% %e +ita# i'prtancia. S( "i0ni!icacin en e# cnte2t %e #a Cn+encin
%e Sa#a'anca "e re!iere e"pecia#'ente a #a p"i-i#i%a% %e cn"e0(ir e'p#e9 :(e tiene :(e
re!#e,ar"e %e %i!erente" 'anera" en e# c(rr)c(#. De"%e #a per"pecti+a %e# pr4ect Tuning9 #"

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re"(#ta%" %e# apren%i;a,e +an '3" a##3 %e# e'p#e para inc#(ir ta'-i1n #a" %e'an%a" 4 ni+e#e"
:(e #a c'(ni%a% aca%1'ica Aa e"ta-#eci% en re#acin cn c(a#i!icacine" e"pec)!ica". Per e#
e'p#e e" (n e#e'ent i'prtante. En e"te cnte2t #a" c'petencia" 4 #a" %e"tre;a" p(e%en
re#acinar"e 'e,r 4 p(e%en a4(%ar a #" 0ra%(a%" a re"#+er pr-#e'a" cr(cia#e" en ciert"
ni+e#e" %e c(pacin en (na ecn')a en per'anente prce" %e ca'-i. E"te tiene :(e "er (n
%e #" te'a" %e an3#i"i" en #a creacin %e pr0ra'a" 4 (ni%a%e" a tra+1" %e #a re!#e2in 4
e+#(cin cn"tante". La cn"i%eracin %e e%(cacin para e# e'p#e tiene :(e 'arcAar para#e#a
a (na e%(cacin para #a re"pn"a-i#i%a% c' ci(%a%an9 e" %ecir9 #a -#i0acin %e %e"arr##ar"e
c' per"na 4 "er capa; %e a"('ir re"pn"a-i#i%a%e" "cia#e". De ac(er% a# in!r'e %e
"e0(i'ient %e #a Cn+encin %e Li"-a9 e" e"encia# ta'-i1n !aci#itar e# acce" %e t%" #"
in%i+i%(" a #a e%(cacin.
eC Un i'p(#" a #a %i'en"in e(rpea %e #a e%(cacin "(perir
A# crear"e e# E"paci E(rpe %e E%(cacin S(perir9 #a cn"i%eracin cn,(nta %e
c'petencia" 4 cnci'ient" pr #a" (ni+er"i%a%e" e(rpea" cntri-(ir3 a# %e"arr## %e
tit(#acine" c'para-#e" 4 %e !3ci# #ect(ra 4 %e (n "i"te'a -a"a% e"encia#'ente en %" cic#"
principa#e".
!C E# "('ini"tr %e (n #en0(a,e '3" a%ec(a% para e# interca'-i 4 e# %i3#0 cn #"
intere"a%".
E# ca'-i 4 +arie%a% %e cnte2t" e2i0e (na in+e"ti0acin cn"tante %e #a" %e'an%a" "cia#e"
para #a e#a-racin %e #" per!i#e" aca%1'ic" 4 pr!e"ina#e". E"t "(-ra4a #a nece"i%a% %e
interca'-iar 4 re+i"ar cn"tante'ente #a in!r'acin "-re # :(e e" acepta-#e aprpia%. E#
#en0(a,e %e #a" c'petencia"9 p(e"t :(e +iene %e !(era %e #a aca%e'ia9 p%r)a cn"i%erar"e
'3" a%ec(a% para e# interca'-i 4 e# %i3#0 cn 0r(p" :(e n e"t3n %irecta'ente
in+#(cra%" en #a +i%a aca%1'ica per :(e p(e%en cntri-(ir a #a re!#e2in nece"aria para e#
%e"arr## %e n(e+a" tit(#acine" 4 a #a creacin %e (n "i"te'a per'anente para 'antener a# %)a
#" 4a e2i"tente". En e# pr4ect Tuning- #a nece"i%a% %e cn"(#ta "cia# re"pn%i aH
bE# %e"e %e iniciar e# %i3#0 cn,(nt a ni+e# e(rpe en e# ca'p %e #a" c'petencia" 4
%e"tre;a"9 'e%iante #a cn"(#ta a 0r(p" !(era %e# 3'-it aca%1'ic B0ra%(a%" 4 e'p#ea%re"C
a") c' ta'-i1n9 %e"%e (na per"pecti+a '3" a'p#ia9 a tr" 0r(p" re#acina%" cn e# '(n%
aca%1'ic Baparte %e #" repre"entante" %e Tuning- %e ca%a (na %e #a" 3rea" %e e"t(%i"
in+#(cra%a"C.
bE# intent %e rec0er in!r'acin act(a#i;a%a para re!#e2inar "-re #a" p"i-#e" ten%encia" 4
e# 0ra% %e +arie%a% 4 ca'-i en t%a E(rpa.
bE# %e"e %e partir %e"%e #a e2periencia 4 #a rea#i%a% para a#can;ar ni+e#e" %e %i+er"i%a% %e
a"pect" c'(ne" entre #" %i!erente" pa)"e"9 p#antean% e# %e-ate cn interr0ante" e"pec)!ic"
4 (n #en0(a,e cncret.

- 71 -
bLa i'prtancia %e en!car #a re!#e2in 4 e# %e-ate a tre" ni+e#e" %i!erente"H e# ni+e#
in"tit(cina# B-3"ic para :(e tr" p(e%an tener #(0arC9 e# ni+e# %e 3rea te'3tica B(n p(nt %e
re!erencia para #a" in"tit(cine" %e e%(cacin "(perirC 4 e# ni+e# %e# cn,(nt %e #a"
in"tit(cine" participante" B(n "e0(n% p(nt %e re!erencia re#ati+ a #a "it(acin a ni+e#
e(rpeC.
bCn re"pect a #a i'prtancia9 e"t" %" 0r(p" cn"i%eran :(e #a" c'petencia" '3"
i'prtante" a %e"arr##ar "nH #a capaci%a% %e an3#i"i" 4 ")nte"i"S #a capaci%a% %e apren%erS #a
Aa-i#i%a% para re"#+er pr-#e'a"S #a capaci%a% %e ap#icar e# cnci'ientS #a capaci%a% %e
a%aptar"e a "it(acine" n(e+a"S #a prec(pacin pr #a ca#i%a%S #a" %e"tre;a" para 'ane,ar #a
in!r'acin 4 #a capaci%a% %e tra-a,ar a(tn'a'ente 4 en 0r(p.
bEn e# #a% p(e"t in!erir %e #a e"ca#a9 aparecenH #a c'pren"in %e #a" c(#t(ra" 4
c"t('-re" %e tr" pa)"e"S #a +a#racin %e #a %i+er"i%a% 4 e# '(#tic(#t(ra#i"'S #a Aa-i#i%a% %e
tra-a,ar en (n cnte2t internacina#S e# #i%era;0S #a" %e"tre;a" in+e"ti0ati+a"S e# cnci'ient
%e %i"e6 4 0e"tin %e pr4ect" 4 e# cnci'ient %e (n "e0(n% i%i'a. Un a"pect
"rpren%ente e" #a cncentracin %e #a" c'petencia" internacina#e" en e# #a% in!erir %e #a
e"ca#a cn re"pect a "( i'prtancia. E"t a-re (n nN'er %e interr0ante" :(e nece"itar)an (n
an3#i"i" p"terir. Cn re"pect a #a rea#i;acin9 #" p(nt" :(e aparecen '3" a#t" en #a e"ca#a9
en pinin %e #" 0ra%(a%"9 "nH #a capaci%a% %e apren%erS #" cnci'ient" 0enera#e" -3"ic"S
#a capaci%a% %e tra-a,ar a(tn'a'enteS #a capaci%a% para e# an3#i"i" 4 #a ")nte"i"S #a" %e"tre;a"
para 'ane,ar #a in!r'acinS #a" %e"tre;a" %e in+e"ti0acinS #a Aa-i#i%a% para "#(cinar
pr-#e'a"S #a prec(pacin pr #a ca#i%a% 4 #a +#(nta% %e tener 12it. Sei" %e e"" p(nt" "n
cn"i%era%" i'prtante" pr 0ra%(a%" 4 e'p#ea%re" 4 #0rarn #a apreciacin '3" a#ta en #a
e"ca#a. La" re"tante" re!#e,an #a" tarea" :(e #a" (ni+er"i%a%e" Aan e!ect(a% tra%icina#'ente
%(rante "i0#". La" c'petencia" :(e "e "e6a#an en e# #a% p(e"t in!erir %e #a e"ca#a "nH #a
capaci%a% %e #i%era;0S #a c'pren"in %e #a" c"t('-re" 4 c(#t(ra" %e tr" pa)"e"S e#
cnci'ient %e (n "e0(n% i%i'aS #a Aa-i#i%a% para c'(nicar"e cn e2pert" %e tr"
ca'p"S #a capaci%a% %e tra-a,ar en (n cnte2t internacina# 4 #a Aa-i#i%a% %e tra-a,ar cn (n
e:(ip inter%i"cip#inari. E" nta-#e :(e t%a" e"a" c'petencia" apare;can ta'-i1n a# !ina# en
#a #i"ta :(e "e re!iere a #a i'prtancia. Cn re"pect a #a +ariacin en #a c#a"i!icacin 4 e#
i'pact pr pa)"9 Aa4 1* p(nt" :(e n '(e"tran +ariacin a#0(na. Entre e##" Aa4 tre" %e #a"
c'petencia" :(e aparecen en e# parte '3" a#ta %e #a e"ca#a 4 ta'-i1n %" %e e##a" a# !ina#. Die;
p(nt" '(e"tran (n e!ect pr pa)" '(4 #e+e 'ientra" :(e "iete c'petencia" '(e"tran (n
e!ect "i0ni!icati+ pr pa)".

- 7& -

5.1.5. Cnc#("ine".

Tuning %e'(e"tra :(e p(e%e #0rar"e #a cn+er0encia %entr %e# p#en re"pet a #a
%i+er"i%a% 4 :(e p(e%e cn%(cir a (na re!#e2in p"terir 4 a (na 'e,r ca#i%a% %e #a e%(cacin
"(perir. E"te pr4ect Aa e2pre"a% c#ara'ente :(e #a Nnica !r'a !ia-#e %e c'parar #"
pr0ra'a" %e e"t(%i :(e !recen #a" in"tit(cine" %e e%(cacin "(perir e" e"t(%iar
c(i%a%"a'ente #" re"(#ta%" %e# apren%i;a,e 4 #a" c'petencia". A# %e!inir #" re"(#ta%" %e#
apren%i;a,e aprpia%"9 "e p(e%en e"ta-#ecer patrne" en # :(e re"pecta a# ni+e# re:(eri% %e
cnteni% 4 e# cnci'ient teric 4T e2peri'enta# re#acina% cn ca%a 3rea %e e"t(%i9 a #a"
%e"tre;a" aca%1'ica" 4 %e ca%a 3rea te'3tica 4 a #a" c'petencia" 0en1rica". Cn #a e2cepcin
%e #a" N#ti'a"9 #a" c'petencia" %i!ieren %e %i"cip#ina a %i"cip#ina. Para e#a-rar pr0ra'a" '3"
tran"parente" 4 c'para-#e" a ni+e# e(rpe9 e" nece"ari %e"arr##ar re"(#ta%" %e# apren%i;a,e
4 c'petencia" para ca%a tit(#acin recnci%a. E"" re"(#ta%" %e# apren%i;a,e %e-en "er
capace" %e "er i%enti!ica%" 4 e+a#(a%" en e# pr0ra'a :(e pta a %icAa tit(#acin. L"
re"(#ta%" %e# apren%i;a,e n %e-en "er e+a#(a%" tan "# a ni+e# %e c(a#i!icacine" !r'a#e"
c' "n #" t)t(#"9 pr e,e'p#9 "in ta'-i1n a ni+e# %e '%(#" c(r"". La inc#("in %e
re"(#ta%" %e# apren%i;a,e en #a parte 4 en #a tta#i%a% %e# c(rr)c(# e"ti'(#a "( cn"i"tencia9
p(e"t :(e Aacen e2p#)cit # :(e e# e"t(%iante %e-e apren%er. E" -+i :(e #a ac('(#acin 4 #a
tran"!erencia %e cr1%it" "e !aci#itan pr #a e2p"icin c#ara %e #" re"(#ta%" %e# apren%i;a,e.
E"t" Aar3n p"i-#e in%icar cn preci"in #" #0r" pr #" c(a#e" "e cnce%en Aan "i%
cnce%i%" #" cr1%it". La %e!inicin %e #" re"(#ta%" %e# apren%i;a,eTc'petencia" e" #a
re"pn"a-i#i%a% %e# pr!e"ra%. S# #" e"pecia#i"ta" %e# 'i"' ca'p "er3n capace" %e
!r'(#ar re"(#ta%" %e# apren%i;a,e cn+eniente"9 a pe"ar %e :(e e" +3#i% ta'-i1n cn"(#tar
cn tra" per"na" intere"a%a" en e# te'a %entr en #a "cie%a%. E# AecA %e :(e "e Aa4a
internacina#i;a% e# "ectr %e e%(cacin "(perir 4 :(e #a" in"tit(cine" 4 #a" %i"cip#ina"
c'pitan a ni+e# 0#-a# en n(e"tr" %)a"9 Aace nece"ari :(e #" re"(#ta%" %e# apren%i;a,e '3"
0enera#e" para ca%a %i"cip#ina ca'p %e e"t(%i" "ean %i"e6a%" a (n ni+e# "(pranacina#. A#
%e!inir #" re"(#ta%" %e# apren%i;a,e %e e"ta 'anera9 "e %e"arr##an p(nt" %e re!erencia
e(rpe" (ni+er"a#e" :(e "er)an #a" -a"e" para (na 0arant)a %e ca#i%a% 4 (na e+a#(acin interna9
nacina# e internacina#. Una %e #a" 'a4re" tarea" %e# pr4ect Tuning Educational Structures
in Europe e" e# %e"arr## %e #a 'et%#0)a para #a %e!inicin %e re"(#ta%" %e#
apren%i;a,eTc'petencia". E"ta 'et%#0)a %e-er)a !recer Aerra'ienta" para en!rentar
ca'-i" reciente" c' #a internacina#i;acin %e# tra-a, 4 #a e%(cacin9 #a pr#n0acin %e
#" e"t(%i" aca%1'ic" c' e!ect %e #a intr%(ccin %e# "i"te'a %e %" cic#" 4 #a e%(cacin
per'anente. En e# '(n% %e A4 #a en"e6an;a tra%icina# Aa "i% parcia#'ente ree'p#a;a%a pr
n(e+" tip" %e en"e6an;a 4 apren%i;a,e 4 #a" in"tit(cine" %e e%(cacin "(perir tra%icina#e"

- 7* -
e2peri'entan ca%a +e; '3" #a c'petencia %e in"tit(cine" "e'e,ante" a e##a" 4 %e in"tit(cine"
n tra%icina#e" :(e !recen prt(ni%a%e" n+e%"a" 4 atracti+a" para #" e"t(%iante". E"
cn+eniente para #a "cie%a% c' (n t% :(e #" e"t(%iante" enc(entren "( ca'in en (n 3rea
e%(cati+a 0#-a#. Tran"parencia e" #a pa#a-ra c#a+e n "# para e"a 3rea "in ta'-i1n para #"
pr0ra'a" :(e ##e+an a #a" tit(#acine". La 0arant)a %e ca#i%a% 4 #a acre%itacin !r'an parte
inte0ra# %e e"te c(a%r. La c'petiti+i%a% e2i0e #a tran"parencia en #a %e!inicin %e re"(#ta%"
%e# apren%i;a,e 4 %e c'petencia" 4 (n "i"te'a %e cr1%it" :(e per'ita #a c'paracin. A e"te
re"pect9 "n cr(cia#e" #a 'et%#0)a 4 Aerra'ienta" %e# ECTS Bac(er%" %e apren%i;a,e9
tran"!erencia %e Ai"tria# aca%1'ic 4 Ben (n !(t(rC %e"criptre" %e ni+e# 4 %e c(r""C9 :(e "e
a,("ten a #a" nece"i%a%e" %e #" e"t(%iante" :(e "e %e"p#a;an a tra (ni+er"i%a% #" :(e "e
:(e%an en "( pa)". L 'i"' p(e%e %ecir"e %e# S(p#e'ent a# Dip#'a. La capaci%a% %e
cn"e0(ir e'p#e en (n cnte2t nacina# internacina# e" +ita# para e# e"t(%iante %e A4 %)a.
E## i'p#ica :(e e# e"t(%iante -("car3 pr0ra'a" %e e"t(%i :(e 'e,r "e a,("ten a "("
Aa-i#i%a%e". La c'para-i#i%a% re:(iere n "#a'ente "i"te'a" c'para-#e" %e e%(cacin
"(perir a ni+e# e(rpe "in ta'-i1n e"tr(ct(ra" 4 cnteni% %e e"t(%i" c'para-#e". La
%e!inicin %e re"(#ta%" %e# apren%i;a,e 4 c'petencia" 4 e# (" %e# ECTS c' "i"te'a %e
tran"!erencia 4 ac('(#acin %e cr1%it" "e a,("tar3 a t%" e"" -,eti+". A pe"ar %e :(e Aa"ta
e# ''ent "e Aa #0ra% '(cA cn e# Pr4ect Tuning9 e" -+i :(e Aa4 t%a+)a '(cA
tra-a, pr Aacer. En pri'er #(0ar9 e" nece"ari %i"e'inar #" re"(#ta%" pr %i!erente" cana#e"9
(n %e #" c(a#e" e" e# pre"ente in!r'e. En "e0(n% #(0ar9 "e nece"itan e"t(%i" '3"
e#a-ra%" a") c' "'eter a pr(e-a #" re"(#ta%" act(a#e" en tra" 3rea" %e e"t(%i. Pr e"ta"
ra;ne"9 "e Aa p#anea% (na !a"e II %e# Pr4ect Tuning :(e "e e"pera c'en;ar en #" pri'er"
'e"e" %e# a6 &//* 4 ten%r3 (n per)% %e tra-a, %e %" a6"9 c' # t(+ e# Pr4ect
Tuning /. La pri'era 'eta %e Tuning // e" %e"arr##ar '3" #" en!:(e" re#ati+" a #a en"e6an;a9
#a e+a#(acin 4 en#a;ar #" re"(#ta%" %e Tuning cn #a 0arant)a %e ca#i%a% 4 e+a#(acin a")
c' cn #" r0ani"'" pr!e"ina#e".

5.&. Career" a!ter =i0Aer E%(catin a E(rpean Re"earcA S(r+e4. BC=EERS 1777-&///C

En 1777 "e p(" en 'arcAa e# pr4ect Careers alter Higher Education a European
Research Survey BC=EERSC :(e !(e %e"arr##a% entre #" a6" 1777 4 &///. En %icA
pr4ect "e enc(e"t a '3" %e *../// 0ra%(a%" pr+eniente" %e nce pa)"e" E(rpe"H A("tria9
A#e'ania9 8rancia9 Pa)"e" Ka,"9 S(ecia9 8in#an%ia9 8rancia9 Rein Uni%9 (n pa)" %e E8TA
BNr(e0aC (n %e #" Pa)"e" %e E(rpa Centra# 4 %e# E"te en tran"icin BRepN-#ica CAecaC 4
E"pa6a9 "in #+i%arn" %e Mapn :(e ta'-i1n particip en e# pr0ra'a a pe"ar %e "er (n pa)"
ecn'ica'ente %e"arr##a% n e(rpe9 #" e0re"a%" ten)an "( tit(#acin Aace c(atr a6".
En (n pri'er ''ent e# e"t(%i t(+ e# n'-re !icia# %e WHigher Education and a @raduate

- 74 -
E%ploy%ent in EuropeX BE%(cacin S(perir 4 E'p#e %e Ira%(a%" en E(rpaC 4 !(e '3"
a%e#ante c(an% a%:(iere #a n'enc#at(ra act(a#.
En e# c(e"tinari

BAne2 *C (ti#i;a% en %icA pr4ect "e tra-a,an te'a" ta#e" c' #a
-N":(e%a %e tra-a,9 #a tran"icin entre E%(cacin S(perir 4 e# e'p#e 4 #a "it(acin #a-ra#
%(rante #" pri'er" a6" p"terire" a# e0re". DicA c(e"tinari !(e (n %e #" rec(r"" :(e
(ti#ic1 para e#a-rar e# :(e en "( %)a !(e (n %e #" tra-a," te"ina" para #a pre"entacin %e#
DEA en e# :(e in+e"ti0(e e# te'a %e c'petencia" 4 actit(%e" %e #" e0re"a" ante #a in"ercin
en e# 'erca% #a-ra# 4 e# p"terir e,ercici %e "( pr!e"in BAne2 &C. E# c(3# a "( +e; "ent
(na %e #a" -a"e" para #a p#ani!icacin %e# c(e"tinari e#a-ra% para #a inter+encin ##e+a%a a
caen e"ta te"i".
8ina#'ente "e rea#i;an (na "erie %e pre0(nta" "-re #a !r'acin cntin(a9 #a !r'acin
%e"p(1" %e #a tit(#acin 4 #a pinin %e #" e0re"a%" "-re #a" per"pecti+a" pr!e"ina#e" a
#ar0 p#a;. Entre #a" pre0(nta" p#antea%a" "e enc(entra" #a prce%encia "ci--i#0ica9 #"
rec(r"" 4 #a" cn%icine" %e e"t(%i. DicA e"t(%i preten%)a prprcinar (na -a"e cncept(a#9
'et%#0ica e in"tr('enta# para rea#i;ar p"terire" enc(e"ta" a 0ran e"ca#a en e# !(t(r cn
te'3tica "i'i#ar.
Una +i"in c'parati+a %e #" re"(#ta%" Aa##a%" en !(ncin %e# pa)" %e #" 0ra%(a%"
p(e%e encntrar"e en ScA'-(r0 4 TeicA#er B&/11C c(4" re"(#ta%" re+e#arn (na 'arca%a
%i+er"i%a% entre #" %i!erente" pa)"e" en # re!erente a #a e%(cacin "(perir 4 a #" +)nc(#"
entre %icAa e%(cacin "(perir9 e# e'p#e 4 e# tip %e tra-a,.

5.*. TAe 8#e2i-#e Pr!e""ina# in tAe DnE#e%0e Sciet4. NeE De'an%" n =i0Aer E%(catin
in E(rpe BRE8LEFC BANECA&//7C

E# pr4ect RE8LEF e" (na %e #a" Aerencia" :(e n" %e, e# pr4ect C=EERS
anterir'ente n'-ra%9 pr # tant a partir %e e"te N#ti' pr4ect "e p#antea c' -,eti+
(ti#i;ar9 re!inar 4 a'p#iar #a in!r'acin9 #a" i%ea" 4 #" in"tr('ent" %e"arr##a%"
anterir'ente.
En e"te pr4ect RE8LEF participarn catrce pa)"e" %e E(rpa 4 Mapn. A partir %e #a
enc(e"ta rea#i;a%a en e# 'arc %e e"te pr4ect "e -t(+iern -a"e" %e %at" pr pa)"e"9 cn (n
tta# %e 4/.7$7 enc(e"ta".
E# pr4ect RE8LEF "e centr en e# an3#i"i" %e #a" "i0(iente" c(e"tine"H
o >(1 c'petencia" re:(er)an #" e0re"a%" (ni+er"itari".
o >(1 r# ,(e0an #a" (ni+er"i%a%e" en e# %e"arr## %e %icAa" c'petencia".
o >(1 ten"ine" "(r0en cn #" e'pre"ari".
En e# pr4ect RE8LEF !(e !inancia% cn rec(r"" %e# Se2t Pr0ra'a Marc %e #a
Unin E(rpea 4 participarn #" "i0(iente" pa)"e"H A#e'ania9 A("tria9 E"pa6a9 8in#an%ia9

- 75 -
8rancia9 Ita#ia9 Nr(e0a9 Pa)"e" Ka,"9 Rein Uni%9 K1#0ica9 RepN-#ica CAeca9 Prt(0a#9 S(i;a9
Mapn 4 E"tnia.
En #a act(a#i%a% "e e"t3 tra-a,an% en #" pri'er" an3#i"i" 4 p(-#icacine"9 %e #"
c(a#e" "e e"t3n -tenien% re"(#ta%" '(4 intere"ante" "-re #a in"ercin #a-ra# 4 #a"
c'petencia" %e #" 0ra%(a%" a ni+e# internacina#.
E" "i0ni!icati+ %e"tacar :(e "e %e"arr## (n pr4ect para e"ta-#ecer (n 'arc %e
c#a-racin entre (ni%a%e" %e e'p#e %e #a" (ni+er"i%a%e" 4 ANECA9 cn #a !ina#i%a% %e
c'partir in!r'acin "-re #a in"ercin #a-ra# %e #" tit(#a%" (ni+er"itari". En e# pr4ect
participarn 4& (ni+er"i%a%e"9 "e %e"arr## en c(atr !a"e" %i!erente" 4 ca%a (na %e #a" !a"e"
!(e cr%ina%a pr (na (ni+er"i%a%. D(rante #a pri'era !a"e9 "e tra-a,arn #" '%e#" %e -a"e"
%e %at" 4 #a (ti#i;acin :(e "e Aace %e #a" 'i"'a". En #a "e0(n%a !a"e9 "e re%act e# In!r'e
&//.9 c(4 -,eti+ principa# era cncer #" %at" e in%ica%re"9 pre"tan% e"pecia# atencin a
#" !actre" 4 c'petencia"9 re#acina%" cn #a in"ercin #a-ra#. En #a tercera !a"e9 "e
%e"arr## (n cat3#0 %e "er+ici" 4 criteri" %e ca#i%a%9 "e i%enti!icarn #a" (ni%a%e" %e
e'p#e 4 en #a c(arta 4 N#ti'a !a"e9 "e e"ta-#eciern #a" %i"tinta" (ni%a%e" %e e'p#e9 crean%
(na e"tr(ct(ra :(e per'ita e# ca'-i %e in!r'acin entre ANECA 4 #a" 'i"'a"9 :(e per'ita
ana#i;ar c(3#e" "n #a" c'petencia" %e'an%a%a" pr e# 'erca% #a-ra# para #a" %i"tinta"
tit(#acine" (ni+er"itaria" %e !r'a peri%ica.
Dentr %e e"te 'i"' 3'-it %e acti+i%a%9 tr %e #" rec(r"" e!icace" e" e# prta#
Pe- O-"er+atri Uni+er"itari %e In"ercin La-ra# e# c(a# !(e pre"enta% e# 7 %e !e-rer %e
&//.9 e" (na Aerra'ienta para pr!e"ina#e" e"pecia#i"ta" en e# ca'p %e #" e"t(%i" "-re #a
in"ercin #a-ra# en e# 'erca% %e tra-a, %e #" e"t(%iante" Uni+er"itari"

5.4. E# pr!#e"ina# 8#e2i-#e en #a "cie%a% %e# cnci'ient BPRO8LEF9&//.C.

E# pr4ect PRO8LEF e"t3 !inancia% pr e# pr0ra'a AL8A %e #a C'i"in E(rpea.
E# -,eti+ %e e"te pr4ect e" -tener re"(#ta%" "-re #" 0ra%(a%" (ni+er"itari" %e
Latina'1rica 4 p%er e"ta-#ecer (na c'paracin entre #" pa)"e" #atina'erican"
participante" en e# pr4ect PRO8LEF 4 #" pa)"e" e(rpe" :(e participarn en e# pr4ect
RE8LEF.
La Aerra'ienta !(n%a'enta# %e# pr4ect e" (na enc(e"ta :(e trata #" a"pect"
c(a#itati+" %e #a !r'acin %e #" e0re"a%" en re#acin cn "( in"ercin #a-ra#. E"ta enc(e"ta
"e e"t3 ap#ican% en a#0(na" (ni+er"i%a%e" %e Ar0entina9 Kra"i#9 K#i+ia9 CAi#e9 C#'-ia9
=n%(ra"9 M12ic9 P(ert Ric 4 Ur(0(a4.
E# pr4ect PRO8LEF nace a partir %e #a e2periencia %e# pr4ect YTAe 8#e2i-#e
Pr!e""ina# in tAe DnE#e%0e Sciet4H NeE De'an%" n =i0Aer E%(catin in E(rpeX
RE8LEF.

- 7. -
En RE8LEF participarn in"tit(cine" %e A#e'ania9 A("tria9 E"pa6a9 8in#an%ia9
8rancia9 Ita#ia9 Nr(e0a9 Pa)"e" Ka,"9 Rein Uni%9 K1#0ica9 RepN-#ica CAeca9 Prt(0a#9 S(i;a9
Mapn 4 E"tnia. Se p%r3n rea#i;ar an3#i"i" %e 3'-it internacina# '(4 intere"ante" en e# 3rea
%e #a in"ercin #a-ra# 4 #a" c'petencia" %e #" e0re"a%" (ni+er"itari" cntan% cn #a"
4/.7$7 enc(e"ta" -teni%a" (nien% e# pr4ect RE8LEF 4 e# pr4ect PRO8LEF. La -a"e %e
%at" %e E(rpa 4 Mapn ,(nt a #a :(e "e -ten0a en Latina'1rica "er3 (na i'prtante !(ente
%e in!r'acin para e2traer cnc#("ine" %e 3'-it internacina#.

5.5. La Enc(e"ta %e In"ercin La-ra# %e #a ANECA

En e# &//4 !(e rea#i;a%a #a Encuesta de /nserci&n *aboral de la A0encia Nacina# %e #a
Ca#i%a% 4 Acre%itacin BANECAC. DicAa enc(e"ta "e #e pa" a 7.&.$ e0re"a%" %e &7
(ni+er"i%a%e" %i"tinta"9 "e centra en c(atr e#e'ent" principa#e"H
o E# prce" %e e#eccin %e #a tit(#acin 4 acce" a #a 'i"'a
o La -N":(e%a %e# pri'er e'p#e
o Sit(acin #a-ra# act(a#
o La in!#(encia perci-i%a %e #a E%(cacin S(perir en %i+er"" a"pect" #a-ra#e"
4 e2tra #a-ra#e".
E# c(e"tinari "e0()a (na enc(e"ta crn#0ica %e acnteci'ient" #a-ra#e"9
!r'ati+" 4 %e -N":(e%a %e e'p#e. E"ta-a -a"a% en #a" pre0(nta" %e# c(e"tinari C=EERS9
4 en %e!inicine" e"t3n%ar %e #a Or0ani;acin Internacina# %e# Tra-a, BOITC 4 %e #a Enc(e"ta
%e #a P-#acin Acti+a BEAPC9 %e ta# 'anera :(e :(e% e"tr(ct(ra% en "iete -#:(e"
%i!erencia%" %e pre0(nta".
En #a 'e'ria %e acti+i%a%e" &//. en e# -"er+atri %e in"ercin #a-ra#9 a#(%e a "(
participacin %e# pr4ectH

5... Pr4ect" %e #a Or0ani;acin para #a Cperacin 4 e# De"arr## Ecn'ic. BOCDEC
DeSeC

La Or0ani;acin para #a Cperacin 4 e# De"arr## Ecn'ic BOCDEC9 e" (na
r0ani;acin internacina# c'p(e"ta pr */ E"ta%"9 entre #" c(a#e" "e enc(entra E"pa6a9
c(4 -,eti+ principa# e" cr%inar "(" p#)tica" ecn'ica" 4 "cia#e". 8(e !(n%a%a en 17./ 4
"( "e%e centra# "e enc(entra en Par)"9 8rancia.
La OCDE e" (n %e #" !r" '(n%ia#e" '3" in!#(4ente"9 en e# :(e "e ana#i;an 4
e"ta-#ecen rientacine" "-re te'a" %e re#e+ancia internacina# c' e%(cacin.
Entre "(" -,eti+" !(n%a'enta#e" "e prpnen pr'+er e# e'p#e9 e# creci'ient ecn'ic
4 #a 'e,ra %e #" ni+e#e" %e +i%a en #" pa)"e" 'ie'-r"9 4 a"i'i"' 'antener "( e"ta-i#i%a%.

- 77 -
DicAa Or0ani;acin p(" en 'arcAa e# pr4ect DeSeC9 encar0a% %e %e!inir 4 "e#eccinar #a"
c'petencia" cn"i%era%a" e"encia#e" para #a +i%a %e #a" per"na" 4 e# -(en !(ncina'ient %e
#a "cie%a%.
Se0Nn a'-" %c('ent" n'-ra%" anterir'ente9 #a" c'petencia" "n '3" :(e
cnci'ient" 4 %e"tre;a". C'pren%en ta'-i1n #a Aa-i#i%a% para a-r%ar %e'an%a" c'p#e,a"9
'+i#i;an% rec(r"" p"ic-"cia#e" en cnte2t" e"pec)!ic".
La Or0ani;acin para #a Cperacin 4 De"arr## Ecn'ic BOCDEC en e#
%c('ent DESECO $einition and Selection o co%petentes BOCDE9 &//&H 4C %e!ine #a
c'petencia c'H W*a habilidad para responder a las de%andas o llevar a cabo tareas con
5xito y consistentes con las di%ensiones cognitivas y no cognitivasX9 preci"an% :(e #a"
c'petencia" "n "# -"er+a-#e" en accine" e"pec)!ica". La c'petencia inte0ra 4 re#acina
#a" %e'an%a" e2terna"9 e# cnte2t 4 #a" caracter)"tica" per"na#e"9 pr # :(e e"t3 !(erte'ente
#i0a%a a (n cnte2t 4 a (n" cnteni%" cncret". L" a'-iente" "cia#e" 4 pr!e"ina#e"
!a+ra-#e" 4 #a" in"tit(cine" 4 #" rec(r"" aprpia%" p"i-i#itan 4 pr'(e+en e# %e"arr## %e
c'petencia" e!ecti+a". =a4 :(e "(-ra4ar :(e e# cncept %e c'petencia "(e#e re!erir"e a
capaci%a%e"9 %e"tre;a"9 Aa-i#i%a%e" c(a#i%a%e" interna".
En DeSeC "e preten%e %e!inir n t%a" #a" 'N#tip#e" c'petencia" :(e "n nece"aria"
para act(ar en #a "cie%a% "in a:(e##a" :(e p(e%en cn"i%erar"e -3"ica" e"encia#e"9 :(e
%en'inan !ey co%petentes c'petencia" c#a+e". E"ta" %e-en %e re(nir tre" caracter)"tica"
!(n%a'enta#e"H
Cntri-(ir a pr%(cir re"(#ta%" +a#ra%" pr e# in%i+i%( 4 #a "cie%a%S
A4(%ar a #a" per"na" a a-r%ar %e'an%a" i'prtante" en (na +arie%a% %e
cnte2t" e"pec)!ic"S
Ser re#e+ante" n "# para #" e"pecia#i"ta" "in para t%a" #a" per"na".
DeSeC "e Aa crea% (n 'arc %e an3#i"i" :(e i%enti!ica tre" cate0r)a" %e
c'petencia" c#a+e".
1. C'petencia" :(e per'iten %'inar #" in"tr('ent" "cic(#t(ra#e" nece"ari" para
interact(ar cn e# cnci'ient9 ta#e" c' e# #en0(a,e9 ")'-#" 4 nN'er"9 in!r'acin 4
cnci'ient pre+i9 a") c' ta'-i1n cn in"tr('ent" !)"ic" c' #" c'p(ta%re".
&. C'petencia" :(e per'iten interact(ar en 0r(p" Aeter01ne"9 ta#e" c' re#acinar"e -ien
cn tr"9 cperar 4 tra-a,ar en e:(ip9 4 a%'ini"trar 4 re"#+er cn!#ict".
*. C'petencia" :(e per'iten act(ar a(tn'a'ente9 c' c'pren%er e# cnte2t en :(e "e
actNa 4 %eci%e9 crear 4 a%'ini"trar p#ane" %e +i%a 4 pr4ect" per"na#e"9 4 %e!en%er 4 a!ir'ar
#" prpi" DerecA"9 intere"e"9 nece"i%a%e" 4 #)'ite".
La Aa-i#i%a% %e c'(nicar"e e!ecti+a'ente e" (na c'petencia :(e %epen%e %e# cnci'ient
in%i+i%(a# %e# #en0(a,e9 %e# %'ini %e %e"tre;a" pr3ctica" para e# 'ane, %e tecn#0)a" %e
in!r'acin 4 %e #a" actit(%e" %e #a per"na re"pect %e #" tr" cn :(e %e"ea c'(nicar"e.

- 7$ -
E# Pr4ect DeSeC cn"i%era a%e'3" #a e+#(cin %e e"ta" c'petencia" a # #ar0 %e #a +i%a9
p(e" e##a" n "e a%:(ieren %e (na +e; para "ie'pre. Cn e# tie'p p(e%en enri:(ecer"e
per%er"eS p(e%en +#+er"e 'en" re#e+ante" pr :(e e# entrn "e tran"!r'a p(e%en
tran"!r'ar"e a 'e%i%a :(e #a per"na "e a%apta a n(e+" entrn" 4 "it(acine".
A cntin(acin "e Aace a#("in a a#0(n %e #" art)c(#" re#acina%" cn #a OCDEH

5.7. Otra" re!erencia" terica"

En e# a6 17719 *a Secretary o *aborOs Co%isi&n on 0chieving #ecessary S8ills
BSCANSC p(-#ic e# %c('ent PAat PrU Re:(ire" ! ScA#9 e" en e"te %c('ent %n%e
#a" c'petencia" "n a0r(pa%a" en cinc cate0r)a" nece"aria" para cn"e0(ir #a in"ercin
pr!e"ina#. De"taca #a nece"i%a% %e a%:(irir (na "erie %e Aa-i#i%a%e" 4 c(a#i%a%e" per"na#e"
c' -a"e para a%:(irir 4 %e"arr##ar #a" c'petencia".
De"%e e# a6 177&9 "e ce#e-ran a ni+e# nacina# #a" Mrna%a" %e Ecn')a %e #a
E%(cacin9 -a, #a %ireccin %e #a A"ciacin %e Ecn')a %e #a E%(cacin BEADEC. E#
prp"it %e e"ta" ,rna%a" e" re!#e2inar entre e2pert" "-re e# pape# %e #a e%(cacin en #a"
c(e"tine" re#acina%a" cn e# 'erca% %e tra-a, Aacien% e"pecia# Aincapi1 en #a in"ercin en
e# 'i"' cn (n" re"(#ta%" p"iti+"9 para :(e e"ta prce" n "e :(e%e "# en intencine"
"e %e%ica (n e"paci a te'a" e"pec)!ic" %e !inanciacin9 p#ani!icacin 4 0e"tin %e #a"
prp(e"ta".
La %i!("in a #a "cie%a% 4 a #" %i!erente" "ectre" pN-#ic" a!ecta%" pr #a te'3tica
cntri-(4e en #a -N":(e%a %e (na 'e,r in"ercin #a-ra# %e #" e0re"a%".
La" N#ti'a" ,rna%a" AEDE "e ce#e-ran e# %)a 1/ 4 11 %e ,(#i %e ;<<I9 "e c(enta cn
e"pecia#i"ta" e"pa6#e" en te'a" e%(cati+". En e# 'arc %e 4/ Ani+er"ari %e #a 8ac(#ta% %e
Ciencia" Ecn'ica" 4 E'pre"aria#e" %e Santia0 %e C'p"te#a9 e"ta" ,rna%a" "n (n p(nt
%e parti%a i'prtante para #a re!#e2in %e #" e"t(%iante" %e ecn')a 4 e'pre"a9 a") c' %e#
n(e+ E"paci E(rpe %e E%(cacin S(perir.
Entre #a" cnc#("ine" e2tra)%a" %e %icA pr0ra'a ##a'a #a atencin e# AecA %e :(e
#" e0re"a%" en pa)"e" %e# nrte 4 e"te %e E(rpa9 a") c' en Mapn9 %i"!r(tan %e (na
tran"icin pc tra('3tica %e# e"t(%i a# tra-a,9 4 parece "er :(e Aacen (n -(en (" %e #"
cnci'ient" 4 aptit(%e" -teni%" %(rante "( e"tancia en #a (ni+er"i%a%9 cntra"tan% cn #"
e0re"a%" %e# "(r %e E(rpa9 :(e tienen 'a4r %i!ic(#ta% en encntrar 4 'antener (n e'p#e
aprpia% a "( e%(cacin %(rante #" pri'er" a6" %e"p(1" %e ter'inar #" e"t(%i".
P%r)a'" ,("ti!icar a#0(na" %i!erencia" -a"3n%n" en #a" %e"i0(a#e" 'anera" %e en"e6ar 4
apren%er :(e tienen %icA" pa)"e". Pr tr #a% parece "er c'Nn en t%" #" pa)"e" (na !(erte
-a"e terica %e #a e%(cacin "(perir9 en e# nrte 4 e"te %e E(rpa "e cnce%e 'a4r atencin a

- 77 -
#" apren%i;a,e"9 -a"a%" en acti+i%a%e" pr3ctica"9 '3" rienta%a" a a%:(irir e2periencia #a-ra#
%(rante #" e"t(%i".
En e# a6 17779 #a Uni+er"i%a% %e Len BULEC pne en 'arcAa (n Pr0ra'a %e Ca#i%a%
In"tit(cina# 4 ana#i;a #a tran"icin %e"%e #a Uni+er"i%a% a# tra-a, %e #" #icencia%". DicA
pr0ra'a e"t3 -a"a% en (n tra-a, 'arc %e P#ane" %e Ca#i%a% 4a e"ta-#eci% en a#0(na"
(ni+er"i%a%e". En #a ULE tienen c#ar :(e # :(e #e" c(rre a #" #icencia%" %e"p(1" %e
0ra%(ar"e e"ta re#acina% cn #a e2periencia +i+i%a en #a (ni+er"i%a% a # #ar0 %e t%a #a
carreraH pr e## rea#i;an (n prce" %e e+a#(acin interna %e #" e"t(%i" :(e #" #icencia%"
Aan c(r"a%. Se enc(e"ta a #" #icencia%" cn e# prp"it %e cncer #a" pinine" :(e tienen
"-re "( in"ercin #a-ra#9 #" e"t(%i" rea#i;a%" 4 #a" c'petencia" %e"arr##a%a" en #a
Uni+er"i%a%.
La ULE "#icita a #" #icencia%" e+a#(ar e# criteri %e "e#eccin %e "(" We'p#ea%re"X
,("t (n a6 %e"p(1" %e "( #icenciat(ra. U"an% (na e"ca#a %e 1 Bpc i'prtanteC a# 5 B'(4
i'prtanteC9 #" #icencia%" tienen :(e e+a#(ar ca%a criteri. En 0enera#9 Wper"na#i%a%9
actit(%e" 4 c'petencia" "ci-c'(nicati+a"X 4 Wcnci'ient" teric"X reci-iern #a
p(nt(acin '3" a#ta. Mientra" :(e e# criteri Wa"i"tencia aca%1'icaTcn"e," !reci%" %e"%e #a
in"tit(cin a #" #icencia%"X reci-iern #a p(nt(acin '3" -a,a.
8i0(ra 5. I'prtancia %e #" re:(i"it" %e #" e'p#ea%re". ULE Be"ca#a %e 1 a 5C. B8(enteH Ji%a#9&//1 4 &//*C

Centr3n%n" en #a" c'petencia" :(e #" e'pre"ari" e'p#ea%re" pre!ieren :(e
acre%iten #" tra-a,a%re" a"pirante" a (n p(e"t %e tra-a,9 %e"taca'" :(e :(ince a6" atr3"
4a "e Aacia a#("in a cncept" :(e A4 en %)a "n c#a+e"9 tener cn!ian;a en ") 'i"' 4 en "("
capaci%a%e"S "er capace" %e apren%er n(e+a" %e"tre;a" 4 'antener actit(%e" p"iti+a"S "er
-(en" c'(nica%re"9 cn -(ena e2pre"in ra# 4 e"crita9 -a"a%a en (n aprpia% %'ini
0ra'atica#S P"eer capaci%a% para #a #ect(ra 4 #a" 'ate'3tica"S De"arr##ar 4 'antener #a
%eci"in %e "entir"e c'pr'eti%" cn #" -,eti+" inte0ra#e" %e #a e'pre"a
BEcAe+err)a9177*C. D(rante e"e 'i"' a69 tr" a(tre" a#(%en a #a i'prtancia %e# "a-er
c'(nicar"e9 "a-er a%aptar"e9 "a-er apren%er9 "a-er re"#+er9 "a-er c#a-rar9 "a-er t'ar
%eci"ine"9 "a-er -("car entrar 4 'antener e# tra-a, BRepett9 177*C.
(ersonalidad) actitudes competencias socio*comunicativas +.,
Conocimientos tericos #.-
Conocimientos generales #..
Conocimientos in/orm0ticos nuevas tecnolog1as #.2
3ra4a'o en e5uipo #.,
(rovisin de lugares de tra4a'o #.%
Direccin plani/icacin #.%
6a4ilidad para lenguas e7tran'eras #.$
&sistencia acadmica8conse'os o/recidos desde la institucin a los licenciados %.2

- 1// -
E# '+i'ient %e e%(cacin para #a carrera e" (na %e #a" c(atr crriente" "(r0i%a" en
e# ca'p %e #a Orientacin9 cn e# -,eti+ %e e"t(%iar #a" re#acine" %e #a" per"na" cn e#
'(n% #a-ra# BR%r)0(e;9 177$C. EcAe+err)a B&//&C %i!erencia entre c'petencia t1cnicaS #a
c(a# "er)a e# W"a-erX9 #a 'et%#0ica9 e# W"a-er AacerXS #a participati+a e#X "a-er e"tarX 4 #a
per"na# e# W"a-er "er. A6a%e a "( +e; :(e #a c'petencia %e accin "er)a #a "('a %e# W"a-erX
BW"a-er 4 W"a-er AacerXC cn e# W"a-rX BW"a-er e"tarX 4 W"a-er "erXC.
M#er Lpe;-Kara,a" B&///C9 pre"enta a "( +e; tra c#a"i!icacin en #a :(e a!ir'a :(e e2i"te
(na c'petencia c#a+e ##a'a%a C'petencia %e Accin9 #a c(a# per'ite ##e0ar a# cncept %e
C'petencia Pr!e"ina#. A!ir'a :(e e"ta c'petencia "e -tiene a tra+1" %e c(atr
"(-c'petencia"9 :(e "nH t1cnica Bre!eri%a a# cnci'ient e"pecia#i;a%CS Met%#0ica
Bap#icacin a# cnte2t #a-ra# %e #" cnci'ient" a%:(iri%"CS Participati+a Bc'(nicacinC 4
Per"na# Bre!eri%a a #" +a#re" 4 cn+iccine" 4 #a cAerencia cn e"t"C.
En e# a6 &/// "e crea e# Jicerrectra% %e E'p#e en #a Uni+er"i%a% P#it1cnica %e
Ja#encia9 cn e# prp"it %e a4(%ar a #a cn"ec(cin %e #a in"ercin #a-ra# %e #" e0re"a%".
Un" 'e"e" %e"p(1" "e cre e# Ser+ici Inte0ra% %e E'p#e cn e# prp"it %e %ar (n n(e+
i'p(#" a #a iniciati+a. En #a 'e'ria %e# &//7 %e %icA "er+ici p%e'" +er %eta##a%a'ente
en :(1 cn"i"te e# "er+ici inte0ra% %e e'p#e9 #a" pr3ctica" en e'pre"a" e in"tit(cine"
nacina#e" e internacina#e"9 0e"tin %e e'p#e9 rientacin pr!e"ina# para e# e'p#e 4
a(te'p#e9 #a !r'acin para e# e'p#e 4 (n -"er+atri %e e'p#e 4 !r'acin entre tr".
T%" e"t" rec(r"" tienen c' prp"it e# !aci#itar #a in"ercin pr!e"ina# %e #" e0re"a%".
En e# &//4 "e rea#i; (na ,rna%a internacina# :(e ten)a c' t)t(# W#a tran"icin a# tra-a, %e
#" ,+ene" 0ra%(a%" e(rpe"X9 %icAa" ,rna%a" !(ern (na cntin(acin %e #a" ce#e-ra%a" en
Len en e# &//* 4 a #a :(e p"terir'ente a6a%ir1. Se ##e0arn a cnc#("ine" c' :(e #a"
%i!erencia" entre #" %i!erente" "i"te'a" (ni+er"itari" Aacen :(e9 inc#(" en e# e"paci e(rpe9
n %i0a'" 4a en re#acin cn tr" e"paci" '(n%ia#e"9 e" '(4 c'p#ica% e"ta-#ecer (na
c'paracin %e #a tran"icin %e #" 0ra%(a%" %e #a e%(cacin "(perir a# '(n% %e# tra-a,.
E2i"te t% tip %e %i!erencia" en #" "i"te'a". La" caracter)"tica" %e #a" Uni+er"i%a%e" "n '(4
%i"pare"9 a# i0(a# :(e # "n en #a" tit(#acine"9 c(#t(ra" e'pre"aria#e" 4 "cia#e".
En e# a6 &//* "e ce#e-r en #a Uni+er"i%a% %e Len e# "e'inari BM1t%" %e An3#i"i"
%e #a In"ercin La-ra# %e #" (ni+er"itari"C9 r0ani;a% pr e# Cn"e, %e Cr%inacin
Uni+er"itaria. E# -,eti+ 0enera# %e %icA "e'inari !(e ana#i;ar #" '1t%" 4 e"trate0ia" '3"
a%ec(a%" para e# e"t(%i %e #a in"ercin #a-ra# %e #" e0re"a%". A#0(n" %e #" -,eti+"
e"pec)!ic" !(ernH
1. De!inir #a" nece"i%a%e" %e in!r'acin "-re #a in"ercin #a-ra# :(e tienen #"
re"pn"a-#e" %e #a" (ni+er"i%a%e" 4 "( (" en #a t'a %e %eci"ine".
&. E"ta-#ecer rec'en%acine" :(e p(e%an "er (ti#i;a%a" pr #a" (ni+er"i%a%e" para
intr%(cir 'e,ra" 'et%#0ica".

- 1/1 -
*. C'partir #a in!r'acin acerca %e #a 'et%#0)a "e0(i%a en %i!erente" pa)"e" 4
(ni+er"i%a%e".
4. Cncer #a" e"trate0ia" 'et%#0ica" %e '3" 12it 4 #" principa#e" pr-#e'a"
encntra%"

C' re"(#ta% %e# "e'inari9 "e cn"i%er c' nece"i%a% e# a('entar e#
cnci'ient '(t( entre #a" %i!erente" in"tit(cine" "-re #a" %i!erente" iniciati+a" p(e"ta" en
'arcAa 4 :(e ten0an c' te'3tica #a in"ercin #a-ra# %e #" e0re"a%".
E2i"te (na tra4ectria en #a :(e #a Uni+er"i%a% %e Rara0;a tra-a,a %e !r'a cn,(nta cn
in"tit(cine" pN-#ica" c' p(e%en "er e# I-iern %e Ara0n e# In"tit(t Ara0n1" %e
E'p#e. A#0(na" %e #a" iniciati+a" ##e+a%a" a ca- #a" en('er a cntin(acinH
E# */ %e "eptie'-re %e &//5 "e pre"ent pr parte %e #a Uni+er"i%a% %e Rara0;a 4 e#
In"tit(t Ara0n1" %e E'p#e e# -"er+atri %e E'p#e Uni+er"itari. E" (n "i"te'a %e
in!r'acin :(e preten%e :(e #a" in"tit(cine" 4 pr!e"ina#e" re#acina%" cn e# e'p#e 4 #a
!r'acin "(perir %i"pn0an %e #" %at" preci"" para t'ar %eci"ine" en "(" 3'-it" %e
tra-a,9 c'petencia tra"+er"a# teni%a en c(enta en e"te e"t(%i. A#0(n" %e #" -,eti+"
p#antea%" cn %icAa iniciati+a !(ern e# cncer e# 'erca% %e tra-a, (ni+er"itari ara0n1"9
cncer #" 'e%i" 4 #a" +)a" (ti#i;a%a" en #a -N":(e%a %e e'p#e pr #" tit(#a%"
(ni+er"itari" 4 "er+ir %e ap4 a #a rientacin pr!e"ina#. La iniciati+a e" '(4 intere"ante
a(n:(e p"i-#e'ente %e'a"ia% pr3ctica.
E# 1* %e a-ri# %e &//4 e# I-iern %e Ara0n 4 #a Uni+er"i%a% %e Rara0;a i'p(#"an
n(e+a" accine" %e in"ercin #a-ra# para (ni+er"itari". A'-a" in"tit(cine" c#a-ran en
'ateria %e !r'acin9 rientacin #a-ra#9 pr3ctica" en e'pre"a" nacina#e" e internacina#e"9
entre tra" act(acine"9 en e# 'arc %e# Pr4ect Uni+er"a9 en e"ta iniciati+a9 e# %e"arr## %e
#a" c'petencia" "e tra-a,a %e 'anera tra"+er"a#.
La 8(n%acin E'pre"a Uni+er"i%a% %e Rara0;a B8EURC crea%a en 17$&9 pr iniciati+a
%e #a C3'ara %e C'erci %e Rara0;a 4 #a Uni+er"i%a% %e Rara0;a9 !(ncina c' centr %e
a"e"ra'ient 4 cr%inacin para #a Uni+er"i%a% 4 #a E'pre"a en #" ca'p" e"trat10ic" %e
8r'acin9 E'p#e9 Pr'cin %e Iniciati+a" E'pre"aria#e" 4 #a Inn+acin. Entre #"
-,eti+" :(e %e"tacar)a %e %icAa !(n%acin9 "e enc(entran e# !'entar 4 %e"arr##ar e# %i3#0 4
#a c#a-racin entre #a Uni+er"i%a% %e Rara0;a 4 #a" e'pre"a" 4 tener a %i"p"icin %e #a"
e'pre"a" K#"a %e e"t(%iante" 4 Tit(#a%" para #a rea#i;acin %e pr3ctica" nacina#e" e
internacina#e".
Iniciati+a" %e e"te tip !a+recen #a re#acin entre e# e"paci Uni+er"itari 4 e# e'p#e 4
# Aar3n aNn 'a"9 en tant en c(ant9 "e ten0an en c(enta ca%a +e; '3" #a" c'petencia" 4 #a"
actit(%e" %e #a" per"na" :(e :(ieren in"ertar"e en e# 'erca% #a-ra#.

- 1/& -

.. Merca% %e tra-a,.

La in!r'acin %e"arr##a%a en e"te aparta% "e Aa -teni% %e #a 'e'ria %e#
-"er+atri %e e'p#e %e# In"tit(t Ara0n1" %e E'p#e en &/1/ 4 &/119 %e# A+ance
Ecn'ic rea#i;a% pr #a Cn!e%eracin %e E'pre"ari" %e Ara0n en &/1/ 4 &/119 %e#
-#et)n %e "it(acin ecn'ica 4 %e# 'erca% #a-ra# %e #a C3'ara %e C'erci %e Rara0;a en
&/1/ 4 &/11 4 %e# Ac(er% Scia# para #a C'petiti+i%a% 4 e# E'p#e %e Ara0n en &/1&-&/159
!ir'a% en &/1& pr #" a0ente" "cia#e" 4 e# I-iern %e Ara0n.
La e'p#ea-i#i%a%9 n "# %epen%e %e #a" caracter)"tica" %e# in%i+i%( 4 %e "(
preparacin para %e"e'pe6ar (na +arie%a% %e !(ncine"9 "in :(e ta'-i1n e"t3 re#acina%a cn
#a" prt(ni%a%e" %e e'p#e %i"pni-#e" en e# 'erca% #a-ra#. A")9 e2i"ten %i!erente" !actre"
en e# cnte2t #a-ra# :(e #a pr'(e+e inAi-e. Para %e!inir #a e'p#ea-i#i%a% Aa4 :(e tener en
c(enta tant #" !actre" per"na#e" %e# in%i+i%( c' #" !actre" re#acina%" cn e#
cnte2t9 e" %ecir9 a:(e##" :(e "n e2tern" 4 e"t3n re#acina%" cn #a c4(nt(ra %e# 'erca%
%e tra-a, en partic(#ar 4 e# cnte2t "cia# en 0enera#. De Irip9 Jan L 4 San%er" B&//4C
a!ir'an :(e #a e'p#ea-i#i%a% e"t3 en !(ncin %e #a" capaci%a%e" 4 'ti+acine" %e# in%i+i%( 4
%e "( entrn. Entrn :(e p(e%e 'e%ir"e a tra+1" %e in%ica%re" "-re pre+i"ine" en e#
'erca% #a-ra# "-re (" %e tecn#0)a per :(e ta'-i1n p(e%e inc#(ir tr" a"pect" c'
re%e" "cia#e"9 !actre" c(#t(ra#e" 4 tr" %at" "cia#e" re#ati+" a ecn')a %e #a !a'i#ia9 #a
e%(cacin9 etc.
Recr%e'" :(e #a inter+encin cn #" e0re"a%" %ata %e"%e 'ar; %e &/1/ a 'ar;
%e &/119 %e aA) #a i'prtancia %e cncer c(3# e" en %icA peri% #a "it(acin ecn'ica 4
"cia# a ni+e# internacina#9 e"pa6# 4 a(tn'ic.

..1. E+a#(acin %e# 'erca% %e tra-a, a ni+e# internacina# %(rante &/1/ 4 &/11 4 &/1&

En e# cnte2t act(a# %e ine"ta-i#i%a% ecn'ica9 #" e0re"a%" a!rntan (na
incerti%('-re ca%a +e; 'a4r cn re"pect a #a e2pectati+a %e rea#i;ar (na tran"icin
"ati"!actria Aacia e# 'erca% %e tra-a,. N ca-e %(%a %e :(e #a cri"i" ecn'ica '(n%ia# Aa
cntri-(i% a pner %e 'ani!ie"t #a !ra0i#i%a% %e #" e0re"a%" en e# 'erca% %e tra-a,9 entre
&/1/ 4 &/11 4 &/1& "e pr%(ce (n incre'ent per"i"tente %e #a ta"a %e %e"e'p#e en #"
e0re"a%" %e %i!erente" pa)"e" en 0enera 4 en E"pa6a en partic(#ar.
L" principa#e" !actre" :(e a!ectar3n a# creci'ient '(n%ia# a # #ar0 %e# a6 &/1/
Aan "i% #a e+#(cin %e #a cri"i" %e %e(%a "-erana en E(rpa9 #a creciente a'ena;a %e 0(erra
%e %i+i"a" 4 #a a'ena;a %e prteccini"'9 #a e+#(cin %e #" preci" %e #a" 'ateria" pri'a"9

- 1/* -
e"pecia#'ente %e# petr#e 4 pr N#ti'9 #a reacti+acin 4 nr'a#i;acin %e #" 'erca%"
!inancier" internacina#e".
En &/1/9 c' era %e e"perar9 "e cn!ir'a #a "e+eri%a% 4 a'p#it(% %e #a cri"i"
ecn'ica internacina#9 a pe"ar %e :(e e2i"te (n pe:(e6 ati"- %e 'e,r)a %e #a pr%(ccin a
ni+e# 0#-a#. E"te peri% "e Aa +i"t e'pa6a% pr #a para#i;acin %e t%" #" 'erca%"
!inancier" # :(e %e"e'-ca en #a !a#ta %e '+i'ient !#(, nr'a# %e !inanciacin entre #"
%i!erente" pa)"e" cn "tcU %e aArr Aacia a:(e##" tr" :(e nece"itan !inanciacin.
E# 'erca% ecn'ic a ni+e# internacina# ##e+a tre" a6" para#i;a% 4 #a !a#ta e
cr1%it para e# %e"arr## nr'a# %e #a" acti+i%a%e" pr+ca (n %e"cen" %e# #a %e'an%a 4 (na
c#ara !a#ta %e cn!ian;a 0enera#i;a%a. L" e0re"a%" a ni+e# internacina# "e +en in'er"" en
(na c4(nt(ra #a-ra# :(e %i"'in(4e %e pr ") "( ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%.
D(rante e# a6 &/1/ "e Aa c'en;a% (n inici %e rec(peracin a (n ni+e# '(4 %e"i0(a#9
"ien% #" 0ran%e" !a+reci%" pr "( %e"arr## p"iti+ pa)"e" c' E"ta%" Uni%"9
A#e'ania9 CAina Kra"i#. La Unin E(rpea n" pre"enta #a tra cara e #a 'ne%a9 pr "( #ent
creci'ient e"pecia#'ente en pa)"e" peri!1ric" :(e %epen%en %e# cr1%it internacina#9 c'
Irecia9 Ir#an%a9 Prta%a 4 E"pa6a.
E"ta %e"i0(a#%a% a"i'etr)a en e# creci'ient "e %e-en en parte a :(e #" pa)"e" 'en"
%epen%iente" %e# cr1%it e2terir pre"entan 'e,re" "a#%" e2terire"9 c' e" e# ca" %e
A#e'ania9 CAina Kra"i# 4 "n '3" capace" %e i'p(#"ar "( creci'ient 'e,ran% "(
c'petiti+i%a% internacina#. Otr" pa)"e" c' E"ta%" Uni%"9 Aan rec(rri% a (na a0re"i+a
p#)tica 'netaria cn e# prp"it %e %e-i#itar #a 'ne%a e i'p(#"ar "( c'petiti+i%a% e2terir9
e+itan% %eterirar e# "i"te'a pr%(cti+. E"ta "it(acin e" ,("ta'ente #a cntraria a #a ##e+a%a
a ca- pr #a Unin E(rpea9 e# tr 0i0ante '(n%ia#. E# Kanc Centra# E(rpe Aa %e"taca%
en e"te peri% pr "( ne(tra#i%a% en e# 'erca% 4 c' re"(#ta%9 e# e(r Aa +i+i% %" !a"e"
%e (na cri"i" %e %e(%a "-erana9 encntr3n%"e en &/1/ en (na encr(ci,a%a "-re "( +ia-i#i%a%
en (na Unin Mnetaria "in cr%inacin %e p#)tica" !i"ca#e".
E# creci'ient para e# cn,(nt %e #a ecn')a '(n%ia# en e"te a6 &/1/ e" %e (n
B49$_C "e0Nn e# 8n% Mnetari Internacina#9 cn (na pre+i"in %e# B49&_C para e# a6 &/11.
La" ecn')a" a+an;a%a" Aan creci% (n B&97_C9 cn #a pre+i"in %e (n a#;a %e# B&9&_C para e#
a6 entranteS 'ientra" :(e #a" ecn')a" en %e"arr## "e Aan '+i% a (n '3" %in3'ic
B791_C9 :(e #a" pre+i"ine" '%eran en &/11 a# B.94_C.
Para EEUU9 e# &/1/ "e "itNa en e# B&9._C9 '%er3n%"e Aa"ta e# B&9*_C en &/11. L"
principa#e" repar" para e# creci'ient "e enc(entran en e# par 49 en e# 'erca% in'-i#iari.
La cn"tr(ccin %e +i+ien%a "i0(e "in rec(perar"e9 cn (n e2ce" %e !erta en e# 'erca%9 a#
:(e ##e0an ince"ante'ente #a" e,ec(cine" Aiptecaria". Pr "( parte9 e# %e"e'p#e "e "itNa en (n
e#e+a%)"i' Bpara #" e"t3n%are" nrtea'erican"C B79._C9 4 cn (na prprcin nta-#e %e
para%" %e #ar0a %(racin.

- 1/4 -
Pr "( parte9 #a Unin E(rpea pre"enta (n panra'a '(cA '3" #ent 4 %i"per". A #
#ar0 %e# a6 &/1/9 e# creci'ient "e "it(ar3 a#re%e%r %e# B197_C9 %e"cen%ien% Aa"ta e# B195_C
en &/11. La e+#(cin %e e"te a6 :(e !ina#i;a Aa "i% '(4 cn+(#"a. A")9 e# pri'er tri'e"tre
tra, cn"i0 (n creci'ient '(cA '3" #ent %e # e"pera%9 cn #a ecn')a 0er'ana '(4
para%a pr #a" cn%icine" 'eter#0ica". A e## "e (ni en a-ri# #a para#i;acin 4 a'ena;a
"-re e# tr3!ic a1re ca("a%a" pr #a" ceni;a" e'iti%a" pr e# +#c3n i"#an%1"9 cn
cn"ec(encia" "-re t%a E(rpa. Sin e'-ar09 #a ace#eracin %e# c'erci internacina# 4 e#
+i0r cn e# :(e creciern #a" e2prtacine" a#e'ana" en e"te pri'er "e'e"tre9 ani'arn #a"
e2pectati+a" %e creci'ient %e# cn,(nt %e #" pa)"e" e(rpe" 49 e"pecia#'ente9 %e "( "ectr
in%("tria#.
N -"tante9 #a" %i!ic(#ta%e" en #a" :(e "e Aan +i"t en+(e#t" %i+er"" pa)"e" para Aacer
!rente a "(" c'pr'i"" %e cntr# %e# %1!icit 49 cn"ec(ente'ente9 a "( capaci%a% %e ren+ar
"(" %e(%a" en #" 'erca%" !inancier" internacina#e"9 pr+carn ante" %e# +eran 4 a !ina#e"
%e %icie'-re Bcn #a" inter+encine" en Irecia e Ir#an%aC (na 'arca%a %e"cn!ian;a "-re #"
'ecani"'" e(rpe" %e "#i%ari%a% 49 c' cn"ec(encia9 "-re #a cre%i-i#i%a% %e# e(r. Pr
tr #a%9 ,(nt a e"ta" %(%a" "e Aa pr%(ci% (na !(erte apreciacin %e# e(r9 %e-i%a a #a"
inter+encine" %e EEUU 4 CAina para %e+a#(ar "(" 'ne%a" e i'p(#"ar "(" "ectre" e2terire".
La ecn')a a#e'ana +(e#+e a cn+ertir"e en #a #c'tra e(rpea9 cn (n creci'ient
e"ti'a% pr "( prpi 0-iern para e# &/1/ %e# B*94_C9 e'p(,a% pr #a pr%(ccin in%("tria#9
cn (na in!#e2in Aacia e# B&_C en &/119 :(e 4a Aa c'en;a% en e# tercer tri'e"tre %e e"te a6.
En A"ia9 #a ecn')a ,apne"a ta'-i1n %a ")nt'a" %e a0ta'ient en "( rec(peracin9
a 'ita% %e ca'in entre EEUU 4 #a UE. E# creci'ient en &/1/ e" %e# B&97_C 4 %e# B195_C para
&/11. En e"te ca"9 tant #a" e2prtacine" B:(e creciern !(erte'ente pr #a" c'pra"
a'ericana" 4 cAina" a principi %e a6C c' e# cn"(' intern "e e"t3n ra#enti;an%.
En CAina e# creci'ient e" '(cA '3" !(erte. Si0(e #i%eran% #a rec(peracin cn (n
creci'ient e"ti'a% para &/1/ %e# B1/95_C 4 %e# B79._C para &/11. N -"tante9 #" rie"0" %e
reca#enta'ient "e Aan e#e+a% inten"a'ente. La" a(tri%a%e" ecn'ica" cAina" Aan trata% %e
a'inrar e# rie"0 %e e"ta##i% %e "( -(r-(,a in'-i#iaria9 per e# cr1%it "i0(e crecien% pr
enci'a %e # %e"ea% 4 #a in!#acin "e "itNa en '32i'" aNn '%era%" %e# *9._ en "eptie'-re9
per en per'anente e"ca#a%a. A")9 #" tip" %e inter1" %e re!erencia Aan a('enta% e# B/9&5_C9
Aa"ta e# B595._C.
Pr # tant9 en e# 3'-it internacina#9 &/11 Aa e"ta% 'arca% pr #a ra#enti;acin %e#
creci'ient ecn'ic 0#-a# 4 pr #a e2i"tencia %e i'prtante" cn+(#"ine" p#)tica" 4
ecn'ica".
En t1r'in" 0enera#e"9 #a %e"ace#eracin 0#-a# Aa "i% ca("a%a pr %" 'ti+". Pr (n
#a%9 e# cn"(' pri+a% n Aa cn"e0(i% reacti+ar"e en #a 'a4r)a %e #a" ecn')a"
a+an;a%a". Pr tra parte9 n "e e"t3 pr%(cien% (n ree:(i#i-ri e2tern. E# a#t preci %e #a"

- 1/5 -
'ateria" pri'a" c'p#ica aNn '3" #a acti+i%a% i'prta%ra. A e"t "e Aa (ni% e# a0ra+a'ient
%e #a 4a per"i"tente cri"i" !inanciera 4 %e %e(%a "-erana en #" pa)"e" %e #a E(r;na. =a
creci% #a incerti%('-re en #" 'erca%" !inancier" "-re #a capaci%a% %e e"ta-i#i;ar #a %e(%a
pN-#ica %e a#0(n" pa)"e" 4 #a !a#ta %e cn!ian;a %e #" in+er"re" internacina#e" Aa #i'ita% #a
!inanciacin %e #" 'erca%" 4 e# nece"ari '+i'ient %e capita#e".
De e"te '%9 #a "it(acin Aa i% e'peran% a # #ar0 %e #" N#ti'" 'e"e" cn (n
%e"cen" %e #a %e'an%a 4 e# c'erci internacina# :(e Aa %eri+a% en #a %e"ace#eracin
ecn'ica 0#-a#. E## Aa ##e+a% a #" principa#e" r0ani"'" internacina#e" a re+i"ar a #a
-a,a "(" pre+i"ine" %e creci'ient para &/11 4 &/1&.
En cn,(nt9 #a e"ti'acin %e creci'ient %e #a ecn')a '(n%ia# para e# a6 &/11
"e0Nn e# 8n% Mnetari Internacina# !(e %e (n B4_C9 cn (na pre+i"in "i'i#ar para &/1&.
De"cen%ien% a 'a4r %eta##e9 e# a6 "e inici cn #a ##a'a%a Pri'a+era Lra-e9 (na "erie %e
re+(e#ta" pp(#are" en a#0(n" pa)"e" %e# nrte %e L!rica :(e p("iern !in a #ar0" a6" %e
0-iern" a(tritari" 4 :(e "e Aan e2ten%i% a # #ar0 %e# a6 a tr" pa)"e" 3ra-e"9
cn+irti1n%"e inc#(" en cn!#ict" -1#ic" ar'a%". La principa# %eri+acin ecn'ica %e #a"
re+#(cine" en e"t" pa)"e"9 Aa e"ta% #i0a%a a #a" i'prtante" "(-i%a" 0#-a#e" %e# preci %e#
cr(% 4 #" pr%(ct" ener01tic". E# terre't9 e# t"(na'i 4 e# terri-#e acci%ente n(c#ear :(e
t(+iern #(0ar en Mapn en e# 'e" %e 'ar; Aan "(p(e"t (n c#ap" 0enera# en e"e pa)"9 cn
cn"ec(encia" ecn'ica" nacina#e" e internacina#e" pr #a r(pt(ra %e ca%ena" %e "('ini"tr
en %i+er"" "ectre". La act(a# "it(acin e2terna 4 e# rec(pera% rie"0 %e!#acini"ta pnen en
te#a %e ,(ici (na rec(peracin !(erte 4 ""teni%a.
En EEUU9 !rente a# 'a4r +i0r -"er+a% en &/1/9 #a pri'era parte %e &/11 '"tr (n
creci'ient '3" #ent %e #a acti+i%a%9 rep(ntan% en e# tercer tri'e"tre9 #a 'e,r)a Aa +eni% %e
#a 'an %e# cn"(' pri+a% 4 #a in+er"in in%("tria# 4 en 'enr 'e%i%a %e# "ectr e2terir9
a!ecta% pr e# %e"cen" %e %e'an%a internacina#.
La" ecn')a" %e #" pa)"e" e'er0ente"9 pr "( parte9 Aan "e0(i% crecien% cn !(er;a
0racia" a# +i0r %e "( %e'an%a interna9 a(n:(e %e !r'a '3" '%era%a :(e en peri%"
anterire". CAina9 cntinNa re0i"tran% creci'ient" en #" tre" pri'er" tri'e"tre"9 a"i"tien% a
(n prce" %e "(a+e aterri;a,e pr #a ca)%a %e #a %e'an%a. Otr" pa)"e" e'er0ente" c' Kra"i#9
"in e'-ar09 "e enc(entran en (n ''ent %e e"tanca'ient ecn'ic a0ra+a% pr a#ta"
ta"a" %e in!#acin.
Centran% #a atencin en #a Unin E(rpea9 "e pre+1 :(e ter'ine e# a6 crecien% en
trn a# B19._C9 i'p(#"a%a pr #" pa)"e" cn ecn')a" '3" !(erte" BA#e'ania 4 8ranciaC9
!rente a #a cntraccin %e #" pa)"e" peri!1ric" BIrecia9 Prt(0a# e Ir#an%aC 4 e# %e-i#ita'ient
%e ecn')a" c' Ita#ia 4 E"pa6a.
En e# tercer tri'e"tre9 "e Aa -"er+a% (na '%eracin %e# rit' %e creci'ient %e
t%" #" 'ie'-r" %e #a UE9 cn (n creci'ient cn,(nt %e B194_C. De"%e e# p(nt %e +i"ta

- 1/. -
%e #a %e'an%a9 "e Aa pr%(ci% (na !(erte ra#enti;acin %e# cn"(' pri+a% 4 %e #a in+er"in9
a") c' (n %e"cen" en e# +i0r %e a('ent %e #a" e2prtacine" 4 #a" i'prtacine". Pr
"ectre"9 a# 'ar0en %e# 'e,r c'prta'ient %e #a a0ric(#t(raS #a in%("tria 'an(!act(rera Aa
re-a,a% %e !r'a %e"taca-#e "( ta"a %e incre'ent9 #a cn"tr(ccin Aa inten"i!ica% "("
recrte" 4 #" "er+ici" Aan '%era% "( a+ance9 e"pecia#'ente #a" ra'a" %e c'erci9
tran"prte 4 A"te#er)a9 'ientra" :(e "e Aa 'anteni% e# creci'ient %e tr" c' #" "er+ici"
pr!e"ina#e".
E# 'a4r pr-#e'a e" :(e #a %e"tr(ccin %e e'p#e 4 #a re%(ccin %e #a renta
%i"pni-#e !renan e# cn"(' %e #a" !a'i#ia"9 'ientra" :(e #a" %i!ic(#ta%e" %e acce" a# cr1%it 4
(na %e'an%a !r30i# a!ectan a# "ectr pr%(cti+.
A#e'ania cntinNa #i%eran% e# creci'ient %e #" 0ran%e" pa)"e" e(rpe"9 pe"e a #a
'%eracin %e# "e0(n% 4 tercer tri'e"tre9 "ien% en e"te N#ti' e# creci'ient %e (n B&9._C Se
pre+1 :(e "( ecn')a cre;ca en e# cn,(nt %e# a6 en trn a (n B&9$_C9 ""teni%a pr "(
%e'an%a interna. Un 'a4r i'p(#" %e# cn"(' %e #" A0are"9 pr e# 'e,r c'prta'ient
%e# e'p#e 4 #a in+er"in en -iene" %e e:(ip %e #a" e'pre"a"9 Aa cntrarre"ta% e# per
c'prta'ient %e "( "ectr e2terir. N -"tante9 #" N#ti'" %at" a+an;an (n 'enr
%ina'i"' %e t%" #" c'pnente" 4 (na 'a4r ra#enti;acin a !ina# %e a6.
La a0(%i;acin %e #a cri"i" %e %e(%a "-erana "e Aa inten"i!ica% en #" pa)"e"
re"cata%"9 "-re t% en Irecia9 :(e tra" #a" %e-i#i%a%e" p#)tica" '"tra%a"9 "e Aa +i"t
!r;a%a a (n ca'-i %e I-iern :(e %e-e i'p#antar #a" pr!(n%a" re!r'a" e2i0i%a" para
cntin(ar reci-ien% #" !n%" %e# p#an %e re"cate.
La" a#ta" pri'a" %e rie"0 Aan p(e"t en e# p(nt %e 'ira a tr" pa)"e" peri!1ric"
c' Ita#ia 4 E"pa6a. E# Kanc Centra# E(rpe trat %e a#i+iar #a" ten"ine" %e a'-" pa)"e" a
tra+1" %e #a c'pra %e -n" %e# e"ta% en a0"t. Sin e'-ar09 #a pre"in "e Aa rea+i+a% en
#" N#ti'" 'e"e". La" !(erte" ca)%a" %e c'petiti+i%a% !r(t %e %e!iciencia" en e# creci'ient 4
e# e#e+a% en%e(%a'ient9 ,(nt a# p-re p#antea'ient %e re!r'a" e!ecti+a" en Ita#ia9 pr+c
(na cri"i" interna :(e Aa aca-a% cn e# n'-ra'ient %e (n n(e+ I-iern %e tecncrata"
:(e %e-e ##e+ar a ca- (n pr!(n% rea,("te %e cn"#i%acin !i"ca#. Pr "( parte9 e# n(e+
I-iern reciente'ente e#e0i% en E"pa6a %e-er3 e'pren%er pr!(n%a" 'e%i%a" !i"ca#e"9
#a-ra#e" 4 !inanciera" en n(e"tr pa)".
En #a Rna E(r9 "e Aa pr%(ci% a # #ar0 %e# a6 (n ca'-i en #a p#)tica 'netariaH
%e re"tricti+a a e2pan"i+a. Tra" #a" "(-i%a" %e #a pri'era parte %e# a69 e# Kanc Centra#
E(rpe rea#i; en n+ie'-re (na re-a,a %e &5 p(nt" -3"ic" %e# tip %e inter1" %e re!erencia 4
tra '3" reciente en %icie'-re9 :(e "itNan e# tip %e re!erencia en B1_C. Se Aan an(ncia%
ta'-i1n 'e%i%a" %e ap4 a #a re!inanciacin %e #a -anca para %tar %e 'a4r #i:(i%e; a#
"i"te'a.

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La inten"i!icacin %e #a cri"i" Aa ##e+a% a apr-ar en #a" c('-re" e(rpea" (na "erie %e
ac(er%" cn e# -,et %e ata,ar e# e"tr1" !inancier. A") c(rri en ct(-re cn #a :(ita %e# 5/_
%e #a %e(%a 0rie0a para in+er"re" pri+a%"9 #a 'a4r %tacin a# 8n% E(rpe %e E"ta-i#i%a%
8inanciera 4 #a recapita#i;acin %e# "ectr !inancier. Se ap(e"ta9 n -"tante9 pr tra-a,ar %e
!r'a cn,(nta para %ar (na "#(cin a e"t" pr-#e'a" :(e a!ectan n "# a #" e0re"a%" "in
a t%" #" 'ie'-r" %e #" %i!erente" pa)"e".

..&. E+a#(acin %e# 'erca% %e tra-a, en E"pa6a %(rante &/1/9 &/11 4 &/1&

La ecn')a e"pa6#a9 c' +iene "(ce%ien% en e# re"t %e pa)"e" %e"arr##a%"9
inici (n #i0er ca'-i p"iti+ en &/1/ en pr %e #a rec(peracin9 "i -ien t%a+)a %e !r'a
'(4 #enta 4 0ra%(a#. La" pre+i"ine" %e creci'ient para e"te a6 a !ina#e" %e# pa"a% &//7
in%ica-an (n retrce" %e #a pr%(ccin %e# B-/97_C9 'ientra" :(e #a" pre+i"ine" act(a#e" !i,an
e"e retrce" en trn a# B-/9&_ -/9*_C. Para &/119 #a" pre+i"ine" act(a#e" a(0(ran (n
creci'ient %e# /97_ "e0Nn e# cn"en" %e #" ana#i"ta" tant nacina#e" c' internacina#e"9
"ien% #a pre+i"in %e# I-iern %e# B19*_C9 %e #e," #a '3" pti'i"ta.
E"te patrn %e rec(peracin '3" #enta9 cntraparti%a %e (na ca)%a %e 'enr inten"i%a%
:(e tr" pa)"e" c' A#e'ania9 -e%ece a #a" caracter)"tica" prpia" %e #a cri"i" en E"pa6a9
per ta'-i1n a (n" 'erca%" :(e re"pn%en cn '(cAa 'a4r ri0i%e; a #a" +ariacine" %e
pr%(ccin9 tant a# a#;a c' a #a -a,a9 # :(e %e"enca%ena (na 'a4r per"i"tencia %e #"
%e"e:(i#i-ri"9 c' e# par e# %1!icit e2terir.
La e+#(cin %e #a "it(acin ecn'ica a # #ar0 %e# &/1/ "e %e-i a #" "i0(iente" rie"0"H
1. E# rit' %e rec(peracin %e #a ecn')a e"pa6#a !(e '3" #ent :(e e# %e #a" ecn')a"
%e "( entrn9 a# 'en" "in re!r'a" en pr!(n%i%a% :(e9 en t% ca"9 nece"itan tie'p para
%ar re"(#ta%". E# rie"0 %e e"ta "it(acin cn"i"te en :(e (n %e"e:(i#i-ri '(4 0ran%e cn e#
rit' %e# #)%er9 en e"te ca" A#e'ania.
&. La nece"i%a% %e re!r'ar pr!(n%a'ente n(e"tr 'erca% #a-ra# para rec(perar e#
e'p#e 49 cn 1#9 #a capaci%a% %e cn"('. 8ina#'ente "e re!r' en #a "e0(n%a 'ita% %e# a6
4 "in entrar en #a 'ateria !(n%a'enta#9 #a nece"i%a% %e %tar %e (n 'arc %e !#e2i-i#i%a% a#
entrn #a-ra#9 :(e per'ita a #a" e'pre"a" a%ec(ar e# +#('en %e e'p#e a #a" nece"i%a%e" %e
pr%(ccin9 pre"er+an% #a e"ta-i#i%a% %e# e'p#e e i'p(#"an% "( pr%(cti+i%a%9 ta# c'
rec#a'an tant e'pre"ari" c' tra-a,a%re". Recr%e'" :(e en 'ar; %e &/1/ c'ien;a #a
inter+encin cn #" e0re"a%" en E"pa6a9 "a-ien% :(e e"ta e" #a c4(nt(ra ecn'ica 4 %e
'erca% en #a :(e "e enc(entran in'er""9 4 :(1 %(%a ca-e9 :(e in!#(4e %irecta'ente en "(
ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%.
*. E# rie"0 '3" patente %e !a#ta %e cre%i-i#i%a% en e# 3'-it internacina# "-re #a
capaci%a% %e cntr# %e #a" c(enta" pN-#ica" para c('p#ir cn n(e"tr c'pr'i" "-re e#

- 1/$ -
-,eti+ %e %1!icit pN-#ic. A # #ar0 %e# a69 e# I-iern Aa apr-a% %" pa:(ete" %e
'e%i%a" en 'a4 4 n+ie'-re.
E# N#ti' tri'e"tre %e &//7 'arca-a e# !ina# n'ina# %e #a cri"i" %e #a ecn')a
e"pa6#a cn e# "e2t %e"cen" tri'e"tra# cn"ec(ti+ para pa"ar9 4a en &/1/9 a creci'ient"
p"iti+"9 %e (na %1ci'a en e# pri'er 4 tre" en e# "e0(n% tri'e"tre. T% ap(nta-a9 pr tant9
a (na tra4ectria a"cen%ente9 e'p(,a%a pr #a rec(peracin %e #a %e'an%a interna9 a #a :(e
%e"a!rt(na%a'ente n ac'pa6a-a #a %e'an%a e2terir. Pr e# #a% %e #a %e'an%a9 e#
c'pnente cn (n creci'ient '3" +i0r" !(e e# cn"(' %e #" A0are"9 cn (na
tra4ectria a"cen%ente en e# pri'er 4 "e0(n% tri'e"tre9 :(e +#+i a ne0ati+ en e# tercer. La"
ra;ne" %e e"ta e+#(cin tienen :(e +er cn #" e"t)'(#" !i"ca#e"9 pr e,e'p# para #a c'pra
%e +eA)c(#"9 a") c' e# a%e#ant %e c'pra" ante" %e #a "(-i%a %e# IJA9 "ien% #a retira%a %e
e"t" e"t)'(#"9 #a prpia "(-i%a %e# i'p(e"t 4 e# an(nci %e# pri'er pa:(ete %e 'e%i%a" para
cntr# %e# %1!icit #" ca("ante" %e# ca'-i -r("c %e ten%encia en e# "e0(n% "e'e"tre.
La" 'e%i%a" an(ncia%a" pr e# I-iern tienen (n e!ect %-#eH pr (na parte9 #"
prpi" recrte" :(e an(ncian9 cn (na re-a,a %e# B5_C %e 'e%ia %e #" "a#ari" pN-#ic" B# :(e
%irecta'ente re"ta renta %i"pni-#e 49 pr tant9 cn"('CS (na "e0(n%a parte9 '3" re#e+ante
%e"%e e# p(nt %e +i"ta %e #a" e2pectati+a" %e #" cn"('i%re"9 tiene :(e +er cn #a a"(ncin
pr parte %e# I-iern %e #a 0ra+e%a% %e #a cri"i" 4 #a nece"i%a% %e rea#i;ar "acri!ici" pr parte
%e #" t%" a0ente" ecn'ic". L" e'pre"ari" 4 #" tra-a,a%re" %e #a parte pri+a%a %e #a
ecn')a 4a e"ta-an perci-ien% e"ta 0ra+e%a% B'3" %e %" 'i##ne" %e n(e+" para%" 4
15/./// e'pre"a" cerra%a"C9 per e# a#cance a!ecta pr pri'era +e; a #" a"a#aria%" pN-#ic".
En "( cn,(nt9 #a p-#acin perci-e #a e2i"tencia %e pr-#e'a" %e '(4 %i!)ci# "#(cin 4 "(
pr#n0acin '(cA '3" a##3 %e "(" prpia" pre+i"ine".
A") p(e"9 #a" e2pectati+a" %e #" a0ente"9 :(e e'pe;a-an a "er p"iti+a"9 c' # %enta
e# creci'ient %e# cn"('9 pa"an %e n(e+ a ne0ati+a"9 tra"#a%3n%"e a #a retraccin %e#
cn"(' '3" a##3 %e #a re%(ccin rea# %e renta".
La %e'an%a e2terna tiene e# recrri% in+er" a # #ar0 %e# a6. E# patrn %e
creci'ient en &/1/ "e a"e'e,a a# %e"e:(i#i-ri pre+i a #a cri"i"9 cn (na aprtacin p"iti+a
pr parte %e #a %e'an%a interna 4 aprtacin ne0ati+a %e #a %e'an%a e2terna. E!ecti+a'ente9 en
c(ant "e reani'a e# cn"('9 e# creci'ient %e #a" i'prtacine" "e %i"para t% e# pri'er
"e'e"tre pr enci'a %e# creci'ient %e #a" e2prtacine".
De n(e+9 #a "it(acin 0ira -r("ca'ente en e# "e0(n% "e'e"tre9 cn e# e"tanca'ient
%e #a" e2prtacine"9 per (n 0ran %e"cen" %e #a" i'prtacine"9 %e !r'a :(e n"
encntra'" %e n(e+ ante (na aprtacin p"iti+a %e #a %e'an%a e2terna.
E# %e"cen" %e# cn"(' "e centra %e !r'a '(4 i'prtante en #" -iene" i'prta%"9
# :(e e2p#ica :(e a pe"ar %e# !(erte !ren %e# cn"('9 n ten0a (na reperc("in tan e#e+a%a
c' ca-r)a e"perar en #a pr%(ccin 4 cn"ec(ente'ente en e# e'p#e9 :(e e" e# !actr :(e

- 1/7 -
'3" %irecta'ente intere"a cn +i"ta" a #" p"i-#e" re"(#ta%" %e #a inter+encin prpia %e e"te
tra-a,.
Pr e# #a% %e #a !erta9 n" encntra'" cn e+#(cine" '(4 %i"pare". La Cn"tr(ccin
cntinNa cn "( #ar0a tra+e")a pr e# %e"iert9 re0i"tran% cntin(" %e"cen"" intertri'e"tra#e".
En e"te ca"9 a #" pr-#e'a" 4a cnci%" %e cn"tr(ccin %e +i+ien%a re"i%encia#9 "e "('an en
e# "e0(n% "e'e"tre #a an(ncia%a para#i;acin %e (na -(ena parte %e #a" -ra" pN-#ica"9 %entr
%e# pa:(ete %e a,("te.
La In%("tria9 e# "ectr '3" a!ecta% pr #a cri"i" internacina# 4 #a para#i;acin %e #"
'erca%" e2terire"9 c'ien;a %e"%e !ina#e" %e# &/1/ (na '(4 '%e"ta rec(peracin9 en e#
ca" e"pa6#9 incre'enta%a pr #a" c'pra" rea#i;a%a" %e"%e A#e'ania9 pa)" :(e9 c' Ae'"
+i"t9 re'nta !(erte'ente a tra+1" %e #a" e2prtacine".
E# "ectr %e Ser+ici" %e Merca%9 :(e !(e e# N#ti' en +er"e a!ecta% pr #a cri"i"9
ta'-i1n c'ien;a t)'i%a'ente a re'ntar9 a(n:(e cn '3" retra" Bt%a+)a e# pri'er tri'e"tre
e"t3 en ne0ati+C9 re0i"tran% incre'ent" en #" %" "i0(iente". E" e# :(e '(e"tra 'a4r
!rta#e;a a# n(e+ panra'a %i-(,a% a partir %e# +eran.
En %e!initi+a9 n" encntra'" cn (na e+#(cin c'p#eta'ente %i"par9 cn (na
pri'era 'ita% %e# a6 pr'ete%ra9 'e,ran% #a" e2pectati+a" 4 pre+i"ine" %e creci'ient9
%an% pa" en #a "e0(n%a 'ita% %e# a6 cn (na reca)%a9 e"pecia#'ente pr e# #a% %e #a
in%("tria. A # #ar0 %e e"te a6 &/1/ Ae'" p%i% cn"tatar (n anti0( 4 cnci% pr-#e'a
%e n(e"tr "i"te'a ecn'icH #a e2ce"i+a %epen%encia %e# "ectr e2terir9 e# e2ce" %e# rec(r"
a #a" i'prtacine"9 :(e #a cri"i" parec)a Aa-er ca'-ia% 4 :(e retrna a# ')ni'
re"ta-#eci'ient %e# cn"('. En #a" cn%icine" act(a#e" %e :(ie-ra %e #" 'erca%"
!inancier" internacina#e"9 #a c(e"tin e" c' +a'" a "e0(ir !inancian% (n 'a4r %1!icit
e2terir.
En c(ant a# 'erca% #a-ra#9 #a "it(acin e"9 a"i'i"'9 #a pre+i"i-#eH en #a" N#ti'a"
%1ca%a"9 cn e# 'arc ,(r)%ic in"tit(cina# en e# :(e "e %e"en+(e#+en #a" e'pre"a" 4 #"
tra-a,a%re"9 e# %e"e'p#e "e 0enera en #a" 1pca" %e rece"in9 "ie'pre pr enci'a %e# &/_9 4
"e re"i"te a -a,ar. La ecn')a %e,a %e %e"tr(ir p(e"t" %e tra-a, c(an% crece en e# entrn %e#
B195_C 4 0enera e'p#e" cn creci'ient" "(perire" a# B&_C. C' e!ecti+a'ente9 en e# a6
&/1/ n "e Aa crecien% en e"t" par3'etr"9 ni '(cA 'en"9 a pe"ar %e #a #i0era rec(peracin9
Aa cntin(a% e# prce" %e %e"tr(ccin %e e'p#e.
Cn #" %at" !icia#e" %e# 'erca% #a-ra# p(-#ica%" Aa"ta e# tercer tri'e"tre %e# a69
a # #ar0 %e &/1/ "e %e"tr(4ern en E"pa6a 77.1// p(e"t" %e tra-a,. A #a +e;9 "e
incrprarn 147./// per"na" a# 'erca% #a-ra#9 pr # :(e en tta# e# %e"e'p#e a('ent en
&4$.1// per"na"9 (n B597_C9 :(e%an% #a ta"a %e par %e #" 7 pri'er" 'e"e" %e# a6 en e#
179$_9 crecien% (n p(nt a # #ar0 %e# &/1/.

- 11/ -
E# "ectr en e# :(e '3" e'p#e "e Aa %e"tr(i% e" Cn"tr(ccin9 1*4..// p(e"t" %e
tra-a,9 "e0(i% pr In%("tria B$/.*//C 4 A0ric(#t(ra B&$.$//C. En e# "ectr Ser+ici" "e Aan
crea% en tta# 144.4// e'p#e" en &/1/9 a(n:(e "e Aan %e"tr(i% *7./// e'p#e" en #"
N#ti'" %ce 'e"e".
E# ')ni' %e c(pa%" B1$.*74.&//C "e a#can; en e# pri'er tri'e"tre %e# a69 4 %e"%e
entnce" Aa4 (na "en%a #enta %e rec(peracin %e #a c(pacin. E# '32i' %e para%"
B4..45.5//C "e Aa e"ti'a% en e# "e0(n% tri'e"tre %e# a6. La ta"a %e par '32i'a "e a#can;a
ta'-i1n en e# "e0(n% tri'e"tre B&/9/7_C9 4a :(e a pe"ar %e #a 'e,r)a en #a c(pacin9 #a
p-#acin acti+a a('enta en 'a4r prprcin. En e# tercer tri'e"tre #a ta"a %e par %i"'in(4e
#e+e'ente pr:(e retrce%e #a p-#acin acti+a.
De,an% atr3" e# &/1/ 4 centr3n%n" en e# &/119 #a ecn')a e"pa6#a Aa "(!ri% e#
'i"' prce" %e %e"ace#eracin :(e e# cn,(nt %e #a" ecn')a" e(rpea". La cri"i" %e %e(%a
e"t3 0#pean% %e !r'a inten"a a n(e"tr pa)"9 c(4 e#e+a% %i!erencia# %e #a pri'a %e rie"0
re"pect a #" -n" a#e'ane" "(pne (n encareci'ient %e# c"te %e #a !inanciacin para
E"pa6a en e# e2terir9 :(e a!ecta tant a# "ectr pN-#ic c' a# pri+a%.
E"t a0(%i;a t%a+)a '3" e# per"i"tente pr-#e'a %e %1!icit 4 %epen%encia e2terna %e
n(e"tra ecn')a9 c(4a re%(ccin e" i'pre"cin%i-#e para cn"e0(ir (n '%e# %e creci'ient
'3" e:(i#i-ra% 4 re"ta-#ecer #a cn!ian;a internacina# en n(e"tr "i"te'a ecn'ic.
La re!r'a #a-ra# apr-a%a pr e# I-iern a !ina#e" &/1/9 n Aa teni% (n e!ect
p"iti+ en e# 'erca% %e tra-a,. Se acrecienta a") #a nece"i%a% %e rea#i;ar (na re!r'a (r0ente
4 pr!(n%a %e# 'erca% #a-ra#. E" (na 'e%i%a i'pre"cin%i-#e para !aci#itar #a creacin %e
e'p#e c(an% c'ience a rec(perar"e #a %e'an%a9 incenti+an% #a cntratacin 4 %tan% a
#a" e'pre"a" 4 tra-a,a%re" %e 'a4r !#e2i-i#i%a% interna para a%aptar"e a #a" circ(n"tancia"
ca'-iante" %e %e'an%a 4 pr%(ccin. E## re+ertir3 en (na 'e,ra %e "( c'petiti+i%a% en e#
'erca% nacina# e internacina#.
Ta'pc Aa teni% !r(t" #a !a##i%a re!r'a %e #a ne0ciacin c#ecti+a i'p(e"ta en e#
'e" %e ,(ni. En e"e "enti%9 entre tr" a"pect"9 e" i'pre"cin%i-#e +inc(#ar '3" #a"
re'(neracine" "a#aria#e" a #a pr%(cti+i%a% 4 a #a c'petiti+i%a% en #(0ar %e a# )n%ice %e
preci" a# cn"('9 tan in!#(encia% pr !actre" e2tern"9 c' +eni'" rec#a'an% #a"
r0ani;acine" e'pre"aria#e" 4 rec'ien%an #" principa#e" ana#i"ta" 4 r0ani"'" ecn'ic"
nacina#e" e internacina#e" Be# Kanc %e E"pa6a e# 8MI9 #a OCDE #a C'i"in E(rpeaC.
A # #ar0 %e# a6 ta'-i1n "e Aa pr%(ci% (na i'prtante cntraccin %e# 0a"t
pN-#ic 4 %i+er"a" '%i!icacine" !i"ca#e" e i'p"iti+a"9 en (n prce" %e cn"#i%acin !i"ca#
cn e# !in %e c('p#ir e# #)'ite %e %1!icit pN-#ic e"ta-#eci% en e# B._C para &/11. N -"tante9
#" N#ti'" %at" %e #a" c(enta" pN-#ica" %e #a" C'(ni%a%e" A(tn'a" parecen in%icar :(e "e
+a a "-repa"ar e"e '32i'.

- 111 -
&/11 Aa e"ta% 'arca%9 a%e'3"9 pr (n prce" %e ca'-i p#)tic en '(cAa"
C'(ni%a%e" A(tn'a" Bc' Ara0nC tra" #a" e#eccine" A(tn'ica" %e 'ar;9 4 pr e#
ca'-i %e I-iern Centra# tra" #a" %e# 'e" %e n+ie'-re. Sn #" n(e+" E,ec(ti+" #" :(e
pre"entarn (n" Pre"(p(e"t" Ienera#e" 4 A(tn'ic" para &/1& :(e tratarn %e a'inrar
#" %e"a,("te" ecn'ic" e2i"tente".
La e+#(cin %e# Pr%(ct Interir Kr(t a # #ar0 %e# a6 &/11 Aa re!#e,a% #a
'encina%a %e"ace#eracin ecn'ica. A")9 tra" (na pri'era parte %e# a6 %e t)'i%a
rec(peracin9 #" %at" %e #a Cnta-i#i%a% Tri'e"tra# %e# INE '"trarn (n e"tanca'ient %e
acti+i%a% en e# tercer tri'e"tre cn creci'ient intertri'e"tra# n(#9 :(e p(e%e cn+ertir"e en
ne0ati+ en e# c(art.
A # #ar0 %e# a6 &/119 "e 'ant(+ (n patrn %e cntri-(cin ne0ati+a %e #a %e'an%a
nacina# 4 p"iti+a %e #a e2terna. Pr tant9 e# creci'ient %e #a ecn')a e"pa6#a e"t(+
""teni% pr e# "ectr e2terir9 "i -ien "( aprtacin ta'-i1n "e ra#enti; en #" N#ti'" 'e"e"
pr e# 'enr i'p(#" %e #a" e2prtacine" a ca("a %e# !ren %e #a" ecn')a" %e #a Unin
E(rpea9 #" pa)"e" a #" :(e "e %e"tinan 'a4ritaria'ente n(e"tra" +enta". La" i'prtacine"
ta'-i1n Aan a('enta% 4 cn e##a" e# %1!icit c'ercia#. A%e'3"9 "e Aa a'p#ia% e# %1!icit
ener01tic !rente a #a crreccin %e# %1!icit %e -iene" n ener01tic".
De"%e e# p(nt %e +i"ta %e #a %e'an%a interna9 tant e# c'pnente %e cn"(' c' e# %e
in+er"in re0i"trarn +a#re" ne0ati+" a # #ar0 %e# a6. La %e"!a+ra-#e e+#(cin %e#
'erca% #a-ra#9 a") c' #a %i!ic(#ta% %e acce" 4 e# encareci'ient %e #a !inanciacin para
per"na" 4 e'pre"a" e2p#ican #a i'prtante cntencin %e# cn"(' pri+a%9 :(e "e re!#e,a
tant #" %at" %e #a Cnta-i#i%a% Nacina# c' en #" %e 'atric(#acine" %e +eA)c(#" 4
c'erci a# pr 'enr.
E# cn"(' %e #a" A%'ini"tracine" PN-#ica" ta'-i1n "e Aa +i"t recrta% %e !r'a
i'prtante pr e# prce" %e cn"#i%acin !i"ca# e'pren%i%9 a!ectan% tant a #a
re'(neracin %e #" e'p#ea%" pN-#ic" c' a #a cntencin %e c'pra" %e -iene" 4 "er+ici".
La !r'acin -r(ta %e capita# !i, "i0(i %e"cen%ien%. cnica'ente #a in+er"in en -iene" %e
e:(ip Aa teni% (n c'prta'ient 'e,r9 'ientra" :(e #a in+er"in en cn"tr(ccin cntinNa
"(!rien% i'prtante" recrte" pr e# %e"cen" %e cn"tr(ccin tant re"i%encia# c' %e
in!rae"tr(ct(ra"9 a!ecta%a pr e# parn %e #a in+er"in pN-#ica9 c' re!#e,a #a ca)%a %e +i"a%" 4
#icitacin %e -ra pN-#ica.
Pr e# #a% %e #a !erta9 #a In%("tria Aa 'anteni% e# 'a4r rit' %e creci'ient Aa"ta e#
tercer tri'e"tre9 i'p(#"a%a pr e# c'prta'ient %e #a" e2prtacine". N -"tante9 a#0(n"
in%ica%re" a%e#anta%" %e# c(art9 c' #a" ca)%a" %e# )n%ice %e pr%(ccin 4 e# c#i'a
in%("tria#9 a") c' e# %e"cen" %e #a a!i#iacin9 a+an;an (na per e+#(cin %e# "ectr en #a
N#ti'a parte %e# a6.

- 11& -
La ra'a %e #" Ser+ici" Aa %e"ace#era% "( ta"a %e creci'ient interan(a# a # #ar0 %e
t% e# a6. Dentr %e e##"9 Aan re0i"tra% 'e,r e+#(cin #a" acti+i%a%e" pr!e"ina#e"9
%e"tacan% en #" N#ti'" 'e"e" #a ra#enti;acin %e #" "(-"ectre" %e c'erci9 tran"prte 4
A"te#er)a. N -"tante9 e"ta N#ti'a Aa teni% (n !(erte i'p(#" en #" 'e"e" centra#e" %e# a69
cn #a atraccin %e (n i'prtante !#(, %e t(ri"ta" :(e Aan e+ita% e# Nrte %e L!rica.
E# per!i# %e %e-i#ita'ient ecn'ic "e Aa repr%(ci%9 c' %ec)a'"9 en e# 'erca% #a-ra#.
A")9 #" N#ti'" %at" %e #a Enc(e"ta %e P-#acin Acti+a crre"pn%iente" a# tercer tri'e"tre
%e# a69 in%ican :(e a # #ar0 %e &/11 "e Aan %e"tr(i% en E"pa6a &51.7// p(e"t" %e tra-a,.
A "( +e;9 "e Aan incrpra% a# 'erca% #a-ra# &7.$// per"na"9 cn # :(e e# nN'er %e
para%" Aa a('enta% en &$1.7// per"na" B(n ._C. Cn"ec(ente'ente9 #a ta"a %e par Aa
a#can;a% e# B&195_C9 re0i"tr3n%"e e# '32i' nN'er %e para%" %e #a Ai"tria B4.77$.*//C.
E# "ectr :(e Aa %e"tr(i% '3" p(e"t" %e tra-a, e" e# %e Cn"tr(ccin B&/1.$//
c(pa%" 'en"C9 "e0(i% %e A0ric(#t(ra B7..$//C e In%("tria B4..5//C9 'ientra" :(e Ser+ici"
a('enta "( c(pacin en 7*.&// per"na"9 a(n:(e ta'-i1n e" e# "ectr cn 'a4r incre'ent
%e para%" pr #a e#e+a%a incrpracin %e p-#acin acti+a a# 'i"'. =a-r)a :(e ana#i;ar %e
(na !r'a '3" preci"a c(a#e" !(ern #" !#(," #a-ra#e" entre #" %i"tint" "ectre" 4 a :(e "e
e"t3n %e-ien%9 tratan% %e a,("tar en "( ca" #a" %e'an%a" %e !r'acin 4 c(a#i!icacin Aacia
#" "ectre" '3" c'petiti+" 4 0enera%re" %e e'p#e.
E# %e"e'p#e !e'enin crece '3" :(e e# 'a"c(#in en t1r'in" interan(a#e"9 %at :(e
"e e2p#ica pr e# 'a4r a('ent %e# par en Ser+ici"9 '3" inten"i+" en 'an %e -ra
!e'enina. E"pecia#'ente a#ar'ante e" e# creci'ient %e# %e"e'p#e ,(+eni#9 cn # :(e e"t
i'p#ica en #" e0re"a%" :(e !r'an parte %e #a inter+encin prpia %e e"ta te"i"9 "it(3n%"e #a
ta"a %e par %e #" 'enre" %e &5 a6" pr enci'a en e# B4._C.
En e# tercer tri'e"tre "e inten"i!ic e# rit' %e %e"tr(ccin %e e'p#e 4 #" N#ti'"
%at" %e par re0i"tra% 4 a!i#ia%" a #a Se0(ri%a% Scia# %e# 'e" %e n+ie'-re cn!ir'arn #a
pr#n0acin %e e"te per!i# en e# c(art. La" N#ti'a" pre+i"ine" in%ican :(e Aa-r3 :(e e"perar
a# 'en" a #a "e0(n%a 'ita% %e# pr2i' a6 para -"er+ar (n !ren en e# a+ance %e# par 4 (na
reacti+acin e!ecti+a %e# e'p#e. La e+#(cin %e #" preci"9 e"t(+ '(4 %eter'ina%a pr e#
c'pnente ener01tic 4 pr e# e!ect %e #a" "(-i%a" i'p"iti+a".
A# ana#i;ar e# a6 &/1&9 e# Kanc %e E"pa6a e"per (na cntraccin %e #a %e'an%a
nacina# %e# 4_ pr (n c'prta'ient Y'3" %e"!a+ra-#eY %e ca"i t%a" #a" parti%a"9 a(n:(e
"-re t% e# cn"(' pN-#ic 4 #a in+er"in pN-#ica. E# cn"(' pri+a%9 pr "( parte9 cae
a#0 '3" %e# 1_ a pe"ar %e :(e #a ta"a %e aArr +#+er)a a '"trar (n n(e+ %e"cen" pr e#
retrce" %e# e'p#e 4 #a "(-i%a %e# IRP8.
La in+er"in en +i+ien%a e" e# Nnic c'pnente c(4a ta"a %e +ariacin en &/1& n e"
in!erir a #a %e &/119 a(n:(e "e0(e "ien% ne0ati+a9 cn (n %e"cen" pr enci'a %e# 4_. En
ca'-i9 #a %e-i#i%a% %e #a %e'an%a9 e# %eterir %e #a" per"pecti+a" 4 #a" Y%(ra" cn%icine" %e

- 11* -
!inanciacinY inci%ir3n en #a p(e"ta en 'arcAa %e n(e+" pr4ect" pr parte %e #a" e'pre"a"9
%e !r'a :(e #a in+er"in caer3 cerca %e# *_.
En e# a6 &/1& e# e2terir9 #a" e2prtacine" crecen (n *95_9 'ientra" :(e #a"
i'prtacine" %ecrecen cn 0ran inten"i%a% B-5_C9 # :(e Aar3 :(e #a %e'an%a e2terir neta
aprte &95 p(nt" a# creci'ient.

..*. E+a#(acin %e# 'erca% %e tra-a, en Ara0n %(rante &/1/9 &/11 4 &/1&

L" %at" !icia#e" '3" reciente" %e cnta-i#i%a% para Ara0n "n #" e#a-ra%" pr e#
Departa'ent %e Ecn')a9 =acien%a 4 E'p#e %e# I-iern %e Ara0n9 a tra+1" %e "(
Direccin Ienera# %e P#)tica Ecn'ica9 4 "e re!ieren tan "# a #" %" pri'er" tri'e"tre"
%e# a6. Para e+a#(ar e# cn,(nt %e# a69 cnta'" cn tr" in%ica%re"9 principa#'ente
re!eri%" a# 'erca% #a-ra#9 e# "ectr e2terir9 #" preci" 4 #a percepcin e'pre"aria#.
E# %at '3" "int1tic "-re #a "it(acin ecn'ica ara0ne"a e" #a e+#(cin %e# PIK9
:(e '(e"tra en e# pri'er "e'e"tre %e &/1/ (na tra4ectria '(4 "i'i#ar a #a %e# cn,(nt
nacina#9 e" %ecir9 (na #enta 4 pa(#atina 'e,r)a9 -a"a%a en #a rec(peracin %e# cn"(' B&_C 4
#a in+er"in en -iene" %e e:(ip B191_C. ANn a")9 #a e+#(cin interan(a# Aa"ta e# "e0(n%
tri'e"tre e" (na %1ci'a in!erir a #a 'e%ia nacina#.
La e+#(cin en e# tercer tri'e"tre %e# a6 &/1/ "e Aa re"enti%9 ta'-i1n c' en e#
re"t %e E"pa6a. E# %at '3" patente # -tene'" en e# 'erca% #a-ra#. Se0Nn #" %at" %e #a
EPA9 Aa"ta e# tercer tri'e"tre9 #a c(pacin Aa %e"cen%i% '3" en Ara0n :(e en E"pa6a9
a(n:(e cn (n repart pr "ectre" '(4 %i!erente. E# 'erca% #a-ra# %e"taca pr "( cn"tante
ca'-i9 %e aA) #a nece"i%a% %e #" e0re"a%" para a%aptar"e a n(e+a" "it(acine".
E# "ectr :(e arr,a 'e,re" %at" en #" n(e+e pri'er" 'e"e" %e# a6 &/1/ e" A0ric(#t(ra9 cn
7.7// n(e+" c(pa%" 4 (n %e"cen" %e 4.1// para%". S( ta"a %e par e" #a '3" -a,a %e t%"
#" "ectre"9 e# B59/5_C.
Pr "( parte9 en In%("tria e# "a#% %e #" n(e+e pri'er" 'e"e" e" n(# en c(ant a #a
c(pacin9 e" %ecir9 ni "e Aa %e"tr(i% ni "e Aa crea% nin0Nn p(e"t %e tra-a,9 %e"cen%ien% e#
par en &..// per"na" pr "( -a,a c' acti+" %e# "ectr. E"te %at cntra"ta cn #a
%e"tr(ccin %e# B*_C %e# e'p#e en e# cn,(nt %e #a In%("tria nacina# e in%icar)a (na
rec(peracin a%e#anta%a %e# "ectr en e# pri'er tri'e"tre9 tr(nca%a en #" "i0(iente".
Cn"tr(ccin 'antiene (n cn"tante ni+e# %e %e"tr(ccin %e e'p#e9 *.1// en Ara0n a
# #ar0 %e# a69 (n B59*_C %e# e'p#e %e# "ectr9 a('entan% en *// per"na" e# nN'er %e
para%" B'en" :(e #a %e"tr(ccin %e e'p#e9 pr #a -a,a %e &.$// tra-a,a%re" c' acti+"C.
A pe"ar %e #a e+#(cin ne0ati+a9 !rente a# cn,(nt nacina# #a "it(acin e" re#ati+a'ente 'e,r
4a :(e #a %e"tr(ccin %e e'p#e e" apr2i'a%a'ente #a 'ita%.

- 114 -
E# "ectr "er+ici" e" e# :(e Aa re%(ci% e# e'p#e en 'a4r 'e%i%a9 &1./// p(e"t" %e
tra-a, %e"tr(i%"9 (n B59._C %e# tta# %e# e'p#e %e# "ectr. ANn a")9 e# par "e Aa re%(ci% en
e# "ectr en 7..// per"na"9 p(e"t :(e &$..// per"na" "e Aan %a% %e -a,a c' acti+". E" e#
"ectr :(e cntra"ta en 'a4r 'e%i%a cn #a 'e%ia nacina#9 4a :(e en e# cn,(nt %e E"pa6a9
e"te "ectr cre e'p#e.
E# per!i# "ectria# :(e %i-(,a e# 'erca% #a-ra# "(pne (n "ectr in%("tria# :(e 'e,ra9
a(n:(e "ea #e+e'ente9 #a e+#(cin %e# cn,(nt nacina#S (n "ectr %e Cn"tr(ccin :(e9
a(n:(e en ne0ati+9 ta'-i1n '(e"tra (n c'prta'ient 'e,r 49 pr N#ti'9 (n "ectr
Ser+ici" en !(erte retrce" en Ara0n re"pect a E"pa6a. E# enr'e pe" %e e"te "ectr en #a
C'(ni%a%9 c' en e# re"t %e #" pa)"e" %e"arr##a%"9 Ai; pen"ar :(e en "( cn,(nt e#
creci'ient %e #a pr%(ccin !(e 'enr a # #ar0 %e e"te a6 &/1/.
E# ''ent %e# cic# ecn'ic en e# :(e e"ta'"9 ,("ta'ente en #a !a"e %e ca'-i %e
rece"in a rec(peracin9 Aace e"pecia#'ente %i!)ci# p%er cn!ir'ar e"t" %at" ante" %e #a
p(-#icacin %e #" re0i"tr" %e #a Cnta-i#i%a% Nacina# pr parte %e #a" a%'ini"tracine". L"
%iente" %e "ierra9 cn aparente" rec(peracine" "e0(i%a" %e !(erte" reca)%a" caracteri;an e"te
per)% 4 e" # :(e "e -"er+a en '(cA" %e #" in%ica%re"9 pr # :(e re"(#ta arrie"0a%
e"ta-#ecer (na ten%encia %'inante.
C#ar e,e'p# %e e"t" %iente" %e "ierra # encntra'" en e# Gn%ice %e Pr%(ccin In%("tria#9
cn !(erte" +ariacine" %e (n 'e" a tr 4 !rente a# cn,(nt nacina#. En t% ca"9 #a
pr%(ccin %e -iene" %e cn"(' %(ra%er e" #a :(e "e ##e+a #a per parte9 cn %e"cen"" %e
Aa"ta %" %)0it". La pr%(ccin %e -iene" inter'e%i"9 -iene" %e cn"(' n %(ra%er 4
ener0)a re0i"tran +ariacine" a# a#;a 4 a #a -a,a cn"tante". Pr N#ti'9 #" -iene" %e e:(ip
'(e"tran (na e+#(cin '3" p"iti+a.
L" %at" %i"pni-#e" %e c'erci e2terir "('ini"tra%" pr A%(ana" cn!ir'an e"ta"
ten%encia". La C'(ni%a% c(enta Aa"ta "eptie'-re cn (na ta"a %e c-ert(ra %e# B11$91_C. E"
%ecir9 p%e'" !inanciar ca"i (n B1&/_C n(e"tra" c'pra" a# e2terir cn n(e"tra" +enta". En
#" n(e+e pri'er" 'e"e" %e# a69 #a" e2prtacine" Aan creci% (n 1$_ B!rente a# 1.97_ %e#
cn,(nt nacina#C 4 #a" i'prtacine" (n B1795_C B!rente a# 1*97_ %e# cn,(nt e"pa6#C.
La aprtacin %e# "ectr e2terir a# creci'ient e" 'enr en Ara0n9 per e# "a#% p"iti+
crece '3"9 p(e"t :(e parti'" %e (na "it(acin %e "(per3+it. E" %ecir9 creci'ient" "i'i#are"
en prcenta,e %e i'prtacine" 4 e2prtacine" Bc' e" e# ca"C Aacen :(e e# "(per3+it
a('ente en Ara0n B en e# ca" e"pa6#9 :(e e# %1!icit a('enteC.
Pr tip %e -iene" c'ercia#i;a%"9 n" encntra'" cn (n "a#% ta'-i1n
"(pera+itari en -(ena parte %e e##"H A#i'ent"9 Pr%(ct" ener01tic"9 Se'i'an(!act(ra"9
Kiene" %e E:(ip 4 Sectr %e# A(t'+i#. Pr e# #a% %e# %1!icit9 "e enc(entran Materia" Pri'a"9
Kiene" %e Cn"(' D(ra%er9 Man(!act(ra" %e Cn"(' 4 Otra" Mercanc)a". T%" #"
"ectre" re0i"tran a('ent" %e #a" e2prtacine"9 "a#+ Otra" Mercanc)a" B-*497_C 4 A(t'+i#

- 115 -
B-/97_C9 %e"tacan% e"pecia#'ente Kiene" %e Cn"(' D(ra%er B5*97_C 4 Se'i'an(!act(ra"
B4*97_C. Pr e# #a% %e #a" i'prtacine"9 ta'-i1n crecen t%" #" "ectre" "a#+ Pr%(ct"
ener01tic".
En re"('en9 #a ecn')a ara0ne"a en &/1/ "e c'prt cn (n per!i# '(4 pareci% a#
cn,(nt e"pa6#H #enta rec(peracin en e# pri'er "e'e"tre9 cn "e"0 ne0ati+ %(rante #a
"e0(n%a 'ita% %e# a6. En c(ant a #a" %i!erencia"9 "e aprecia (na rec(peracin aparente'ente
a%e#anta%a %e# "ectr in%("tria# a ca'-i %e (n %eterir '3" nta-#e %e# "ectr "er+ici".
Ta'-i1n c' en e# ca" e"pa6#9 #" a"pect" '3" ne0ati+" n" #" encntra'" en e#
'erca% #a-ra#9 cn (n e'pera'ient cn"tante9 a(n:(e cn ten%encia a e"ta-i#i;ar e#
+#('en %e e'p#e %e"tr(i%. La rec(peracin en e"te ca" "(e#e ##e+ar a# 'en" %" tre"
tri'e"tre" %e retra"9 e" %ecir9 c(an% #a rec(peracin %e #a pr%(ccin "e a!ian;a9 # :(e9 c'
Ae'" +i"t9 n Aa "(ce%i% en e# a6 &/1/.
En # :(e re"pecta a# &/119 en 0enera#9 "e p(e%e %ecir :(e #a ecn')a ara0ne"a
'"tr (n per!i# %e c'prta'ient "i'i#ar a# %e #a e"pa6#a a # #ar0 %e &/119 cn "(a+e
rec(peracin en #" pri'er" 'e"e" %e# a6 4 %e"ace#eracin a partir %e# "e0(n% tri'e"tre9 :(e
##e+ a# e"tanca'ient e inc#(" #a rece"in en #a parte !ina# %e# a6.
La 'a4r apert(ra %e #a ecn')a ara0ne"a a# 'erca% e2terir 4 "( 'a4r e"pecia#i;acin en
e# "ectr in%("tria# "n #" ra"0" %i!erencia#e" :(e 'ti+an #a %i"tinta e+#(cin re"pect a#
cn,(nt nacina#. E# i'prtante %ina'i"' %e #a" e2prtacine" en e# pri'er tri'e"tre9 :(e
"(p(" (n 'a4r i'p(#" en e# "ectr in%("tria# ara0n1"9 n p(% c'pen"ar (n a,("te '3"
pr!(n% %e #a cn"tr(ccin 4 (n a+ance %e# "ectr "er+ici" '3" '%era%9 pr # :(e #a
e+#(cin ecn'ica ara0ne"a 'ant(+ (n tn '3" -a, :(e e# pr'e%i %e# pa)" en #"
pri'er" 'e"e" %e# a69 :(e "e a0(%i; en e# "e0(n% tri'e"tre.
L" %at" %e acti+i%a% %e# tercer tri'e"tre e+i%enciarn (na 'a4r cn+er0encia en #a"
ta"a" %e creci'ient9 0racia" a# a('ent '%era% %e acti+i%a% %e# "ectr "er+ici"9 en #)nea
cn e# -(en c'prta'ient %e# t(ri"'. N -"tante9 #a %e"ace#eracin %e #a %e'an%a %e #a"
ecn')a" receptra"9 :(e e"t3 re%(cien% e# rit' e2prta%r en #" N#ti'" 'e"e"9 Aace :(e #a
in%("tria ara0ne"a9 '3" e2p(e"ta a e"ta" +ariacine"9 4 pr en%e #a ecn')a 0enera# '(e"tren
(na per e+#(cin en #a N#ti'a parte %e# a69 :(e "e p(e%e pr#n0ar en &/1&.
La percepcin e'pre"aria# e+i%enci :(e #" principa#e" pr-#e'a" a #" :(e "e e"t3n
en!rentan% #a" e'pre"a" ara0ne"a" "n #a !a#ta %e pe%i%"9 #a" pr3ctica" %e"#ea#e" %e #a
c'petencia9 #a e#e+a%a 'r"i%a% 4 #a" %i!ic(#ta%e" %e !inanciacin.
La !a#ta %e %e'an%a9 e"pecia#'ente nacina#9 t(+ reperc("in en #a %e"tr(ccin %e
e'p#e %a%a" #a" %i!ic(#ta%e" para a%aptar #a" p#anti##a" a #a" circ(n"tancia" +ariante" %e #a
pr%(ccin.
E# in%ica%r '3" preci" %e #a e+#(cin ecn'ica e" e# :(e aprta #a +ariacin %e#
PIK9 :(e en &/11 '(e"tra (na ten%encia %e '%eracin "i'i#ar9 a(n:(e '3" ac("a%a9 :(e #a %e#

- 11. -
cn,(nt nacina#. E# %at %e# "e0(n% tri'e"tre "e ci!r en e# B/95_C9 !rente a# B/9$_C en
E"pa6a9 %e-i% (na cntraccin %e #a %e'an%a interna '3" !(erte :(e en e# cn,(nt %e# pa)".
De AecA9 "( creci'ient "e -a" Nnica'ente en e# "ectr e2terir.
E# cn"(' %e #" A0are" re0i"tr (n %e"cen" interan(a#9 tra" +ari" tri'e"tre" %e
a('ent9 en c#ara re#acin cn #a %i"'in(cin %e #a" renta" %i"pni-#e" ante e# %eterir %e#
e'p#e9 #a" re"triccine" cre%iticia" 4 e# e!ect %e "(-i%a" i'p"iti+a" %e !ina#e" %e &/1/.
Mientra"9 #a in+er"in9 e"pecia#'ente en cn"tr(ccin9 cntin(a-a "( ten%encia %e"cen%ente pr
e# prce" %e a,("te tant %e #a -ra re"i%encia# c' %e #a -ra pN-#ica.
L" %at" %e #a EPA "n (n re!#e, %e #a %e"ace#eracin %e #a acti+i%a% ecn'ica a #
#ar0 %e# a6 a tra+1" %e "( reperc("in en e# 'erca% #a-ra#. La" e"ti'acine" %i"pni-#e"
para e# tercer tri'e"tre "(0ieren (na ca)%a 'en" pr!(n%a en Ara0n :(e en e# cn,(nt
nacina# en re#acin a# tri'e"tre anterir. A")9 a# cntrari :(e en E"pa6a9 en #a C'(ni%a%
A(tn'a "e re0i"tra-a (n incre'ent %e #a c(pacin 4 (n %e"cen" %e# par.
La e+#(cin %e# cn,(nt %e# a6 in%ica :(e en #" tre" pri'er" tri'e"tre" "e Aan
crea% 4.7// p(e"t" %e tra-a, en Ara0n 4 "e Aan incrpra% a #a p-#acin acti+a en trn a
...// per"na". En cn"ec(encia9 "e Aa incre'enta% e# %e"e'p#e en 1.$// per"na"9
a#can;an% #a ci!ra %e 1/5.1// %e"e'p#ea%" 4 "it(an% #a ta"a %e par en e# tercer tri'e"tre en
e# B1.9&_C9 cn (n %i!erencia# !a+ra-#e a Ara0n %e 59* p(nt" prcent(a#e" cn #a nacina#.
La 0eneracin %e n(e+ e'p#e "e Aa cncentra% en Ser+ici" Bcn 1..&// e'p#ea%"
'3"C !rente a #a %e"tr(ccin %e# re"t %e "ectre"9 enca-e;a%" pr Cn"tr(ccin B5.*//
c(pa%" 'en"C9 "e0(i%a %e In%("tria B-*.4//C 4 A0ric(#t(ra B-&..//C. cnica'ente en #a ra'a
a0raria Aa %e"cen%i% #a ta"a %e par re"pect a# a6 anterir.
L" %at" %e# 'erca% #a-ra# para #" N#ti'" 'e"e" %e# a69 a+an;a%" pr e# par
re0i"tra% 4 #a a!i#iacin a #a Se0(ri%a% Scia#9 '(e"tran (n cntin( %eterir Aa"ta e# 'e" %e
n+ie'-re9 cn (na ace#eracin9 tant en e# rit' %e creci'ient %e# %e"e'p#e c' en #a
ca)%a %e #a a!i#iacin9 '3" prn(ncia%a en Ara0n :(e en e# cn,(nt %e E"pa6a.
Prec(pa e"pecia#'ente #a e+#(cin %e# "ectr in%("tria# en #a C'(ni%a% A(tn'a9
%a%a n(e"tra e"pecia#i;acin re#ati+a en e"ta ra'a %e acti+i%a%. S( rec(peracin9 #i0a%a a #a
acti+i%a% e2prta%ra9 "e e"t3 +ien% tr(nca%a pr #a ra#enti;acin %e #a %e'an%a e2terna.
E"ta 'i"'a ten%encia '(e"tra #a +ariacin interan(a# %e# Gn%ice %e Pr%(ccin In%("tria# :(e9
'antenien% a#ti-a," e"tacina#e"9 re!#e,a (na pri'era parte %e# a6 '3" %in3'ica9 cn
ace#eracin %e# rit' %e creci'ient Aa"ta a-ri#9 4 (na '%eracin p"terir9 cn ca)%a en e#
'e" %e ct(-re.
C' 4a "e Aa 'encina%9 e# creci'ient en &/11 "e Aa ap4a% -3"ica'ente en e#
"ectr e2terir9 cntin(an% #a ten%encia creciente %e !ina# %e &/1/. N -"tante9 #" N#ti'"
%at" %e A%(ana" in%ican :(e e# %ina'i"' Aa "i% '3" '%era% en e# tercer tri'e"tre :(e en
#" %" anterire". En t1r'in" ac('(#a%"9 Aa"ta e# 'e" %e "eptie'-re9 "e Aa pr%(ci% (n

- 117 -
a('ent %e #a" e2prtacine" %e# B&19*_C 4 %e #a" i'prtacine" %e# B1*97_C9 'anteni1n%"e e#
"(per3+it c'ercia# %e n(e"tra ecn')a cn (na ta"a %e c-ert(ra %e# B1&._C.
A#0(n" in%ica%re" :(e a+an;an e# c'prta'ient tant %e# cn"(' c' %e #a
acti+i%a% %e# "ectr "er+ici" "n #" re#ati+" a #a 'atric(#acin %e +eA)c(#" 4 e# )n%ice %e
c'erci a# pr 'enr. A'-" re!#e,an #a %e-i#i%a% %e #a" +enta" en #a C'(ni%a% A(tn'a a
# #ar0 %e# a69 'antenien% ta"a" ne0ati+a" en #" N#ti'" 'e"e".
Di"tinta i'pre"in !recen #" -(en" %at" %e tr3!ic a1re %e pa"a,er" 4 entra%a" %e
+ia,er" para e# "ectr t(ri"' en #" 'e"e" centra#e" %e# a69 :(e re!#e,an e# i'p(#" %e e"te
"ectr c#a+e 4 cn 0ran ptencia# %e %e"arr## en Ara0n.
Tant en ener c' en !e-rer %e &/1& Ara0n a#an;a (na ta"a %e in!#acin %e &91_.
E2i"te (n 'a4r i'pact en e# encareci'ient %e a#i'ent" 4 -e-i%a"9 'ienta" :(e9 pr e#
cntrari9 re0i"tra (n %e"cen" interan(a# %e# preci %e +e"ti% 4 ca#;a% 4 ci 4 c(#t(ra !rente
a# a('ent nacina#.

- 11$ -

VII. PLATEAMIETO EMPIRICO

7. P#antea'ientH -,eti+"9 Aipte"i" 4 'et%#0)a

7.1. O-,eti+"H 0enera#e" 4 e"pec)!ic".

E"te tra-a, %e in+e"ti0acin "e p#antea -a"3n%"e en #a "i0(iente pre0(ntaH
?E# reci-ir rientacin pr!e"ina# pr c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" 'e,ra e# ni+e# %e
e'p#ea-i#i%a% %e #" e0re"a%"@
A # #ar0 %e %icA tra-a, "e tratar3 e# cncept %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% enten%i% c' #a
pr-a-i#i%a% :(e tiene (na per"na %e encntrar e'p#e 4 'antener# en !(ncin %e "("
c'petencia" 4 %e #a" e2i0encia" %e# 'erca%.
8i0(ra 5. O-,eti+ 0enera#.

8i0(ra .. C'pnente" e,e" in!#(4ente" en #a e'p#ea-i#i%a%

1. O-,eti+H
Ana#i;ar #a e+#(cin %e #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" en #a" per"na" :(e Aan
reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina# !rente a #a" :(e n Aan reci-i% %icAa rientacin.
1.1. O-,eti+" e"pec)!ic"H
C'pr-ar "i e2i"ten %i!erencia" "i0ni!icati+a" "e0Nn e# 01ner.
C'pr-ar "i e2i"ten %i!erencia" "i0ni!icati+a" "e0Nn #a e%a%.
C'pr-ar en :(1 'e%i%a Aa ca'-ia% #a "it(acin #a-ra#.

1. C'petencia" tran"+er"a#e".
&. Cnci'ient %e i%i'a" 4 TIC
*. Di"pni-i#i%a%
4. Cnci'ient %e Aerra'ienta" 4 rec(r""
OKMETIJO PRINCIPAL
Cncer c' in!#(4e e# reci-ir rientacin pr!e"ina# pr c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" en e#
ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% %e #" e0re"a%"

- 117 -
&. O-,eti+H
Cncer #a e+#(cin %e i%i'a" 4 TIC %e #a" per"na" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin
pr!e"ina# !rente a #a" :(e n Aan reci-i%.
&.1. O-,eti+" e"pec)!ic"H
*. O-,eti+H
E+a#(ar #a %i"pni-i#i%a% %e #a" per"na" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina#
!rente a #a" :(e n Aan reci-i%.
*.1. O-,eti+" e"pec)!ic"H
4. O-,eti+H
Cncer #a e+#(cin %e# cnci'ient %e Aerra'ienta" 4 rec(r"" %e #a" per"na"
:(e Aan reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina# !rente a #a" :(e n Aan reci-i%.
4.1. O-,eti+" e"pec)!ic"H
C'pr-ar "i e2i"ten %i!erencia" "i0ni!icati+a" "e0Nn #a e%a%

- 1&/ -
CUATITATIVO
CUALITATIVO

7.*. Met%#0)a.

7.*.1. Di"e6

E"te %i"e6 'i2t "e !(n%a'enta en e# cncept %e trian0(#acin %e '1t%" para
reca-ar %at" 'e%iante t1cnica" c(antitati+a" Bc(e"tinari"C 4 c(a#itati+a" Bentre+i"ta"
in%i+i%(a#e" 4 0r(p" %e %i"c("inC9 !aci#itan% (n 'a4r enten%i'ient %e# !en'en. Se
%e!ien%e #a inte0racin %e %icA" para%i0'a" cn e# -,eti+ %e cn"e0(ir #a 'a4r ca#i%a% en
#a recpi#acin %e %at".
8i0(ra 7. Met%#0)a %e #a in+e"ti0acin.

E"ta %e'"tra% :(e tant e# prce" c(antitati+ c' e# c(a#itati+ "n i0(a# %e
+a#i"" 4 e" e+i%ente :(e Aan aprta% '(cA a# a+ance %e# cnci'ient %e t%a" #a" ciencia".
Nin0(n e" intr)n"eca'ente 'e,r :(e e# tr9 "i'p#e'ente cn"tit(4en %i!erente"
apr2i'acine" a# e"t(%i %e (n !en'en. A pe"ar %e :(e %(rante +aria" %1ca%a" "e in"i"ti en
:(e a'-" eran irrecnci#ia-#e" e i'p"i-#e %e 'e;c#ar9 en #a" N#ti'a" %" %1ca%a"9 (n nN'er
creciente %e a(tre" en e# 3rea %e #a 'et%#0)a 4 %e in+e"ti0a%re"9 Aan prp(e"t #a (nin %e
a'-" prce"" en (n 'i"' e"t(%i. Linc#n 4 I(--a B&///C # ##a'an Wel cruce de los
eno.ues6. L" prce"" c(antitati+ 4 c(a#itati+ "n Nnica'ente Wposibles elecciones u
opcionesX para en!rentar pr-#e'a" %e in+e"ti0acin9 '3" :(e para%i0'a" p"icine"
epi"te'#0ica" BT#%9 Ner#icA 4 McDeEn9 &//4C. Ta# 4 c' "e6a#a Ma2Ee## B177&C 4
=enE% B&//4C9 (n '1t% prce" n e" +3#i% in+3#i% pr ") 'i"'S en cierta"
ca"ine" #a ap#icacin %e #" '1t%" p(e%e pr%(cir %at" +3#i%" 4 en tra" in+3#i%". Ante
#a p"i-i#i%a% %e !("inar a'-" en!:(e"9 Irinne## B1777C "e !r'(#a (na "erie %e
c(e"tina'ient" c(4a" re"p(e"ta" "n c'p#e,a"9 per Aan %a% pie a +aria" p"t(ra" en trn a
#a p"i-i#i%a% %e e'p#ear #" en!:(e" c(antitati+ 4 c(a#itati+ en (na 'i"'a in+e"ti0acin.
Unra(9 Irinne## 4 Pi##ia'" B&//5C "e6a#an :(e #a 'a4r)a %e #" e"t(%i" incrpra (n Nnic
Pre-te"t 4 P"t-te"t
Entre+i"ta" In%i+i%(a#i;a%a" Ir(p" %e %i"c("in

- 1&1 -
en!:(e %e-i% a# c"t9 tie'p 4 cnci'ient" :(e re:(iere e'p#ear (na per"pecti+a 'i2ta.
Para #a rea#i;acin %e e"te tra-a, "e "e#eccina e# en!:(e 'i2t pr:(e e" (n prce" :(e
rec#ecta9 ana#i;a 4 +inc(#a %at" c(antitati+" 4 c(a#itati+" en (n 'i"' e"t(%i (na "erie %e
in+e"ti0acine" para re"pn%er a (n p#antea'ient %e# pr-#e'a BTe%%#ie 4 Ta"AaUUri9 &//*S
Cre"Ee##9 &//5S Merten"9 &//5S Pi##ia'"9 Unra( 4 Irinne##9 &//5C. E"te re#ati+a'ente n(e+
en!:(e "e !(n%a'enta en #a trian0(#acin %e '1t%". =a reci-i% +aria" %en'inacine"9 pr
e,e'p# WMet%#0)a "int1tica interpretati+aX BJan 4 C#e9 &//4C. A#0(na" %e #a" +enta,a" pr
#a" :(e "e "e#eccina e"te en!:(e !rente a tr" "n #a" "i0(iente"H

1. Se #0ra (na per"pecti+a '3" preci"a %e# !en'en.
&. A4(%a a c#ari!icar 4 a !r'(#ar e# p#antea'ient %e# pr-#e'a.
*. La '(#tip#ici%a% %e -"er+acine" pr%(ce %at" Wric"X 4 +aria%"9 4a :(e "e
cn"i%eran %i+er"a" !(ente" 4 tip" %e %at"9 cnte2t" a'-iente" 4 an3#i"i".
4. L" '%e#" 'i2t" cn"i0(en ap4ar cn '3" "#i%e; #a" in!erencia" cient)!ica"9 :(e "i
"e e'p#ean ai"#a%a'ente B8e(er9 TEne 4 SAa+e#"n9 &//&C.

<a en 17579 DCa'p-e## 4 8i"Ue9 en "( art)c(# %e 1757H WConvergent and discri%inant
validation by %ultitrait+%ulti%ethod %atri,69 !(ern #" pri'er" en prpner #a rec#eccin %e
%at" 'N#tip#e" %e +aria" !(ente"9 c' (na t1cnica %e +a#i%acin cnc(rrente entre %at"
%i"tint"9 per a# !ina# c'p#e'entari". S( Wtrian0(#acinX era e# pr%(ct %e crre#acinar
p(nt(acine" -teni%a" %e %i!erente" '1t%" %e 'e%icin. En 177*9 Sie-er Bcita% pr
Cre"Ee##9 &//5C "(0iri #a c'-inacin %e e"t(%i" %e ca" tra" t1cnica" %e (n 'i"' e"t(%i.
En 17779 TMicU intr%(, #" cncept" -3"ic" %e #" %i"e6" 'i2t"9 prp(" reca-ar %at"
'e%iante t1cnica" c(antitati+a" 4 c(a#itati+a"9 e i#("tr #a trian0(#acin %e %at"S a%e'3" %e
c'entar #a nece"i%a% %e -tener Wuna otogra)a %2s enri.uecedora y con %ayor sentido de
entendi%iento de los en&%enosX BMicU9 1777H4.C. En 17779 MicU intr%(, #" cncept" -3"ic"
%e #" %i"e6" 'i2t"9 prp(" reca-ar %at" 'e%iante t1cnica" c(antitati+a"9 c' #a"
e2p(e"ta" 4 "e#eccina%a" anterir'ente9 c' c(antitati+a"9 c' #a e2p(e"ta a cntin(acin.
Para #a rea#i;acin %e e"ta in+e"ti0acin "e pta pr (n %i"e6 'i2t !(n%a'enta% en e#
cncept %e trian0(#acin. E# ter'in %e trian0(#acin pr+iene %e #a ciencia na+a# 'i#itar c'
(n prce" :(e #" 'ariner" (ti#i;an9 4 cn"i"te en t'ar +ari" p(nt" %e re!erencia para
#ca#i;ar #a p"icin %e (n -,et en e# 'ar BDicU9 1777C. E"t(%i" 'i2t"9 %e %icAa )n%#e9 "e
Aan cn"#i%a% cn e# tra-a, %e a(tre" ta#e" c' Mr"e9 Mi#e"9 =(-er'an9 Ta"AaUUri.
Te%%#ie9 4 tr" '(cA" a(tre".

- 1&& -

7.*.1.1.L'-it c(antitati+.

De"%e e# p(nt %e +i"ta c(antitati+ "e rea#i;ar3 (n e"t(%i c(a"i-e2peri'enta#9 "e
tra-a,a #a +a#i%e; internaS aC 0r(p" %e c'paracin B'anip(#acin %e +aria-#e" in%epen%iente"
"# Aa"ta %n%e n" per'ite #a "it(acin9 "in %e"cartar #a p"i-i#i%a% %e :(e #a +ariacin
-"er+a%a en #a +aria-#e %epen%iente "e %e-a ta'-i1n a !actre" e2tern" 4 n e2c#("i+a'ente a
#" e"t(%ia%"CS -C #i'ita%a e:(i+a#encia %e #" 0r(p" %e e0re"a%" a# tra-a,ar cn tit(#acine"
%i!erente"9 entre tr". La +a#i%e; e2terna "e tra-a,a cn #a repre"entati+i%a% 4 !r'a#i;acin %e
#" re"(#ta%". Pr N#ti' tra-a,a'" #a +a#i%e; cncept(a# -a"3n%n" en %e!inicine"
perati+a" %e #a" +aria-#e" i'p#ica%a"9 cn cAerencia 4 -a"a%a" en ter)a" 4 e"t(%i" pre+i".
Cn"e0(i'"9 pr tr #a%9 #a !ia-i#i%a%9 e#i0ien% +a#re" a%ec(a%" :(e "e ap#ican
cn+eniente'ente 4 "e 'i%en cn preci"in9 para e## (ti#i;a'" entre tra"9 #a +a#racin
inter,(ece".
Se (ti#i;an pre-te"t 4 p"t-te"t para ana#i;ar #a e+#(cin %e #" 0r(p" ante" 4 %e"p(1"
%e# trata'ient e2peri'enta#. La" p"pr(e-a" "n nece"aria" para %eter'inar #" e!ect" %e #a"
cn%icine" e2peri'enta#e" BPier"'a 4 M(r"9 &//5C.
Pa"" prpi" %e# prce%i'ientH
1. Se a"i0nan a# a;ar #" "(,et" :(e c'pnen #" 0r(p" Bca%a 0r(p !ina#'ente
c'p(e"t pr &&4 e0re"a%"C
&. Se ap#ica e# pre-te"t "i'(#t3nea'ente a #" 'ie'-r" %e a'-" 0r(p". B'ar; &/1/C
*. Un 0r(p reci-e e# trata'ient e2peri'enta# 4 e# tr n Be" e# 0r(p cntr#C.
4. Se #e" a%'ini"tra "i'(#t3nea'ente e# p"t-te"t B'ar; &/11C

In"tr('ent c(antitati+H c(e"tinariH

Una +e; p#antea% e# -,eti+ 4 re+i"a%" #" c(e"tinari" %e #" pr4ect" a #" :(e "e
Aa AecA a#("in en e# 'arc teric9 a") c' %e"p(1" %e Aa-er teni% en c(enta e#
c(e"tinari :(e rea#i;a'" en #a e#a-racin %e# DEA BAne2 &C "e %e"arr##a (n in"tr('ent
4 "e #e entre0a a 5 e2pert" re#acina%" cn e# 3'-it %e #a in+e"ti0acin para :(e Aa0an #a"
aprtacine" pertinente" para "( +a#i%acin. DicAa" +a#racine" "n rec0i%a" 4 teni%a" en
c(enta para e#a-rar e# %c('ent %e!initi+. Ante" %e prce%er a #a entre0a 'a"i+a %e %icA
c(e"tinari9 "e rea#i;a (na pe:(e6a pr(e-a pi#t cn 15 per"na" para p(#ir %icA in"tr('ent.
La e+#(cin %e %icA" ca'-i" en e# c(e"tinari 4 #a" %i!erente" aprtacine"9 "n teni%a" en
c(enta para e#a-rar9 e"ta +e; ")9 #a pr(e-a %e!initi+a BAne2 *C.
E# c(e"tinari !ina#'ente e#a-ra% e"ta %i+i%i% en c(atr 0ran%e" -#:(e"9 e"t"
-#:(e" e"tan c'p(e"t" pr +aria-#e" BAne2 *C :(e "n crea%a" -a"3n%n" en c'

- 1&* -
enten%e'" e# cncept %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% en %icAa in+e"ti0acin. Se +a#ra e# criteri ante e#
cncept %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% %e a(tre" ta#e" c' Irt 4 Maa""en B&///C9 =i##a0e 4 P##ar%
B177$C9 4 Ia;te#3n B&//4C9 #" c(a#e" tienen pre"ente" ca%a (n %e #" c(atr -#:(e" :(e
c'pnen e# c(e"tinariH
- C'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" B1. )te'C
- 8r'acin 4 cnci'ient" en I%i'a" 4 TIC B* )te'C
- Di"pni-i#i%a% B* )te'C
- =erra'ienta" 4 rec(r"" B4 )te'"C
La e#a-racin %e# c(e"tinari Aa "(p(e"t (n e"!(er; nece"ari para c'en;ar cn e"te
tra-a, %e in+e"ti0acin.
Una +e; !ina#i;a% t% e"te prce" "e rec0en 4 e+a#Nan #" re"(#ta%" -teni%" %e !r'a
c(antitati+a a tra+1" %e# pr0ra'a e"ta%)"tic SPSS +er"in 15./.

7.*.1.&.L'-it c(a#itati+.

E# 3'-it c(a#itati+ e"ta cn"tit(i% pr (na parte %e tra-a, in%i+i%(a#9 c'p(e"t pr
#a" entre+i"ta" in%i+i%(a#i;a%a" 4 tra parte 0r(pa#9 a #a c(a# crre"pn%en #" 0r(p" %e
%i"c("in.

aC Entre+i"ta in%i+i%(a#i;a%aH

C'p(e"ta pr "e"ine" in%i+i%(a#e" %e entre %" 4 "ei" entre+i"ta" pr e0re"a%. Se
rea#i;an (n tta# %e 411 entre+i"ta" pre"encia#e"9 %e #a" c(a#e" "e "e#eccinan %e (n '%
a#eatri "i'p#e B"e n('eran pr r%en %e rea#i;acin %e# 1 a# 4 4 "e "e#eccinan #a" 1//
pri'era" entre+i"ta" :(e tienen (n 4 Aa"ta cn"e0(ir e# nN'er %e"ea%C 1// entre+i"ta" para
Aacer (n an3#i"i" en pr!(n%i%a%. Se (ti#i;a #a -"er+acin 4 e# a(t re0i"tr9 #a tra"cripcin 4 e#
an3#i"i" BAne2 4C %e ca%a (na %e #a" 1// entre+i"ta" "e#eccina%a" para cncer #a" cate0r)a"
:(e aparecen en e# cn,(nt %e #a" 'i"'a"9 a") c' e# nN'er %e +ece" :(e aparecen %icAa"
cate0r)a" 4 #a" per"na" cn #a" :(e "e tra-a,an BAne2 5C. A "( +e; "e rea#i;a e"te 'i"'
prce%i'ient para ana#i;ar #" re"(#ta%" -teni%" pr tre" ,(ece" %i!erente" BAne2 .C.
Se tra-a,an #" c(atr c'pnente" %e# t1r'in e'p#ea-i#i%a% :(e "n +a#ra%" para #a
e#a-racin %e# c(e"tinariH
- C'petencia" tran"+er"a#e"
- 8r'acin c'p#e'entaria 4 cnci'ient". BSe inci%e en In!r'3tica e I%i'a"C
- Di"pni-i#i%a% B!#e2i-i#i%a% Araria9 %i"pni-i#i%a% para +ia,ar 4 %e%icacinC
- =erra'ienta" 4 rec(r"" para #a -N":(e%a 'e,ra %e e'p#e.

- 1&4 -
Dentr %e #a in"tr('enta#i;acin n e"tan%ari;a%a9 "e %e"taca #a entre+i"ta c' (na !r'a %e
rec0er %at" para e# %ia0n"tic9 a") c' #a" Ai"tria" %e +i%a BCrt1" 4 Me%ran9 &//7C :(e
a(n:(e en e"ta ca"in n "e tra-a,a e2p#)cita'ente9 i'p#)cita'ente aparece en ca%a (na %e #a"
entre+i"ta" rea#i;a%a"9 %e-i% a# c#i'a %e cercan)a 4 cn!ian;a :(e "e 0enera en #a" 'i"'a".
A cntin(acin "e e"ta-#ecen (na "erie %e !a"e" :(e "ir+en %e -a"e para a"entar (n prtc# 4
(na r0ani;acin per "e priri;a #a !#e2i-i#i%a% %e #a" 'i"'a" para re"pn%er a #a" nece"i%a%e"
%e #" e0re"a%"H
Pri'era !a"eH e+a#(acin %e %ia0n"tic inicia#. ?Dn%e e"ta'"@
E"ta !a"e %e #a entre+i"ta "e centra !(n%a'enta#'ente en cncer c(3# e" #a "it(acin partic(#ar
%e# e0re"a%9 :(1 e"t3 Aacien% para cn"e0(ir 'e,rar "( e'p#e9 :(e c'petencia"
c(a#i%a%e" tiene 4 c' #a" (ti#i;a9 per # !(n%a'enta# 4 %e"taca-#e %e e"ta !a"e e" e# 0enerar
(n c#i'a %e "intn)a :(e a"entar3 #a" -a"e" para t% e# prce" %e rientacin. E" i'prtante
:(e e# e0re"a% "e "ienta cn cn!ian;a9 tran:(i#9 re#a,a% 4 cn 3ni' %e "incerar"e 4
participar acti+a'ente %e# prce" %e rientacin. E"ta entre+i"ta e" "i ca-e9 #a '3" i'prtante
%e t% e# prce" p(e"t :(e e" %n%e "e e"ta-#ecen #" ci'ient" %e # :(e "e tra-a,ar3
p"terir'ente.
Se0(n%a !a"eH %e!inicin %e -,eti+". ?=acia %n%e +a'"@
E# prp"it !(n%a'enta# %e e"ta !a"e e" cncer e# -,eti+ pr!e"ina# %e# e0re"a% 4 "a-er
:(1 :(iere cn"e0(ir a crt9 'e%i 4 #ar0 p#a;. Se (ti#i;a #a a(trre!#e2in.
Tercera !a"eH 'et%#0)a" %e cn"ec(cin %e -,eti+". ?C' +a'"@
En e"te aparta% n" p#antea'" e# '% #a !r'a en #a :(e +a'" a tra-a,ar #a rientacin 4
a cn"e0(ir #" -,eti+" p#antea%" per"na#i;an% ca%a (na %e #a" "it(acine".
C(arta !a"eH te'pra#i;acin %e# itinerari per"na# %e in"ercin ?C(3n%@
En e"te p(nt n" r0ani;a'" te'pra#'ente para 'arcarn" (n itinerari te'pra# :(e "e
a%apte tant a #" -,eti+" c' a #a 'et%#0)a c' a #a" nece"i%a%e" %e# e0re"a% 4
%i"pni-i#i%a% en 0enera#.
>()nta !a"eH ce+a#(acin %e# prce" %e rientacin.
E" i'prtante cntar cn (n !ee%--acU %e #a rientacin reci-i%a 4 pr tant en #a N#ti'a !a"e "e
p#ani!ica (na e+a#(acin cn,(nta entre e# e0re"a% 4 e# rienta%r :(e a4(%ar3 en e# prp"it
%e 'e,ra 0#-a#.

-C Ir(p" %e %i"c("inH

Se cntacta +ia e-'ai# 4 pre"encia#'ente cn e0re"a%" perteneciente" a +ari" 0r(p"
para "#icitar +#(ntari" en #a participacin %e #" 'i'". De !r'a a#eatria "e aceptan #a"
pri'era" "#icit(%e" %e inter1" Aa"ta cn"tit(ir #" tre" 0r(p" "i0(iente"H

- 1&5 -
& A'01ne"H Un c'p(e"t pr per"na" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin 4 tr c'p(e"t pr
per"na" :(e n Aan reci-i% rientacin.
1 Aeter01neH en e"te 0r(p 'i2t participan per"na" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin 4 a:(e##a"
:(e n #a Aan reci-i%.
T%" #" 0r(p" "n tran"crit" BAne2 7H 0r(p Aeter01neC para "( p"terir an3#i"i".
Se p#antean #" c(atr c'pnente" :(e %e!inen e# ter'in %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%H aC c'petencia"
tran"+er"a#e"9 -C !r'acin en i%i'a" 4 TIC9 cC %i"pni-i#i%a% 4 eC Aerra'ienta" 4 rec(r""9
%e,an% #i-erta% a# 0r(p para :(e !#(4a %e !r'a a(tn'a en e# trat cn #a te'3tica.
En e"ta ca"in9 #a" !a"e" :(e "e e"peci!ican a cntin(acin9 a# i0(a# :(e "(ce%)a cn #a"
entre+i"ta" per"na#e"9 "n !a"e" !#e2i-#e" 4 :(e tienen c' priri%a% a%aptar"e a #a"
nece"i%a%e" %e #" e0re"a%".
Pri'era !a"eH cnte2t(a#i;acin 4 creacin %e c#i'a %e cn!ian;a.
Se parte %e (na pe:(e6a e2p#icacin %e c(3# e" e# -,eti+ %e# 0r(p %e %i"c("in 4 #a
in+e"ti0acin %entr %e #a c(3# e"t3 (-ica%. Se Aace (na pe:(e6a pre"entacin %e# 0r(p en #a
:(e p(e%an c'partir ciert" %eta##e" %e "( "it(acin 4 0enerar (n c#i'a %e cn!ian;a.
Se0(n%a !a"eH p#antea'ient %e# te'a 4 %e"arr## %e# %ia#0 0r(pa#.
En e"ta !a"e intent 'antener (n r# pa"i+ 4 'e #i'it a -"er+ar 'ientra" e##" interca'-ian
pinine" partien% %e# te'a p#antea%.
Tercera !a"eH re"('en 4 cnc#("ine".
Una +e; %e"arr##a% e# nNc#e %e# 0r(p %e %i"c("in "e #e" pi%e :(e Aa0an (n re"('en 4
p#anteen (na" cnc#("ine" %e # Aa-#a% anterir'ente.
C(arta !a"eH a0ra%eci'ient".
Ante" %e ter'inar "e a0ra%ece #a participacin en #a in+e"ti0acin.

- 1&. -
7.*.&. P-#acin9 '(e"tra 4 e# '(e"tre.
8i0(ra $. M(e"tra %e #a in+e"ti0acin

Se0Nn e# ni+e# %e e2trap#acin %e #" %at"9 #a p-#acin 0enera# e#e0i%a para #a te"i"
e"ta c'p(e"ta pr e0re"a%" e"pa6#e"9 ara0ne"e" 4 re"i%ente" en Rara0;a9 =(e"ca Ter(e#.
La '(e"tra !ina# e"ta c'p(e"ta pr 44$ e0re"a%" :(e inicia#'ente n Aan reci-i% rientacin
pr!e"ina#. Se rea#i;a (na pri'era p(e"ta en cntact cn 7$4 per"na" a tra+1" %e +aria" +)a"S
aC pr e-'ai#S en+i3n%#e" (na carta %n%e "e #e" e2p#ica e# pr4ect 4 "#icitan% "(
participacin +#(ntariaS -C pre"encia#S e2p#ic3n%#e" %e i0(a# '% e# pr4ect 4 prpnien%
"( participacin +#(ntaria en e# 'i"'. Se rea#i;ar3 (n '(e"tre pr-a-i#)"tica a#eatri "i'p#e9
tenien% en c(enta e# r%en %e recepcin %e #" c(e"tinari". Re"pn%en 74$ per"na" :(e "n
a"i0na%a" a# a;ar Bpr r%en a#eatri %e recepcinC a #" %" 0r(p" A'01ne" %e *74
per"na" ca%a (n 4 "e prce%e a #a entre0a %e #a pri'era pr(e-a ap#ica%a en %icAa
in+e"ti0acin Bpre-te"t %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%C. Un a6 '3" tar%e9 Aa-ien% inter+eni% a ni+e# %e
rientacin9 "e +(e#+e a i'p#e'entar e# c(e"tinari9 e"ta +e; %en'ina% p"t-te"t9 a #" &*1
participante" %e ca%a (n %e #" 0r(p"9 %e"p(1" %e e#i'inar a:(e##a" per"na" :(e n eran
+3#i%a" e i0(a#ar #a '(e"tra entre #" %" 0r(p" B"e pier%en 15/ per"na"C9 n" :(e%a'" cn
984
cuestionarios
578 e-mail
484 en persona
CONTESTAN
748
T1 GRUPO CONTROL
374
GRUPO
EXPERIMENTAL
374
T2 GRUPO CONTROL 253
(27 ELIMINADOS POR RECIBIR ALGcN TIPO DE
ORIENTACIN) adem3s de ponerlo en el e-mail

ME QUEDO CON LOS PRIMEROS 224
(ELIMINO LOS 2 cLTIMOS CUESTIONARIOS PARA
IGUALAR LA MUESTRA.
231 PERSONAS RECIBEN ORIENTACIN
569 ENTREVISTAS
411 PRESENCIALES Y 95 TELEFONICAMENTE /WEB/E-
MAIL 63 SESIONES GRUPALES
T2 cuestionario:
224 contestan
Selecciono 100 entrevistas para
analizar cualitativamente
30 con tres jueces
4 personas (5 entrevistas)=20

- 1&7 -
(na '(e"tra !ina# %e &&4 per"na" en ca%a (n %e #" 0r(p" para p%er c'parar e# pre-te"t 4
e# p"t-te"t.
En e"ta in+e"ti0acin ta# 4 c' # re!#e,an '3" a%e#ante e"ta%i"tic" c' cAi-
c(a%ra% B1
&
C9 "e parte %e 0r(p" cn caracter)"tica" A'01nea" c(4 ran0 %e e%a% cn 'a4r
repre"entati+i%a% e" e# c'pren%i% entre e%a%e" %e &5 4 &7 a6"9 -tenien% (n repart
e:(itati+ pr "e2" cn (na #i0era 'a4r repre"entati+i%a% %e #a" '(,ere". Un prcenta,e
'a4ritari Ben trn a# 7/_C %e #" e0re"a%" n e"t3n in%epen%i;a%" 4 +i+en cn "("
!a'i#ia". M3" %e# B7/_C %e #" e0re"a%" :(e participan en e# e"t(%i +i+en en Rara0;a
"e0(i% %e a:(e##" :(e +i+en en =(e"ca 4 Ter(e# re"pecti+a'ente. Ca"i #a 'ita% %e #"
participante" "n Licencia%"9 "e0(i%" %e #" Dip#'a%" In0enier". Entre #a" tit(#acine"
'3" repre"entati+a" "e enc(entra" #" Licencia%" en A%'ini"tracin 4 Direccin %e E'pre"a"
BADEC9 DerecA9 P"icpe%a00)a9 Mae"tr" %e E%(cacin In!anti#9 Dip#'a%" en
E'pre"aria#e"9 Re#acine" La-ra#e" 4 T(ri"' e In0enier". Cn re"pect a #a "it(acin #a-ra#
en e# tie'p 19 ca"i (n 4/_ %e #" e0re"a%" n tra-a,an per "e e"t3n !r'an%.

7.*.*. La !r'a %e #a rec0i%a %e %at".

7.*.*.1. E# c(e"tinari.

E# B*4_C %e #" c(e"tinari" e" re##ena% en !r'at pape# 4 e# B.._C re"tante #
c('p#i'entan te#e'3tica'ente a tra+1" %e (n %c('ent Pr% :(e en+)an pr e-'ai#.
Se e2p#ica e# prp"it %e# c(e"tinari %entr %e# e"t(%i 4 "e #e" 'arca (na" pe:(e6a"
in"tr(ccine" -3"ica" para :(e p(e%an c('p#i'entar e# 'i"'.
Se tienen en c(enta %at" ta#e" c' #a !ecAa %e naci'ient9 e# "e29 #a "it(acin !a'i#iar9 #a
pr+incia %e re"i%encia9 #a tit(#acin ter'ina%a :(e e"t1 rea#i;an% act(a#'ente9 #a rea#i;acin
%e pr3ctica" #a-ra#e"9 #a percepcin :(e tienen en e# tie'p %" %e "( p"i-#e 'e,r)a en e#
ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%. Cn #a pec(#iari%a% %e :(e a#0(n" c(e"tinari"9 c' "n #" :(e
tienen c' %e"tinatari" #" e0re"a%" %e# 0r(p cntr# Btie'p &C tienen (na pre0(nta
%i!erente9 c' #a :(e e"peci!ica "i Aan reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina# en e# tran"c(r" %e e"e
a69 "i cnte"tan :(e "i9 %e"carta'" a %icA can%i%at.
L" %at" :(e rec0e'" %e# c(e"tinari "e tra-a,an en !r'a %e #" 4 -#:(e"
en('era%" anterir'ente9 pre"tan% e"pecia# atenacin a #a" pec(#iari%a%e" in%i+i%(a#e"
c(an% a") # re:(ieren #" prpi" re"(#ta%" %e #a" 'i"'a"9 "ien% e"ta "it(acin !rec(ente a #
#ar0 %e# prce" %e an3#i"i" %e re"(#ta%".

- 1&$ -

7.*.*.&. La entre+i"ta in%i+i%(a#.

Prce%e'" a #a rea#i;acin 4 cn"i0(iente 0ra-acin %e entre %" 4 "ei" entre+i"ta"
in%i+i%(a#e" cn ca%a (n %e #" &*1 "(,et" :(e cn"tit(4en #a '(e"tra %e# 0r(p %e tra-a,
inicia#'ente. Tenien% en c(enta :(e #a 'e%ia e" %e tre" entre+i"ta" pr per"na9
ac('(#ar)a'" (n tta# %e 5.7 entre+i"ta" in%i+i%(a#e" %e entre #" &&4 participante" !ina#e"9
%e"p(1" %e Aacer %e"carta% #" n +3#i%" B7C. De #a" 5.7 entre+i"ta"9 411 "n pre"1ncia#e" Ben
#" c(a#e" centra'" e# e"t(%iC 4 75 "e rea#i;an a tra+1" %e tra" +)a" Bte#e!nica'ente9 Pe-9 e-
'ai#C. La" per"na" :(e "# Aan ac(%i% a (na entre+i"ta "n e#i'ina%a" %e# an3#i"i" pr n
cn"i%erar "i0ni!icati+a (na "e"in. Se #e a%,(%ica (n nN'er %e# 1 a# 4 cn"ec(ti+a'ente "e0Nn
"e rea#i;an #a" 411 entre+i"ta" pre"encia#e"9 "e "e#eccinan #a" 1// pri'era" entre+i"ta" :(e
tienen a%,(%ica% e# nN'er 4 Bre"petan% #a cn"ec(cin %e entre+i"ta" cn #a 'i"'a per"na
cn (n tta# %e *1 per"na"C :(e%an% c' re"(#ta% e# an3#i"i" en pr!(n%i%a% %e $ per"na"
:(e rea#i;an & entre+i"ta"9 1& per"na" :(e rea#i;an * entre+i"ta"9 7 per"na" :(e rea#i;an 4
entre+i"ta"9 4 per"na" :(e rea#i;an 5 entre+i"ta". DicAa" "e"ine" tienen (na %(racin
apr2i'a%a %e 45 'in(t".
4 per"na" B5 entre+i"ta"Cd&/
7 per"na" B4 entre+i"ta"Cd&$
1& per"na" B* entre+i"ta"Cd*.
$ per"na" B& entre+i"ta"Cd1.

*/ %e e"ta" 1// entre+i"ta" "n ana#i;a%a" pr tre" ,(ece" 4 e2pert" %i!erente"9 %entr
%e #a" 1// entre+i"ta"9 "e #e a%,(%ica (n nN'er %e# (n a# tre" a #a" entre+i"ta" rea#i;a%a" pr
e"e 'i"' r%en %e rea#i;acin 4 p"terir'ente "e#eccina'" t%a" #a" :(e tienen en nN'er
tre" para :(e p(e%an "er ana#i;a%a" pr #" %i!erente" ,(ece"9 t% e"t "e rea#i;a cn e#
prp"it %e c'pr-ar #a !ia-i#i%a% %e #a 'et%#0)a %e an3#i"i". A cntin(acin "e %eta##a
pr parte %e ca%a (n %e #" tre" ,(ece"9 #a" +ece" :(e "e %etecta en ca%a (na %e #a" entre+i"ta"
BnO %e entre+i"ta"C #a cate0r)a tra-a,a%a 4 e# nN'er %e +ece" BnO %e +ece"C :(e aparece %icAa
cate0r)a en #a" */ entre+i"ta" ana#i;a%a". En #a parte %erecAa %e #a Bta-#a 4C "e e2pnen #"
'i"'" re"(#ta%" -teni%" en #a tta#i%a% %e #a" 1// entre+i"ta" ana#i;a%a". Para !rta#ecer #a
!ia-i#i%a% %e# an3#i"i" inter,(ece" rec0e'" e# +a#r %e# e"ta%)"tic Dappa 4 "( ni+e# cr)tic9 e#
c(a# n" per'ite %eci%ir "-re #a Aipte"i" n(#a %e a("encia %e ac(er%.

- 1&7 -

7.*.*.*. Se"ine" 0r(pa#e".

La !r'a en #a :(e "e rec0e #a in!r'acin e" 'e%iante 0ra-acine" %e %icAa"
"e"ine" 0r(pa#e" 4 'e%iante #a recpi#acin %e (na "erie %e %at" %e"cripti+" -3"ic" :(e n"
"er3n %e (ti#i%a% para e# p"terir an3#i"i"S e%a%9 "e29 "it(acin #a-ra# act(a#9 e"t(%i"
ter'ina%"9 rea#i;acin %e pr3ctica" 4 percepcin %e "( ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%.
La" "e"ine" 0r(pa#e" c'p#e'entar3n #a in!r'acin -teni%a a ni+e# in%i+i%(a# en #a"
entre+i"ta" in%i+i%(a#i;a%a" 4 en #" c(e"tinari" inicia#e" Bpre-te"tC 4 !ina#e" Bp"t-te"tC.
C'p(e"t pr (n tta# %e tre" 0r(p" %e %i"c("inH
& A'01ne"H Ca%a (n %e e##" c'p(e"t" pr cA participante" %e %i!erente" "e2".
1 Aeter01neH c'p(e"t pr "iete participante" %e %i!erente" "e2" BAne2 7C.

7.*.4. E# prce%i'ient

Cn e# pri'er %e #" 0r(p" B0cC "e tra-a,an Nnica'ente t1cnica" %e tip c(antitati+
para 'e%ir c(a# e" e# ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% en %" tie'p" %i!erente" Bpre te"t 4 p"t te"tC.
DicA 0r(p "e %en'ina 0r(p cntr#.
En e# "e0(n% %e #" 0r(p" BIEC9 %en'ina% 0r(p %e tra-a, e2peri'enta#9 "e
(ti#i;an t1cnica" %e tip c(antitati+ 4 c(a#itati+. Se prce%e a entre0ar#e en 'i"'
c(e"tinari Bpre te"t-p"t te"tC :(e "e #e Aa entre0a% a# 0r(p cntr#9 per a "( +e; "e
inter+iene %e !r'a c(a#itati+a9 tra-a,an% (na "erie %e entre+i"ta" in%i+i%(a#i;a%a" 4 0r(p" %e
%i"c("in para a-r%ar #" c(atr par3'etr" %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%.
8a"e" %e# prce" %e tra-a,H

Ir(p cntr# Bc'p(e"t pr &&4 e0re"a%" !ina#e"C
Tie'p 1H Entre0a %e pre-te"t
Tie'p &H Entre0a %e p"t-te"t

8i0(ra 7. 8a"e" %e prce" %e tra-a, en e# 0r(p cntr#.

Pre-te"t
Tie'p 1

P"t-te"t
Tie'p &

- 1*/ -
Ir(p e2peri'enta# Bc'p(e"t pr &&4 e0re"a%" !ina#e"C
Tie'p 1H
-Entre0a %e pre-c(e"tinari
-Participacin en %i!erente" "e"ine" %e entre+i"ta" in%i+i%(a#i;a%a. B1// entre+i"ta"
"e#eccina%a" %e #a" 411 pre"encia#e"C
- Se#eccin para participar en #" tre" 0r(p" %e %i"c("in. B&* e0re"a%"C
Tie'p &H Entre0a %e p"t-te"t
8i0(ra 1/. 8a"e" %e prce" %e tra-a, en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta.

C' "e p(e%e -"er+ar en e# crn0ra'a :(e aparece en #a ta-#a 49 4a en e# &//$
e'pe;a'" a re!#e2inar "-re c(3# e" e# te'a p%e'" tra-a,ar en e"ta te"i". Ciert e"9 :(e #"
%" a6" anterire" 4a Aa-)a'" tra-a,a% %" #)nea" %e in+e"ti0acin :(e :(er)a'" tener en
c(entaS #" +a#re" #a-ra#e" 4 #a centra#i%a% %e# tra-a, 4 #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" %e #"
e0re"a%". 8ina#'ente %eci%i'" rea#i;ar #a te"i" "-re #a rientacin pr!e"ina# pr
c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" para 'e,rar en ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%9 centr3n%n" %e p#en en #a
re+i"in terica 4 %c('enta# %e #a 'i"'a. Cntin(a'" %(rante e# &//7-&/1/ tra-a,an% #"
-,eti+"9 #a 'et%#0)a 4 #a e#a-racin %e# in"tr('ent para preparar a "( +e; e# pr4ect
!r'a# %e te"i". N" centra'" a cntin(acin en #a rec0i%a %e %at" 4 e# an3#i"i" %e #"
'i"'" para prce%er a cntin(acin a #a e#a-racin 4 e"crit(ra %e# %c('ent %e te"i".

Pre-te"t
Tie'p 1
Inter+encin-rientacin
Entre+i"ta in%i+i%(a# TSe"ine" 0r(pa#e"

P"t-te"t
Tie'p &

- 1*1 -

Ta-#a 4. Crn0ra'a 4 te'pra#i;acin

'(()

'((*

'(+(

'(++

'(+'
Re!#e2in 4 p#antea'ient %e #a i%ea %e
te"i"

Re+i"in terica 4 -i-#i0r3!ica9 %c('entacin 4 e"t(%i %e# e"ta% %e #a c(e"tin BP#antea'ient
tericC

P#antea'ient %e -,eti+"9
'et%#0)a 4 e#a-racin %e
in"tr('ent"

Entre0a %e pr4ect !r'a# %e te"i"

De"arr## %e#
p#antea'ient e'p)ric.

Rec0i%a %e %at" 4a an3#i"i" %e #" 'i"'"
Be# c(e"tinari9 entre+i"ta 4 "e"in 0r(pa# C

Tra-a, %e #" %at" c(antitati+"

Tra-a, %e %at" c(a#itati+"

E#a-racin %e #a" #i'itacine" 4 cntri-(cin a# 3'-it %e
#a inter+encin p"ice%(cati+a.

S(0erencia" para tra-a,"
p"terire"

Re%accin !ina# %e #a te"i"

- 1*& -

7.*.5. An3#i"i" %e %at".

En e"te aparta% "e %eta##a e# an3#i"i" %e #" %at" recpi#a%" %(rante #a te"i"9 tant
%e"%e #a per"pecti+a c(antitati+a c' %e"%e #a per"pecti+a c(a#itati+a.
De"%e #a per"pecti+a c(antitati+a Ae'" %e c'en;ar antan% :(e "e Aa (ti#i;a% #a +er"in
15./ %e# pr0ra'a e"ta%)"tic SPSS para Pin%E" &//*.

7.*.5.1. An3#i"i" %e %at" c(antitati+"

Para e# an3#i"i" %e #" %at" c(antitati+" "e Aan rea#i;a% #" e"ta%)"tic" anta%" a
cntin(acinH
E"ta%)"tic" %e"cripti+"

Se Aan (ti#i;a% e# an3#i"i" %e e"ta%)"tic" %e"cripti+" %e !rec(encia" para %eter'inar
#a e%a%9 "e29 "it(acin !a'i#iar9 e"ta% ci+i#9 pr+incia %e re"i%encia9 e"t(%i" ter'ina%"9
e"pecia#i%a%9 "it(acin #a-ra#9 ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% 4 pr3ctica" rea#i;a%a" en e'pre"a".

An3#i"i" %e %e# e"ta%i"tic Dappa 4 "( ni+e# cr)tic %e "i0. apr2i'a%a para
c'pr-ar e# ac(er% e2i"tente entre #" tre" ,(ece" teni%" en c(enta en e"ta in+e"ti0acin 4
c'pr-ar "i e# re"(#ta% "e %e-e a# e"pera% pr a;ar e" (n ac(er% 'a4r.

An3#i"i" %e +arian;a cn 'e%i%a" repeti%a"H E# prce%i'ient %e# '%e#
#inea# 0enera# BMLICH Me%i%a" repeti%a".

DicA an3#i"i" n" Aa "er+i% para e"t(%iar e# e!ect %e %" !actre" Btie'p (n 4
tie'p %"C "ien% e# tie'p (n !actr intra-"(,et".
DicA %i"e6 cn"i"te en 'e%ir #a" p(nt(acine" %e +aria" +aria-#e" :(e in!#(4en en e# ni+e# %e
e'p#ea-i#i%a%9 en #a 'i"'a '(e"tra %e "(,et" en #" %" !actre" n'-ra%" anterir'ente
c' tie'p (n 4 tie'p %".
L" e0re"a%" ana#i;a%" 'ani!ie"tan #a p(nt(acin :(e cn"i%eran tener en e# tie'p (n
B'ar; &/1/C 4 en e# tie'p %" B'ar; &/11C en ca%a (na %e #a" +aria-#e" :(e c'pnen #"
c(atr -#:(e" :(e c'pnen e# c(e"tinari9 Irt 4 Maa""en B&///C9 =i##a0e 4 P##ar%
B177$C9 4 Ia;te#3n B&//4C
La pcin %e 'e%i%a" repeti%a" %e# prce%i'ient '%e# #inea# 0enera# per'ite a,("tar
'%e#" %e ANOJA (ni!actria#e" 4 !actria#e" cn 'e%i%a" repeti%a" en t%" #" !actre".
Ta'-i1n n" per'ite a,("tar '%e#" %e an3#i"i" %e c+arian;a.

- 1** -

Pr(e-a %e A'0enei%a% cn e# e"ta%)"tic %e K2. E# e"ta%)"tic M B4 "(
tran"!r'acin en 8C

Per'ite cntra"tar #a Aipte"i" %e i0(a#%a% %e #a" 'atrice" %e +arian;a"-c+arian;a".

E"ta%)"tic" '(#ti+aria%"H #a Tra;a %e Pi##ai9 #a La'-%a %e Pi#U"9 #a Tra;a %e
=te##in0 4 #a ra); 'a4r %e R4.

Para (na %e"cripcin %e e"t" e"ta%)"tic" p(e%e cn"(#tar"e KcU B1775C Ta-acAniU 4 8i%e#
B17$*C.

E"ta%)"tic" 8 (ni+aria%" a"cia%" a ca%a e!ect.

A# i0(a# :(e c(rr)a cn #a apr2i'acin '(#ti+aria%a Bc'enta%a en #a parte "(perirC9
#a (ni+aria%a ta'-i1n ##e+a a# recAa; %e #a" Aipte"i" n(#a" re!eri%a" a# e!ect %e #" !actre"
tie'p B"i0.e/.///5C. A# i0(a# :(e c(rr)a cn #a apr2i'acin '(#ti+aria%a9 #a (ni+aria%a ##e+a
a #a aceptacin %e #a Aipte"i" re!eri%a a# e!ect %e #a interaccin BSi0. /C. Pr # tant e# e!ect
%e #a interaccin e" "i0ni!icati+. E"ta pr(e-a #a rea#i;are'" "# cn #a pri'era +aria-#e9 n #a
rea#i;are'" cn e# re"t %e +aria-#e" a n "er :(e #" %at" n" !re;can (n cntra"te.

E"ta%)"tic 8 %e Le+ene. E"te e"ta%)"tic cntra"ta #a Aipte"i" %e i0(a#%a% %e
+arian;a".

E"ta Aipte"i" "e cntra"ta para ca%a ni+e# %e# !actr intra-"(,et". Si a'-" +a#re" "n
'enre" :(e /9/59 p%e'" a"('ir :(e9 en #a" %" 'e%i%a" (ti#i;a%a"9 #a" +arian;a" %e #a"
p-#acine" %e!ini%a" pr e# !actr capaci%a% %e an3#i"i" "n %i!erente". E"t "i0ni!ica :(e
p(e%e recAa;ar"e n #a Aipte"i" n(#a para #" ni+e#e" %e "i0ni!icacin Aa-it(a#e"9 4 pr #
tant9 cnc#(i'" :(e #a %i!erencia %e +arian;a" '(e"tra#e" "n "i0ni!icati+a" n entre #"
+a#re" ana#i;a%" %epen%ien% %e #" re"(#ta%".

A#!a %e Crn-acA n" per'ite c(anti!icar e# ni+e# %e !ia-i#i%a% %e (na e"ca#a %e
'e%i%a para #a 'a0nit(% in-"er+a-#e cn"tr(i%a a partir %e #a" n +aria-#e"
-"er+a%a".

E# A#!a %e Crn-acA n e" (n e"ta%)"tic a# ("9 pr # :(e n +iene ac'pa6a% %e
nin0Nn p-+a#r :(e per'ita recAa;ar #a Aipte"i" %e !ia-i#i%a% en #a e"ca#a. N -"tante9 c(ant

- 1*4 -
'3" "e apr2i'e a "( +a#r '32i'9 19 'a4r e" #a !ia-i#i%a% %e #a e"ca#a. A%e'3"9 en
%eter'ina%" cnte2t" 4 pr t3cit cn+eni9 "e cn"i%era :(e +a#re" %e# a#!a "(perire" a /97
/9$ B%epen%ien% %e #a !(enteC "n "(!iciente" para 0aranti;ar #a !ia-i#i%a% %e #a e"ca#a.

An3#i"i" %e #a +arian;a B An+aH Ana#4"i" ! +arianceC # (ti#i;a'" c'
'1t% para c'parar %" '3" 'e%ia" 4 c'pr-ar "i e2i"ten %i!erencia"
"i0ni!icati+a"

Eta c(a%ra% BV
&C
para "a-er #a 'a0nit(% %e #a %i!erencia9 ta'-i1n cnci%a
c' e# ta'a6 %e# e!ect9 in%epen%iente'ente %e# ta'a6 %e #a '(e"tra.

Si e# +a#r %e e"a 'e%i%a %e a"ciacin e" a# c(a%ra% entnce" p(e%e "er interpreta%a
c' #a prprcin %e +arian;a %e #a +aria-#e %epen%iente :(e e" atri-(i%a a# e!ect.

Crre#acin %e Pear"n BfgC. E" (n )n%ice :(e 'i%e #a re#acin #inea# entre %"
+aria-#e" a#eatria" c(antitati+a". A %i!erencia %e #a c+arian;a9 #a crre#acin
%e Pear"n e" in%epen%iente %e #a e"ca#a %e 'e%i%a %e #a" +aria-#e" 4 #a
(ti#i;a'" c' c'p#e'ent %e #" e"ta%)"tic" anterire"
Pr(e-a %e ran0" cn "i0n" %e Pi#cn2n. Uti#i;a'" #a pr(e-a %e Pi#c2n
para c'pr-ar en :(1 'e%i%a Aa e+#(cina% ca%a (na %e #a" c'petencia"
en a:(e##" e0re"a%" :(e Aan participa% en e# 0r(p cntr# 4 en a:(e##"
e0re"a%" :(e Aan participa% en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#.

7.*.5.&. An3#i"i" %e %at" c(a#itati+".

Se parte %e (n te2t tra"crit en e# c(a# "e %e-en %e %etectar %e !r'a %e%(cti+a (na
"erie %e c'petencia" %e!ini%a" inicia#'ente 4 :(e in!#(4en en e# ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%. Pr
tr #a% "e e"ta-#ecen cate0r)a" e"pnt3nea" 'e%iante (n criteri in%(cti+9 %e ta# 'anera :(e
a 'e%i%a :(e "e e2a'inan #" %at" "e r0ani;a #a in!r'acin pr (ni%a%e" %e an3#i"i"
"e0'ent" %e in!r'acin9 a #a (ni%a% %e an3#i"i" :(e crre"pn%a "e #e atri-(4e (na cate0r)a
e"pec)!ica 4a %e!ini%a %e n(e+a creacin9 "ien% ca%a (na %e #a" cate0r)a" c%i!ica%a" para
"( p"terir an3#i"i".
8i0(ra 11. An3#i"i" %e %at" c(a#itati+".
C%i0 Cate0r)a Uni%a% %e an3#i"i" Se0'ent %e An3#i"i"

- 1*5 -
Uni%a% %e an3#i"i" "e0'ent %e an3#i"i".

Se cn"i%era c' (ni%a% %e an3#i"i" #" t(rn" %e inter+encin en #" %i3#0"9 ca%a
(ni%a% %e an3#i"i" !ina#i;a en e# ''ent :(e #a tra per"na c'ien;a a Aa-#ar.

Cate0r)a".

La" cate0r)a" p(e%en encntrar"e %e !r'a %e%(cti+a in%(cti+a. A cntin(acin
pre"enta'" #a" c'petencia" 4a %e!ini%a" 4 %e n(e+a %e!inicin encntra%a" en #" te2t"
ana#i;a%" cn 'a4r 'enr !rec(enciaH

Ta-#a 5. C'petencia" %e!ini%a" inicia#'ente 4 n(e+a" c'petencia".

COMPETENCIAS <A DE8INIDAS

COMPETENCIAS NUEJAS
1. Capaci%a% %e an3#i"i".
&. Or0ani;acin 4 p#ani!icacin.
*. Cnci'ient" -3"ic" %e #a pr!e"in Bp(e"tC
4. 8aci#i%a% para re"#+er pr-#e'a"
5. T'ar %eci"ine".
.. Cncer"e -ien a 'i 'i"' B!rta#e;a"9 %e-i#i%a%e"C.
7. Actit(% p"iti+a.
$. E'patia BPner"e en e# #(0ar %e tra per"naC
7. Acti+ 4 practi+
1/. Capaci%a% cr)tica.
11. Ap#icar #" cnci'ient" a #a pr3ctica.
1&. Apren%er c"a" n(e+a".
1*. A%aptar"e cn !aci#i%a% a n(e+a" "it(acine".
14. Capaci%a% %e "(peracin.
15. Ca#i%a% %e #a" c"a" :(e Aace.
1.. Tra-a,ar en e:(ip.
17. C'(nicacin n +er-a# B0e"t"9 'ira%a"9
p"t(ra"C
1$. C'(nicacin +er-a#. BJca-(#ari9
cnci'ient %e #a #en0(a9 capaci%a% %e e2pre"inC.
17. A"erti+i%a% B%ecir # :(e pien"a" intentan% n Aerir a
#" %e'3"C

&/. Rea#i;ar c(r"" %e !r'acin c' c'p#e'ent
a #a e"pecia#i%a% e"t(%ia%a en #a Uni+er"i%a%.
&1. D'inar tr i%i'a %i!erente a# 'atern Be,9 In0#1"C.
&&. Re"i%ir en e# e2tran,er9 pr e"t(%i" tra-a,

- 1*. -
&*. Tecn#0)a" %e #a In!r'acin 4 #a c'(nicacin BTICC
&4. A'p#iar cnci'ient" a tra+1" %e #a #ect(ra B#i-r"9
art)c(#"C.Cate0ri;acin

&5. Di"pni-i#i%a% para +ia,ar.
&.. Di"pni-i#i%a% 0e0r3!ica Bpara ca'-iar %e %'ici#iC.
&7. 8#e2i-i#i%a% Araria.
&$. Carn1 %e cn%(cir.
&7. Di"pner %e +eA)c(#.
*/. Tie'p %e%ica% a #a -N":(e%a 'e,ra %e e'p#e.
*1. Cncer #a "it(acin act(a# %e# 'erca% %e
tra-a,.
*&. K("car !erta" %e e'p#e.
**. A(tcan%i%at(ra.
*4. C(rr)c(#(' Jita#.
*5H Carta %e pre"entacin.
*.. En!rentar"e cn !aci#i%a% a (na entre+i"ta %e tra-a,.
*7. Itinerari per"na# %e in"ercin %e 'e,ra %e e'p#e
*$. Uti#i;ar #a re% %e cntact" 4 re%e" pr!e"ina#e"
BNetErUin09 cnci%"C.
*7. Li"ta%" %e e'pre"a" para -("car e'p#e.
4/. K#"a" %e e'p#e :(e te intere"an.
41. P#i+a#encia B=acer +aria" c"a" a #a +e;C
4&. i'p#icacin en e# Pr4ect
4*.P(nt(a#i%a%
44. Rea#i;ar Pr3ctica"
45. E2periencia Pr!e"ina#
4.. Capaci%a% %e re"i#iencia
47. Capaci%a% e'pren%e%ra

C%i!icacin.

T%" #" c%i0" e"t3n c'p(e"t" %e (n nN'er "e0(i% %e (n p(nt 4 %e "ei" #etra"
'a4N"c(#a" re#acina%a cn #a c'petencia a #a :(e repre"entan. Se pre"enta a cntin(acin (n
e,e'p# %e #" c%i0" (ti#i;a%" en e# an3#i"i" c(a#itati+.

- 1*7 -
Ta-#a .. C%i0 a%,(%ica% a #a cate0r)a 4 0ra!)a %e# 'i"'.
CDIIO SIINI8ICADO DEL CDIIO
1.CAPANA
1. Capaci%a% %e an3#i"i".
&.ORIPLAN
&. Or0ani;acin 4 p#ani!icacin.
*.CONPRO
*. Cnci'ient" -3"ic" %e #a pr!e"in Bp(e"tC
4.RESPRO
4. 8aci#i%a% para re"#+er pr-#e'a"
5.TOMDEC
5. T'ar %eci"ine".
..AUTOCON
.. Cncer"e -ien a 'i 'i"' B!rta#e;a"9 %e-i#i%a%e"C.
7.ACTPOS
7. Actit(% p"iti+a.
$.EMPATI
$. E'patia BPner"e en e# #(0ar %e tra per"naC
7.PROACT
7. Acti+ 4 practi+
1/.CAPCRIT
1/. Capaci%a% cr)tica.
11.APLCONO
11. Ap#icar #" cnci'ient" a #a pr3ctica.
1&.APREND
1&. Apren%er c"a" n(e+a".
1*.NUESIT
1*. A%aptar"e cn !aci#i%a% a n(e+a" "it(acine".
14.SUPERA
159CALIDA
15. Ca#i%a% %e #a" c"a" :(e Aace.
1..TRAE>U
1.. Tra-a,ar en e:(ip.
17.COMNJR
17. C'(nicacin n +er-a# B0e"t"9 'ira%a"9 p"t(ra"C
1$.COMJRJ
1$. C'(nicacin +er-a#. BJca-(#ari9 cnci'ient %e #a
#en0(a9 capaci%a% %e e2pre"inC.
17.ASERTI
17. A"erti+i%a% B%ecir # :(e pien"a" intentan% n Aerir a #"
%e'3"C
&/.CUR8OR
&/. Rea#i;ar c(r"" %e !r'acin c' c'p#e'ent a #a
e"pecia#i%a% e"t(%ia%a en #a Uni+er"i%a%.
&1.IDIOMA
&1. D'inar tr i%i'a %i!erente a# 'atern Be,9 In0#1"C.
&&.EFTRAN
&&. Re"i%ir en e# e2tran,er9 pr e"t(%i" tra-a,
&*.IN8ORM
&*. Tecn#0)a" %e #a In!r'acin 4 #a c'(nicacin BTICC
&4.LECTUR
&4. A'p#iar cnci'ient" a tra+1" %e #a #ect(ra B#i-r"9
art)c(#"C.
&5.DISJIA
&5. Di"pni-i#i%a% para +ia,ar.
&..DISIEO
&.. Di"pni-i#i%a% 0e0r3!ica Bpara ca'-iar %e %'ici#iC.
&7.8LEF=R
&7. 8#e2i-i#i%a% Araria.
&$.CARCON
&$. Carn1 %e cn%(cir.
&7.JE=GCU
&7. Di"pner %e +eA)c(#.
*/.KUSEMP
*/. Tie'p %e%ica% a #a -N":(e%a 'e,ra %e e'p#e.
*1.MERTRA
*1. Cncer #a "it(acin act(a# %e# 'erca% %e tra-a,.
*&.KUSO8E
*&. K("car !erta" %e e'p#e.
**.AUTOCA
**. A(tcan%i%at(ra.
*4.CJ
*4. C(rr)c(#(' Jita#.
*5.CARPRE
*5H Carta %e pre"entacin.
*..ENTREJ
*.. En!rentar"e cn !aci#i%a% a (na entre+i"ta %e tra-a,.
*7.IPI
*7. Itinerari per"na# %e in"ercin %e 'e,ra %e e'p#e
*$.REDES
*$. Uti#i;ar #a re% %e cntact" 4 re%e" pr!e"ina#e"
*7.LISEMP
*7. Li"ta%" %e e'pre"a" para -("car e'p#e.
4/.KOLSAS
4/. K#"a" %e e'p#e :(e te intere"an.
41.POLIJA 41. P#i+a#encia B=acer +aria" c"a" a #a +e;C
4&.IMPLIC 4&. i'p#icacin en e# Pr4ect
4*.PUNTUA 4*.P(nt(a#i%a%
44.PRACTI 44. Rea#i;ar Pr3ctica"
45.EFPRO8 45. E2periencia Pr!e"ina#
4..RESILI 4.. Capaci%a% %e re"i#iencia
47. EMPRRE 47. Capaci%a% e'pren%e%ra

- 1*$ -
III. RESULTADOS

$. E"ta%)"tic" %e"cripti+"

En e"te aparta% +a'" a %e"0#"ar #" re"(#ta%" :(e Ae'" -teni% -a"3n%n" 4 partien%
%e #" -,eti+" prp(e"t" per ante" %e c'en;ar cn %icAa e2p#icacin "e e2pnen #"
e"ta%)"tic" %e"cripti+" :(e a4(%ar3n a #a cnte2t(a#i;acin %e #" %at" :(e "e pre"entan
p"terir'ente. C' %at ac#aratri para (n -(en enten%i'ient %e #" t)t(#" %e #a" ta-#a" 4
!i0(ra" %en'ina'" IES 0r(p e2peri'enta# 4 0cS 0r(p cntr#9 pr T19 tie'p (n pre-
te"t 4 pr T&S tie'p %" p"t-te"t.
C' p%re'" c'pr-ar9 %icA" e"ta%)"tic" '(e"tran :(e apena" e2i"ten
%i!erencia" entre e# 0r(p cntr# 4 e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# en e# 3'-it %e #a e%a%9 "e29
"it(acin !a'i#iar9 e"ta% ci+i#9 pr+incia %e re"i%encia9 tit(#acin9 e"pecia#i%a% 4 "it(acin
#a-ra#. Se re!(er;a :(e #" %" 0r(p" parten %e cn%icine" "i'i#are" 4 -tienen re"(#ta%"
%i!erente". Cn e# prp"it %e !rta#ecer e"ta a!ir'acin pre"enta'" #" +a#re" %e cAi-
c(a%ra%H
Ta-#a 7. CAi-c(a%ra% "e0Nn e%a% entre 0r(p cntr# 4 0r(p e2peri'enta#
Ja#r 0#
Si0. a"inttica
B-i#atera#C
CAi-c(a%ra% %e Pear"n
5.59571BaC 7 9///
Ra;n %e +er"i'i#it(%e" *479$/& 7 9///
N %e ca"" +3#i%"
&&4

C' p%e'" c'pr-ar en #a ta-#a 79 a# +a#r %e cAi-c(a%ra% e" 5.595719 e# c(a#9 en
#a %i"ri-(cin fg cn 7 0ra%" %e #i-erta%9 tiene a"cia%a (na pr-a-i#i%a% 'enr :(e /9///59
pr # tant "e p(e%e recAa;ar #a Aipte"i" %e in%epen%encia 4 cnc#(ir :(e en # re!erente a #a
e%a% "e parten %e cn%icine" "i'i#are" en e# 0r(p cntr# 4 en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#.

Ta-#a $. CAi-c(a%ra% "e0Nn "e2 entre e# 0r(p cntr# 4 e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#.
Ja#r 0#
Si0. a"inttica
B-i#atera#C
Si0. e2acta
B-i#atera#C
Si0. e2acta
B(ni#atera#C
1.19/&$B-C 1 9///
Crreccin pr cntin(i%a%BaC
1579.*7 1 9///
Ra;n %e +er"i'i#it(%e"
1$7971. 1 9///
E"ta%)"tic e2act %e 8i"Aer
9/// 9///
N %e ca"" +3#i%" &&4

- 1*7 -
C' p%e'" c'pr-ar en #a ta-#a $9 "e repite #a %in3'ica e"ta-#eci%a% cn #a
+aria-#e e%a%9 p(%ien% a!ir'a" %e n(e+ :(e n e2i"ten %i!erencia" "i0ni!icati+a" entre #a"
e%a%e" %e# 0r(p cntr# 4 %e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#.

8i0(ra 1&. E%a% %e #" e0re"a%" BIET&C
Ta-#a 7. E%a% %e #" e0re"a%" BIET&C
EDAD DE LOS EGRESADOS(GET2)
33%
50%
16%
1%
20-24 25-29 30-34 35-44

8i0(ra 1*. E%a% %e #" e0re"a%" B0cT&C Ta-#a 1/. E%a% %e #" e0re"a%" B0cT&C
EDAD DE LOS EGRESADOS (gcT2)
35%
47%
17%
1%
20-24 25-29 30-34 35-44

C' p%e'" -"er+ar en #a" ta-#a" 7 4 1/ 4 en #a" !i0(ra" 1& 4 1*9 tant #"
e0re"a%" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin BIEC c' #" :(e n #a Aan reci-i% B0cC 'antiene e#
'i"' prcenta,e %e repre"entacin pr e%a%e"9 "ien% e# 0r(p 'a4ritari %e e%a% e#
c'p(e"t pr e0re"a%" %e entre +einticinc 4 +eintin(e+e a6" en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# B5/_C
4 0r(p cntr# B47_C9 "e0(i% %e# 'ar0en %e e%a% %e entre +einte 4 +eintic(atr a6" B**_-
*5_C re"pecti+a'ente9 4 %e# c'p(e"t a "( +e; pr e%a%e" %e entre treinta 4 treinta 4 c(atr
a6" B1._-17_C9 "ien% e# 'ar0en %e e%a% cn 'en" repre"entacin e# %e e%a%e"
c'pren%i%a" entre treinta 4 cinc 4 c(arenta 4 c(atr a6"9 e# c(3# apena" ##e0a a# 1_ %e
repre"entati+i%a%.

8rec(encia Prcenta,e
J3#i%" &/-&4 7* *&9.
&5-&7 114 5/97
*/-*4 *5 159.
*5-44 & 97
Tta# &&4 1//9/
J3#i%" &/-&4 7$ *49$
&5-&7 1/5 4.97
*/-*4 *7 1794
*5-44 & 97
Tta# &&4 1//9/

- 14/ -

8i0(ra 14. Se2 %e #" e0re"a%" BIET&C Ta-#a 11. Se2 %e #" e0re"a%" BIET&C
SEXO DE LOS EGRESADOS
(GET2)
53%
47%
Hombre Mujer

8i0(ra 15. Se2 %e #" e0re"a%" B0cT&C
Ta-#a 1&. Se2 %e #" e0re"a%" B0cT&C

SEXO DE LOS EGRESADOS (gcT2)
46%
54%
Hombre Mujer

L" prcenta,e" %e repre"entacin %e 01ner en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# 4 en e# cntr#
"n '(4 "i'i#are". E2i"te (na #i0era repre"entacin "(perir entre #a" '(,ere" tant en e# 0r(p
e2peri'enta# B5&_C c' en e# 0r(p cntr# B54_C9 "ien% %at" '(4 "i'i#are" #" -teni%"
entre #" A'-re" %e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# B47_C 4 %e# 0r(p cntr# B4._C.

Ta-#a 1*. CAi-c(a%ra% "-re #a "it(acin !a'i#iar en e# 0r(p cntr# 4 en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#.
Ja#r 0#
Si0. a"inttica
B-i#atera#C
Si0. e2acta
B-i#atera#C
Si0. e2acta
B(ni#atera#C
CAi-c(a%ra% %e Pear"n 1**95.5B-C 1 9///
Crreccin pr cntin(i%a%BaC 1&.947/ 1 9///
Ra;n %e +er"i'i#it(%e" $79&/5 1 9///
E"ta%)"tic e2act %e 8i"Aer 9/// 9///
N %e ca"" +3#i%" &&4

C' p%e'" c'pr-ar en #a ta-#a 1*9 a# +a#r %e cAi-c(a%ra% e" 1**95.59 e# c(a#9
tiene a"cia%a (na pr-a-i#i%a% 'enr :(e /9///59 pr # tant "e p(e%e recAa;ar #a Aipte"i" %e
in%epen%encia 4 cnc#(ir :(e tant en e# 0r(p cntr# c' en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# #a
"it(acin !a'i#iar e" "i'i#ar.

J3#i%" ='-re 1/. 479*
M(,er 11$ 5&97
Tta# &&4 1//9/
J3#i%" ='-re 1/* 4.9/
M(,er 1&1 549/
Tta# &&4 1//9/

- 141 -

8i0(ra 1.. Sit(acin !a'i#iar %e #" e0re"a%" BIET&C Ta-#a 14. Sit(acin !a'i#iar %e #" e0re"a%" BIET&C
SITUACIN FAMILIAR (GET2 )
88%
12%
Independizado No independizado

8i0(ra 17. Sit(acin !a'i#iar %e #" e0re"a%" B0cT&C Ta-#a 15. Sit(acin !a'i#iar %e #" e0re"a%" B0cT&C
SITUACIN FAMILIAR (gcT2)
88%
12%
Independizado No independizado

Ta-#a 1.. CAi-cia%ra%9 e"ta% ci+i# en e# 0r(p cntr# 4 0r(p e2peri'enta#.
Ja#r 0#
Si0. a"inttica
B-i#atera#C
4*49547BaC 7 9///
Ra;n %e +er"i'i#it(%e" 11/9*4$ 7 9///
A"ciacin #inea# pr #inea#
14&947* 1 9///
N %e ca"" +3#i%"
&&4

C' p%e'" c'pr-ar en #a ta-#a 1.9 a# +a#r %e cAi-c(a%ra% e" 4*495479 e# c(a#9
en #a %i"ri-(cin fg cn 7 0ra%" %e #i-erta%9 tiene a"cia%a (na pr-a-i#i%a% 'enr :(e /9///59
pr # tant "e p(e%e recAa;ar #a Aipte"i" %e in%epen%encia 4 cnc#(ir :(e en # re!erente a #a
e"ta% ci+i# "e parten %e cn%icine" "i'i#are" en e# 0r(p cntr# 4 en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#.

La "it(acin !a'i#iar Bta-#a 14 4 15C %(rante e# a6 %e e"t(%i B&/1/-&/11C "e 'antiene e"ta-#e
tant en e# 0r(p cntr# c' en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#9 cn (na c#ara ten%encia a #a !a#ta %e
in%epen%encia !a'i#iar pr parte %e #" e0re"a%" B$7_C !rente a a:(e##" :(e e"t3n
in%epen%i;a%" B1&_C.

J3#i%" In%epen%i;a% &7 1&91
N
in%epen%i;a%
177 $797
Tta# &&4 1//9/
J3#i%" In%epen%i;a% &. 119.
N
in%epen%i;a%
17$ $$94
Tta# &&4 1//9/

- 14& -

Ta-#a 17. E"ta% Ci+i# BIET&C
J3#i%" S#terTa 177 $797
Ca"a%Ta 4 19$
Pare,a %e AecA 1/ 495
Ji+ien% en pare,a 1* 59$
Tta# &&4 1//9/
8i0(ra 1$. E"ta% Ci+i# BIET&C
ESTADO CIVIL (GET2)
88%
2%
4%
6%
Soltero/a Casado/a
Pareja de hecho Viviendo en pareja

Ta-#a 1$. E"ta% Ci+i# B0cT&C
J3#i%" S#ter 17$ $$94
Ca"a% * 19*
Pare,a %e AecA $ *9.
Ji+ien% en pare,a 15 .97
Tta# &&4 1//9/
8i0(ra 17. E"ta% Ci+i# B0cT&C
ESTADO CIVIL gcT2)
88%
1%
7% 4%
Soltero Casado Pareja de hecho Viiendo en pareja

E# e"ta% ci+i# %e #" e0re"a%" :(e participan en #a in+e"ti0acin "e 'antiene cn #a 'i"'a
ten%encia in%epen%iente'ente %e "i Aan reci-i% rientacin n. En trn a# 7/_ %e #"

- 14* -
e0re"a%" e"t3n "#ter"9 e# 1_ ca"a%"9 e# 4_ +i+en c' pare,a %e AecA 4 e# 5_ e"t3n
+i+ien% en pare,a.
Ta-#a 17 .CAi-c(a%ra% "-re pr+incia %e re"i%encia en e# 0r(p cntr# 4 en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#.

C' p%e'" c'pr-ar en #a ta-#a 179 a# +a#r %e cAi-c(a%ra% e" *759&4&9 e# c(a#9
pr # tant "e p(e%e recAa;ar #a Aipte"i" %e in%epen%encia 4 cnc#(ir :(e "e parten %e
cn%icine" "i'i#are" en e# 0r(p cntr# 4 en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# en re#acin a #a pr+incia
%e re"i%encia.
Ta-#a &/. Pr+incia %e re"i%encia BIET&C
J3#i%" =(e"ca 14 .9*
Rara0;a &/$ 7&97
Ter(e# & 97
Tta# &&4 1//9/

8i0(ra &/. Pr+incia %e re"i%encia BIET&C
PROVINCIA DE RESIDENCIA (GET2)
6%
93%
1%
Huesca Zaragoza Teruel

Ta-#a &1. Pr+incia %e re"i%encia B0cT&C
J3#i%" =(e"ca 1* 59$
Rara0;a &/7 7*9*
Ter(e# & 97
Tta# &&4 1//9/

Ja#r 0#
Si0. a"inttica
B-i#atera#C
*759&4&BaC 4 9///
Ra;n %e +er"i'i#it(%e" 1&49*5/ 4 9///
17$94/& 1 9///
N %e ca"" +3#i%"
&&4

- 144 -

8i0(ra &1. Pr+incia %e re"i%encia B0cT&C
PROVINCIA DE RESIDENCIA (gcT2)
6%
93%
1%
Huesca Zaragoza Teruel

M3" %e# B7/_C %e #" e0re"a%" :(e participan en e# e"t(%i +i+en en Rara0;a9
"e0(i%" %e #a repre"entati+i%a% %e =(e"ca en trn a (n B._C 4 a Ter(e# cn (n B4_C.
E"ta ten%encia "e repite tant en e# 0r(p cntr# c' e2peri'enta#9 e2i"tien% (n #i0er
incre'ent %e #a repre"entati+i%a% %e #" e0re"a%" :(e "e tra"#a%an a Rara0;a en e# tran"c(r"
%e e"te a6 %e e"t(%i B&/1/-&/11C.

Ta-#a &&. CAi-c(a%ra% %e e"t(%i" ter'ina%" en e# 0r(p cntr# 4 0r(p e2peri'enta#.
Ja#r 0#
Si0. a"inttica
B-i#atera#C
*1.94.1BaC 4 9///
Ra;n %e +er"i'i#it(%e" &$797*/ 4 9///
1.&9.&. 1 9///
N %e ca"" +3#i%"
&&4

C' p%e'" c'pr-ar en #a ta-#a &&9 a# +a#r %e cAi-c(a%ra% e" *1.94.19 e# c(a#9
cn%icine" "i'i#are" en e# 0r(p cntr# 4 en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# en re#acin a #" e"t(%i"
ter'ina%".
Ta-#a &*. E"t(%i" ter'ina%" BIET&C
J3#i%" Dip#'a% 7/ 4/9&
Licencia% 77 4*9*
In0enier)a *7 1.95
Tta# &&4 1//9/

- 145 -

8i0(ra &&. E"t(%i" ter'ina%" BIET&C
ESTUDIOS TERMINADOS (GET2)
40%
43%
17%
Diplomado Licenciado Ingenieria

Ta-#a &4. E"t(%i" ter'ina%" B0cT&C
J3#i%" Dip#'a% 7* 4195
Licencia% 1/& 4595
In0enier)a &7 1&97
Tta# &&4 1//9/

8i0(ra &*. E"t(%i" ter'ina%" B0cT&C
ESTUDIOS TERMINADOS (gcT2)
42%
45%
13%
Diplomado Licenciado Ingenieria

Tant #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan participa% en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# c' #" :(e # Aan
AecA en e# 0r(p cntr#9 'antienen %i"tri-(cine" "i'i#are" en # :(e a #" e"t(%i"
ter'ina%" "e re!iere. E# 0r(p 'a4ritari e" e# %e #icencia%" cn (n B4*_C en e# 0r(p
e2peri'enta# 4 (n B45_C en e# 0r(p cntr#9 "e0(i% %e# 0r(p %e %ip#'a%" cn (n B4/_C 4
(n B41_C re"pecti+a'ente 4 %e,an% (n B1&_C en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# 4 (n 1._ en e# 0r(p
cntr# %e repre"entati+i%a% para #a" In0enier)a".
Ta-#a &5 .CAi- c(a%ra%9 e"pecia#i%a% %e e"t(%i" en e# 0r(p cntr# 4 0r(p e2peri'enta#.
Ja#r 0#
Si0. a"inttica
B-i#atera#C
1&.$9144BaC .4 9///
Ra;n %e +er"i'i#it(%e" 7/49.57 .4 9///
15.977& 1 9///
N %e ca"" +3#i%"
&&4

- 14. -
C' p%e'" c'pr-ar en #a ta-#a &59 a# +a#r %e cAi-c(a%ra% e" 1&.$91449 e# c(a#9
cn%icine" "i'i#are" en e# 0r(p cntr# 4 en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# en re#acin a #a
e"pecia#i%a% %e #" e"t(%i".
8i0(ra &4. E"pecia#i%a% %e e"t(%i" BIET&C

ESPECIALIDAD GET2
11,2
10,3
8,5
10,3
8
8,9
23,2
9,8
9,8
0 5 10 15 20 25
Diplomado en
Educacin infantil
Diplomado en
empresariales
Diplomado en
relaciones
laborales
Diplomado en
Turismo
Licenciado en
Psicopedagoga
Licenciado en
Derecho
Licendiado en ADE
Ingeniero Tcnico
industrial/Mecnica
Ingeniero Superior
Mecnico/Electrico
Ingeniero
Superior

La e"pecia#i%a% %e e"t(%i" "e Aa 'anteni% cn +a#re" '(4 cercan" en a'-" 0r(p".
Pre"enta'" en #a" !i0(ra" &4 4 &59 #a" e"pecia#i%a%e" cn #a !rec(encia %e repre"entati+i%a% 4
e# prcenta,e %e #a" 'i"'a" en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# 4 en e# 0r(p cntr# re"pecti+a'ente.
Centr3n%n" en a'-" ca"" en #" %at" -teni%" en e# tie'p %"9 p(e"t :(e n e2i"ten
%i!erencia" "i0ni!icati+a" entre e# ''ent inicia# tie'p (n 4 e# tie'p %"9 a:() %eta##a%.

- 147 -
Ta# 4 c' "e p(e%e -"er+ar en #a !i0(ra &49 e# B&*_C %e #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan
reci-i% rientacin "n Licencia%" en A%'ini"tracin 4 Direccin %e e'pre"a" BADEC9 "ient
e"ta e"pecia#i%a% #a '3" repre"entati+a cn %i!erencia9 "e0(i%a a ni+e# %e repre"entati+i%a% %e #a
e"pecia#i%a% en 'a0i"teri %e E%(cacin In!anti#9 cn (n B11_C %e participante" 4 a
cntin(acin a "( +e; %e #" Dip#'a%" en E'pre"aria#e" 4 en T(ri"'9 In0enier" T1cnic"
In%("tria#e" 4 S(perire"9 cn (na repre"entati+i%a% ca%a (n %e e##" %e apr2i'a%a'ente (n
B1/_C9 a cntin(acin tene'" (n B7_C %e participante" Licencia%" en DerecA (n B$95_C %e
%ip#'a%" en Re#acine" La-ra#e" 4 (n B$_C %e Licencia%" en P"icpe%a00)a. E# r%en %e
repre"entacin en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# e" e# "i0(ienteH
1. Licencia% en ADE.
&. Dip#'a% en E%(cacin In!anti#.
*. Dip#'a% en e'pre"aria#e".
4. Dip#'a% en t(ri"'.
5. In0enier t1cnic in%("tria#
.. In0enier "(perir
7. Licencia% en DerecA.
$. Dip#'a% en Re#acine" La-ra#e".
7. Licencia% en P"icpe%a00)a.
8i0(ra &5. E"pecia#i%a% %e e"t(%i" B0cT&C
ESPECIALIDAD gcT2
12,9
10,7
8,5
9,4
9,4
11,2
21,4
9,4
7,1
0 10 20 30
Diplomado en
Educacin infantil
Diplomado en
empresariales
Diplomado en
relaciones
laborales
Diplomado en
Turismo
Licenciado en
Psicopedagoga
Licenciado en
Derecho
Licendiado en ADE
Ingeniero Tcnico
industrial/Mecnica
Ingeniero Superior
Mecnico/Electrico
Ingeniero
Superior

- 14$ -
La e"pecia#i%a% %e e"t(%i" :(e tienen #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan participa% en e# 0r(p
cntr# "n #a" 'i"'a" :(e #a" %e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#. En e"ta ca"in9 en e# 0r(p cntr# (n
B&1_C %e #" e0re"a%" "n Licencia%" en ADE9 (n B1*_C Dip#'a%" en E%(cacin In!anti#9
(n B11_C Licencia%" en DerecA 4 en E'pre"aria#e"9 (n B7_C tant #" in0enier" t1cnic"
c' #" Dip#'a%" en T(ri"' 4 Licencia%" en P"icpe%a00)a9 (n B$_C para Dip#'a%"
en Re#acine" La-ra#e" 4 (n B7_C %e In0enier" S(perire".
E# r%en %e repre"entacin en e# 0r(p cntr# e"H
Licencia% en ADE9Dip#'a% en E%(cacin In!anti#9 Licencia% en DerecA9 Dip#'a% en
e'pre"aria#e"9 Dip#'a% en t(ri"'9 Licencia% en P"icpe%a00)a9 In0enier t1cnic
in%("tria#9 Dip#'a% en Re#acine" La-ra#e" e In0enier "(perir.

Ta-#a &. CAi-c(a%ra% "-re Sit(acin #a-ra# en 0r(p cntr# 4 0r(p e2peri'enta#.
Ja#r 0#
Si0. a"inttica
B-i#atera#C
1.79&4*BaC &5 9///
Ra;n %e +er"i'i#it(%e" 1159457 &5 9///
119&.7 1 9//1
N %e ca"" +3#i%"
&&4

C' p%e'" c'pr-ar en #a ta-#a &.9 a# +a#r %e cAi-c(a%ra% e" 1.79&4*9 e# c(a#9
en #a %i"ri-(cin fg cn &5 0ra%" %e #i-erta%9 tiene a"cia%a (na pr-a-i#i%a% 'enr :(e
/9///59 pr # tant "e p(e%e recAa;ar #a Aipte"i" %e in%epen%encia 4 cnc#(ir :(e "e parten %e
cn%icine" "i'i#are" en e# 0r(p cntr# 4 en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# en re#acin a #a "it(acin
#a-ra# inicia#.

Ta-#a &7. E+#(cin %e #a "it(acin #a-ra# entre e# IE 4 0c.
SITUACIN LAKORAL
IET1 IET& 0cT1 0cT&
Tra-a, en (n p(e"t re#acina% cn 'i"
e"t(%i" 4 cntinN !r'3n%'e.
.9* 159. $95 79.
Tra-a, en (n p(e"t re#acina% cn 'i"
e"t(%i" 4 n cntinN !r'3n%'e
1/97 794 791 59$
Tra-a, en (n p(e"t n re#acina% cn 'i"
e"t(%i" 4 cntinN !r'3n%'e
497 79$ 79. 791
Tra-a, en (n p(e"t n re#acina% cn 'i"
e"t(%i" 4 n cntinN !r'3n%'e
79. 495 &97 &9&
N tra-a, 4 n cntinN !r'3n%'e *197 &$91 *597 *797
N tra-a, 4 ") cntinN !r'3n%'e
*$9$ *&9. *$94 *795
Tta# 1//9/ 1//9/ 1//9/ 1//9/

- 147 -
8i0(ra &.. E+#(cin %e #a "it(acin #a-ra# entre e# IE 4 0c.
SITUACION LABORAL (GE)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Trabajo en un puesto
relacionado con mis
estudios y contino
formndome.
relacionado con mis
estudios y no contino
formndome
Trabajo en un puesto no
relacionado con mis
estudios y contino
formndome
relacionado con mis
estudios y no contino
formndome
No trabajo y no contino
formndome
No trabajo y s contino
formndome
GET1 GET2
SITUACIN LABORAL (gc)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Tr abaj o en un puest o
rel acionado con mi s
est udi os y cont ino
f or mndome.
Trabaj o en un puest o
r elacionado con mi s
est udi os y no cont ino
f or mndome
Tr abajo en un puest o no
r el acionado con mi s
est udi os y cont ino
f or mndome
Tr abaj o en un puest o no
r elaci onado con mis
est udios y no cont i no
f ormndome
No t r abaj o y no cont ino
f or mndome
No t r abajo y s cont i no
f or mndome
Vli dos
gcT1 gcT2

A cntin(acin 4 ta# c' p%e'" -"er+ar en #a" !i0(ra &. +a'" a c'parar %e"%e
e# p(nt %e +i"ta #a-ra# #a e+#(cin a #a :(e "e en!rentan #" e0re"a%" :(e n Aan reci-i%
rientacin pr!e"ina# pr c'petencia" !rente a a:(e##" :(e ") #a Aan reci-i%.
Tant en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# c' en e# 0r(p cntr# p%e'" c'pr-ar :(e en e#
tie'p (n pre-te"t B'ar; %e &/1/C ca"i e# B*7_C 4 e# B*$94_C %e #" e0re"a%"
re"pecti+a'ente9 n tra-a,an 4 "i cntinNan !r'3n%"e9 'ientra" :(e en e# tie'p %" p"t-te"t
B'ar; %e &/11C %icA prcenta,e %i"'in(4e a(n:(e cntinNa "ien% '(4 repre"entati+ tant
en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# B**_C c' en e# 0r(p cntr# B*795_C. E# %e"cen" %e
repre"entante" e" 'a4r en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# :(e en e# 0r(p cntr#.
A pe"ar %e :(e tant en e# 0r(p cntr# c' en e# e2peri'enta# #a repre"entacin %e
#" e0re"a%" :(e n tra-a,an 4 n cntinNan !r'3n%"e e" e#e+a%a cn (n B*197_C en e# 0r(p
e2peri'enta# 4 en e# 0r(p cntr# B*597_C9 #a e+#(cin %e #a" per"na" :(e Aan reci-i%
rientacin "e inc#ina Aacia (na %i"'in(cin %e %icA c#ecti+ B&$91_C9 'ientra" :(e %icAa
repre"entati+i%a% a('enta en e# 0r(p cntr# B*797_C.
En e# tie'p (n ca"i (n B11_C %e e0re"a%" perteneciente" a# 0r(p e2peri'enta#
tra-a,an en (n p(e"t re#acina% cn #" e"t(%i" 4 n cntinNan !r'3n%"e9 %icA prcenta,e

- 15/ -
%i"'in(4e #i0era'ente B794_C (na +e; Aan reci-i% rientacin. E"ta 'i"'a ten%encia "e repite
en e# 0r(p cntr#9 "ien% aNn 'enr #a repre"entacin en e"te 0r(p. Parten %e (n B7_C 4
ter'inan en (n B._C %e e0re"a%" :(e tra-a,an en (n p(e"t re#acina% cn #" e"t(%i" 4 n
"e !r'an. E" "i0ni!icati+ e# AecA %e :(e en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# e2i"te (n incre'ent
"e+er %e #a" per"na" :(e tra-a,an en (n p(e"t re#acina% cn #" e"t(%i" 4 cntinNan
!r'3n%"e9 p(e"t :(e en e# tie'p (n "e parte %e (n B.9*_C 4 #a p(nt(acin :(e -tienen en
e# tie'p %" e" %e B159._C. En e# 0r(p cntr# n "# n c(rre # 'i"'9 "in :(e en e"ta
ca"in %(rante e# tran"c(r" %e# a6 %e e"t(%i B'ar; &/1/ B$95_C-'ar; &/11 B79._CC
%ecrece e# nN'er %e per"na" :(e tra-a,an en (n p(e"t re#acina% cn "(" e"t(%i" 4
cntinNan !r'3n%"e.
A#0 "i'i#ar9 per "in e2i"tir (na e+#(cin tan %r3"tica "(ce%e cn #a" per"na" :(e
tra-a,an en (n p(e"t n re#acina%" cn #" e"t(%i" 4 cntinNan !r'3n%"e. En e# 0r(p
e2peri'enta# "e pa"a %e (n B497_C inicia# a (n B794_C en 'ar; %e &/11. Tant en e# 0r(p
e2peri'enta# c' en e# 0r(p cntr# e2i"te (n #i0er %e"cen" en e# tran"c(r" %e# a6 %e
in+e"ti0acin %e #a" per"na" :(e tra-a,an en (n p(e"t n re#acina% cn "(" e"t(%i" 4 n
cntinNan !r'3n%"e. E"te %e"cen" e" '3" ac("a% en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# p(e"t :(e pa"a
%e (n B79._C a (n B494_C9 'ientra" :(e en e# 0r(p cntr# "e pa"a %e (n B&97_C a (n B&9&_C.
A:(e##" e0re"a%" :(e reci-en rientacin pr!e"ina# pr c'petencia" tien%en a 'antener
(na !r'acin a # #ar0 %e #a +i%a 4 a encntrar (n tra-a, pre!erente'ente re#acina% cn #"
e"t(%i". En cntrap"icin9 #" e0re"a%" :(e n Aan reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina# pr
c'petencia" tien%en #i0era'ente a n "e0(ir !r'3n%"e 4 a n encntrar tra-a,.

- 151 -
8i0(ra &7. E+#(cin %e #a "it(acin #a-ra# entre e# IET14 IET&.
SITUACIN LABORAL ACTUAL (GET1)
6,3
10,7
4,9
7,6
31,7
38,8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
relacionado con mis estudios y
contino formndome.
no contino formndome
contino formndome
no contino formndome
No trabajo y no contino
formndome
No trabajo y s contino
formndome
Porcentaje
SITUACIN LABORAL (GE T2)
15 , 6
9 , 4
9 , 8
4 , 5
2 8, 1
32 , 6
0 10 20 30 40
r el acionado con mis est udios y
cont i no f ormndome.
no cont i no f ormndome
cont i no f or mndome
no cont i no f ormndome
No t r abajo y no cont ino
f or mndome
No t r abaj o y s cont ino
f ormndome
Porcentaje

8i0(ra &$. E+#(cin %e #a "it(acin #a-ra# entre e# 0cT1 4 0cT&.
SITUACIN LABORAL gcT1
8,5
7,1
7,6
2,7
35,7
38,4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Trabajo en un
puesto
relacionado con
mis estudios y
contino
formndome.
Trabajo en un
puesto
relacionado con
mis estudios y
no contino
formndome
Trabajo en un
puesto no
relacionado con
mis estudios y
contino
formndome
Trabajo en un
puesto no
relacionado con
mis estudios y
no contino
formndome
No trabajo y no
contino
formndome
No trabajo y s
contino
formndome
Porcentaje
SITUACIN LABORAL (gcT2)
7,6
5,8
7,1
2,2
39,7
37,5
0 10 20 30 40 50
Tr abaj o enun puesto
r el aci onadocon mi s
estudi os y conti no
f or mndome.
Tr abaj oen un puesto
r el aci onado con mi s
estudi os y no conti no
f or mndome
Tr abaj o en un puesto
no r el aci onado con mi s
estudi os y conti no
f or mndome
Tr abaj o en un puesto
no r el aci onado con mi s
estudi os y no conti no
f or mndome
No tr abaj o y no
conti nof or mndome
No tr abaj o y sconti no
f or mndome
Porcentaje

- 15& -
Ta-#a &$. Ni+e# %e 'e,ra %e# ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% BIET&C
J3#i%" "i &/7 7*9*
n 15 .97
Tta# &&4 1//9/

8i0(ra &7. Ni+e# %e 'e,ra %e# ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% BIET&C
MEJORA NIVEL DE EMPLEABILIDAD
(GET2)
7%
93%
si no

Ante #a pre0(nta :(e "e #e" Aace a #a" per"na" :(e Aan participa% en e# 0r(p
e2peri'enta# acerca %e "i creen :(e %(rante e# tran"c(r" %e e"te a6 Aa 'e,ra% "( ni+e# %e
e'p#ea-i#i%a%9 (n B7*_C %e #" e0re"a%" cnte"tan :(e "i9 'ienta" :(e apena" (n B7_C
cnte"tan :(e n Aa 'e,ra% "( ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%.
Ta-#a &7. Ni+e# %e 'e,ra %e# ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% B0cT&C
J3#i%" "i 77 449&
n 1&5 559$
Tta# &&4 1//9/

8i0(ra */. Ni+e# %e 'e,ra %e# ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% B0cT&C
MEJORA NIVEL DE EMPLEABILIDAD (gcT2)
44%
56%
si no

- 15* -
C(an% e"ta 'i"'a pre0(nta "e #e" Aace a #a" per"na" :(e pertenecen a# 0r(p cntr#9
#a re"p(e"ta e" %i!erente9 p(e"t :(e en e"ta ca"in (n B44_C cnte"tan :(e "i cn"i%eran :(e
Aa 'e,ra% "( ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% !rente a (n B5._C :(e pinan :(e n Aa "i% a").

Ta-#a */. Rea#i;acin %e pr3ctica" BIET&C
J3#i%" "i ./ &.9$
n 1.4 7*9&
Tta# &&4 1//9/

8i0(ra *1. Rea#i;acin %e pr3ctica" BIET&C
PRCTICAS (GET2)
27%
73%
si no

Un B&7_C %e #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan participa% en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# Aan rea#i;a%
pr3ctica" en e'pre"a" en e# tran"c(r" %e e"te a6 &/1/-&/119 'ientra" :(e e# B7*_C re"tante n
Aa rea#i;a% pr3ctica" en nin0(na e'pre"a.
Ta-#a *1. Rea#i;acin %e pr3ctica" B0cT&C
J3#i%" "i *$ 179/
N 1$. $*9/
Tta# &&4 1//9/

8i0(ra *&. Rea#i;acin %e pr3ctica" B0cT&C
PRCTICAS (gcT2)
17%
83%
si No

- 154 -
E# B17_C %e #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan participa% en e# 0r(p cntr#9 4 pr tant n Aan
reci-i% rientacin9 Aan rea#i;a% pr3ctica" en e'pre"a"9 'ientra" :(e e# B$*_C re"tante n Aan
rea#i;a% pr3ctica" %e nin0Nn tip %(rante e# a6 &/1/-&/11.
A '% %e p"icina'ient %e #a "it(acin %e parti%a Btie'p (nC anta'" a
cntin(acin c(a#e" "n #" ni+e#e" :(e #" e0re"a%" 'ani!ie"tan en #" %i!erente" )te'
ana#i;a%" en e# c(e"tinari. DicA" %at" c'p#e'entar3n #a in!r'acin :(e "e pre"entar3
'3" a%e#ante "-re #a e+#(cin :(e ca%a (n Aa e2peri'enta%.

Ta-#a *&. Me%ia" 4 %e"+iacine" t)pica" %e +aria-#e" en e# IET1

Me%ia BIEC De"+ tip
T1PE:(ip *94**/ 95777&
T1Ca#i%a% *9*&57 9.1$15
T18#e2i-i#i%a%=ra *9&&77 957...
T1TIC *915.* 9471&7
T1E'pat)a *9/714 9.5&&/
T1De%icacin &9$*4$ 9$$55$
T1M+i#i%a% &9..7. 97&./5
T1Iniciati+a &9.51$ 9.1.$/
T1Apren%i;a,e &9.4&7 95.57.
T1Or0ani;acin 4 P#ani!icacin
&9.&5/
9$/477
T1=erra'ienta" &954/& 97*..4
T1Practi+i%a% &95*57 95.7/7
T1A%aptacin &94711 571*5
T1Rec(r"" &94&$. 19/47$.
T1Deci"in &94&41 9.7$&/
T1C'(nicacin &9417. 957$&/
T1Re"#+erP-#e'a" &9*75/ 957**1
T1P"iti+a &9*1&5 95$4&7
T1Jia,ar &9&&77 9.**1&
T1An3#i"i" &9&&*& 957457
T1A"erti+i%a% &917.4 954757
T1A(tcnci'ient &917$. 95.*.7
T1Ap#icarCnciPr3ctica
&91.7.
9$/77/
T1Entre+i"ta &91**7 19&417$
T1I%i'a" &9111. 947451
T1Din3'icaIr(pa# &9/5$/ 19&$5/4

- 155 -
. Ta-#a **. Me%ia" 4 %e"+iacine" t)pica" %e +aria-#e" en e# 0cT1.

C' p%e'" -"er+ar en #a" ta-#a" *& 4 **9 #a" +a#racine" :(e #" e0re"a%" Aacen
%e# ni+e# :(e tienen en #" %i!erente" )te' "n "i'i#are" en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# 4 en e# 0r(p
cntr#.
En e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# #" e0re"a%" 'ani!ie"tan tener en e# tie'p (n B'ar; %e
&/1/C (n %'ini a#t %e "a-er tra-a,ar en e:(ip B*94_C9 Aacer (n tra-a, %e ca#i%a% B*9*_C9
tener !#e2i-i#i%a% Araria B*9&_C9 'ane, %e #a" TIC B*91_C 4 "er e'p3tic" B*_C9 "ien% a "(
+e; %e"taca-#e e# tie'p :(e %e%ican a -("car tra-a, 'e,rar e# :(e tienen B&9$_C9 #a
'+i#i%a% B&9._C9 iniciati+a 4 capaci%a% %e apren%er B&9._C 4 r0ani;ar"e p#ani!icar"e
B&9._C9 %icA" e0re"a%" a "( +e; 'ani!ie"tan tener pc %'ini %e #a" %in3'ica" 0r(pa#e"
Me%ia B0cC De"+ tip
T1PE:(ip *9*4*$ 9.*71.
T1Ca#i%a% *9&7/& 95$4*&
T18#e2i-i#i%a%=ra *9/$/4 971.7&
T1De%icacin *9/*1* 974&/&
T1E'pat)a &9$&57 9.7/*5
T1=erra'ienta" &97.77 9.75.7
T1Or0ani;acin 4
P#ani!icacin
&971$$
9.$71/
T1M+i#i%a% &9.7&/ 9.751/
T1TIC &9.$75 9.4&74
T1Apren%i;a,e &95$7* 957.$7
T1Rec(r"" &95471 9$/7.4
T1A%aptacin &95/// 9.47&5
T1Practi+i%a% &94755 9544/1
T1Iniciati+a &94777 954*57
T1A"erti+i%a% &9457$ 954&5*
T1C'(nicacin &94**/ 955.&*
T1Jia,ar &9*$*7 95*144
T1Deci"in &9*$*7 9.17*&
T1Re"#+erP-#e'a" &9*7/5 95$47*
T1P"iti+a &9*..1 95&7&1
T1A(tcnci'ient &9&$1* 9557*7
T1I%i'a" &9&7.$ 957457
T1Entre+i"ta &9&/7$ 19/4$4.
T1An3#i"i" &917.4 9.11*7
T1Ap#icarCnciPr3ctica
&91$75
977554
T1Din3'icaIr(pa# 197755 1911451

- 15. -
B&_C9 %e #" i%i'a" B&91_C9 %e #a" entre+i"ta" B&91_C9 "a-er ap#icar #" cnci'ient" a #a
pr3ctica B&91_C 4 cncer"e a ") 'i"'" a(tcnci'ient B&91_C.
En e# 0r(p cntr# #" re"(#ta%" inicia#e" "n "i'i#are"9 'ani!e"tan%9 en e"ta ca"in9 #"
e0re"a%"9 (n %'ini a#t para tra-a,ar en e:(ip B*9*_C9 Aacer (n tra-a, %e ca#i%a% B*9&_C9
tener !#e2i-i#i%a% Araria B*_C 4 %e%icar tie'p a #a -N":(e%a 'e,ra %e e'p#e B*_C. L"
)te' en #" :(e #" e0re"a%" :(e participan en e# 0r(p cntr# 'ani!ie"tan tener 'en" ni+e#
"n #a" %in3'ica" %e 0r(p prpia" %e# prce" %e "e#eccin B197_C9 "a-er ap#icar #"
cnci'ient" a #a pr3ctica B&9&_C9 capaci%a% %e an3#i"i" B &_C9 a!rntar (na entre+i"ta %e
tra-a, B&_C9 %'ini %e i%i'a"B&_C 4 A(tcnci'ient B&9&_C.

- 157 -
7. O-,eti+ I. C'petencia" tran"+er"a#e"

7.1. Re"(#ta%" c(antitati+".
Ta-#a *4. E+#(cin %e #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#
COMPETENCIAS TRANSJERSALES BIEC Me%ia T1 Me%ia T&
Tra-a, en e:(ip
*94**/ *94711
Ca#i%a%
*9*&57 *9*77*
E'pat)a
*9/714 *917$.
Iniciati+a
&9.51$ &97$57
Apren%i;a,e
&9.4&7 &97545
Or0ani;acin 4 P#ani!icacin
&9.&5/ *91/71
Practi+i%a%
&95*57 &97545
A%aptacin
&94711 &9./71
Deci"in
&94&41 &9../7
C'(nicacin
&9417. &9.51$
Re"#+erP-#e'a"
&9*75/ &95///
P"iti+a
&9*1&5 &9*4$&
An3#i"i"
&9&&*& &9*.1.
A"erti+i%a%
&917.4 &9*$$4
A(tcnci'ient
&917$. &97$57
Ap#icarCnciPr3ctica
&91.7. &9*7/5
8i0(ra ** E+#(cin %e #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#
E+#(cin %e 'e%ia" %e c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" BIEC
&
&9&
&94
&9.
&9$
*
*9&
*94
*9.
Me%ia T1 Me%ia T&
Tra-a, en e:(ip Ca#i%a%
E'pat)a Iniciati+a
Apren%i;a,e Or0ani;acin 4 P#ani!icacin
Practi+i%a% A%aptacin
Deci"in C'(nicacin
Re"#+erP-#e'a" P"iti+a
An3#i"i" A"erti+i%a%
A(tcnci'ient Ap#icarCnciPr3ctica

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C' p%e'" -"er+ar en #a !i0(ra ** in%epen%iente'ente %e :(e #a" 'e%ia" '3" e#e+a%a" en
e# pre-te"t "e -tienen en c'petencia" ta#e" c' #a capaci%a% para tra-a,ar en e:(ip9 #a
ca#i%a%9 #a e'pat)a 4 #a iniciati+a9 #a 'a4r e+#(cin :(e "e Aa pr%(ci% en #a" 'e%ia" %e#
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p#ani!icacin9 %e c'(nicacin9 %e practi+i%a% 4 %e capaci%a% para t'ar %eci"ine".

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Cn"i%era'" :(e c(ant '3" "e apr2i'e e# +a#r a#!a a "( +a#r '32i'9 19 'a4r e" #a
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a!ir'ar9 pr tant9 #a !ia-i#i%a% %e #a 'i"'a.

Ta-#a *.. E+#(cin %e #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" %e# 0r(p cntr#
COMPETENCIAS
TRANSJERSALES Me%ia T1 Me%ia T&
Tra-a, en e:(ip
*9*4*$ *9*4$&
Ca#i%a%
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&971$$ &971$$
Apren%i;a,e
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Practi+a
&94755 &94755
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&94777 &944&/
A"ertia
&9457$ &94.$$
C'(nicacin
&94**/ &945/7
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&9*$*7 &9*7&7
Re"#+Pr-#e'a"
&9*7/5 &9*775
P"iti+a
&9*..1 &9*&57
A(tcnci'ient
&9&$1* &9&7&*
An3#i"i"
&917.4 &917.4
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&91$75 &9&&*&

- 157 -
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Apren%i;a,e A%aptacin Practi+a Iniciati+a
A"ertia C'(nicacin Deci"in Re"#+Pr-#e'a"
P"iti+a A(tcnci'ient An3#i"i" Ap#icarCncPr3ctica

C' p%e'" -"er+ar en #a ta-#a *. en e# 0r(p cntr# #a" 'e%ia" '3" e#e-a%a" "e -tienen
en c'petencia" ta#e" c' e# tra-a, en e:(ip9 #a ca#i%a%9 #a e'pat)a 4 #a capaci%a% %e
r0ani;acin 4 p#ani!icacin 4 #a 'a4r e+#(cin %e 'e%ia"9 '(cA 'enr :(e #a
e2perie'enta%a en e# tr 0r(p9 "e pr%(ce en c'petencia" c' #a capaci%a% %e apren%i;a,e9
#a capaci%a% %e c'(nicacin 4 #a capaci%a% %e ap#icar #" cnci'ient" a #a pr3ctica.
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"ien% e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# e# :(e re!#e,a (na 'a4r pr0re"in %e 'e%ia".

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'e%i%a (ti#i;a%a cn #a" 1. c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" tra-a,a%a" en e# 0r(p cntr#. Tenien%
en c(enta :(e A#!a a#can;a (n +a#r %e 97$& a!ir'a'" :(e #a e"ca#a (ti#i;a%a e" !ia-#e.

- 1./ -

7.1.1. M%e# #inea# 0enera#H Me%i%a" repeti%a".

Para c'pr-ar "i "e c('p#e n e# pri'er -,eti+S ana#i;ar #a e+#(cin %e #a"
c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" %e #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina# !rente a
#" :(e n Aan reci-i% %icAa rientacin 4 c'pr-ar "i e2i"ten %i!erencia" "i0ni!icati+a" "e0Nn
01ner9 e%a% "it(acin #a-ra# (ti#i;a'" #" e"ta%)"tic" en(ncia%" a cntin(acinS pr(e-a
%e K29 cntra"te" '(#ti+aria%"9 pr(e-a %e cntra"te" intra"(,et"9 cntra"te %e Le+ene "-re #a
i0(a#%a% %e #a" +arian;a" 4 #a pr(e-a n para'1trica %e #" ran0" cn "i0n %e Pi#c2n.
Una +e; ana#i;a%" %icA" e"ta%)"tic"9 p%e'" recAa;ar #a Aipte"i" n(#a 4 a!ir'ar
:(e #" e0re"a%" :(e reci-en rientacin pr!e"ina# 'e,ran '(4 "i0ni!icati+a'ente e# ni+e#
%e #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" e"t(%ia%a" !rente a a:(e##" e0re"a%" :(e n reci-en
rientacin pr!e"ina#.
E2i"tien% Aa"ta ca"i (n B5/_C %e e+#(cin p"iti+a en #" e0re"a%" rienta%" en
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e0re"a%" n rienta%". A "( +e;9 "e %etecta (n e'pera'ient %e Aa"ta '3" %e (n B5_C en #a
e+#(cin %e a#0(na" c'petencia" en #" e0re"a%" n rienta%" !rente a #a a("encia a-"#(ta
%e e'pera'ient %etecta% en #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina#.
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"it(acin #a-ra# inicia#.
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Ca#c(#a'" #a pr(e-a %e A'0enei%a% cn e# e"ta%)"tic %e K2. E# e"ta%)"tic M B4
"( tran"!r'acin en 8C per'ite cntra"tar #a Aipte"i" %e i0(a#%a% %e #a" 'atrice" %e +arian;a"-
c+arian;a". En e"ta ca"in e# e"ta%)"tic 8 t'a (n +a#r %e /97&. 4 tiene a"cia% (n ni+e#
cr)tic B"i0ni!icacinC %e /957.9 # c(a# per'ite a"('ir :(e #a" 'atrice" %e +arian;a"-
c+arian;a" entre #a" %" 'e%i%a" %e tie'p (n 4 tie'p %" n "n %i!erente" en #a" %"
p-#acine" B#a :(e Aa reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina# para #a 'e,ra %e #a e'p#ea-i#i%a% 4
a:(e##a :(e n #a Aa reci-i%C %e!ini%a" pr e# !actr %e t%a" #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e"
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Si n" -a"a'" en e# c3#c(# %e #" e"ta%i"tic" '(#ti+aria%" -tene'" #" 'i"'"
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in%epen%iente'ente %e #a e%a%9 "e2 "it(acin #a-ra# inicia#9 e# pr0re" %e #a" c'petencia"
tran"+er"a#e" ana#i;a%a" e" 'a4r en a:(e##a" per"na" :(e reci-en rientacin pr!e"ina# pr
c'petencia" :(e en a:(e##" e0re"a%" :(e n reci-en rientacin.

- 1.1 -

Ta-#a *$. Pr(e-a %e cntra"te" intra-"(,et" %e #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e".
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L" re"(#ta%" e2p(e"t" en #a ta-#a *$ n" per'iten recAa;ar #a Aipte"i" n(#a 4 a!ir'ar
:(e e# e!ect %e# !actr rientacin e" "i0ni!icati+H p(e%e cn!ir'ar"e %e n(e+ :(e #a
e+#(cin %e #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" n e" #a 'i"'a entre #a" per"na" :(e Aan reci-i%
rientacin 4 #a" :(e n. T% # cntrari "(ce%e cn #a" +aria-#e" "e29 e%a% 4 "it(acin
#a-ra#9 nin0(na %e e##a" e" "i0ni!icati+a 4 pr tant a!ir'a'" #a Aipte"i" n(#a 4 cnc#(i'"
:(e ni #a e%a% ni e# "e29 ni #a "it(acin #a-ra# in!#(4en en #a e+#(cin %e #a" c'petencia"
tran"+er"a#e" %e #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan participa% en %icA e"t(%i.

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tran"+er"a#e".
8 0#1 0#& Si0ni!icacin
C'petencia"
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a # #ar0 %e t%" #" 0r(p".

- 1.& -
En #a ta-#a *7 "e pre"enta e# e"ta%)"tic 8 %e Le+ene. E"te e"ta%)"tic cntra"ta #a
Aipte"i" %e i0(a#%a% %e +arian;a". E"ta Aipte"i" "e cntra"ta para ca%a ni+e# %e# !actr intra-
"(,et". En e# e,e'p#9 c' t%" #" ni+e#e" cr)tic" "n 'a4re" :(e /./59 "e p(e%e a"('ir
:(e9 en #a" 'e%i%a" (ti#i;a%a"9 #a" +arian;a" %e #a" %" p-#acine" %e!ini%a" pr e# !actr
e'p#ea-i#i%a% "n i0(a#e".

Pr(e-a %e #" ran0" cn "i0n %e Pi#c2n Bpr(e-a n para'1tricaC

Ana#i;a'" #" re"(#ta%" -teni%" en #a pr(e-a %e ran0" cn "i0n" %e Pi#c2n
para c'pr-ar en :(1 'e%i%a Aa e+#(cina% ca%a (na %e #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e"
ana#i;a%a" en #" e0re"a%" :(e pertenecen a# 0r(p e2peri'enta#. A cntin(acin Aace'" (na
%e"cripcin in%i+i%(a#i;a%a %e #a e+#(cin :(e e2peri'enta ca%a (na %e #a" c'petencia"
ana#i;a%a" partien% %e# ni+e# :(e 'ani!ie"tan inicia#'ente B'ar; &/1/C 4 # c'para'" cn
e# :(e -tienen (na +e; Aan reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina# B'ar; &/11C
Capaci%a% %e an3#i"i".
Cn re"pect a #a capaci%a% %e an3#i"i" Ae'" %e %ecir :(e *1 %e #a" per"na" :(e Aan
reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina# Aan 'e,ra% "( ni+e# en %icAa c'petencia9 !rente a #" 17*
:(e Aan 'anteni% e# 'i"' ni+e#. De"taca'" a "( +e; :(e nin0(n %e #" e0re"a%"
rienta%" %i"'in(4e "( ni+e# %e capaci%a% %e an3#i"i" %(rante e# a6 %e e"t(%i.
Capaci%a% %e r0ani;acin 4 p#ani!icacin.
La capaci%a% %e r0ani;acin 4 p#ani!icacin a('enta en 77 %e #" &&4 e0re"a%" :(e
Aan reci-i% rientacin 4 "e 'antiene en 1&5 per"na". Cntin(a'" "in -tener9 en e"te ca"9
%at" ne0ati+" en #a e+#(cin %e %icAa c'petencia.
Capaci%a% %e apren%i;a,e.
En e"ta ca"in #a capaci%a% %e apren%i;a,e a('enta en &5 %e #" &&4 e0re"a%" :(e
Aan reci-i% rientacin 4 "e 'antiene en 177. La p(nt(acin n e'pera en nin0(n %e #"
e0re"a%".
Capaci%a% %e a%aptacin.
Cntin(an% cn #a 'i"'a ten%encia9 #a capaci%a% %e a%aptacin a('enta en &4 %e #"
&&4 e0re"a%" :(e Aan participa% en e# e"t(%i 4 Aan "i% rienta%". La capaci%a% %e
a%aptacin "e 'antiene en &// %e #a" per"na" participante" 4 n e'pera en nin0(n %e e##".
Capaci%a% %e ap#icar #" cnci'ient" a #a pr3cticaH
La capaci%a% %e ap#icar #" cnci'ient" :(e tienen a #a pr3ctica a('enta en *$ %e #"
&&4 e0re"a%"9 "e 'antiene en 1$. 4 n e'pera en nin0(n %e e##".
Capaci%a% %e %eci"in.
La c'petencia %e tener capaci%a% %e %eci"in a('enta en 44 %e #" &&4 e0re"a%"

- 1.* -
rienta%"9 "e 'antiene en 1$/ per"na" 4 n e'pera en nin0(n %e #" ca"".
Ca#i%a%.
La i'prtancia %e #a ca#i%a% a('enta en 1& %e #" &&4 e0re"a%" 4 "e 'antiene en &1&9
'anteni1n%"e #a ten%encia %e n e'pera'ient en nin0(n %e #" ca"".
Capaci%a% %e re"#+er pr-#e'a".
En e"ta ca"in &$9 %e #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin 'e,ran "( capaci%a%
para re"#+er pr-#e'a"9 17. 'antienen e# 'i"' ni+e# 4 nin0(n e'pera.
Capaci%a% para tra-a,ar en e:(ip.
La capaci%a% %e tra-a,ar en e:(ip 'e,ra en 1* e0re"a%"9 "e 'antiene en &11
per"na" 4 n e'pera en nin0(n %e e##".
Capaci%a% %e c'(nicacin.
La capaci%a% %e c'(nicacin a('enta en 5/ %e #a" &&4 per"na"9 "e 'antiene en 174
per"na" 4 n e'pera en nin0Nn e0re"a%.
Capaci%a% %e a(tcnci'ient.
La capaci%a% %e a(tcnci'ient a('enta en 11/ %e #" &&4 e0re"a%" 4 "e 'antiene
en 114 %e #" 'i"'".
Ser p"iti+.
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e0re"a%".
Capaci%a% para t'ar #a iniciati+a.
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rientacin 4 "e 'antiene en 175 %e #" 'i"'".
Capaci%a% %e e'pat)a.
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cntin(an% cn #a ten%encia %e n e'perar.
Capaci%a% %e practi+i%a%.
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177 e0re"a%".
Capaci%a% %e a"erti+i%a%.
La capaci%a% %e "er a"erti+ a('enta en 4/ %e #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan reci-i%
rientacin 4 "e 'antiene en 1$4 %e #" 'i"'".
E" "i0ni!icati+ e# AecA %e :(e encntre'" (n prcenta,e %e 'e,r)a en t%a" #a"
c'petencia" %e #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina#9 (n 0ran prcenta,e %e
'anteni'ient %e# ni+e# %e #a 'i"'a 4 (na !a#ta a-"#(ta %e e'pera'ient.
E# r%en %e 'e,r)a :(e 'ani!ie"tan #" e0re"a%" en #a" c'petencia" ana#i;a%a" e" e#
"i0(ienteH

- 1.4 -
Ta-#a 4/. E0re"a%" :(e 'e,ran "( ni+e# %e c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e". BIEC

COMPETENCIA

N[ DE EIRESADOS
>UE MEMORAN
B'ar; %e &/1/-'ar; %e
&/11C

PORCENTAME DE
EIRESADOS >UE
MEMORAN
Capaci%a% %e a(tcnci'ient. 11/ 47_
Capaci%a% %e r0ani;acin 4 p#ani!icacin. 77 44_
Capaci%a% %e c'(nicacin. 5/ &&_
Capaci%a% %e practi+i%a%. 47 &1_
Capaci%a% %e %eci"in. 44 &/_
Capaci%a% %e a"erti+i%a% 4/ 1$_
Capaci%a% %e ap#icar #" cnci'ient" a
#a pr3ctica.
*$ 17_
Capaci%a% %e an3#i"i". *1 14_
Capaci%a% para t'ar #a iniciati+a. &7 1*_
Capaci%a% %e re"#+er pr-#e'a". &$ 1&_
Capaci%a% %e apren%i;a,e. &5 11_
Capaci%a% %e a%aptacin. &4 11_
Capaci%a% %e e'pat)a. &4 11_
Capaci%a% para tra-a,ar en e:(ip. 1* ._
Ca#i%a%. 1& 5_
Ser p"iti+. $ 4_

=e'" %etecta% (na 'e,r)a '(4 "i0ni!icati+a en #a c'petencia %e a(tcnci'ient
B47_C9 r0ani;acin 4 p#ani!icacin B44_C9 "e0(i%a %e #a capaci%a% %e c'(nicacin B&&_C9
practi+i%a% B&1_C9 t'a %e %eci"ine" B&/_C9 a"erti+i%a% B1$_C9 ap#icar #" cnci'ient" a #a
pr3ctica B17_C9 "er ana#)tic B14_C9 t'ar #a iniciati+a B1*_C9 re"#+er pr-#e'a" B1&_C9 e"tar
a-iert a apren%er B11_C9 a%aptar"e B11_C9 e'pa#i;ar B11_C9 tra-a,ar en e:(ip B._C9 cn
ca#i%a% B5_C 4 %e "er p"iti+ B4_C en N#ti' #(0ar.

Uti#i;a'" #a pr(e-a %e Pi#c2n para c'pr-ar en :(1 'e%i%a Aa e+#(cina% ca%a
(na %e #a" c'petencia" en a:(e##" e0re"a%" :(e c'pnen e# 0r(p cntr#9 en e# c(3# n "e
Aa rea#i;a% nin0Nn tip %e rientacin. Se e2pne a cntin(acin #a e+#(cin entre #"
re"(#ta%" -teni%" entre 'ar; %e &/1/ 4 'ar; %e &/11 4 "e ana#i;an %icAa" c'petencia"
%e !r'a in%i+i%(a#i;a%a.
Capaci%a% %e an3#i"i".
L" e0re"a%" :(e Aan participa% en e# 0r(p cntr# n 'ani!ie"tan nin0(na
e+#(cin en e# %e"arr## %e e"ta c'petencia. Sien% 7 #a" per"na" :(e 'ani!ie"tan (na
e+#(cin p"iti+a 4 e2acta'ente #a 'i"'a canti%a% %e per"na" #a" :(e '(e"tran (na
e+#(cin ne0ati+a. &1/ per"na" 'antienen #a 'i"'a p(nt(acin en %icAa c'petencia

- 1.5 -
tran"c(rri% (n a6.
Capaci%a% %e r0ani;acin 4 p#ani!icacin.
Una +e; ana#i;a%a #a e+#(cin %e #a capaci%a% %e r0ani;acin 4 p#ani!icacin :(e
'ani!ie"tan #" e0re"a%" :(e n Aan reci-i% rientacin9 -tene'" re"(#ta%" '(4 "i'i#are"
a #" encntra%" cn #a c'petencia %e capaci%a% %e an3#i"i". N e2i"te (na e+#(cin p(e"t
:(e "n . per"na" #a" :(e 'ani!ie"tan (na 'e,r)a per a "( +e; "n . #a" :(e pre"entan (na
re0re"in. Mantienen #a p(nt(acin inicia# &1& per"na".
Capaci%a% %e apren%i;a,e.
En e"ta ca"in #a capaci%a% %e apren%i;a,e a('enta en 7 %e #" &&4 e0re"a%" :(e Aan
reci-i% rientacin 4 "e 'antiene en &15. La p(nt(acin n e'pera en nin0(na %e #a"
per"na".
Capaci%a% %e a%aptacin.
N %etecta'" nin0(na e+#(cin en #a capaci%a% %e a%aptacin %e #" e0re"a%" :(e
n Aan reci-i% rientacin9 p(e"t :(e 4 per"na" 'ani!ie"tan (na 'e,r)a9 & (n
e'pera'ient 4 &1$ 'antienen #a p(nt(acin entre &/1/ 4 &/11.
Capaci%a% %e ap#icar #" cnci'ient" a #a pr3ctica.
La capaci%a% %e ap#icar #" cnci'ient" :(e tienen a #a pr3ctica a('enta en $ %e #"
&&4 e0re"a%"9 "e 'antiene en &1. 4 n e'pera en nin0(n %e #" e0re"a%".
Capaci%a% %e %eci"in.
La c'petencia %e tener capaci%a% %e %eci"in a('enta Nnica'ente en & %e #" &&4
e0re"a%" :(e n Aan reci-i% rientacin9 "e 'antiene en &&& per"na" 4 n e'pera en
nin0(n %e #" ca"".
Ca#i%a%.
La i'prtancia %e #a ca#i%a% a('enta en * %e #" &&4 e0re"a%" 4 "e e"ta-i#i;a en &&19
'anteni1n%"e #a ten%encia %e n e'pera'ient %e #" %" ca"" anterire".
Capaci%a% %e re"#+er pr-#e'a".
En e"ta ca"in Nnica'ente 5 %e #" e0re"a%" :(e n Aan reci-i% rientacin 'e,ran
"( capaci%a% para re"#+er pr-#e'a"9 * per"na" e'peran %icAa p(nt(acin 4 &1. 'antienen
e# 'i"' ni+e# %(rante e"te a6 %e e"t(%i B&/1/-&/11C.
Capaci%a% para tra-a,ar en e:(ip.
La capaci%a% %e tra-a,ar en e:(ip 'e,ra en $ e0re"a%" 4 e'pera en 79 'ientra" :(e
"e 'antiene en &/7 per"na".
Capaci%a% %e c'(nicacin.
La capaci%a% %e c'(nicacin a('enta en 5/ %e #a" &&4 per"na"9 "e 'antiene en 174
per"na" 4 n e'pera en nin0Nn e0re"a%.
Capaci%a% %e a(tcnci'ient.

- 1.. -
La capaci%a% %e a(tcnci'ient a('enta en . per"na"9 e'pera en $ %e #"
e0re"a%" 4 "e 'antiene en &1/ %e #" 'i"'".
Ser p"iti+.
La c'petencia %e "er p"iti+ a('enta en 4 per"na"9 e'pera en 1& 4 "e 'antiene en
&/$ %e #" e0re"a%".
Capaci%a% para t'ar #a iniciati+a.
La e+#(cin en %icAa p(nt(acin e" e2acta'ente #a 'i"'a :(e en #a anterir9 4
per"na" 'e,ran "( p(nt(acin9 1& #a e'peran 4 &/$ e0re"a%" #a 'antienen.
Capaci%a% %e e'pat)a.
La capaci%a% %e e'pat)a "e 'antiene i0(a# entre &/1/ 4 &/11 entre #" e0re"a%" :(e
n Aan reci-i% rientacin9 n e+#(cina ni %ecrece en nin0(n %e #" ca"".
Capaci%a% %e practi+i%a%.
En e"ta ca"in "e 'antiene #a 'i"'a ten%encia :(e cn #a c'petencia %e e'pat)a. La
tta#i%a% %e #" ca"" 'antienen #a" p(nt(acine" 4 n "e -"er+a e+#(cin en nin0Nn "enti%.
Capaci%a% %e a"erti+i%a%.
La capaci%a% %e "er a"erti+ a('enta en 4 %e #" e0re"a%" :(e n Aan reci-i%
rientacin9 e'pera en & 4 "e 'antiene en &1$ %e #" 'i"'".

Ta-#a 41. E0re"a%" :(e 'e,ran "( ni+e# %e c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e". B0cC

COMPETENCIA

N[ DE EIRESADOS
>UE MEMORAN
PORCENTAME DE
EIRESADOS >UE
MEMORAN
Capaci%a% %e apren%i;a,e. 7 4_
Capaci%a% %e c'(nicacin. 7 4_
Capaci%a% %e ap#icar #" cnci'ient" a #a pr3ctica. $ *.._
Capaci%a% para tra-a,ar en e:(ip. $ *.._
Capaci%a% %e an3#i"i". 7 *_
Capaci%a% %e a(tcnci'ient. . &.._
Capaci%a% %e r0ani;acin 4 p#ani!icacin. . &.._
Capaci%a% %e re"#+er pr-#e'a". 5 &_
Ser p"iti+. 4 1.$_
Capaci%a% %e a"erti+i%a% 4 1.$_
Capaci%a% %e a%aptacin. 4 1.$_
Capaci%a% para t'ar #a iniciati+a. 4 1.$_
Ca#i%a%. * 1_
Capaci%a% %e %eci"in. & 1_
Capaci%a% %e practi+i%a%. / /_
Capaci%a% %e e'pat)a. / /_

- 1.7 -
Mientra" :(e en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# n e2i"t)an ca"" en #" :(e #a p(nt(acin
e'pera"e en e"ta ca"in "i e2i"ten a(n:(e #a ten%encia 0enera# e" a 'antener #a 'i"'a
p(nt(acin 4 n 'ani!e"tar (na c#ara e+#(cin ni re0re"in. P(e%e -"er+ar"e '3"
%eta##a%a'ente %icAa e+#(cin en #a" ta-#a" 41 4 4&.

Ta-#a 4&. E0re"a%" :(e e'peran "( ni+e# %e c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e". B0cC

COMPETENCIA

N[ DE EIRESADOS
>UE EMPEORAN
PORCENTAME DE
EIRESADOS >UE
EMPEORAN
Ser p"iti+. 1& 5.4_
Capaci%a% para t'ar #a iniciati+a. 1& 5.4_
Capaci%a% %e a(tcnci'ient. $ *.._
Capaci%a% %e an3#i"i". 7 *_
Capaci%a% para tra-a,ar en e:(ip. 7 *_
Capaci%a% %e r0ani;acin 4 p#ani!icacin. . &.._
Capaci%a% %e c'(nicacin. 5 &_
Capaci%a% %e re"#+er pr-#e'a". * 1_
Capaci%a% %e a"erti+i%a% & 1_
Capaci%a% %e a%aptacin. & 1_
Ca#i%a%. / /_
Capaci%a% %e %eci"in. / /_
Capaci%a% %e practi+i%a%. / /_
Capaci%a% %e e'pat)a. / /_
Capaci%a% %e apren%i;a,e. / /_
Capaci%a% %e ap#icar #" cnci'ient" a #a pr3ctica. / /_

7.&. Re"(#ta%" c(a#itati+" Bentre+i"ta"C 4 B0r(p" %e %i"c("inC

En e"te aparta% n" prpne'" %ar re"p(e"ta a# pri'er -,eti+ %e #a te"i" (ti#i;an%
(na 'et%#0)a c(a#itati+a 4 pr en%e, ana#i;ar #a e+#(cin %e #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e"
%e #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina# !rente a #" :(e n Aan reci-i% %icAa
rientacin 4 c'pr-ar "i e2i"ten %i!erencia" "i0ni!icati+a" "e0Nn 01ner9 e%a% "it(acin
#a-ra#

7.&.1. Entre+i"ta" per"na#e"

=e'" ana#i;a% 1// entre+i"ta" %e e0re"a%" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina#
pr c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" 4 */ %e #a" 'i"'a" Aan "i% ana#i;a%a" pr tre" ,(ece"
e2pert" %i!erente" cn e# prp"it %e re!#e,ar #a !ia-i#i%a% %e #a 'et%#0)a c(a#itati+a

- 1.$ -
(ti#i;a%a. Cn e# prp"it %e re!#e,ar %icAa !ia-i#i%a% rec0e'" e# +a#r %e# e"ta%i"tic Dappa
4 "( ni+e# critic entre #" tre" ,(ece"H

Ta-#a 4*.Me%i%a" "i'1trica" entre e# ,(e; 1 4 e# ,(e; &
Me%i%a" "i'1trica" entre e# ,(e; 1 4 e# ,(e; & Ja#r
Errr t)p.
a"int.BaC
T
apr2i'a%aB-C
Si0.
apr2i'a%a
Me%i%a %e ac(er% Dappa
9$74 9/41 4&95.1 9///
N %e ca"" +3#i%"
5$

C' p%e'" -"er+ar en #a ta-#a 4*9 e# +a#r %e# e"ta%)"tic Dappa B/9$74C 4 "( ni+e#
cr)tic BSi0. Apr2i'a%ae /9////5C e# c(a# per'ite %eci%ir "-re #a Aipte"i" n(#a %e a("encia
%e ac(er%H p(e"t :(e e# ni+e# cr)tic e" '(4 pe:(e69 "e p(e%e recAa;ar #a Aiptei" %e ac(er%
n(# 4 cnc#(ir :(e e2ite (n ac(er% 'a4r :(e e# e"pera% pr a;ar entre e# ,(e; 1 4 e# ,(e; &.

Ta-#a 44. Me%i%a" "i'1trica" entre e# ,(e; 1 4 e# ,(e; *
Me%i%a" "i'1trica" entre e# ,(e; 1 4 e# ,(e; * Ja#r
Errr t)p.
a"int.BaC
T
apr2i'a%aB-C
Si0.
apr2i'a%a
9$41 9/47 4/95&. 9///
N %e ca"" +3#i%"
5$

En # :(e re"pecta a# ac(er% e"ta-#eci% entre e# ,(e; 1 4 e# ,(e; *9 c' p%e'"
c'pr-ar en #a ta-#a 44 e# +a#r %e# e"ta%i"tic Dappa B/9$41C 4 "( ni+e# %e "i0ni!icacin /9///
incitan a recAa;ar #a Aipte"i" n(#a %e a("encia %e ac(er% 4 a!ir'ar :(e e# ac(er% entre %icA"
,(ece" e" 'a4r :(e e# e"pera% pr a;ar.

Ta-#a 45 .Me%i%a" "i'1trica" entre e# ,(e; & 4 e# ,(e; *
Me%i%a" "i'1trica" entre e# ,(e; & 4 e# ,(e; * Ja#r
Errr t)p.
a"int.BaC
T
apr2i'a%aB-C
Si0.
apr2i'a%a
9$&* 9/51 *79.$* 9///
N %e ca"" +3#i%"
5$

Pr N#ti'9 c' p%e'" -"er+ar en #a ta-#a 459 e# +a#r %e# e"ta%i"tic Dappa B/9$&*C
4 "( ni+e# %e "i0ni!icacin /9/// n" per'iten recAa;ar #a Aipte"i" n(#a %e a("encia %e ac(er%
4 a!ir'ar :(e e# ac(er% entre #" ,(ece" & 4 * e" 'a4r :(e e# e"pera% pr a;ar.

Una +e; rea#i;a%a"9 0ra-a%a"9 tran"crita" 4 ana#i;a%a" #a" 1// entre+i"ta" a e0re"a%"
BAne2 4C9 p%e'" a!ir'ar :(e "e Aa pr%(ci% (na e+#(cin p"iti+a repre"entati+a en #a"
c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" tra-a,a%a" en e# tran"c(r" %e #a" entre+i"ta" per"na#e". Inc#(" "e
p(e%e a!ir'ar :(e e2i"te (na re#acin p"iti+a entre #a canti%a% %e +ece" :(e "e tra-a,a #a
c'petencia 4 e# incre'ent en #a e+#(cin %e %icAa" c'petencia".

- 1.7 -
La" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" en #a" :(e "e Aa %etecta% (na 'a4r e+#(cin Aan "i% #a"
"i0(iente" re"pecti+a'enteH

1. Ser r0ani;a% 4 "a-er p#ani!icar"e.
&. A(tcnci'ient.
*. Ser capa; %e apren%er c"a" n(e+a"
4. De"arr##ar #a capaci%a% cr)tica.

1. Ser r0ani;a% 4 "a-er p#ani!icar"e.

DicAa c'petencia e" #a :(e 'a4r e+#(cin Aa 'ani!e"ta% en #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan
reci-i% rientacin9 "e0Nn %e%(ci'" %e# an3#i"i" %e #a" entre+i"ta". En #a rientacin
pr!e"ina# pr c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e"9 #a r0ani;acin Aa teni% (na i'prtancia
priritaria 4 "e Aa intenta% en t% ''ent :(e #a" per"na" :(e n ##e+a-an (n r%en en #a
-N":(e%a 'e,ra %e e'p#e a%:(irieran (n" A3-it" :(e re"peta"en en t% ''ent #"
%i!erente" '%" %e apren%i;a,e 4 pr en%e9 %e enten%er #a r0ani;acin. =e'" entre+i"ta% a
e0re"a%" :(e ##e+a-an (n re0i"tr %e # :(e rea#i;a-an en '% %e e":(e'a9 tr" # Aac)an %e
(na !r'a '3" narrati+a9 tr" (ti#i;an% #a" n(e+a" tecn#0)a" 4 tr" "e +a#)an %e icn"
re!erente" 0r3!ic"9 per t%" e#i0ien (n '% a tra+1" %e# c(a# p(e%en ##e+ar (na r0ani;acin.
Se intenta :(e # apren%i% en e"ta c'petencia "e ap#i:(e n "# a #a 'e,ra %e #a
e'p#ea-i#i%a%9 "in ta'-i1n a t%a" a:(e##a" !aceta" %e #a +i%a en #a :(e #e" p(e%a re"(#tar Nti#
e# tra-a,ar %e e"te '%. L" re"(#ta%" Aan "i% '(4 p"iti+" 4 #" e0re"a%" Aan ##e+a% (na
p#ani!icacin 4 (na r0ani;acin cn re"pect a #a -N":(e%a 'e,ra %e e'p#e :(e %i"ta
'(cA %e #a :(e inicia#'ente ten)an ante" %e participar c#a-rar en e"ta in+e"ti0acin.
M(cA" %e #" e0re"a%" en e# ''ent inicia# n ##e+a-an nin0(na r0ani;acin cn
re"pect a #a -N":(e%a. W-(en9 4 n 'e Aa-)a p#antea% ##e+ar nin0(na r0ani;acin9 per
c#ar pen"3n%# -ien tiene "( "enti% 4 "( i'prtanciaX BAne2 4H$*C. E# 'er AecA %e
rep#ante3r"e# Aace :(e e##" 'i"'" ##e0(en a #a cnc#("in %e :(e e" '3" e!ecti+ 4 e#
re!(er; %e tener (na "erie %e entre+i"ta" en #a" :(e #e tiene :(e pner a# %)a a# rienta%r %e #"
a+ance"9 en!ati;a #a 'ti+acin 4 e# a(te"!(er;.

&. A(tcnci'ient.

Pc" %e #" e0re"a%" "(piern %e"%e (n principi %e!inir'e c' eran. La re"p(e"ta
"#)a "erH

- 17/ -
WPues no se- es .ue no %e he planteado nunca esto de pensar co%o soy- no sabr)a .ue decirteX
BAne2 4H 1.C. La e+#(cin perci-i%a en e"ta c'petencia en #a" entre+i"ta" in%i+i%(a#e" Aa
"i% '(4 'arca%a 4 repre"entati+a. Se p(e%e perci-ir cn e# an3#i"i" %e #a" entre+i"ta" :(e e#
a(tcnci'ient re:(iere %e re!#e2in 4 :(e pr 'ti+" %e %e"cnci'ient %e
'in("+a#racin n "e "(e#e %e%icar (n tie'p e"pec)!ic a tra-a,ar e"ta c'petencia. En e#
tran"c(r" %e #a inter+encin9 entre e# pre-te"t 4 e# p"t-te"t "e cntra"ta pr parte %e #"
e0re"a%" (n 'a4r inter1" en pr!(n%i;ar "-re e"t" a"pect". E##" 'i"'" -("can
in!r'acin "-re tra" acti+i%a%e" c'p#e'entaria" c' c(r"" "e'inari" :(e traten e"ta
te'3tica 4 'ani!ie"tan :(e c(ant '3" cnci'ient tienen %e# te'a9 '3" i'prtante # +en 4
'3" re#acin atri-(4en a #a 'e,ra %e #a e'p#ea-i#i%a%.
La c'petencia %e a(tcnci'ient "e tra-a,a partien% %e# cncept %e inte#i0encia
e'cina# 4 "entan% #a" -a"e" %e #a 'i"'a cn e# pri'er e"ca#n :(e e" preci"a'ente e#
a(tcnci'ient. Para ##e0ar a# 'i"' "e Aacen '(cAa" pre0(nta". La" pre0(nta" inicia#e" #a"
rea#i;a #a per"na :(e %iri0e #a entre+i"ta cn #a preten"in %e :(e %e !r'a cntin(a%a "ean
e##" 'i"'" #" :(e e#a-ren "( prpia re!#e2in.

*. Ser capa; %e apren%er c"a" n(e+a"

C' p#antea (n e0re"a% en e# BAne2 4H 71C Wlo i%portante es tener las cartas sobre
la %esa para despu5s 4ugar tu ba,a lo %e4or posible' 0s) tE %is%o vas aprendiendo sobre la
%archa.X. En e"ta c'petencia "e Aa tra-a,a% #a preparacin pre+ia %e a%aptacin a# 'erca%
#a-ra# para :(e c'pren%an :(e Aa4 :(e enten%er e# apren%i;a,e a # #ar0 %e #a +i%a9 i0(a# :(e
#a !r'acin. Ca%a e'pre"a tiene "( 'et%#0)a per ca%a -N":(e%a e" %i!erente 4 pr tant
n(nca "e ter'ina %e apren%er. A#0(n" %e #" e0re"a%" 'ani!ie"tan "( in:(iet(% pr %e,ar %e
e"t(%iar p(e"t :(e cn"i%eran :(e 4a tienen "(!iciente" e"t(%i" 4 re!#e2ina'" "-re :(e
apren%er n e" "# !r'ar"e9 "in :(e e" e"tar recepti+ Aacia t%a #a in!r'acin 4
e2periencia" +i+i%a" para p"terir'ente p%er (ti#i;ar#a" 4 ap#icar#a" en e# cnte2t :(e n"
intere"e. Tra-a,a'" pr tant9 e# apren%er c'petencia" n(e+a" c' (na nece"i%a% %e
apren%er 4 %e a%aptar"e a #a n(e+a c4(nt(ra #a-ra#. La e+#(cin en e"ta c'petencia Aa "i%
repre"entati+a 4 Aan 'ani!e"ta% n "# #a c'pren"in %e #a nece"i%a% %e apren%er cnteni%"
n(e+" "in ta'-i1n #a prpia nece"i%a% %e Aacer# para "e0(ir e+#(cinan%.

4. De"arr##ar #a capaci%a% cr)tica

E"ta c'petencia e"ta e"pecia#'ente #i0a%a a #a capaci%a% %e re!#e2in9 :(e "e entien%e
c' #a capaci%a% %e "er cr)tic" !r(t %e (na pr!(n%a 4 pre+ia re!#e2in. Ser cr)tic" "e
perci-e %e"%e (n pri"'a p"iti+9 per para :(e #a cr)tica "ea cn"tr(cti+a "e tiene :(e partir %e

- 171 -
(na re!#e2in ar0('enta%a. =e'" perci-i% (na e+#(cin repre"entati+a en #a capaci%a%
cr)tica %e"%e e# p(nt %e +i"ta re!#e2i+ 4 ar0('enta%r. Mientra" :(e en (n pri'er ''ent
#" ar0('ent" eran '3" -ien a-"#(ti"ta" 4 "e -a"a-an en 0enera#i%a%e"9 a# !ina# %e #a" "e"ine"
"e p(e%e c'pr-ar :(e "n '3" pr(%ente"9 ar0('entan Aa-i1n%"e -a"a% en (na re!#e2in 4
cncept(a#i;an %e !r'a e"pec)!ica # :(e :(ieren %ecir %e,an% en (n "e0(n% p#an #"
t1r'in" %e Wtodo6 3nada6 3nunca6 Wsie%pre6 entre tr".


La e+#(cin :(e 'ani!ie"tan cn re"pect a "( prpia capaci%a% %e "(peracin e" '(4
+a#ra-#e. En (n pri'er ''ent "e perci-)a (n a'-iente %e "(peracin '3" %i#(i% 'ientra"
:(e tran"c(rri%a" #a" "e"ine" 'ani!ie"tan (na c#ara intencin %e 'e,rar9 %e cn"e0(ir -,eti+"
%e "(perar #" -"t3c(#" :(e %epen%en %e e##" 4 e"t3n en "(" 'an". A"('en
re"pn"a-i#i%a%e" :(e en (n pri'er ''ent parec)an atri-(ir a# cnte2t9 #a c4(nt(ra
ecn'ica #a incapaci%a% para Aacer na%a. E"ta capaci%a% %e "(peracin e" '(4 a%'ira-#e
pr +aria" ra;ne"9 per cn '3" 1n!a"i" tenien% en c(enta #a "it(acin ecn'ica 4 c4(nt(ra#
%e# ''ent :(e pr tr #a% #e" %e"'ti+a. Se 'arcan -,eti+" e"pec)!ic" :(e +an
e+a#(an% 4 c'pr-an% "i "e Aan cn"e0(i% a crt p#a;9 cn #" :(e n "e cn"i0(en "e
rea#i;a (na re!#e2in para p%er rep#antear e# -,eti+ 4 apren%er %e # "(ce%i%. Mani!ie"tan (n
e"!(er; en cn"e0(ir a:(e##" -,eti+" :(e e##" 'i"'" "e 'arcan inicia#'ente 4 rea#i;an
(na a(tcr)tica cn"tante %e# prce".
Una +e; ana#i;a%a" #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" :(e "(r0en %e #a" 1// entre+i"ta"
"e#eccina%a" B*1 e0re"a%"C9 c'pr-a'" e# nN'er %e entre+i"ta" en #a" :(e aparece %icAa
cate0r)a 4 e# nN'er %e +ece" :(e aparece %icAa cate0r)a en #a tta#i%a% %e #a" 'i"'a".
C' p%e'" c'pr-ar Bta-#a *$C e2i"te (na ten%encia en #a :(e c'pr-a'" :(e a:(e##a"
c'petencia" :(e '3" "e tra-a,an "n #a" :(e 'e,r e+#(cin 'ani!ie"tan en #" e0re"a%" :(e
reci-en rientacin pr!e"ina#9 # :(e n" ##e+a a a!ir'ar :(e #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e"
p(e%en ca'-iar9 4 pr tant9 'e,rar "ie'pre 4 c(an% "e tra-a,en a%ec(a%a'ente9 c(e"tin :(e
pr cn"i0(iente reperc(te p"iti+a'ente en e# ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% %e #" e0re"a%"9 p(e"t
:(e e" cn e##" cn :(iene" "e tra-a,an %icAa" c'petencia".
Para W*es livrets de co%p5tencesB nouveaux outils pour lC5valuation des ac.uiX Le
Kter!9 B1777C9 #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" tienen #a p"i-i#i%a% %e "er tran"!eri%a" 4
!#e2i-i#i;ar #a" %e"tre;a" 0en1rica" #a" cn+ierte en in"tr('ent" '(4 +a#i"" para ##e+ar a ca-
accine" p"iti+a" en "it(acine" te'pra#e" ca'-iante" %n%e #a" c'petencia" p(ra'ente
re#acina%a" cn #a" 'ateria" %(ran pc tie'p. A#0(na" %e #a" %e"tre;a" 0en1rica" '3"
%e"taca%a" "n #a c'(nicacin9 #a re"#(cin %e pr-#e'a"9 e# #i%era;09 e# tra-a, en e:(ip 4
#a capaci%a% %e apren%er.

- 17& -
Ta-#a 4.. NO %e entre+i"ta" 4 nO %e +ece" en #a" :(e aparecen #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e". BIEC
COMPETENCIAS TRANSJERSALES
CDIIO
CATEIORIA
COMPETENCIAS PARA MEMORAR LA
EMPLEAKILIDAD
nO entre+i"ta"h

nO +ece"h
entre+i"ta"
1.CAPANA 1. La capaci%a% %e an3#i"i". *4 41&
&.ORIPLAN &. Ser r0ani;a% 4 "a-er p#ani!icar"e $& $&*
*.CONPRO
*. Cnci'ient" -3"ic" %e #a pr!e"in
Bp(e"tC
&1 &*4
4.RESPRO 4. Tener !aci#i%a% para re"#+er pr-#e'a" &7 *15
5.TOMDEC 5. T'ar %eci"ine". 4. 5/7
..AUTOCON
.. Cncer"e -ien a 'i 'i"' B!rta#e;a"9
%e-i#i%a%e"C.
77 $1&
7.ACTPOS 7. Tener (na actit(% p"iti+a. 1. &/*
$.EMPATI
$. E'pat)a BPner"e en e# #(0ar %e tra
per"naC
&. */&
7.PROACT 7. Ser acti+ 4 practi+ &7 *47
1/.CAPCRIT 1/. Capaci%a% Cr)tica 47 5*&
11.APLCONO
11. Sa-er ap#icar #" cnci'ient" a #a
pr3ctica.
*4 4/$
1&.APREND 1&. Ser capa; %e apren%er c"a" n(e+a". 47 5&4
1*.NUESIT
1*. A%aptar"e cn !aci#i%a% a n(e+a"
"it(acine".
&. *&1
14.SUPERA 14. Capaci%a% %e "(peracin 4* 5.7
15.CALIDA
15. Prec(par"e pr #a ca#i%a% %e #a" c"a" :(e
Aace.
14 17$
1..TRAE>U 1.. Sa-er tra-a,ar en e:(ip. 1. &/5

C' 4a Ae'" c'enta% anterir'ente9 #e pe%i'" a tre" e2pert" %i!erente" :(e ana#icen
pr inter,(ece" */ %e #a" 1// entre+i"ta" rea#i;a%a" en %icAa te"i" 4 p%e'" c'pr-ar :(e
e2i"te (n ni+e# a#t %e "i'i#it(% en #a %eteccin %e c'petencia" pr parte %e #" tre" ,(ece" 49 a
"( +e; %icA an3#i"i" n %i"ta '(cA %e parecer"e a# rea#i;a% en "( 0#-a#i%a% cn #a" 1//
entre+i"ta" ana#i;a%a".
E"t3 re#acina% e# nN'er %e entre+i"ta" en e# :(e "e %etecta (na c'petencia 4 e# nN'er %e
+ece" en :(e aparece %icAa c'petencia en ca%a (na %e #a" entre+i"ta".
Ka"3n%n" en #" re"(#ta%" -teni%" p%e'" a!ir'ar :(e e# in"tr('ent (ti#i;a% e" !ia-#e
p(e"t :(e in%epen%iente'ente %e :(ien ana#ice #a" entre+i"ta" e# re"(#ta% e" e# 'i"'. A
cntin(acin pre"enta'" (n re"('en %e #" re"(#ta%" inter,(ece" 4 0r(pa#e" a '% %e ta-#aH

- 17* -

Ta-#a 47. NO %e entre+i"ta" 4 nO %e +ece" en #a" :(e aparecen #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" "e0Nn tre" ,(ece"
%i!erente" BIEC.
CDIIO CATEIORGA

MUER 1
B*/ Entre+i"ta"C

MUER &
B*/ Entre+i"ta"C

MUER *
B*/ Entre+i"ta"C
NO %e
entre+i"ta"
NN'er
%e +ece"
NO
entre+i"ta"
NN'er %e
+ece"
NO %e
entre+i"ta"
NN'er %e
+ece"
1.CAPANA 1. Capaci%a% %e an3#i"i". 1& *5 1& ** 11 *&
&.ORIPLAN &. Or0ani;acin 4 p#ani!icacin. &* 4. &4 45 &5 45
*.CONPRO
*. Cnci'ient" -3"ic" %e #a
pr!e"in Bp(e"tC
$ 1. 7 17 7 15
4.RESPRO 4. 8aci#i%a% para re"#+er pr-#e'a" 1/ &1 11 &1 1/ &1
5.TOMDEC 5. T'ar %eci"ine". 7 17 1/ 1$ 11 7
..AUTOCON
.. Cncer"e -ien a 'i 'i"'
B!rta#e;a"9 %e-i#i%a%e"C.
&. 51 &5 5/ &5 5/
7.ACTPOS 7. Actit(% p"iti+a. 4 7 * 7 * 7
$.EMPATI
$. E'pat)a BPner"e en e# #(0ar %e tra
per"naC
11 &4 1/ && 11 &*
7.PROACT 7. Acti+ 4 practi+ 7 1* . 11 7 1&
1/.CAPCRIT 1/. Capaci%a% cr)tica. 5 11 . 1& 7 14
11.APLCONO
11. Ap#icar #" cnci'ient" a #a
pr3ctica.
1* &* 1& && 1* &4
1&.APREND 1&. Apren%er c"a" n(e+a". 1/ &/ 1* &5 11 &1
1*.NUESIT
"it(acine".
7 1* $ 1& $ 1&
14.SUPERA 14. Capaci%a% %e "(peracin. 7 14 7 14 7 15
159CALIDA 15. Ca#i%a% %e #a" c"a" :(e Aace. 7 14 . 1* . 1*
1..TRAE>U 1.. Tra-a,ar en e:(ip. . 1* . 1& 7 15

7.&.&. Ir(p" %e %i"c("in.

C' p%e'" recr%ar "e rea#i;an tre" 0r(p" %e %i"c("in9 (n cn e0re"a%" :(e
Aan reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina# pr c'petencia" tr 0r(p cn e0re"a%" :(e n Aan
reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina# 4 tr en e# :(e participan tant e0re"a%" :(e "i Aan reci-i%
rientacin c' e0re"a%" :(e n #a Aan reci-i%.

A ni+e# c(a#itati+ Ae'" ana#i;a% c(a#e" "n #a" c'petencia" 4 re!#e2ine" %e #"
e0re"a%" :(e n Aan reci-i% rientacin a tra+1" %e #" 0r(p" %e %i"c("in 4 Ae'"
%etecta% # "i0(ienteH
1. A ni+e# 0enera# cn"i%eran :(e #a rientacin pr!e"ina# n #e" e" %e 0ran a4(%a
pr:(e 4a "a-en t% # :(e %e-en "a-er para incrprar"e en e# 'erca% #a-ra#. E"
!rec(ente #a (ti#i;acin %e t1r'in" a-"tract" c' WtodoX e,.H Whe entregado el C( en
todos los sitios de inter5sX Wnada6 e,.H Wno %e .ueda nada por hacerX9 W%uchoX e,.

- 174 -
We%pleo %ucho tie%po para buscar traba4oX WpocoXe,H Wen /nternet hay poco .ue
hacerX.
&. A(n:(e en (n pri'er ''ent cn"i%eran i'prtante e# tener (na "erie %e
c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e"9 #a i%ea :(e '3" "e repite e" :(e Wcada uno es co%o esX
Whay cosas .ue no se pueden ca%biarX 4 :(e +a#e '3" tener WenchuesX :(e
a. De entre #a +a#racin 0enera# :(e Aacen %e #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e"9
pinan :(e e" i'prtante "a-er tra-a,ar en e:(ip9 Aacer #a" c"a" cn ca#i%a% 4
tener !aci#i%a% para re"#+er pr-#e'a". A "( +e; atri-(4en 'en" i'prtancia
a# a(tcnci'ient9 #a capaci%a% %e "(peracin 4 #a c'(nicacin.
*. La 'a4r)a %e e##" n "# cn"i%eran :(e "( ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% n Aa 'e,ra%
"in :(e pien"an :(e Aa e'pera% p(e"t :(e 4a n tienen e%a% para pe%ir -eca" 4 Aa4
e'pre"a" :(e :(ieren cntratar en pr3ctica" a per"na" reci1n tit(#a%a"9 tran"c(rri%
e"te a6 cn"i%eran :(e e"a prt(ni%a% #a Aan per%i%. Se6a#an "( cn"tante
prec(pacin pr #a cri"i" ecn'ica 4 "cia# 4 '(cA" %e e##" "pe"an #a pcin %e
'arcAar"e !(era per n a crt p#a;9 p(e"t :(e #e" atan #a;" !a'i#iare" 4 n
%i"pnen %e rec(r"" ecn'ic".
4. Pri'a #a actit(% ne0ati+a cn re"pect a #a p"iti+a9 cn"i%eran :(e # :(e p(e%en Aacer
4a # Aan AecA 4 :(e #a cri"i" 4 #a c4(nt(ra "cia# en #a :(e +i+i'" #e" e"t3 pnien%
#a" c"a" '(4 %i!)ci#e".
5. Mani!ie"tan e"tar can"a%" %e reci-ir tanta in!r'acin 4 a!ir'an :(e Wllega un
%o%ento .ue uno no sabe .u5 es pa4a y .u5 es i%portante- discri%inar lo i%portante
de lo innecesario te lleva %ucho tie%poX.
.. 8ina#'ente :(e%a #a re!#e2in %e :(e 'antener #" cntact" per"na#e" ( on+line e"
i'prtante9 per antan :(e pr +er0]en;a en '(cAa" ca"ine" n "e pnen en
cntact cn per"na" :(e p%r)an a4(%ar#e".
7. Entre e##" ca'-ian in!r'acin %e rec(r"" 4 Aerra'ienta" para #a -N":(e%a %e
e'p#e 4 'ani!ie"tan "( "rpre"a ante #a n(e+a in!r'acin :(e tienen tra" per"na" 4
:(e e##" n cnc)an. E"ta re!#e2in #e" ani'a9 "e0Nn e##" a p#antear"e e# reci-ir
e0re"a%" :(e ") Aan reci-i% rientacin a tra+1" %e #" 0r(p" %e %i"c("in 4 Ae'" %etecta%
# "i0(ienteH
1. De (n '% 0enera#i;a% recncen :(e inicia#'ente n pen"a-an :(e #e" :(e%a-a
tant pr Aacer9 Aacen re!#e2ine" c'S W%e .uedaba %ucho %2s por hacer de lo .ue
yo pensaba6 3no le daba i%portancia a cosas .ue real%ente s) son i%portantes- co%o
el saber c&%o soy- .u5 se %e da bien y .u5 hago bienX etc. A"('en #a re"pn"a-i#i%a%

- 175 -
%e "( -N":(e%a 4 'ani!ie"tan :(e e# 'arcar"e -,eti+" 4 cntar cn #a a4(%a 4 e#
ap4 %e (n rienta%r Aa "i% !(n%a'enta# en e# tran"c(r" %e# a69
in%epen%iente'ente %e #a "it(acin #a-ra# en #a :(e "e enc(entren.
&. Mantienen #a p"t(ra %e :(e #a" c'petencia" e"pec)!ica"9 prpia" %e #a carrera "n
-3"ica" 4 :(e "in e##a" "e pier%en prt(ni%a%e" 4 #a p"i-i#i%a% %e acce%er a p(e"t"
:(e intere"an9 per +en #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" c' e# e#e'ent %i!erencia%r
entre (n -(en tra-a,a%r 4 (n tra-a,a%r e2ce#ente 4 "n cn"ciente" %e :(e A4 "e
-("ca # 'e,r.
&.1. De entre #a" +a#racine" 0enera#e" :(e Aacen %e #a" c'petencia"
tran"+er"a#e"9 pinan :(e t%a" "n i'prtante" 4 :(e (na" p(e%en "er# '3"
:(e tra" %epen%ien% %e# per!i# %e# p(e"t %e #a" !(ncine" :(e "e
%e"e'pe6e9 n -"tante #e %an "('a i'prtancia a# a(tcnci'ient9 "a-er
tra-a,ar en e:(ip9 #a r0ani;acin 4 #a p#ani!icacin a# "a-er c'(nicar"e 4 a#
"er acti+ 4 tener iniciati+a 4 n e"perar a :(e te %i0an # :(e tiene" :(e Aacer.
Pr e# cntrari9 4 a(n:(e #a" cn"i%eran i'prtante"9 pien"an :(e #a capaci%a%
%e an3#i"i"9 #a capaci%a% %e %eci"in 4 #a capaci%a% %e apren%i;a,e p(e%en
"(p#ir"e cn tra" Aa-i#i%a%e"9 a(n:(e 'antienen e# recnci'ient 4 #a
i'prtancia %e #a" 'i"'a".
*. Pr (n #a% pien"an :(e "( ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% Aa e'pera% p(e"t :(e #a
e'p#ea-i#i%a% e"ta in!#(encia%a pr #a c4(nt(ra #a-ra# :(e "e +i+e per pr tr
cn"i%eran :(e a:(e##a parte :(e e##" p(e%en tra-a,ar Aa 'e,ra% 4 'ani!ie"tan :(e
Aan perci-i% (na 0ran 'e,r)a. Se pa#pa (na i'prtante prec(pacin pr #a cri"i"
ecn'ica 4 a#0(n" %e e##" p#ani!ican 'arcAar"e # Aan AecA 4a 4 e"t3n intentan%
'e,rar en e# 3'-it %e #" i%i'a"9 e"pecia#'ente cn e# in0#1"9 !ranc1" 4 a#e'3n. La
#i'itacin %e# arrai0 !a'i#iar "e 'antiene en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#.
4. C(an% "e Aa-#a %e !(t(r pri'a (na actit(% ne0ati+a9 p(e"t :(e pien"an :(e e2i"te
(na 0ran c'petiti+i%a%9 :(e e"t3n +i+ien% (na "it(acin "('a'ente c'p#ica%a para
encntrar (n pri'er e'p#e9 en "( 'a4r)a cn"i%eran :(e #e" :(e%a '(cA pr
apren%er9 per parece :(e n(nca "er3 "(!iciente p(e"t :(e "i n Aa4 "(!iciente" p(e"t"
"ie'pre "e :(e%ar3 0ente prepara%a en e# par.
5. A!ir'an :(e ") tienen acce" a #a in!r'acin 4 reiteran #a i%ea :(e perci-i'" en e#
0r(p cntr# %e :(e e" '(4 c'p#ica% %i"cri'inar c(3# e" #a in!r'acin :(e
rea#'ente #e" intere"a 4 c(a# e" a:(1##a :(e n "# n #e" a4(%a9 "in :(e9 #e" %i"trae.
E'p#ean '3" %e %" Ara" t%" #" %)a" a -("car in!r'acin a tra+1" %e Internet para
'e,rar "( ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%9 !r'acin9 cn0re""9 rientacin9 e'p#e ( tra
in!r'acin en 0enera#.

- 17. -
.. Sn cn"ciente" %e #a i'prtancia :(e tienen #" cntact" 4 %e #a %i!erencia :(e e2i"te
entre #" 'i"' 4 # :(e %en'ina-an WencA(!eX9 (na a'p#ia 'a4r)a 'ani!ie"tan
(ti#i;ar #a" re%e" pr!e"ina#e"9 p(e"t :(e #e" %a 'en" +er0]en;a (ti#i;ar e"ta +)a :(e
e# te#1!n9 pr e,e'p#9 a(n:(e '(cA" %e e##" #a" ("an "# %e +e; en c(an%.
7. Sn cn"ciente" %e :(e n(nca %e,a" %e enterarte %e rec(r"" 4 Aerra'ienta" n(e+a" per
Aan ##e0a% a #a cnc#("in %e :(e # i'prtante n e" #a canti%a% "in #a ca#i%a% 4 #a
-(ena "e#eccin9 recncien% :(e %e-e %e e"tar prece%i%a %e (na !a"e %e in+e"ti0acin
4 tra "e "e#eccin cn in!r'acin.
e0re"a%" :(e Aan participa% en e# 0r(p %e %i"c("in 'i2t Bcn per"na" :(e ") Aan reci-i%
rientacin 4 per"na" :(e n Aan reci-i% rientacinC BAne2 7C Aacen en #a %in3'ica 0r(pa#
cn,(nta 4 Ae'" %etecta% # "i0(ienteH
1. Se -"er+a (na %i!erencia 'arca%a entre #a i'prtancia :(e #e %an #" e0re"a%" :(e
Aan reci-i% rientacin 4 #" :(e n a #a" c'petencia tran"+er"a#e". L" e0re"a%"
:(e n Aan reci-i% rientacin #a" i%enti!ican c' p"i-#e" 'e,ra" pre"cin%i-#e" 4
#a" per"na" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin9 #a" cn"i%eran nece"i%a%e" -3"ica" para "er
c'petiti+9 cinci%en en a'-" ca"" en :(e #a -a"e %e #a tit(#acin aca%1'ica e"
i'prtante.
&. La actit(% :(e 'antienen ante e# !(t(r e" ne0ati+a en a'-" ca"" a(n:(e "e perci-e
(n 'a4r ne0ati+i"' entre #a" per"na" :(e n Aan reci-i% rientacin9 p"i-#e'ente
pr:(e cntinNan (ti#i;an% t1r'in" '3" a-"#(t" 4 a'-i0(" c' Wtodo el %undoX
Wno hay nadaX Wsie%preX9 WnuncaX.
&.1.1. De entre #a" +a#racine" 0enera#e" :(e Aacen %e #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e"9
cntinNan pinan% :(e t%a" "n i'prtante"9 4 :(e (na" p(e%en "er# '3" :(e
tra"9 %epen%ien% %e# per!i# %e# p(e"t %e #a" !(ncine" :(e "e %e"e'pe6enen9
n -"tante #e %an "('a i'prtancia a# a(tcnci'ient9 "a-er tra-a,ar en
e:(ip9 Aacer #a" c"a" cn ca#i%a%9 #a r0ani;acin 4 #a p#ani!icacin9 a# "a-er
c'(nicar"e9 4 a# "er acti+ 4 tener iniciati+a9 a# n e"perar a :(e te %i0an # :(e
tiene" :(e Aacer 4 tener capaci%a% para re"#+er pr-#e'a". Pr e# cntrari9 4
a(n:(e #a" cn"i%eran i'prtante"9 pien"an :(e #a capaci%a% %e "(peracin9 %e
an3#i"i"9 %e %eci"in 4 %e apren%i;a,e p(e%en "(p#ir"e cn tra" Aa-i#i%a%e"9
a(n:(e 'antienen e# recnci'ient 4 #a i'prtancia %e #a" 'i"'a"9 ta# 4 c'
"(ce%)a en #" 0r(p" in%i+i%(a#e".
&.1.&. E" c(ri" e# AecA %e :(e c(ant '3" "e Aa-#a 4 %ia#0a "-re #a"
c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" 'a4r e" #a i'prtancia :(e #a" 'i"'a" a%:(ieren. En
#a %in3'ica 0r(pa# en #a :(e participa-an #" e0re"a%" %e# 0r(p cntr#9
cn"i%era-an a ni+e# in%i+i%(a# :(e e# a(tcnci'ient 4 #a c'(nicacin n

- 177 -
eran c'petencia" %e"taca-#e" para 'e,rar e# ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%9 "in
e'-ar0 en e# 0r(p 'i2t #a" per"na" :(e n Aan reci-i% rientacin
recncen #a i'prtancia %e %icAa" c'petencia" 4 e"t3n %e ac(er% en %ar#e" (n
#(0ar pri+i#e0ia% a #a" 'i"'a". W*os estudiantes universitarios experi%entan con
gran recuencia te%ores ante estas situaciones y un escaso %ane4o de esta
co%petencia- pero pueden llegar a desarrollarla y %e4orar a trav5s de actividades
y de la actuaci&n del proesor en la docencia convencional6 Ore,(%9 N(69
8ern3n%e;-T(rra%9 =errer 4 Ra'"9 B&//.H4C

Pr tr9 #a% parece :(e e# ne0ati+i"' "e incre'enta c(an% e# 0r(p e"ta c'p(e"t
pr per"na" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin 4 per"na" :(e n # Aan reci-i%. A(n:(e #a
c4(nt(ra #a-ra# p(e%e tener (n pape# i'prtante en e"ta +a#racin 0#-a#.

7.*. Re"(#ta%" inte0ra%"H c(antitati+" Bc(e"tinari"C 4 c(a#itati+" Bentre+i"ta" 4 0r(p"
%e %i"c("inC

Una +e; ana#i;a%" #" %at" c(antitati+" 4 c(a#itati+" e2pne'" #" re"(#ta%"
-teni%" en c'p(t 0#-a# para c'pr-ar #a cn"ec(cin n %e# pri'er -,eti+H ana#i;ar
#a e+#(cin %e #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" %e #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin
pr!e"ina# !rente a #" :(e n Aan reci-i% %icAa rientacin 4 c'pr-ar "i e2i"ten %i!erencia"
"i0ni!icati+a" "e0Nn 01ner9 e%a% "it(acin #a-ra#.
C' "e p(e%e c'pr-ar e2i"te (na c#ara %i!erencia en c(ant a #a e+#(cin %e #a"
c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" :(e 'ani!ie"tan #" e0re"a%" :(e reci-en rientacin pr!e"ina# 4
#" :(e n #a reci-en. Mientra" :(e #" e0re"a%" :(e reci-en rientacin pr!e"ina# pr
c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" 'e,ran "( ni+e# %e a(tcnci'ient9 "( capaci%a% para
r0ani;ar"e 4 p#ani!icar"e9 "(" Aa-i#i%a%e" c'(nicati+a"9 "( ni+e# %e practi+i%a%9 "( capaci%a%
%e %eci"in 4 %e "(peracin9 a") c' #a %e apert(ra para apren%er c"a" n(e+a" 4 tra-a,ar en
e:(ipS #" e0re"a%" :(e n reci-en rientacin pr!e"ina# pr c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e"
a#can;an (na #i0erea 'e,r)a n repre"entati+a ni c'para-#e a #a 'ani!e"ta%a en e# 0r(p
e2peri'enta# en c'petencia" ta#e" c' #a capaci%a% %e apren%i;a,e9 %e c'(nicacin9 %e
ap#icar #" cnci'ient" a #a pr3ctica %e tra-a,ar en e:(ip 4 %e "er ana#)tic".
E" %i0n %e 'encin e# AecA %e :(e en #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin n
"e %etecta (na e+#(cin ne0ati+a en nin0(na %e #a" c'petencia" ana#i;a%a"9 AecA :(e "i
"(ce%e en #" e0re"a%" :(e n Aan reci-i% rientacinS 'ani!e"tan% e"t"9 (n #i0er
e'pera'ient en c'petencia" ta#e" c' #a actit(% p"iti+a9 #a capaci%a% para t'ar
%eci"ine"9 e# ni+e# %e a(tcnci'ient9 #a capaci%a% %e an3#i"i"9 e# inter1" %e "(peracin 4 #a
capaci%a% para r0ani;ar"e 4 p#ani!icar"e. N "e enc(entran %i!erencia" entre #" re"(#ta%"

- 17$ -
-teni%" pr "e29 e%a% "it(acin #a-ra#. Una +e; +a#ra%" e"t" re"(#ta%" 4 %an%
re"p(e"ta a #a Aipte"i" %e parti%aS #" e0re"a%" :(e reci-en rientacin pr!e"ina# pr
c'petencia" 'e,ran "( ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%. P%e'" a!ir'ar :(e n "# #a 'e,ran "in
:(e e+itan "( e'pera'ient retrce" ( 2i%acin en e# 'ane, %e #a" 'i"'a". A c#acin %e
# anterir'ente e2p(e"t p%e'" recAa;ar #a Aipte"i" n(#a.

- 177 -

1/. O-,eti+ IIH I%i'a" 4 TIC.

1/.1. Re"(#ta%" c(antitati+".
Ta-#a 4$. E+#(cin %e #" i%i'a" 4 #a" TIC %e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#.
IDIOMAS TIC Me%ia T1 Me%ia T&
TIC
*915.* *9&*..
Jia,ar
&9&&77 &9*.1.
I%i'a"
&9111. &9*/*.

8i0(ra *5. E+#(cin %e #" i%i'a" 4 #a" TIC %e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#.
E+#(cin %e 'e%ia" %e i%i'a" 4 TIC. BIEC
1
195
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&95
*
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Me%ia T1 Me%ia T&
TIC Jia,ar I%i'a"

C' p%e'" -"er+ar en #a !i0(ra *59 en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# en e# -#:(e %e i%i'a" 4
TIC9 "e -tiene (na 'a4r p(nt(acin en #a" TIC9 "e0(i% %e #a intencin %e +ia,ar 4 e# 'ane,
%e i%i'a"9 'ientra" :(e #a e+#(cin %e 'e%ia" e" e2acta'ente in+er"a9 -tenien% 'a4r e"
re"(#ta%" en #" i%i'a"9 "e0(i%a %e #a pcin %e +ia,ar 4 'ane,ar #a" TIC.
La e+#(cin %e 'e%ia" :(e 'ani!ie"ta e"te -#:(e e" '(cA 'enr :(e e# e2peri'enta% en e#
0r(p anterir'ente e2p#ica% %e c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e".

Ta-#a 47. A#!a %e Crn-acA %e #" i%i'a" 4 #a" TIC %e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#.
A#!a %e
Crn-acA
N %e
e#e'ent"
977* 1.

- 1$/ -
E# A#!a %e Crn-acA n" per'ite c(anti!icar e# ni+e# %e !ia-i#i%a% %e #a e"ca#a %e 'e%i%a
(ti#i;a%a en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# %e #" i%i'a" 4 #a TIC. Tenien% en c(enta :(e A#!a a#can;a
(n +a#r %e 977& a!ir'a'" :(e #a e"ca#a (ti#i;a%a e" !ia-#e.

Ta-#a 5/. E+#(cin %e #" i%i'a" 4 #a" TIC %e# 0r(p cntr#.
IDIOMAS TIC Me%ia T1 Me%ia T&
TIC
&9.$75 &97&77
Jia,ar
&9*$*7 &9*775
I%i'a
&9&7.$ &9&$57

8i0(ra *.. E+#(cin %e #" i%i'a" 4 #a" TIC %e# 0r(p cntr#.
E+#(cin %e 'e%ia" %e i%i'a" 4 TIC B0cC
&
&91
&9&
&9*
&94
&95
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&97
&9$
Me%ia T1 Me%ia T&
TIC Jia,ar I%i'a

C' p%e'" -"er+ar en #a !i0(ra *.9 #a e+#(cin %e 'e%ia" Aa "i% '(cA 'enr en e#
0r(p cntr# :(e en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#9 -tenien% en e"te ca" (na 'e,r)a ')ni'a en e#
'ane, %e #a" TIC "e0(i%a %e #" i%i'a" 4 #a pcin %e +ia,ar para 'e,rar pr!e"ina#'ente.

Ta-#a 51. A#!a %e Crn-acA %e #" i%i'a" 4 #a" TIC %e# 0r(p cntr#
A#!a %e
Crn-acA
N %e
e#e'ent"
9$1& 1.

(ti#i;a%a cn #a" +aria-#e" %e i%i'a" 4 TIC en e# 0r(p cntr#. Tenien% en c(enta :(e A#!a
a#can;a (n +a#r %e 9$1& a!ir'a'" :(e #a e"ca#a (ti#i;a%a e" !ia-#e.

- 1$1 -

1/.1.1. M%e# #inea# 0enera#H 'e%i%a" repeti%a"

Para c'pr-ar "i "e cn"i0(e n e# "e0(n% -,eti+9 ana#i;ar #a e+#(cin %e #"
i%i'a" 4 #a" TIC en #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina# !rente a #" :(e n
Aan reci-i% %icAa rientacin 4 c'pr-ar "i e2i"ten %i!erencia" "i0ni!icati+a" "e0Nn 01ner9
e%a% "it(acin #a-ra#9 (ti#i;a'" #" e"ta%)"tic" en(ncia%" a cntin(acinH pr(e-a %e K29
cntra"te" '(#ti+aria%"9 pr(e-a %e cntra"te" intra"(,et"9 cntra"te %e Le+ene "-re #a
i0(a#%a% %e #a" +arian;a" 4 #a pr(e-a n para'1trica %e #" ran0" cn "i0n %e Pi#c2n.
Una +e; ana#i;a%" %icA" e"ta%)"tic" p%e'" recAa;ar #a Aipte"i" n(#a 4 a!ir'ar :(e #"
e0re"a%" :(e reci-en rientacin pr!e"ina# 'e,ran en 'a4r 'e%i%a e# ni+e# %e #" i%i'a"
4 TIC !rente a a:(e##" e0re"a%" :(e n reci-en rientacin pr!e"ina#.
E2i"tien% Aa"ta (n B17_C %e e+#(cin p"iti+a en i%i'a" 4 (n B$_C %e e+#(cin
p"iti+a en e# 'ane, %e #a" TIC en #" e0re"a%" rienta%"9 !rente a (n B*9._C en #a e+#(cin
%e #" i%i'a" 4 (n B4_C '32i' %e e+#(cin en e# 'ane, %e #a" TIC en #" e0re"a%" n
rienta%". A "( +e;9 "e %etecta (n e'pera'ient %e Aa"ta (n B*9. _C en e# 'ane, %e i%i'a"
en #" e0re"a%" n rienta%" !rente a #a a("encia a-"#(ta %e e'pera'ient %etecta% en #"
e0re"a%" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina#.
C'pr-a'" a "( +e; :(e n e2i"ten %i!erencia" "i0ni!icati+a" "e0Nn 01ner9 e%a%
"it(acin #a-ra# inicia#.

Rea#i;a'" #a pr(e-a %e A'0enei%a% cn e# e"ta%)"tic %e K2. E# e"ta%)"tic M B4
"( tran"!r'acin en 8C :(e n" per'ite cntra"tar #a Aipte"i" %e i0(a#%a% %e #a" 'atrice" %e
+arian;a"-c+arian;a". En e"ta ca"in e# e"ta%)"tic 8 t'a (n +a#r %e 197*4 4 tiene a"cia%
(n ni+e# cr)tic B"i0ni!icacinC %e /9//.9 # c(a# per'ite a"('ir :(e #a" 'atrice" %e +arian;a"-
c+arian;a" entre #a" %" 'e%i%a" %e tie'p (n 4 tie'p %" "n %i!erente" en #a" %"
a:(e##a :(e n #a Aa reci-i%C %e!ini%a" pr e# !actr %e t% e# -#:(e %e i%i'a" 4 tecn#0)a"
%e #a in!r'acin 4 #a c'(nicacin BTICC.
Ka"3n%n" en #a pr(e-a %e cntra"te" '(#ti-aria%" en :(e e# ni+e# %e "i0ni!icacin
entre e# pre 4 p"t-te"t ./// B Tra;a %e Pi##ai9 #a'-%a %e Pi#U"9 Tra;a %e =te##in0 4 #a ra);
'a4r %e R4C9 p%e'" recAa;ar #a Aipte"i" n(#a %e i0(a#%a% %e 'e%ia" 4 cnc#(i'" :(e e#
ni+e# %e e+#(cin %e #" cnci'ient" en i%i'a" 4 tecn#0)a" n e" e# 'i"' entre #a"
per"na" :(e n Aan reci-i% rientacin 4 entre #a" :(e #a" :(e ") Aan reci-i% rientacin
pr!e"ina# para 'e,rar #a e'p#ea-i#i%a%9 "ien% e"ta" N#ti'a" #a" :(e 'ani!ie"tan (n 'a4r
%e"arr## %e %icAa c'petencia. En e"te ca" e# ta'a6 %e# e!ect 'ani!ie"ta %i!erencia"

- 1$& -
i'prtante" BV
&
d/9$1C. L" re"(#ta%" -teni%" "n "i'i#are" a #" e2p(e"t" en e# an3#i"i"
(ni+aria% e2p(e"t a cntin(acinH

Ta-#a 5&. Pr(e-a %e cntra"te" intra-"(,et" %e #" I%i'a" 4 #a" TIC.
8(ente tie'p
S('a
%e
c(a%ra%
" tip
III 0#
Me%ia
c(a%r3tic
a 8
Si0ni!icac
in
Eta a#
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Par3'etr
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Ptencia
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tie'p Linea# 797/. 1 797/. 4&91*/ 9/// 9/$7 4&91*/ 19///
tie'p h Orienta% Linea# 791$/ 1 791$/ *$9&.* 9/// 9/$1 *$9&.* 19///
tie'p h T&E%a% Linea# 97$7 * 9&.& 19*7$ 9&4* 9/1/ 49175 9*7&
tie'p h Se2 Linea# 9/15 1 9/15 9/7$ 97$/ 9/// 9/7$ 9/57
tie'p h
T&E"ta"Tra-a,an%
Linea#
9/.& 1 9/.& 9*&7 95.. 9//1 9*&7 9/$$
tie'p h T&E%a%
h Se2
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9/54 & 9/&7 9145 9$.5 9//1 9&7/ 9/7&
tie'p h T&E%a%
h
T&E"ta"Tra-a,an%
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9**/ * 911/ 95$. 9.&5 9//4 19757 917&
tie'p h Se2 h
T&E"ta"Tra-a,an%
Linea#
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tie'p h T&E%a%
h Se2 h
T&E"ta"Tra-a,an%
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9//. & 9//* 9/15 97$5 9/// 9/*/ 9/5&
ErrrBtie'pC Linea# $19&55 4** 91$$

C' p%e'" c'pr-ar9 #" %at" e2p(e"t" en #a" ta-#a 5& n" per'iten recAa;ar #a
Aipte"i" n(#a 4 a!ir'ar :(e e# e!ect %e# !actr rientacin e" "i0ni!icati+H p(e%e cnc#(ir"e
:(e #a e+#(cin %e# -#:(e :(e en0#-a #" i%i'a" 4 #a" TIC n e" #a 'i"'a entre #a"
per"na" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin 4 #a" :(e n. T% # cntrari "(ce%e cn #a" +aria-#e"
"e29 e%a% 4 "it(acin #a-ra#9 nin0(na %e e##a" e" "i0ni!icati+a9 4 pr tant9 a!ir'a'" #a
Aipte"i" n(#a 4 cnc#(i'" :(e ni #a e%a%9 ni e# "e29 ni #a "it(acin #a-ra# in!#(4en en #a
e+#(cin %e# 'ane, %e #" i%i'a" 4 #a" TIC %e #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan participa% en %icA
e"t(%i.

Ta-#a 5*. Pr(e-a %e cntra"te %e Le+ene "-re #a i0(a#%a% %e #a" +arian;a" errr %e #" I%i'a" 4 #a" TIC.
I%i'a" 4 TIC Pre 195/& 1* 4*4 911*
I%i'a" 4 TIC P"t 19.&1 1* 4*4 9/7.
Cntra"ta #a Aipte"i" n(#a %e :(e #a +arian;a errr %e #a +aria-#e %epen%iente e" i0(a# a # #ar0 %e t%" #" 0r(p".

- 1$* -
En #a ta-#a 5* "e !rece e# e"ta%)"tic 8 %e Le+ene. E"te e"ta%)"tic cntra"ta #a Aipte"i"
%e i0(a#%a% %e +arian;a". E"ta Aipte"i" "e cntra"ta para ca%a ni+e# %e# !actr intra-"(,et". En
e# e,e'p#9 c' t%" #" ni+e#e" cr)tic" "n 'a4re" :(e /./59 "e p(e%e a"('ir :(e9 en #a"
'e%i%a" (ti#i;a%a"9 #a" +arian;a" %e #a" %" p-#acine" %e!ini%a" pr e# !actr e'p#ea-i#i%a%
"n i0(a#e".
Ta-#a 54. Pr(e-a %e #" ran0" cn "i0n" Pi#c2n -#:(e %e I%i'a" 4 TIC Qpr(e-a n para'1trica" BIEC.
N Ran0 pr'e%i S('a %e ran0"
Ran0" ne0ati+" /BaC 9// 9//
Ran0" p"iti+" 4&B-C &195/ 7/*9//
E'pate" 1$&BcC
IET&I%i'a" - IET1I%i'a"
Tta# &&4
Ran0" ne0ati+" /B%C 9// 9//
Ran0" p"iti+" */BeC 1595/ 4.59//
E'pate" 174B!C
IET&Jia,ar - IET1Jia,ar
Tta# &&4
Ran0" ne0ati+" /B0C 9// 9//
Ran0" p"iti+" 1$BAC 795/ 1719//
E'pate" &/.BiC
IET&TIC - IET1TIC
Tta# &&4

I%i'a" BIEC.
E# apren%i;a,e %e i%i'a" a('enta en 4& %e #a" &&4 per"na" :(e reci-en rientacin entre
'ar; %e &/1/ 4 'ar; %e &/11. 1$& per"na" 'antienen e# apren%i;a,e %e i%i'a" :(e (n a6
ante" 4 nin0(n # e'pera.
Jia,ar BIEC.
La p"i-i#i%a% %e +ia,ar a('enta en */ %e #" &&4 e0re"a%" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin 4 "e
'antiene en 174 %e #" 'i"'".
Tecn#0)a" %e #a In!r'acin 4 #a C'(nicacin BT.I.CC BIEC.
E# 'ane, %e #a" TIC a('enta en 1$ %e #" &&4 e0re"a%" 4 "e 'antiene en &/. per"na".

Ta-#a 55. Per"na" 4 prcenta,e %e 'e,ra en I%i'a" - TIC BIEC.

GRUPO E-PERIMETAL .R&$/n #r$nt!&$0n1

IDIOMAS < TIC

PERSONAS >UE
=AN MEMORARDO

PORCENTAME DE
MEMORA

IDIOMAS

4&

17_

JIAMAR

*/

1*_

TIC

1$

$_

- 1$4 -
Ta-#a 5.. Pr(e-a %e ran0" cn "i0n" Pi#c2n %e -#:(e %e I%i'a" QTIC. Pr(e-a n para'1trica B0cC.
Ran0" ne0ati+" $BaC 795/ ./9//
Ran0" p"iti+" $B-C 795/ 7.9//
E'pate" &/$BcC

0cT&I%i'a - 0cT1I%i'a
Tta# &&4
Ran0" ne0ati+" $B%C 79// 7&9//
Ran0" p"iti+" $BeC $9// .49//
E'pate" &/$B!C

0cT&Jia,ar - 0cT1Jia,ar
Tta# &&4
Ran0" ne0ati+" /B0C 9// 9//
Ran0" p"iti+" 7BAC 59// 459//
E'pate" &15BiC

0cT&TIC - 0cT1TIC
Tta# &&4

I%i'a".B0cC
E# apren%i;a,e %e i%i'a" entre #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin "e 'antiene. $
per"na" 'e,ran "( apren%i;a,e 4 $ per"na" e'peran e# 'i"'9 "ien% 'a4ritaria" #a" &/$
per"na" :(e 'antienen e# 'i"' ni+e# :(e Aace (n a6 B&/1/-&/11C
Jia,ar. B0cC
La p"i-i#i%a% %e +ia,ar a('enta en $ e0re"a%" 4 %i"'in(4e en #a 'i"'a canti%a%. &/$
per"na" 'antienen #a p(nt(acin %(rante %icA a6 &/1/-&/11.
Tecn#0)a" %e #a In!r'acin 4 #a C'(nicacin BT.I.CC. B0cC
E# ni+e# %e 'ane, %e #a" tecn#0)a" %e #a in!r'acin 4 #a c'(nicacin "e 'antiene en &15
per"na" 4 a('enta %e 7 %e #a" &&4 ana#i;a%a".

Ta-#a 57. Per"na" 4 prcenta,e %e 'e,ra 4 e'pera'ient en I%i'a"-TIC B0cC.

IRUPO CONTROL BN reci-en rientacinC

IDIOMAS < TIC

PERSONAS >UE =AN
MEMORARDO

PORCENTAME DE
MEMORA

IDIOMAS
$ *..

JIAMAR
$ *..

TIC
7 4

- 1$5 -


IDIOMAS < TIC

PERSONAS >UE =AN
EMPEORADO

PORCENTAME DE
REIRESIN

IDIOMAS
$ *..

JIAMAR
$ *..

TIC
/ /

1/.&. Re"(#ta%" c(a#itati+" Bentre+i"ta" per"na#e"C B0r(p" %e %i"c("inC

De"%e e# p(nt %e +i"ta c(a#itati+ "e %etecta (na #e+e 'e,r)a en #" i%i'a"
p"i-#e'ente %e-i% a #a rea#i;acin %e c(r"" para 'e,rar e"te cnci'ient. La" Tecn#0)a"
%e #a in!r'acin 4 #a c'(nicacin ta'-i1n 'e,ran #e+e'ente p"i-#e'ente pr e#
incre'ent %e tie'p en e# 'ane, %e #a" re%e" pr!e"ina#e" 4 #a" Pe-.&./. N -"tante e#
ni+e# %e# :(e part)a'" en e"te ca" 4a era a#t.

1/.&.1. Entre+i"ta" per"na#e"

Se atri-(4e ca%a +e; '3" i'prtancia a #" -ene!ici" :(e p(e%en cn"e0(ir"e %e
'antener (na -(ena c'(nicacin +er-a# 4 n +er-a# intentan% en t% ''ent "er a"erti+.
Pr e##9 "e tra-a,an %icA" a"pect" cn intencin %e 'e,rar.
M(cA" %e #" e0re"a%" rea#i;an c(r"" %e !r'acin c'p#e'entaria para e"pecia#i;ar"e9
!rta#ecer cnci'ient" pre+i" a%:(irir n(e+".
L" e0re"a%" :(e participan en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# e"t3n ca%a +e; '3" pen%iente" %e #a"
nticia" ecn'ica"9 %e #" cnci'ient" prpi" %e "( pr!e"in 49 pr en%e9 'antienen (na
cn"tante #ect(ra cn #a act(a#i%a%.
En e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# "e 'ani!ie"ta (na cn"tante a(n:(e n '(4 'arca%a 'e,r)a
en e# 3'-it %e #" i%i'a" 4 %e #a p"i-i#i%a% %e +ia,ar para 'e,rar#" !rta#ecer#". E"t
'i"' n" "(ce%e9 per en 'enr 'e%i%a cn #a" tecn#0)a" %e #a in!r'acin 4 #a
c'(nicacin9 partien% en e"te ca" %e (n ni+e# a#t en e# inici %e #a inter+encin.
Una +e; ana#i;a%a" #a" entre+i"ta" "e perci-e :(e #" e0re"a%" atri-(4en (na 0ran i'prtancia
a #" i%i'a" 4 :(e pr e## intentan 'e,rar9 per "e enc(entran cn #i'itacine" c'
%e"cnci'ient %e rec(r""9 !a#ta %e c('p#i'ient %e #" re:(i"it" nece"ari" para -tener
-eca" -arrera" !a'i#iare" :(e !'entan e# anc#a,e 0e0r3!ic.

- 1$. -
Una +e; ana#i;a%a" #a" c'petencia" re#acina%a" cn #a !r'acin c'p#e'entaria
cnci'ient" en e# 3'-it %e #" i%i'a" 4 #a" TIC9 entre tr"9 :(e "(r0en %e #a" 1//
entre+i"ta" ana#i;a%a" B*1 e0re"a%"C9 c'pr-a'" e# nN'er %e entre+i"ta" en #a" :(e
aparece %icAa cate0r)a 4 e# nN'er %e +ece" :(e aparece %icAa cate0r)a en #a tta#i%a% %e #a"
'i"'a".

Ta-#a 5$. NO %e entre+i"ta" 4 nN'er %e +ece" :(e aparecen #a" c'petencia" %e I%i'a"-TICB0cC.

8ORMACIN COMPLEMENTARIA <
CONOCIMIENTOS BIDIOMAS-TICC

CDIIO
EMPLEAKILIDAD
nO entre+i"ta"h

nO +ece"h
entre+i"ta"
17.COMNJR
17. C'(nicacin n +er-a# B0e"t"9
'ira%a"9 p"t(ra"C
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1$. C'(nicacin +er-a#. B+ca-(#ari9
cnci'ient %e #a #en0(a9 capaci%a% %e
e2pre"inC.
54 ./1
17.ASERTI
17. A"erti+i%a% B%ecir # :(e pien"a"
intentan% n Aerir a #" %e'3"C
47 5.7
&/.CUR8OR
&/. Rea#i;ar c(r"" %e !r'acin c'
c'p#e'ent a #a e"pecia#i%a% e"t(%ia%a
en #a Uni+er"i%a%.
17 1&*
&1.IDIOMA
&1. D'inar tr i%i'a %i!erente a#
'atern Be,.9 In0#1"C.
4$ *&4
&&.EFTRAN
&&. Re"i%ir en e# e2tran,er9 pr e"t(%i"
tra-a,
*5 *5.
&*.IN8ORM &*. D'inar #a in!r'3tica e Internet. &1 41/
&4.LECTUR
&4. A'p#iar cnci'ient" a tra+1" %e #a
#ect(ra B#i-r"9 art)c(#"C.
1& 17$

A# i0(a# :(e "(ce%)a en e# -#:(e anterir9 #e pe%i'" a tre" e2pert" %i!erente" :(e
ana#icen */ %e #a" 1// entre+i"ta" rea#i;a%a" en %icAa te"i" 4 p%e'" c'pr-ar :(e e2i"te (n
ni+e# a#t %e "i'i#it(% en #a %eteccin %e c'petencia" pr parte %e #" tre" ,(ece" 49 a "( +e;9
%icA an3#i"i" n %i"ta '(cA %e parecer"e a# rea#i;a% en "( 0#-a#i%a% cn #a" 1// entre+i"ta"
ana#i;a%a".
A cntin(acin pre"enta'" e# +a#r %e# e"ta%i"tic Dappa para c'pr-ar #a !ia-i#i%a%
%e# intr('ent (ti#i;a% a tra+1" %e #" tre" ,(ece".

Ta-#a 57. Me%i%a" "i'1trica" entre e# ,(e; 1 4 e# ,(e; &
Ja#r
Errr t)p.
a"int.BaC
T
apr2i'a%aB-C
Si0.
apr2i'a%a
9745 9/*$ */95/5 9///
N %e ca"" +3#i%"
*$

- 1$7 -
C' p%e'" -"er+ar en #a ta-#a 579 e# +a#r %e# e"ta%)"tic Dappa B/9745C 4 "( ni+e#

Ta-#a ./. .Me%i%a" "i'1trica" entre e# ,(e; 1 4 e# ,(e; *
Ja#r
Errr t)p.
a"int.BaC
T
apr2i'a%aB-C
Si0.
apr2i'a%a
9$71 9/51 &79$5& 9///
N %e ca"" +3#i%"
*$

c'pr-ar en #a ta-#a ./ e# +a#r %e# e"ta%i"tic Dappa B/9$71C 4 "( ni+e# %e "i0ni!icacin /9///

Ta-#a .1. .Me%i%a" "i'1trica" entre e# ,(e; & 4 e# ,(e; *
Ja#r
Errr t)p.
a"int.BaC
T
apr2i'a%aB-C
Si0.
apr2i'a%a
971$ 9/45 */9*7/ 9///
N %e ca"" +3#i%"
*$

Pr N#ti'9 c' p%e'" -"er+ar en #a ta-#a .19 e# +a#r %e# e"ta%i"tic Dappa B/971$C

- 1$$ -

A cntin(acin pre"enta'" (n re"('en %e #" re"(#ta%" inter,(ece" 4 0r(pa#e" a '% %e
ta-#aH

Ta-#a .7. NO %e entre+i"ta" 4 n('er %e +ece" :(e aparecen #a" c'petencia" %e I%i'a"-TIC inter,(ece" B0cC.
CDIIO

CATEIORGA

MUER 1
B*/ Entre+i"ta"C

MUER &
B*/ Entre+i"ta"C

MUER *
B*/ Entre+i"ta"C

COMPETENCIAS EN IDIOMAS E
IN8ORMLTICA
NO %e
entre+i"ta"
NO %e
+ece"
NO
entre+i"t
a"
NO %e
+ece"
NO %e
entre+i"t
a"
NO %e
+ece"
17.COMNJR
17. C'(nicacin n +er-a# B0e"t"9
'ira%a"9 p"t(ra"C
1. *7 17 4/ 1. *7
1$.COMJRJ
e2pre"inC.
15 *1 1. ** 1. **
17.ASERTI
17. A"erti+i%a% B%ecir # :(e pien"a"
intentan% n Aerir a #" %e'3"C
7 &7 1/ &7 7 &.
&/.CUR8OR
c'p#e'ent a #a e"pecia#i%a% e"t(%ia%a
en #a Uni+er"i%a%.
1* &7 1& &$ 1& &7
&1.IDIOMA
&1. D'inar tr i%i'a %i!erente a#
'atern Be,.9 In0#1"C.
7 && 7 &/ $ 17
&&.EFTRAN
tra-a,
. 15 . 14 5 1*
&*.IN8ORM
&*. Tecn#0)a" %e #a In!r'acin 4 #a
c'(nicacin BTICC
7 &* 1/ &. 11 &4
&4.LECTUR
&4. A'p#iar cnci'ient" a tra+1" %e
#a #ect(ra B#i-r"9 art)c(#"C.
5 1& 4 1/ 5 11

1/.&.&. Ir(p" %e %i"c("in.

En e"te -#:(e n "e enc(entran %i!erencia" i'prtante" entre #a" +a#racine"
-teni%a" entre e# 0r(p cntr# 4 e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#. Mani!ie"tan (na '(t(a prec(pacin
pr p%er c'(nicar"e crrecta'ente 4 :(e e"ta Aa-i#i%a% n "e cn+ierta en (na #i'itacin
"in en (na +enta,a a "( !a+r. Para !rta#ecer e"ta c'petencia a#0(n" %e #" e0re"a%" "e
ap(ntan a c(r"" %e ratria 4 %e !'ent %e Aa-i#i%a%e" para Aa-#ar en pN-#ic.
Mantienen (na e+#(cin en e# intent pr "er a"erti+" e intentan cncer "( "i0ni!ica% para
p"terir'ente ap#icar#.
L" e0re"a%" en 0enera# Aacen c(r"" %e !r'acin c'p#e'entaria9 e2i"tien% (na
#i0era %i!erencia entre 0r(p e2peri'enta# 4 0r(p cntr#9 a:(e##" :(e pertenecen a# 0r(p
e2peri'enta# Aacen (na "e#eccin %e c(r"" -a"a%a en -,eti+"9 'ientra" :(e #" e0re"a%" :(e
participan en e# 0r(p cntr# cn"i%eran :(e c(a#:(ier c(r" 'e%iana'ente acr%e a# CJ e"
-(en.

- 1$7 -
L" i%i'a" "n +a#ra%" %e !r'a 0enera#i;a%a 4 'ani!ie"tan #a" 'i"'a" #i'itacine"9
anta%a" en e# aparta% anterir9 tant (n" c' tr". M(cA" %e #" e0re"a%" 'ani!ie"tan
tener (n 0ran inter1"9 #eer %c('entacin re#acina%a cn "( pr!e"in 4 e"pecia#'ente en "a-er
c' reperc(te #a "it(acin ecn'ica a "( "ectr #a-ra#.

1/.*. Re"(#ta%" inte0ra%"H c(antitati+" Bc(e"tinari"C 4 c(a#itati+" Bentre+i"ta" 4 0r(p" %e
%i"c("inC

Partien% %e# "e0(n% -,eti+S ana#i;ar #a e+#(cin en e# 3'-it %e #" i%i'a" 4 #a"
TIC9 %e #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina# !rente a #" :(e n Aan reci-i%
%icAa rientacin 4 c'pr-ar "i e2i"ten %i!erencia" "i0ni!icati+a" "e0Nn 01ner9 e%a%
"it(acin #a-ra#S 4 %e"p(1" %e ana#i;ar #" %at" c(antitati+" 4 c(a#itati+" "e p(e%e
c'pr-ar :(e e2i"te (na #i0era %i!erencia %e e+#(cin '3" p"iti+a %e #" i%i'a" 4 #a" TIC
en #" e0re"a%" :(e reci-en rientacin pr!e"ina# !rente a #" :(e n #a reci-en.
De"%e e# pri"'a 0enera# n "e 'ani!ie"tan 0ran%e" %i!erencia" entre "e29 e%a% "it(acin
#a-ra#9 per "i pr!(n%i;a'" en e# %eta##e #" A'-re" 'ani!ie"tan (n inter1" 'a4r pr #a"
TIC 4 (n 'enr inter1" pr #a" Aa-i#i%a%e" c'(nicati+a" per"na#e"9 "in repre"entar e"te 'ati;
(na %i!erencia "i0ni!icati+a.
Mientra" :(e en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# "e perci-e (na #i0era 'e,r)a en t%a" #a"
cate0r)a" ana#i;a%a" en e"te -#:(e9 en e# 0r(p cntr# "e %etecta :(e a#0(na" %e e##a"
e'peran "( ni+e# %e i%i'a"9 'ane, %e #a" tecn#0)a" 4 Aa-i#i%a%e" c'(nicati+a"9 entre
tra". Atri-(4en %icA e'pera'ient a #a !a#ta %e entrena'ient 'a4ritaria'ente.
L" e0re"a%" :(e participan en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# 'e,ran #i0era'ente e# 'ane, 4
e# ni+e# %e i%i'a"9 e"pecia#'ente in0#1"9 a(n:(e %e !r'a '(4 #e+e9 4 %e# 'ane, %e #a" TIC9
partien% en e"te ca"9 %e (n ni+e# a#t inicia#'ente. Se p#antean #a pcin %e +ia,ar para
'e,rar e# ni+e# %e i%i'a 4 cn"e0(ir a#0 %e e2periencia pr!e"ina#. La i%ea %e "#icitar
-eca" 4 pr3ctica" en pa)"e" %i!erente" Aa a('enta% #i0era'ente cn re"pect a #a p"t(ra inicia#
a# re"pectS 'antenien%9 en e"te ca"9 #a" 'i"'a" #i'itacine" !a'i#iare" 4 %e actit(% :(e
'ani!e"ta-an inicia#'ente. Se preparan para 'e,rar "( c'(nicacin +er-a# 4 n +er-a#9 a")
c' para "er a"erti+" 4 'ani!ie"tan (na #e+e 'e,r)a en e"te a"pect9 "ien% a#0 "(perir #a
atri-(i%a a# 0r(p e2peri'enta#. Se p#ani!ican (na !r'acin c'p#e'entaria para 'e,rar #"
cnci'ient" 4 "er '3" c'petiti+". E"t3n a# %)a %e c' a!ecta #a "it(acin c4(nt(ra#
ecn'ica 4 "cia# a "( pr!e"in en partic(#ar. W*a or%aci&n continua de cual.uier tipo de
proesional tiende a basarse en la ad.uisici&n de nuevas co%petencias .ue una deter%inada
organi,aci&n necesita para la consecuci&n de sus ob4etivos estrat5gicosB au%entar la
co%petitividad- conseguir nuevos %ercados- prestar servicios innovadores de%andados por los
usuarios o clientes- etc.X BL#+are; 4 R'er9 &//7H&*C

- 17/ -
11. O-,eti+ IIIH %i"pni-i#i%a%

11.1. Re"(#ta%" c(antitati+".
Ta-#a 7/. E+#(cin %e #a %i"pni-i#i%a% %e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#.
DISPONIKILIDAD Me%ia T1 Me%ia T&
8#e2i-i#i%a%=ra
*9&&77 *9&$1*
De%icacin
&9$*4$ &97&*&
M+i#i%a%
&9..7. &97411

8i0(ra *7. E+#(cin %e #a %i"pni-i#i%a% %e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#.
E+#(cin %e 'e%ia" %e %i"pni-i#i%a% BIEC
195
197
197
&91
&9*
&95
&97
&97
*91
*9*
*95
Me%ia T1 Me%ia T&
8#e2i-i#i%a% Araria De%icacin M+i#i%a%

C' p%e'" -"er+ar en #a !i0(ra *79 en e# -#:(e %e %i"pni-i#i%a% "e pr%(ce (na 'e,r)a
')ni'a ante #a p"i-i#i%a% %e '+er"e para encntrar (n tra-a,9 #a %e%icacin %e tie'p
e'p#ea%a en e# prce" %e -N":(e%a 4 #a !#e2i-i#i%a% Araria :(e "e tiene para tra-a,ar.

Ta-#a 71. A#!a %e Crn-acA %e %i"pni-i#i%a% %e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#.
A#!a %e
Crn-acA
N %e
e#e'ent"
9$47 1.

(ti#i;a%a en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# %e# -#:(e %e %i"pni-i#i%a%. Tenien% en c(enta :(e A#!a
a#can;a (n +a#r %e 9$47 a!ir'a'" :(e #a e"ca#a (ti#i;a%a e" !ia-#e.

- 171 -
Ta-#a 7&. E+#(cin %e #a %i"pni-i#i%a% %e# 0r(p cntr#.
DISPONIKILIDAD Me%ia T1 Me%ia T&
8#e2i-i#i%a% Araria
*9/$/4 *9/$4$
De%icacin
*9/*1* *9////
M+i#i%a%I
&9.7&/ &97411

8i0(ra *$ E+#(cin %e #a %i"pni-i#i%a% %e# 0r(p cntr#.
E+#(cin %e 'e%ia" en %i"pni-i#i%a% B0cC
2,4
2,5
2,6
2,7
2,8
2,9
3
3,1
3,2
Me%ia T1 Me%ia T&
Flexibilidad horaria Dedicacin Movilidad

C' p%e'" -"er+ar en #a !i0(ra *$9 en e# -#:(e %e %i"pni-i#i%a% %e# 0r(p cntr# "e
pr%(ce (na 'e,r)a '(4 "i'i#ar a #a encntra%a en e# 0r(p anterir9 e+#(cinan% #e+e'ente
#a p"i-i#i%a% %e '+er"e9 !#e2i-i#i;ar Arari" 4 en 'enr 'e%i%a #a %e%icacin %e tie'p para
-("car e'p#e.

Ta-#a 7*. A#!a %e Crn-acA %e %i"pni-i#i%a% %e# 0r(p cntr#.
A#!a %e
Crn-acA
N %e
e#e'ent"
9747 1.

(ti#i;a%a en e# 0r(p cntr# %e# -#:(e %e %i"pni-i#i%a%. Tenien% en c(enta :(e A#!a a#can;a
(n +a#r %e 9747 a!ir'a'" :(e #a e"ca#a (ti#i;a%a e" !ia-#e.

- 17& -
11.1.1. M%e# #inea# 0enera#H 'e%i%a" repeti%a"
Para c'pr-ar "i "e cn"i0(e n e# tercer -,eti+9 ana#i;ar #a e+#(cin %e #a
%i"pni-i#i%a% tant %e tie'p c' 0e0r3!ica para -("car e'p#e 'e,rar e# :(e tienen en
#" e0re"a%" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina# !rente a #" :(e n Aan reci-i% %icAa
#a-ra#9 (ti#i;a'" #" e"ta%)"tic" en(ncia%" a cntin(acinS pr(e-a %e K29 cntra"te"
'(#ti+aria%"9 pr(e-a %e cntra"te" intra"(,et"9 cntra"te %e Le+ene "-re #a i0(a#%a% %e #a"
+arian;a" 4 #a pr(e-a n para'1trica %e #" ran0" cn "i0n %e Pi#c2n.
Una +e; ana#i;a%" %icA" e"ta%)"tic" p%e'" recAa;ar #a Aipte"i" n(#a 4 a!ir'ar :(e
#" e0re"a%" :(e reci-en rientacin pr!e"ina# 'e,ran en 'a4r 'e%i%a e# ni+e# %e
%i"pni-i#i%a% !rente a a:(e##" e0re"a%" :(e n reci-en rientacin pr!e"ina#.
E2i"tien% Aa"ta (n $_ %e e+#(cin p"iti+a en '+i#i%a% 4 (n 7_ %e e+#(cin p"iti+a en
%e%icacin %e tie'p para #a -N":(e%a %e e'p#e en #" e0re"a%" rienta%"9 !rente a (n 495_
en #a e+#(cin en '+i#i%a% 4 (n &_ '32i' %e e+#(cin en %e%icacin %e tie'p para
-("car 'e,rar "( tra-a, en #" e0re"a%" n rienta%".
En e"ta ca"in "e %etecta (n e'pera'ient %e Aa"ta (n &7_ %e %e%icacin en #"
e0re"a%" rienta%" !rente a (n 5_ %e e'pera'ient %etecta% en #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan
reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina#.
C'pr-a'" a "( +e; :(e n e2i"ten %i!erencia" "i0ni!icati+a" "e0Nn 01ner per "i
%etecta'" %icAa" %i!erencia" "e0Nn e%a% BSi0d.//& i.//5C 4 "it(acin #a-ra# inicia# BSi0d.
///i.//5C.
Rea#i;a'" #a pr(e-a %e A'0enei%a% cn e# e"ta%)"tic %e K2. E# e"ta%)"tic M B4
"( tran"!r'acin en 8C per'ite cntra"tar #a Aipte"i" %e i0(a#%a% %e #a" 'atrice" %e +arian;a"-
c+arian;a". En e"ta ca"in9 t'an% c' re!erencia #a %i"pni-i#i%a%9 e# e"ta%)"tic 8 t'a
(n +a#r %e 59..5 4 tiene a"cia% (n ni+e# cr)tic B"i0ni!icacinC %e /9///9 # c(a# per'ite
a"('ir :(e #a" 'atrice" %e +arian;a"-c+arian;a"9 entre #a" %" 'e%i%a" %e tie'p (n 4
tie'p %"9 "n %i!erente" en #a" %" p-#acine" B#a :(e Aa reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina#
para #a 'e,ra %e #a e'p#ea-i#i%a% 4 a:(e##a :(e n #a Aa reci-i%C %e!ini%a" pr e# !actr %e
t% # ana#i;a% en e# -#:(e tre" "-re #a %i"pni-i#i%a% :(e tiene #a per"na para 'e,rar
pr!e"ina#'ente.
Ka"an%n" en :(e e# ni+e# %e "i0ni!icacin entre e# pre 4 p"t-te"t ./// B Tra;a %e Pi##ai9
#a'-%a %e Pi#U"9 Tra;a %e =te##in0 4 #a ra); 'a4r %e R4.C recAa;a'" #a Aipte"i" n(#a %e
i0(a#%a% 4 cnc#(i'" :(e #a %i"pni-i#i%a% para -("car tra-a, n e" #a 'i"'a entre #a"
pr!e"ina#9 "ien% e"ta" N#ti'a" #a" :(e 'ani!ie"tan (n 'a4r %e"arr## %e %icAa c'petencia

- 17* -
4 '(e"tran 'a4r %i"pni-i#i%a%. En e"te ca"9 e# ta'a6 %e# e!ect 'ani!ie"ta %i!erencia"
i'prtante" BV
&
d/94*C. Cn #a pr(e-a %e cntra"te" (ni+aria%" -tene'" re"(#ta%" "i'i#are"H
Ta-#a 74. Pr(e-a %e cntra"te" intra-"(,et" %e -#:(e %e %i"pni-i#i%a%.
8(ente tie'p
S('a %e
c(a%ra%"
tip III 0#
Me%ia
c(a%r3tic
a 8
Si0ni!icac
in
Eta a#
c(a%ra%
parcia#
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Ptencia
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aBaC
tie'p Linea# 149*.$ 1 149*.$ 4/9177 9/// 9/$5 4/9177 19///
tie'p h Orienta% Linea# .9$7. 1 .9$7. 179&&7 9/// 9/4* 179&&7 977&
tie'p h T&E%a% Linea# 59557 * 19$5& 591$/ 9//& 9/*5 15954/ 97&4
tie'p h Se2 Linea# 9547 1 9547 195*5 9&1. 9//4 195*5 9&*5
tie'p h
T&E"ta"Tra-a,an%
Linea#
59$/4 1 59$/4 1.9&&7 9/// 9/*. 1.9&&7 97$/
tie'p h T&E%a%
h Se2
Linea#
9*5/ & 9175 947/ 9.1* 9//& 9777 91*/
tie'p h T&E%a%
h
T&E"ta"Tra-a,an%
Linea#
*914/ * 19/47 &97&7 9/*4 9/&/ $97$1 9.75
tie'p h Se2 h
T&E"ta"Tra-a,an%
Linea#
95.1 1 95.1 1957/ 9&11 9//4 1957/ 9&4/
tie'p h T&E%a%
h Se2 h
T&E"ta"Tra-a,an%
Linea#
91/7 & 9/54 915/ 9$.1 9//1 9&77 9/7*
ErrrBtie'pC Linea# 1549$5* 4** 9*5$

En -a"e a #" re"(#ta%" -teni%" 4 #" e2p("t" en #a ta-#a 74 "e p(e%e cnc#(ir"e :(e
#a e+#(cin %e #a %i"pni-i#i%a% :(e '(e"tran para #a 'e,ra pr!e"ina# n e" #a 'i"'a entre
#a" per"na" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin 4 #a" :(e n. T% # cntrari "(ce%e cn #a"
+aria-#e" "e29 e%a% 4 "it(acin #a-ra#9 nin0(na %e e##a" e" "i0ni!icati+a 4 pr tant a!ir'a'"
#a Aipte"i" n(#a 4 cnc#()'" :(e ni #a e%a%9 ni e# "e29 ni #a "it(acin #a-ra# in!#(4en en #a
e+#(cin %e #a %i"pni-i#i%a% '"tra%a para #a 'e,ra pr!e"ina# %e #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan
participa% en %icA e"t(%i.
Ta-#a 75. Pr(e-a %e #" ran0" cn "i0n" Pi#c2n %e -#:(e %e %i"pni-i#i%a%-pr(e-a n para'1trica BIEC.
Ran0" ne0ati+" &BaC 1/95/ &19//
Ran0" p"iti+" 1$B-C 1/95/ 1$79//
E'pate" &/4BcC
IET&M+i#i%a% - IET1M+i#i%a%
Tta# &&4
Ran0" ne0ati+" /B%C 9// 9//
Ran0" p"iti+" 1&BeC .95/ 7$9//
E'pate" &1&B!C
IET&8#e2i-i#i%a%=ra -
IET18#e2i-i#i%a%=ra
Tta# &&4
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Ran0" p"iti+" 1.BAC 1195. 1$59//
E'pate" 144BiC
IET&De%icacin - IET1De%icacin
Tta# &&4

- 174 -

M+i#i%a% BIEC
La %i"pni-i#i%a% :(e '(e"tran #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan participa% en e# 0r(p
e2peri'enta# 4 pr tant Aan reci-i% rientacin a('enta en 1$ %e #a" &/4 per"na" 4
%i"'in(4e en %" %e #a" 'i"'a". Sien% #a ten%encia 0enera#i;a%a #a %e 'antener #a p"t(ra
'anteni%a (n a6 ante".
8#e2i-i#i%a% Araria BIEC
La !#e2i-i#i%a% Araria :(e '(e"tran #" e0re"a%" "( %i"pni-i#i%a% Araria a('enta
en 1& %e #a" &&4 per"na" 4 "e 'antiene en e# re"t.
De%icacin BIEC
E# 0ra% %e %e%icacin ante #a 'e,ra pr!e"ina# :(e tienen #" e0re"a%" a('enta en
1. %e #a" &&4 per"na" 4 %i"'in(4e en .4 %e #" e0re"a%"9 :(e%3n%"e cn #a" 'i"'a
p(nt(acin #" 144 participante" re"tante".

Ta-#a 7.. Per"na" 4 prcenta,e %e 'e,ra 4 e'pera'ient %e# -#:(e %e %i"pni-i#i%a% BIEC

IRUPO EFPERIMENTAL B reci-en rientacinC

DISPONIKILIDAD

PERSONAS >UE =AN
MEMORARDO

PORCENTAME DE
MEMORA

MOJILIDAD

1$
j$

8LEFIKILIDAD =ORARIA

1&
5

DEDICACIN

1.

7

IRUPO EFPERIMENTAL Breci-en rientacinC

DISPONIKILIDAD

PERSONAS >UE =AN
EMPEORADO

PORCENTAME DE
REIRESIN

MOJILIDAD
&
1

8LEFIKILIDAD =ORARIA
/
/

DEDICACIN

.4

&7

- 175 -
Ta-#a 77. Pr(e-a %e ran0" cn "i0n" Pi#c2n %e -#:(e %e %i"pni-i#i%a%- pr(e-a n para'1trica B0cC
Ran0" p"iti+" 1/B-C 595/ 559//
E'pate" &14BcC
0cT&Mi#i%a%I - 0cT1M+i#i%a%I
Tta# &&4
Ran0" ne0ati+" 7B%C 1/9// 7/9//
Ran0" p"iti+" 1/BeC 1/9// 1//9//
E'pate" &/5B!C
0cT&8#e2i-i#i%a%=raria -
0cT18#e2i-i#i%a%=raria
Tta# &&4
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Ran0" p"iti+" 5BAC 79// 459//
E'pate" &/7BiC
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Tta# &&4

M+i#i%a% BIEC
La !#e2i-i#i%a% %e '+i#i%a% :(e 'ani!ie"tan #" e0re"a%" :(e c'pnen e# 0r(p
cntr# a('enta en 1/ %e #" &&4 4 "e 'antiene en #" &14 re"tante".
8#e2i-i#i%a% Araria BIEC
La !#e2i-i#i%a% Araria :(e '(e"tran #" e0re"a%" "( %i"pni-i#i%a% Araria a('enta
en 1/ %e #a" &&4 per"na"9 %i"'in(4e en 7 4 "e 'antiene en &/5 per"na".
De%icacin BIEC
E# 0ra% %e %e%icacin ante #a 'e,ra pr!e"ina# :(e tienen #" e0re"a%" :(e
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'antenien%9 pr tant9 #a 'i"'a p"icin cn &/7 per"na".

Ta-#a 7$. Per"na" 4 prcenta,e %e 'e,ra 4 e'pera'ient %e# -#:(e %e %i"pni-i#i%a% B0cC


DISPONIKILIDAD

PERSONAS >UE =AN
MEMORARDO

PORCENTAME DE
MEMORA
MOJILIDAD 1/ 4.5
8LEFIKILIDAD =ORARIA 1/ 4.5
DEDICACIN 5 &


DISPONIKILIDAD

PERSONAS >UE =AN
EMPEORADO

PORCENTAME DE
REIRESIN
MOJILIDAD / /
8LEFIKILIDAD =ORARIA 7 4
DEDICACIN 1& 5

- 17. -

11.&. Re"(#ta%" c(a#itati+" Bentre+i"ta" per"na#e"C B0r(p" %e %i"c("inC

11.&.1. Entre+i"ta" per"na#e"

Una +e; ana#i;a%a" #a" c'petencia" re#acina%a" cn #a %i"pni-i#i%a% :(e "(r0en %e #a" 1//
entre+i"ta" ana#i;a%a" B*1 e0re"a%"C9 c'pr-a'" e# nN'er %e entre+i"ta" en #a" :(e
aparece %icAa cate0r)a 4 e# nN'er %e +ece" :(e e'er0e #a cate0r)a en #a tta#i%a% %e #a"
'i"'a".
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DISPONIKILIDAD
CDIIO
EMPLEAKILIDAD
nO
entre+i"ta"h

nO +ece"h
entre+i"ta"
&5.DISJIA &5. Tener %i"pni-i#i%a% para +ia,ar. &* 7$
&..DISIEO
&.. Ten0 %i"pni-i#i%a% 0e0r3!ica Bpara
ca'-iar %e %'ici#iC.
&1 $7
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&$.CARCON &$. Tener carn1 %e cn%(cir. 7 &5
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'e,ra %e e'p#e.
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ca'-iar %e re"i%encia. =e'" tra-a,a% #" pr" 4 #" cntra" %e #a" %i!erente" pcine" 4 e"t
Aa ca"ina% (na 'a4r aceptacin a ptar pr e"ta" p"i-i#i%a%e"9 per 'antenien% #a
#i'itacin inicia# #i0a%a a cn%icine" !a'i#iare" 4 %e arrai0 c(#t(ra#.
Se 'ani!ie"ta (na 'e,r)a en #a !#e2i-i#i%a% Araria :(e tienen9 e"pecia#'ente %e-i% a
#a !rec(encia cn #a :(e #" e'pre"ari" "#icitan e"ta cate0r)a en #" per!i#e". A('enta #a
ca#i%a% %e# tie'p :(e e'p#ean para -("car 'e,rar e# tra-a,9 per %i"'in(4en #a canti%a%.
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4 -ien :(e n '(cA 4 'a#.
A#0(n" %e #" e0re"a%" apr+ecAan e"t" ''ent" para "acar"e e# carn1 4 %i"pner
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%e #a" 1// entre+i"ta" rea#i;a%a" en %icAa te"i" 4 %e"p(1" %e ana#i;ar e# +a#r %e Dappa9
p%e'" c'pr-ar :(e e2i"te (n ni+e# a#t %e "i'i#it(% en #a %eteccin %e c'petencia" pr
parte %e #" tre" ,(ece" 49 a "( +e; %icA an3#i"i" n %i"ta '(cA %e parecer"e a# rea#i;a% en "(

- 177 -
0#-a#i%a% cn #a" 1// entre+i"ta" rea#i;a%a". Pre"enta'" a cntin(acin cn '3" %eta##e e#
+a#r %e# e"ta%i"tic Dappa para c'pr-ar #a !ia-i#i%a% %e# intr('ent (ti#i;a% a tra+1" %e #"
tre" ,(ece".

Ta-#a $/ .Me%i%a" "i'1trica" entre e# ,(e; 1 4 e# ,(e; &
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Ta-#a $&.Me%i%a" "i'1trica" entre e# ,(e; & 4 e# ,(e; *
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e" !ia-#e p(e"t :(e in%epen%iente'ente %e :(ien ana#ice #a" entre+i"ta" e# re"(#ta% e" e#
'i"'. A cntin(acin pre"enta'" (n re"('en %e #" re"(#ta%" inter,(ece" 4 0r(pa#e" a '%
%e ta-#aH

- 17$ -
Ta-#a $*. NO %e entre+i"ta" 4 nN'er %e +ece" :(e aparecen #a" c'petencia" %e -#:(e %i"pni-i#i%a%-
inter,(ece" B0cC.
CDIIO

CATEIORGA

MUER 1
B*/ Entre+i"ta"C

MUER &
B*/ Entre+i"ta"C

MUER *
B*/ Entre+i"ta"C

EMPLEAKILIDAD
NO %e
entre+i"ta
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NN'e
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NO
entre+i"t
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NO %e
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CDIIO CATEIORGA
&5.DISJIA &5. Di"pni-i#i%a% para +ia,ar. 7 15 . 14 . 14
&..DISIEO
&.. Di"pni-i#i%a% 0e0r3!ica Bpara
1& &7 1/ &* 11 &4
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&$.CARCON &$. Carn1 %e cn%(cir. 11 &* 1/ &1 1/ &/
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'e,ra %e e'p#e.
1& &. 1* &$ 1* &$

11.&.&. Ir(p" %e %i"c("in.

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#a-ra# 4 pr #a i'prtancia :(e9 en a#0(n" per!i#e"9 #e %an a #a 'i"'a9 "e perci-e (n tra-a,a%r
"in !rntera".
La %i"pni-i#i%a% 0e0r3!ica e" #i0era'ente 'a4r :(e a# principi %e #a in+e"ti0acin9 p(e"t
:(e cn"i%eran :(e "i en tr" #(0are" "e #e" pre"enta #a prt(ni%a% n #a recAa;ar)an9 %e e"te
'% p%r)an recpi#ar e2periencia 4 'e,rar e# CJ para en (n !(t(r9 "i :(i"ieran9 +#+er"e a
Ara0n.
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a #a e'pre"a9 4a :(e Aan -"er+a% %(rante e# tra-a, %e cnci'ient %e# 'erca% :(e "e
%e'an%a ca%a +e; '3".
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apr+ecAa% e"te ''ent para -tener e# 'i"'. La 'a4r)a n %i"pnen %e +eA)c(# per Aa
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E# tie'p :(e #" e0re"a%" e'p#ean en #a -N":(e%a 4 'e,ra %e e'p#e e" #i0era'ente
'a4r :(e c(an% c'en;arn #a participacin en e"ta in+e"ti0acin. L" 'ti+" "n +aria%"9
per entre e##" "e %etecta (na cnciencia %e #a nece"i%a% %e Aacer# para cn"e0(ir (n re"(#ta%
4 #a a(te2i0encia %e tener #a" tarea" rea#i;a%a" para #a entre+i"ta :(e tienen %e rientacin.
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acr%e a #" -,eti+" pr!e"ina#e".

- 177 -

11.*. Re"(#ta%" inte0ra%"H c(antitati+" Bc(e"tinari"C 4 c(a#itati+ Bentre+i"ta" 4 0r(p" %e
%i"c("inC

Recr%a'" :(e n(e"tra preten"in9 en e"te ca" e" ana#i;ar #a e+#(cin %e #a
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"it(acin #a-ra#. P%e'" antar :(e n "e Aan %etecta%9 (na +e; rea#i;a% e# an3#i"i" %e"%e
e# p(nt %e +i"ta c(antitati+ 4 c(a#itati+9 %i!erencia" cn re"pect a e"ta" +aria-#e" %e "e29
e%a% "it(acin #a-ra#.
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IRUPO EFPERIMENTAL B reci-en rientacinC

=ERRAMIENTAS < RECURSOS

PERSONAS
>UE =AN
MEMORADO

PORCENTAME
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=ERRAMIENTAS

1*5

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RECURSOS

1.$

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IRUPO CONTROLB n reci-en rientacinC


PERSONAS
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EMPEORADO

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=ERRAMIENTAS

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&..

RECURSOS

7

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MERCADO DE TRAKAMO9=ERRAMIENTAS
< RECURSOS

CDIIO
EMPLEAKILIDAD
NOPERS
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MERCADO DE TRAKAMO9
MUER 1
B*/ Entre+i"ta"
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%e %eta##ar inicia#'ente :(e n "e Aan 'ani!e"ta% %i!erencia" "e0Nn e"ta" +aria-#e" %e 01ner9
e%a% 4 "it(acin #a-ra#9 per en cntra "e Aa 'arca% (na c#ara e+#(cin p"iti+a en e# 'ane,
%e Aerra'ienta" 4 rec(r"" en #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina#. DicAa
%i!erencia e" "i0ni!icati+a 4 !r(t p"i-#e'ente %e# tra-a, teric 4 pr3ctic %e %icAa" rec(r""
4 Aerra'ienta" en 0enera# 4 %e #a preparacin a #a entre+i"ta %e tra-a, 4 a #a" %in3'ica"
0r(pa#e" en partic(#ar.
L" e0re"a%" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina# 'ani!ie"ta (na 0ran e+#(cin
ante e# en!renta'ient %e# prce" %e "e#eccin en 0enera# 4 e"t9 ,(nt a tr" !actre"9 'e,ra
"( ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%.
L" e0re"a%" :(e n Aan reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina# 'antienen #a "it(acin
inicia# en #a :(e "e encntra-an inicia#'ente 'e,ran '(4 #e+e'ente e"t" a"pect"9 na%a
c'para-#e cn #a e+#(cin :(e 'ani!ie"tan #" e0re"a%" :(e participan en e# 0r(p
e2peri'enta#.

- &11 -
1*. Otr" re"(#ta%" cate0r)a" 4 e"ta%)"tic"

1*.1. Re"(#ta%" c(antitati+"

1*.1.1. An+a9 Eta 4 crre#acin %e Pear"n.

An+a B8C 4 Eta BV

&
C

Una +e; rea#i;a%a #a pr(e-a An+a "e p(e%e c'pr-ar :(e t%a" #a" c'petencia"9
cnci'ient" en i%i'a" 4 TIC9 %i"pni-i#i%a%9 rec(r"" 4 Aerra'ienta" ana#i;a%a" en e# 0r(p
e2peri'enta# "n e"ta%)"tica'ente "i0ni!icati+a" Bpd.///C. En #a c'petencia %e an3#i"i" 8 B*9
1$9/&5d&497.4S pd.///C9 cn (n ta'a6 %e# e!ect :(e '(e"tra %i!erencia" i'prtante" en e#
tie'p 1 pre-te"t BV
&
d9$&4C 4 en e# tie'p & p"t-te"t BV
&
d9$5$C. En #a c'petencia %e
r0ani;acin 4 p#ani!icacin 8 B*9 *5977/d7&97&1S pd.///C9 cn (n ta'a6 %e# e!ect :(e
'(e"tra %i!erencia" i'prtante" en e# tie'p 1 BV
&
d97/4C 4 en e# tie'p & BV
&
d971&C. En #a
c'petencia %e apren%i;a,e 8 B*9 1.97.$d&191&4S pd.///C9 cn (n ta'a6 %e# e!ect :(e
&
d9$*7C 4 en e# tie'p & BV
&
d9$45C. En #a
c'petencia %e a%aptacin 8 B*9 1$957/d&&9&11S pd.///C9 cn (n ta'a6 %e# e!ect :(e
&
d9$4.C 4 en e# tie'p & BV
&
d9$4&C. En #a
c'petencia %e ap#icar #" cnci'ient" a #a pr3ctica 8 B*9 *597$*d*79./.S pd.///C9 cn (n
ta'a6 %e# e!ect :(e '(e"tra %i!erencia" i'prtante" en e# tie'p 1 BV
&
d9$.1C 4 en e# tie'p
& BV
&
d9$55C. En #a c'petencia %e %eci"in 8 B*9 1791$&d5191.*S pd.///C9 cn (n ta'a6 %e#
e!ect :(e '(e"tra %i!erencia" i'prtante" en e# tie'p 1 BV
&
d97&$C 4 en e# tie'p & BV
&
d9$/7C.
En #a capaci%a% %e ca#i%a% 8 B*9 *194/&d&&94/.S pd.///C9 cn (n ta'a6 %e# e!ect :(e
&
d9$57C 4 en e# tie'p & BV
&
d9$77C. En #a
c'petencia %e re"#(cin %e pr-#e'a" 8 B*9 1$9$41d&1977$S pd.///C9 cn (n ta'a6 %e#
&
&
d9$4.C.
En #a c'petencia %e tra-a, en e:(ip 8 B&9 *1947/d1&9/55S pd.///C9 cn (n ta'a6 %e#
&
d971.C 4 en e# tie'p & BV
&
d9717C.
En #a c'petencia %e c'(nicacin 8 B9*9 17955/ d*5945*S pd.///C9 cn (n ta'a6 %e# e!ect
:(e '(e"tra %i!erencia" i'prtante" en e# tie'p 1 BV
&
d97&4C 4 en e# tie'p &BV
&
d9755C. En #a
capaci%a% %e a(tcnci'ient 8 B*9 *977/d5$9747S pd.///C9 cn (n ta'a6 %e# e!ect :(e
&
d941/C 4 en e# tie'p & BV
&
d94./C. En #a
c'petencia %e actit(% p"iti+a 8 B*9 &&9$/7d79.7$S pd.///C9 cn (n ta'a6 %e# e!ect :(e
&
d974$C 4 en e# tie'p & BV
&
d97.4C. En #a
c'petencia %e iniciati+a 8 B*9 &195/4d&/9*&7S pd.///C9 cn (n ta'a6 %e# e!ect :(e '(e"tra
%i!erencia" i'prtante" en e# tie'p 1 BV
&
d9$&4C 4 en e# tie'p & BV
&
d9$5$C. En #a c'petencia

- &1& -
%e e'pat)a 8 B&9 *.9$7.d&191/5S pd.///C9 cn (n ta'a6 %e# e!ect :(e '(e"tra %i!erencia"
i'prtante" en e# tie'p 1 BV
&
d9$$&C 4 en e# tie'p & BV
&
d9$7*C. En #a c'petencia %e
practi+i%a% 8B*9 1$9*77d*4971.S pd.///C9 cn (n ta'a6 %e# e!ect :(e '(e"tra %i!erencia"
&
d971.C 4 en e# tie'p & BV
&
d97&7C. En #a c'petencia %e
a"erti+i%a% 8B*9 149/7&d&59/$/S pd.///C9 cn (n ta'a6 %e# e!ect :(e '(e"tra %i!erencia"
&
d977&C 4 en e# tie'p & BV
&
d9774C. En i%i'a" 8 B*9
$9$1.d&*97.&S pd.///C9 cn (n ta'a6 %e# e!ect :(e '(e"tra %i!erencia" i'prtante" en e#
tie'p 1 BV
&
d97&.C 4 en e# tie'p & BV
&
d971$C. En #a c'petencia %e +ia,ar 8 B*9
&&95&7d&19$/7S pd.///C9 cn (n ta'a6 %e# e!ect :(e '(e"tra %i!erencia" i'prtante" en e#
tie'p 1 BV
&
d9$7/C 4 en e# tie'p & BV
&
d9$71C. En #a c'petencia %e #a" tecn#0)a" %e #a
in!r'acin 4 #a c'(nicacin 8 B*9 179$77d1*9777S pd.///C9 cn (n ta'a6 %e# e!ect :(e
&
d9$5/C 4 en e# tie'p & BV
&
d9$4.C. En #a
'+i#i%a% 8 B*9 **9&&*d179$$.S pd.///C9 e# ta'a6 %e# e!ect '(e"tra %i!erencia" i'prtante"
en e# tie'p 1 BV
&
d97&1C 4 en e# tie'p & BV
&
d971$C. En #a !#e2i-i#i%a% Araria 8 B*9
*49&*.d1/9717S pd.///C9 e# ta'a6 %e# e!ect '(e"tra %i!erencia" i'prtante" en e# tie'p 1
BV
&
&
d97&$C. En #a %e%icacin a #a -N":(e%a 'e,ra %e e'p#e 8 B*9
1*975$d1**9/14S pd.///C9 e# ta'a6 %e# e!ect '(e"tra %i!erencia" i'prtante" en e# tie'p 1
BV
&
&
d97/5C. En #a" Aerra'ienta" (ti#i;a%a" para 'e,rar
pr!e"ina#'ente 8 B*9 &$9$*5d1*797.7S pd.///C9 e# ta'a6 %e# e!ect '(e"tra %i!erencia"
&
d954*C 4 en e# tie'p & BV
&
d9.*7C. En #" rec(r"" 8 B*9
&194/1d&&*945.S pd.///C9 cn (n ta'a6 %e# e!ect :(e '(e"tra %i!erencia" aprecia-#e" en e#
tie'p 1 BV
&
d9&7.C 4 en e# tie'p & BV
&
d9*&*C. En #a entre+i"ta 8 B*9 &49/$7d*179$7*S pd.///C9
cn (n ta'a6 %e# e!ect :(e '(e"tra %i!erencia" aprecia-#e" en e# tie'p 1 BV
&
d9&.5C 4 en e#
tie'p & BV
&
d9&71C. En #a %in3'ica %e 0r(p 8 B*9 &19*57d*4.9$$$S pd.///C9 cn (n ta'a6
%e# e!ect :(e '(e"tra %i!erencia" aprecia-#e" en e# tie'p 1 BV
&
&

d9&5.C.

Crre#acin %e Pear"n 4 Ta(-- %e Den%a##.

Cn e# prp"it %e re!r;ar #" -,eti+" e2p(e"t" anterir'ente n" intere"a
"a-er "i e2i"te a#0(na crre#acin entre Aa-er reci-i% rientacin 4 #a "it(acin #a-ra#
en #a :(e "e enc(entran #" e0re"a%" #a percepcin :(e e##" 'i"'" tienen %e "(
ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%. A") c' cncer "i e2i"te (na re#acin #inea# entre e# ni+e# %e
e'p#ea-i#i%a% 4 #a "it(acin #a-ra# en #a :(e "e enc(entran. A cntin(acin %a'"
re"p(e"ta a e"t" interr0ante".

- &1* -
Ta-#a 77. Crre#acine" %e Pear"n reci-ir rientacin 4 "it(acin #a-ra#.

=a" Reci-i%
Orientacin
T&Sit(acin
#a-ra# act(a#
Crre#acin %e Pear"n 1 91.1BhhC
Si0. B-i#atera#C 9//1
=a" Reci-i% Orientacin
N 44$ 44$
Crre#acin %e Pear"n 91.1BhhC 1
Si0. B-i#atera#C 9//1
T&Sit(acin #a-ra# act(a#
N 44$ 44$
hh La crre#acin e" "i0ni!icati+a a# ni+e# /9/1 B-i#atera#C.

=a4 (na re#acin "i0ni!icati+a entre Aa-er reci-i% rientacin pr c'petencia" 4 #a "it(acin
#a-ra# Brd.1.19 pe/9/1C en #a :(e "e enc(entran en e# p"t-te"t.

Ta-#a 1//. Ta(-- %e Den%a##. Reci-ir rientacin 4 "it(acin #a-ra#
Reci-ir rientacin 4 "it(acin #a-ra# Ja#r
Errr t)p.
a"int.BaC
T
apr2i'a%aB-C
Si0.
apr2i'a%a
Or%ina# pr r%ina# Ta(-- %e Den%a##
91&1 9/4* &9$*1 9//5
N %e ca"" +3#i%"
44$

Ta# 4 c' "e re!#e,a en #a ta-#a 1//9 tenien% en c(enta :(e e# +a#r Ta(-- %e Den%a## e"
%e 91&1 4 #a "i0ni!icacin 9//5 p%e'" a!ir'ar cn cierta ca(te#a :(e e"ta" %" +aria-#e" e"t3n
re#acina%a".

Ta-#a 1/1. Crre#acine" %e Pear"n reci-ir rientacin 4 'e,ra %e# ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%.

=a" Reci-i%
Orientacin
T&Me,ra%
e'p#ea-i#i%a%
Crre#acin %e Pear"n 1 97.7BhhC
Si0. B-i#atera#C 9///
=a" Reci-i% Orientacin
N 44$ 44$
Crre#acin %e Pear"n 97.7BhhC 1
T&Me,ra% e'p#ea-i#i%a%
N 44$ 44$

E2i"te (na re#acin "i0ni!icati+a entre Aa-er reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina# pr c'petencia" 4
#a percepcin :(e tienen #" e0re"a%" %e Aa-er 'e,ra% "( ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% Brd.7.79
pe/9/1C
Ta-#a 1/&. Ta(-- %e Den%a##. Reci-ir rientacin 4 ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%.
Reci-ir rientacin 4 ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% Ja#r
Errr t)p.
a"int.BaC
T
apr2i'a%aB-C
Si0.
apr2i'a%a
97.7 9/*/ &59**7 9///
N %e ca"" +3#i%"
44$

- &14 -
Ta# 4 c' "e re!#e,a en #a ta-#a 1/&9 tenien% en c(enta :(e e# +a#r Ta(-- %e Den%a## e"
%e 97.7 4 #a "i0ni!icacin9 .///9 p%e'" %ecir :(e #a +aria-#e %e reci-ir rientacin pr!e"ina#
pr c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" 4 e# ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% e"t3n re#acina%a".

Ta-#a 1/*. Crre#acine" %e Pear"n %e# ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% 4 #a "it(acin #a-ra#.

T&Me,ra%
e'p#ea-i#i%a%
T&Sit(acin
#a-ra# act(a#
Crre#acin %e Pear"n 1 9*4$BhhC
T&Me,ra% e'p#ea-i#i%a%
N 44$ 44$
Crre#acin %e Pear"n 9*4$BhhC 1
T&Sit(acin #a-ra# act(a#
N 44$ 44$

E2i"te (na re#acin "i0ni!icati+a entre #a percepcin :(e tienen #" e0re"a%" %e "( ni+e# %e
e'p#ea-i#i%a% 4 #a "it(acin #a-ra# Brd.*4$9 pe/9/1C.

Ta-#a 1/4. Ta(-- %e Den%a## ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% 4 "it(acin #a-ra#
Ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% 4 "it(acin #a-ra# Ja#r
Errr t)p.
a"int.BaC
T
apr2i'a%aB-C
Si0.
apr2i'a%a
9&$& 9/*7 791&7 9///
N %e ca"" +3#i%"
44$

Ta# 4 c' "e re!#e,a en #a ta-#a 1/49 tenien% en c(enta :(e e# +a#r Ta(-- %e Den%a## e"
%e 9&$& 4 #a "i0ni!icacin %e .///9 p%e'" %ecir :(e e"ta" %" +aria-#e" %e ni+e# %e
e'p#ea-i#i%a% 4 "it(acin #a-ra# e"t3n re#acina%a".

1*.&. Re"(#ta%" c(a#itati+ Bentre+i"ta" 4 0r(p" %e %i"c("inC

1*.&.1. Entre+i"ta" per"na#e" 4 0r(p" %e %i"c("in.

Una +e; ana#i;a% e# te2t "(r0en cate0r)a" :(e n "e Aa-)an teni% en c(enta en e# inici %e #a
inter+encin. De# an3#i"i" %e #a" 1// entre+i"ta" B*1 e0re"a%"C9 c'pr-a'" e# nN'er %e
entre+i"ta" en #a" :(e aparece ca%a n(e+a cate0r)a 4 e# nN'er %e +ece" :(e aparece %icAa
cate0r)a en #a tta#i%a% %e #a" 'i"'a". La" anta'" a cntin(acin pr cn"i%erar#a" (n
c'p#e'ent in!r'ati+ :(e enri:(ece #a 0#-a#i%a% %e# re"(#ta% %e #a inter+encin.

- &15 -
Ta-#a 1/5. NO %e entre+i"ta" 4 nO %e +ece" :(e aparecen #a" c'petencia" %e -#:(e %e n(e+a" c'petencia" B0cC.
OTROS
CDIIO
EMPLEAKILIDAD
nO
entre+i"ta"h

nO +ece"h
entre+i"ta"
41.POLIJA 41. P#i+a#encia B=acer +aria" c"a" a #a +e;C 1$ .5
4&.IMPLIC 4&. i'p#icacin en e# Pr4ect 1. 74
4*.PUNTUA 4*.P(nt(a#i%a% 17 5*
44.PRACTI 44. Rea#i;ar Pr3ctica" 15 57
45.EFPRO8 45. E2periencia Pr!e"ina# &4 $.
4..CAPSUP 4.. Capaci%a% %e "(peracin &/ .$
47. EMPREN 47. Capaci%a% %e e'pren%er &7 71

A# i0(a# :(e "(ce%)a en #" -#:(e" anterire"9 #e pe%i'" a tre" e2pert" %i!erente" :(e
ni+e# a#t %e "i'i#it(% en #a %eteccin %e c'petencia" pr parte %e #" tre" ,(ece" 4 a "( +e;
ana#i;a%a". A cntin(acin pre"enta'" e# +a#r %e# e"ta%i"tic Dappa para c'pr-ar #a
!ia-i#i%a% %e# intr('ent (ti#i;a% a tra+1" %e #" tre" ,(ece".

Ta-#a 1/.. .Me%i%a" "i'1trica" entre e# ,(e; 1 4 e# ,(e; &
Ja#r
Errr t)p.
a"int.BaC
T
apr2i'a%aB-C
Si0.
apr2i'a%a
9$$& 911/ .977. 9///
N %e ca"" +3#i%"
1/

C' p%e'" -"er+ar en #a ta-#a 1/.9 e# +a#r %e# e"ta%)"tic Dappa B/9$$&C 4 "(
ni+e# cr)tic BSi0. Apr2i'a%ae /9////5C e# c(a# per'ite %eci%ir "-re #a Aipte"i" n(#a %e
a("encia %e ac(er%H p(e"t :(e e# ni+e# cr)tic e" '(4 pe:(e69 "e p(e%e recAa;ar #a Aiptei"
%e ac(er% n(# 4 cnc#(ir :(e e2ite (n ac(er% 'a4r :(e e# e"pera% pr a;ar entre e# ,(e; 1 4
e# ,(e; &.

Ta-#a 1/7. Me%i%a" "i'1trica" entre e# ,(e; 1 4 e# ,(e; *
Ja#r
Errr t)p.
a"int.BaC
T
apr2i'a%aB-C
Si0.
apr2i'a%a
9$$& 911/ .977. 9///
N %e ca"" +3#i%"
1/

c'pr-ar en #a ta-#a 1/7 e# +a#r %e# e"ta%i"tic Dappa B/9$$&C 4 "( ni+e# %e "i0ni!icacin
/9/// incitan a recAa;ar #a Aipte"i" n(#a %e a("encia %e ac(er% 4 a!ir'ar :(e e# ac(er% entre
%icA" ,(ece" e" 'a4r :(e e# e"pera% pr a;ar.

- &1. -

Ta-#a 1/$. Me%i%a" "i'1trica" entre e# ,(e; & 4 e# ,(e; *
Ja#r
Errr t)p.
a"int.BaC
T
apr2i'a%aB-C
Si0.
apr2i'a%a
9.51 91.$ 59&/$ 9///
N %e ca"" +3#i%"
1/

Pr N#ti'9 c' p%e'" -"er+ar en #a ta-#a 1/$9 e# +a#r %e# e"ta%i"tic Dappa
B/9.51C 4 "( ni+e# %e "i0ni!icacin /9/// n" per'iten recAa;ar #a Aipte"i" n(#a %e a("encia %e
ac(er% 4 a!ir'ar :(e e# ac(er% entre #" ,(ece" & 4 * e" 'a4r :(e e# e"pera% pr a;ar.

e" !ia-#e p(e"t :(e in%epen%iente'ente %e :(i1n ana#ice #a" entre+i"ta" e# re"(#ta% e" e#
%e ta-#aH
Ta-#a 1/7. NO %e entre+i"ta" 4 nN'er %e +ece" :(e aparecen #a" c'petencia" %e# -#:(e %e tra" c'petencia" 4
rec(r""-inter,(ece"
CDIIO
OTRAS COMPETENCIAS PARA
MEMORAR LA EMPLEAKILIDAD
MUER 1
B*/ Entre+i"ta"
MUER &
B*/ Entre+i"ta"
MUER *
B*/ Entre+i"ta"
CDIIO CATEIORGA
NO
Entre+i"t
a"T+ece"
NN'e
r %e
+ece"
NO
Entre+i"t
a"T+ece"
NN'e
r %e
+ece"
NO
Entre+i"t
a"T+ece"
NN'e
r %e
+ece"
41.POLIJA
41. P#i+a#encia B=acer +aria" c"a" a #a
+e;C
1& &5 1& &. 1& &5
4&.IMPLIC 4&. i'p#icacin en e# Pr4ect 7 &1 $ 17 7 &/
4*.PUNTUA 4*.P(nt(a#i%a% 1/ && 7 &1 1/ &*
44.PRACTI 44. Rea#i;ar Pr3ctica" 1& &4 11 &* 1& &4
45.EFPRO8 45. E2periencia Pr!e"ina# 1* &. 1* &7 14 &7
4..CAPSUP 4.. Capaci%a% %e re"i#iencia 11 &* 1/ &4 1/ &4
47. EMPRRE 47. Capaci%a% e'pren%e%ra 1& &5 1/ &* 1/ &*

L" tre" ,(ece" enc(entran #a pre"encia %e c'petencia" :(e p(e%en in!#(ir en e# ni+e#
%e e'p#ea-i#i%a% 4 :(e a priri n Aa-)an "i% teni%a" en c(enta9 %icAa" caracteri"tica" 4
c'petencia" "nH e# tener e2periencia pr!e"ina#9 e# tener capaci%a% e'pren%e%ra9 e# ra#i;ar
pr3ctica" en e'pre"a"9 e# "er p#i+a#ente9 tener capaci%a% %e re"i#iencia9 "er p(nt(a# e i'p#icar"e
cn e# pr4ect tarea cn #a :(e "e tra-a,e.
Jari" %e #" e0re"a%" "pe"an #a p"i-i#i%a% %e cn"tit(ir "( prpia e'pre"a 4
%e"arr##an #a capaci%a% e'pren%e%ra. Le" !rena e# AecA %e n tener !inanciacin
e2periencia en e# "ectr !(n%a'enta#'ente9 per %icAa i%ea t'a !(er;a c(an% %e"%e e#
prce" %e rientacin "e #e in!r'a 4 'ti+a acerca %e c(a#e" "n #" rec(r"" 4 +)a" %e#
prce".
Ta# 4 c' "e Aa anta% anterir'ente +ari" %e #" e0re"a%" ptan pr #a rea#i;acin
%e pr3ctica" en e'pre"a" "in nin0(na re'(neracin9 cn e# -,eti+ %e apren%er9 %ar"e a

- &17 -
cncer 4 reca-ar e2periencia :(e "iente #a" -a"e" %e "( CJ. Se e+#(cina en # :(e Ae
%en'ina% capaci%a% %e re"i#iencia p(e"t :(e apren%en 4 "e !rta#ecen %e #a %i!)ci# "it(acin
:(e atra+ie"an '(cA" %e e##". Se +a#ra 4 "e tra-a,a en #a 'e,ra %e #a p(nt(a#i%a% 4 #a
i'p#icacin %e# pr4ect en e# :(e participan en ca%a ''ent.

1*.&.&. Re#acine" "i0ni!icati+a"
L" e0re"a%" :(e %e"tacan pr "( Aa-i#i%a% c'(nicati+a 4 "( ni+e# %e a"erti+i%a% 4
e'pat)a 'ani!ie"tan (na 'a4r !aci#i%a% para tra-a,ar en e:(ip9 %etecta'" pr tant9 (na
+inc(#acin crre#acin %irecta entre e"ta" c'petencia".
=a-i#i%a% c'(nicati+a
A"erti+i%a% Tra-a,ar en e:(ip
E'pat)a

Una +e; ana#i;a%a" #a" entre+i"ta" 4 #" 0r(p" %e %i"c("in encntra'" (na re#acin
p"iti+a entre #" e0re"a%" :(e 'ani!ie"tan (na c'petencia practi+a '(4 %e!ini%a9
p#i+a#ente 4 (na 0ran capaci%a% apren%i;a,e cn e# 'ane, !#(i% %e #a" tecn#0)a" %e #a
in!r'acin 4 #a c'(nicacin.
Practi+i%a%
Capaci%a% %e apren%i;a,e 4 TIC
P#i+a#encia

Encntra'" a "( +e; (na re#acin '(4 'arca%a entre e# tie'p %e %e%icacin :(e
e'p#ean para #a -N":(e%a 'e,ra %e e'p#e9 #a r0ani;acin 4 p#ani!icacin %e %icA tie'p
4 #a a#ta capaci%a% para re"#+er pr-#e'a" cn e# -(en 'ane, %e #a" Aerra'ienta" 4 #"
rec(r"" :(e "e (ti#i;an en %icA prce".
Tie'p e'p#ea%
Or0ani;acin 4 p#ani!icacin 4 Mane, %e rec(r"" 4 Aerra'ienta"
Re"#(cin %e pr-#e'a"

Se 'ani!ie"ta (na re#acin "i0ni!icati+a entre #" e0re"a%" :(e tienen (na a#ta
capaci%a% %e %eci"in9 %e a%aptacin 4 #a p"i-i#i%a% %e +ia,ar.
T'ar %eci"ine"
Capaci%a% %e a%aptacin 4 Jia,ar
Capaci%a% %e "(peracin

- &1$ -
IV. COCLUSIOES

C' cnc#("in %e e"te tra-a, "e Aa##a :(e #a rientacin pr!e"ina# pr
c'petencia" 'e,ra e# ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% %e #" e0re"a%"9 "e ##e0a a #a cnc#("in %e :(e
reci-ir rientacin pr!e"ina# pr c'petencia" cntri-(4e p"iti+a'ente a #a 'e,ra %e# ni+e#
%e e'p#ea-i#i%a% %e #" e0re"a%" en 0enera# 4 a# %e"arr## %e #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" 4
%e# 'ane, %e #" rec(r"" 4 #a" Aerra'ienta" %e (n '% partic(#ar 4 e"pecia#'ente
"i0ni!icati+.
E2i"te (na c#ara crre#acin entre #" e0re"a%" :(e reci-en rientacin pr!e"ina# pr
c'petencia" 4 (na c4(nt(ra #a-ra# "ati"!actria en #" 'i"'". A# i0(a# :(e e2i"te (na
crre#acin 'arca%a entre #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina# pr
c'petencia" 4 #a prpia percepcin :(e tienen %e "( ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%9 cn"i%er3n%"e
e##" 'i"'" '3" e'p#ea-#e" a# Aa-er reci-i% %icAa rientacin.
En e"ta in+e"ti0acin "e c(enta cn #a participacin %e 74$ e0re"a%"9 %at :(e "e +e
re%(ci% a 44$ 4 :(e pr cn"i0(iente %e!ine9 a pe"ar %e #a" %i!ic(#ta%e"9 e# 'anteni'ient %e
(n ./_ %e #a '(e"tra c(antitati+a inicia#. Se rea#i;an (n tta# %e 411 entre+i"ta" pre"encia#e"9 %e
#a" c(a#e" "e "e#eccinan a#eatria'ente 1// para Aacer (n an3#i"i" en pr!(n%i%a%. Se (ti#i;a #a
-"er+acin 4 e# a(t re0i"tr9 #a tra"cripcin 4 an3#i"i" BAne2 4C %e ca%a (na %e #a" 1//
entre+i"ta" "e#eccina%a" para cncer #a" cate0r)a" :(e aparecen en e# cn,(nt %e #a" 'i"'a"9
a") c' e# nN'er %e +ece" :(e aparecen %icAa" cate0r)a" 4 #a" per"na" cn #a" :(e "e
tra-a,an BAne2 5C "e0Nn tre" ,(ece" %i!erente" BAne2 .C. Se c'p#e'entan #" %at"
-teni%" en #" c(e"tinari" 4 en #a" entre+i"ta" cn #" ana#i;a%" en tre" 0r(p" %e
%i"c("in BAne2 7C.
En #a '(e"tra !ina# "e parte %e 0r(p" cn caracter)"tica" A'01nea"9 c(4 ran0 %e
e%a% cn 'a4r repre"entati+i%a% e" e# c'pren%i% entre e%a%e" %e &5 4 &7 a6"9 -tenien%
(n repart e:(itati+ pr "e2" cn (na #i0era 'a4r repre"entati+i%a% %e #a" '(,ere". Un
prcenta,e 'a4ritari Ben trn a# 7/_C %e #" e0re"a%" n e"t3n in%epen%i;a%" 4 +i+en cn
"(" !a'i#ia". M3" %e# 7/_ %e #" e0re"a%" :(e participan en e# e"t(%i re"i%en en Rara0;a
"e0(i% %e a:(e##" # Aacen en =(e"ca 4 Ter(e# re"pecti+a'ente. Ca"i #a 'ita% %e #"
participante" "n Licencia%" 4 a cntin(acin Dip#'a%" e In0enier". Entre #a" tit(#acine"
'3" repre"entati+a" "e enc(entran #" Licencia%" en A%'ini"tracin 4 Direccin %e E'pre"a"
BADEC9 DerecA9 P"icpe%a00)a9 Mae"tr" %e E%(cacin In!ant)#9 Dip#'a%" en
E'pre"aria#e"9 Re#acine" La-ra#e"9 T(ri"' e In0enier)a. Cn re"pect a #a "it(acin #a-ra#
en e# tie'p 19 ca"i (n 4/_ %e #" e0re"a%" n tra-a,an9 per "e e"t3n !r'an%. La
repre"entacin %e #" e0re"a%" :(e n tra-a,an 4 n "e !r'an %i"'in(4e cn"i%era-#e'ente en
a:(e##a" per"na" :(e participan en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# 4 :(e reci-en rientacin pr!e"ina#9

- &17 -
"ien% e"t" cn"ciente" %e #a i'prtancia :(e tiene #a !r'acin cntin(a a # #ar0 %e #a +i%a
en "( ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%. L" e0re"a%" :(e reci-en rientacin pr!e"ina# pr
c'petencia" n "# pre"entan (na ten%encia 'a4r a !r'ar"e9 ta'-i1n tra-a,an '3" 49 # :(e
e" '3" i'prtante aNn9 en p(e"t" re#acina%" cn #" e"t(%i". A:(e##a" per"na" :(e reci-en
rientacin 'antienen (na pre%i"p"icin 'a4r ante #a rea#i;acin %e pr3ctica" en e'pre"a" 4
e"te AecA #e" p(e%e !aci#itar e# acce" a# 'erca% #a-ra#9 p(e"t :(e "e Aa %etecta% (na c#ara
re#acin entre #a rea#i;acin %e pr3ctica" 4 #a cntin(i%a% #a-ra# en p(e"t" re#acina%" cn
#" e"t(%i".
L" e0re"a%" 'ani!ie"tan inicia#'ente (n ni+e# a#t en #a" c'petencia" %e tra-a, en
e:(ip9 i'prtancia %e #a ca#i%a%9 !#e2i-i#i%a% Araria9 %e%icacin ante #a -N":(e%a %e e'p#e9
e'pat)a 4 (ti#i;acin %e Aerra'ienta" para #a -N":(e%a 'e,ra %e e'p#e. En cntra "e6a#an
"(" ni+e#e" '3" -a," en c'petencia" c' e# a(tcnci'ient9 #a a"erti+i%a%9 #" i%i'a"9 e#
'ane, %e #a" entre+i"ta" 4 #a" %in3'ica" %e 0r(p9 #a capaci%a% %e an3#i"i" 4 #a ap#icacin %e
#" cnci'ient" a%:(iri%" %e !r'a terica en #a pr3ctica. Sin e'-ar0 (na +e; #" e0re"a%"
Aan reci-i% rientacin 4 ta# c' "e %eta##a '3" a%e#ante 'e,ran e# 'ane, %e a:(e##a"
c'petencia" en #a" :(e inicia#'ente ten)an 'a4r carencia9 a('entan% a "( +e;9 per en
'enr 'e%i%a9 a:(e##a" en #a" :(e 4a pnian %e re#ie+e (n 'ane, a+an;a% %e #a" 'i"'a".
Cn e# prp"it %e antar #a" cnc#("ine" a#can;a%a" en ca%a (n %e #" -,eti+"
inicia#e"9 "e pre"enta a cntin(acin (n %e"0#"e %e #a" 'i"'a" "e0Nn #" -,eti+".
Cn e# pri'er -,eti+ "e preten%e ana#i;ar #a e+#(cin %e #a" c'petencia"
tran"+er"a#e" %e #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina# !rente a #" :(e n Aan
"it(acin #a-ra#. Una +e; "e Aa prce%i% a# crre"pn%iente an3#i"i" %e re"(#ta%"9 p%e'"
recAa;ar #a Aipte"i" n(#a 4 a!ir'ar :(e #" e0re"a%" :(e reci-en rientacin pr!e"ina# pr
c'petencia" 'e,ran "i0ni!icati+a'ente e# ni+e# %e #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" e"t(%ia%a"
!rente a a:(e##" e0re"a%" :(e n reci-en rientacin pr!e"ina#9 in%epen%iente'ente %e#
01ner9 #a e%a% #a "it(acin #a-ra# inicia#. E2i"te Aa"ta ca"i (n 5/_ %e e+#(cin p"iti+a en
#" e0re"a%" rienta%" en a#0(na" %e #a" c'petencia" !rente a (n 4_ %e e+#(cin '32i'a
en #" e0re"a%" n rienta%". A "( +e;9 "e perci-e (n e'pera'ient %e Aa"ta '3" %e (n 5_
en e# %e"arr## %e a#0(na" c'petencia" en #" e0re"a%" n rienta%" !rente a #a a("encia
a-"#(ta %e e'pera'ient %etecta% en #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina#.
Mientra" :(e en e# 0r(p cntr# apena" "e aprecia 'e,r)a en %icAa" c'petencia"9 inc#("
e'pera e# ni+e# en a#0(na" %e e##a". En e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# n "# "e pr%(ce ca'-i9 "in
:(e "e 'antiene (n a+ance pr0re"i+ en #a 'a4r)a %e #a" c'petencia". Sien% e"pecia#'ente
"i0ni!icati+a #a e+#(cin :(e "e 'ani!ie"ta en c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" ta#e" c' #a
capaci%a% %e a(tcnci'ient9 #a c(a# 'e,ra en (n 47_ %e #" e0re"a%"9 4 #a capaci%a% %e
r0ani;acin 4 p#ani!icacin9 #a c(a# e+#(cina en (n 44_ %e #" 'i"'". Pr # tant9

- &&/ -
p%r)a'" a!ir'ar :(e para #a tran"icin "ci-#a-ra# n -a"ta cn !r'ar en cnci'ient"9
"in :(e e" nece"ari (na actit(% :(e !a+re;ca e# a(tcnci'ient %e #a per"na para -("car 4
encntrar e'p#e BDe Pa-#9 177.9 Jea"9 L#ren9 177.C9 cntri-(i'" pr en%e9 a#
ra;na'ient %e :(e c(ant 'a4r "ea e# cnci'ient %e #" e0re"a%" en ") 'i"'"9 'a4r
"er3 #a pr-a-i#i%a% %e :(e e# !(ncina'ient 0enera# %e "( per"na#i%a% "ea '3" e:(i#i-ra% 4
e"tr(ct(ra%. En e"te "enti%9 #a" %eci"ine" %e car3cter #a-ra# +an a %epen%er '(cAa" +ece" %e
e"te cnci'ient. En e"ta #)nea9 Ca(t)n 4 Ca4i##" B1777C p#antearn c(atr %i'en"ine"
-3"ica"9 entre #a" c(a#e" ten)an en c(enta e# a(tcnci'ient9 para ##e+ar a ca- (n an3#i"i" %e
#a "it(acin per"na#.
DicA" re"(#ta%" +an %e #a 'an %e #" -teni%" en e"t(%i" 4 pr4ect" ta#e" c'S
Tuning; Careers 0lter Higher Education a European Research Survey BC=EERSCS The Flexible
Proessional in the !no"ledge Society' #e" $e%ands on Higher Educaci&n in Europe
BRE8LEFCS E# pr!#e"ina# 8#e2i-#e en #a "cie%a% %e# cnci'ient BPRO8LEFCS Enc(e"ta %e
In"ercin La-ra# %e #a ANECAS 4 De!inicin 4 Se#eccin %e C'petencia" BDeSeCC9
Aacien% e"t" (n 'a4r 1n!a"i" en #a parte c(antitati+a9 c(e"tin :(e %e"%e n(e"tra
in+e"ti0acin "e c'p#e'enta cn e# pri"'a c(a#itati+.
Se cn"i%eran #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" en 0enera# 4 e# a(tcnci'ient 4 #a
capaci%a% r0ani;ati+a en partic(#ar9 c' c'petencia" :(e +a#ra e# 'erca% a# i0(a# :(e
in+e"ti0an Crite" B1/71CS KecU B177*C9 Ir%i## B17$$C9 Ki":(erra B177&C9 R%r)0(e; B177&C.
SAertrer 4 Stne B177&C 4 K4 4 Pine B177.C.
De"p(1" %e cnc#(ir :(e t%a" #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" tra-a,a%a" en e# 0r(p
e2peri'enta# 'e,ran9 %e"taca'" c' c'p#e'ent a #a" anta%a" anterir'enteS #a
capaci%a% %e c'(nicacin9 #a c(a# 'e,ra en (n &&_ %e #" e0re"a%" 4 e" e"pecia#'ente
+a#ra%a en antece%ente" teric" ta#e" c' Tuning; C=EERS 4 RE8LEF 9 '(4 teni%a en
c(enta a "( +e; pr %e# Departa'ent %e E%(cacin9 Ciencia 4 8r'acin A("tra#ian BDEST9
&//&C9 :(e rec0e #a c'(nicacin c' a"pect !(n%a'enta# para incre'entar e# ni+e# %e
e'p#ea-i#i%a%9 "ien% %icAa c'petencia '(4 +a#ra%a pr #" prpi" e'p#ea%re".
Pr tr #a% "e -tiene (na 0ran 'e,r)a en #a capaci%a% %e "er practi+9 #a c(a#
'e,ra en (n &1_ %e #" e0re"a%"9 #a capaci%a% %e %eci"in9 '(4 +a#ra%a pr #" e"t(%i"
rea#i;a%" pr Krennan et a#. B&//1C :(e incre'enta en (n &/_9 #a capaci%a% %e "er a"erti+"9
:(e ca'-ia en (n 1$_ %e #" 'i"'" 4 #a capaci%a% %e ap#icar #" cnci'ient" a #a pr3ctica9
:(e e+#(cina en (n 17_9 c'petencia" e"pecia#'ente tra-a,a%a" 4 e+a#(a%a" en PRO8LEF9
#a Enc(e"ta %e In"ercin La-ra# %e #a ANECAS 4 e# pr4ect DeSeC para #a 'e,ra %e #a
e'p#ea-i#i%a%. Sien%9 pr tr #a%9 e"pecia#'ente %e"taca-#e9 a(n:(e n n('1rica'ente9 #a
e+#(cin :(e 'ani!ie"tan #" e0re"a%" en e# 3'-it %e #a "(peracin9 a") c' e# %e #a
apert(ra para apren%er c"a" n(e+a" 4 tra-a,ar en e:(ip. Tenien% e"t" %" N#ti'" (n a#t
recnci'ient en antece%ente" teric" c' Se-a"ti3n B177.C9 R%r)0(e; B177/C Ir%i##

- &&1 -
B17$5C "in #+i%ar :(e #" prpi" e0re"a%" parten %e (n a#t ni+e# %e -a"e en %icAa"
c'petencia"9 :(e p(e%e ca"inar %i!ic(#ta% en "( p"i-#e e+#(cin BRa'ran 4 O#i+er"9
1774C. C' a!ir'a BKain &//7C e" i'prtante :(e ca%a per"na cn"tr(4a "( prpi
cnci'ient9 %e aA) #a nece"i%a% %e rientar (ti#i;an% #a actit(% cr)tica 4 #a 'a41(tica %e
Scrate". La" intencine" 4 'eta" %e #a inter+encin %e #a rientacin pr!e"ina# pr
c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" "e i%enti!ican cn (n %e #" c(atr pi#are" :(e #a C'i"in %e
Mac:(e" De#r" "e6a#H e# "a-er "er.
L#e0a'" a #a cnc#("in %e :(e c(ant '3" "e tra-a,an #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e"9
'3" p"i-i#i%a% %e 'e,rar#a" e2i"teS pr # tant "e p(e%en tra-a,ar en pr %e cn"e0(ir (na
'e,ra %e #a" 'i"'a". E"ta'"9 pr tant9 %e ac(er% cn a(tre" c' W*es livrets de
co%p5tencesB nouveaux outils pour lC5valuation des ac.uiX BLe Kter! I9 1774S Perren(%9
1777C9 #" c(a#e" a!ir'an :(e #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" tienen #a p"i-i#i%a% %e "er
tran"!eri%a" 4 !#e2i-i#i;ar #a" %e"tre;a" 0en1rica" para cn+ertir#a" en in"tr('ent" '(4 +a#i""
para ##e+ar a ca- accine" p"iti+a" en "it(acine" te'pra#e" ca'-iante"9 %n%e #a"
c'petencia" p(ra'ente re#acina%a" cn #a" 'ateria" %(ran pc tie'p. A#0(na" %e #a"
%e"tre;a" 0en1rica" '3" %e"taca%a" "n #a c'(nicacin9 #a re"#(cin %e pr-#e'a"9 e#
ra;na'ient9 e# #i%era;09 #a creati+i%a%9 #a 'ti+acin9 e# tra-a, en e:(ip 4 #a capaci%a% %e
apren%er. C' 4a %i, en "( %)a Perren(% B1777C #a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" "n parte %e
#a" caracter)"tica" 0enera#e" %e #a accin A('ana 4 enten%e'" :(e repre"entan (na
c'-inacin %in3'ica %e atri-(t" c' e# cnci'ient 4 "( ap#icacin9 actit(%e" 4
re"pn"a-i#i%a%e" :(e %e"cri-en #" re"(#ta%" %e# apren%i;a,e a%:(iri% 4 en cn"tante ca'-i
BTuning &//*C. W*a inalidad del balance de co%petencias- es por tanto- el desarrollo
proesional y la acilitaci&n de la inserci&n yQo la reinserci&n laboral'X BR'er &//7H.1C.
C' cnc#("in %e# "e0(n% -,eti+S ana#i;ar #a e+#(cin en e# 3'-it %e #"
i%i'a" 4 #a" TIC9 %e #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina# !rente a #" :(e n
Aan reci-i% %icAa rientacin 4 c'pr-ar "i e2i"ten %i!erencia" "i0ni!icati+a" "e0Nn 01ner9
e%a% "it(acin #a-ra#9 4 %e"p(1" %e -"er+ar #" re"(#ta%" "e p(e%e c'pr-ar :(e e2i"te
(na #i0era %i!erencia %e e+#(cin '3" p"iti+a %e #" i%i'a" 4 #a" TIC en #" e0re"a%" :(e
reci-en rientacin pr!e"ina# !rente a #" :(e n #a reci-en.
Mientra" :(e en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# "e perci-e (na #i0era 'e,r)a en t%a" #a" cate0r)a"
ana#i;a%a" en e"te -#:(e9 4a +a#ra%a" en #a e"tr(ct(ra %e c'petencia" a%pta%a en #"
e"t(%i" %e A>U Cata#(n4a 4 '(4 +a#ra%a" pr e# 'erca% act(a# BR%r)0(e;9 &//1S Serra9
&//7C9 en e# 0r(p cntr# "e %etecta :(e a#0(na" per"na" e'peran "( ni+e# %e i%i'a"9
'ane, %e #a" tecn#0)a" 4 Aa-i#i%a%e" c'(nicati+a"9 entre tra". P(%ien% atri-(ir %icA
e'pera'ient a #a !a#ta %e entrena'ient.
E"ta'" %e ac(er% cn Ri+ier 4 Matai2 B&//5C c(an% in"i"ten en #a nece"i%a% %e#
'ane, %e #a" Aerra'ienta" in!r'3tica"9 #a !r'acin c'p#e'entaria para e# (" !#(i% %e#

- &&& -
i%i'a in0#e"9 entre tr"9 4 e# entrena'ient para (na c'(nicacin !#(i%a 4 e!ica;9 tant
+er-a# c' e"crita en e# terren pr!e"ina# para ca'-iar e# ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%.
S'etAerAa' B&//.C a "( +e; a!ir'a :(e #a e'p#ea-i#i%a% %e (n in%i+i%( e"t3 in!#(encia%a pr
e# ni+e# %e i%i'a" :(e tiene 4 #a capaci%a% para (ti#i;ar %icAa" tecn#0)a".
N(e"tr e"t(%i cinci%e cn #" re"(#ta%" :(e -t(+ Pa(# B&//.C en e# e"t(%i %n%e "e
in+e"ti0arn a *../// 0ra%(a%" %e 7 pa)"e" e(rpe"9 tratan% %e +a#rar :(1 c'petencia"
'e,ra-an "( ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%9 4 en c(4 ca" cnta-an c' (na" %e #a" "iete
c'petencia" principa#e"9 #a" tecn#0)a" %e #a in!r'acin 4 #a c'(nicacin 4 e# 'ane, %e
(na #en0(a e2tran,era.
En e# an3#i"i" %e# 3'-it c(a#itati+ "e %etecta (na re#acin p"iti+a entre #" e0re"a%"
:(e 'ani!ie"tan (na c#ara c'petencia practi+a9 cn pre%i"p"icin a apren%er 4 p#i+a#ente
cn e# 'ane, a#t %e #a" tecn#0)a" %e #a in!r'acin 4 #a c'(nicacin9 a# i0(a# :(e "e
e"ta-#ece (na re#acin entre #" e0re"a%" :(e %e"tacan pr "( a#ta capaci%a% para t'ar
%eci"ine"9 a%aptar"e 4 "(perar"e 4 a:(e##" :(e 'ani!ie"tan (na 'a4r !#e2i-i#i%a% ante #a
p"i-i#i%a% %e +ia,ar para 'e,rar (n i%i'a 'e,rar "( e'p#ea-i#i%a%.
C' cnc#("in %e# tercer -,eti+9 ana#i;ar #a e+#(cin en e# 3'-it %e
%i"pni-i#i%a% %e #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina# !rente a #" :(e n Aan
"it(acin #a-ra#9 4 %e"p(1" %e pr!(n%i;ar en #" re"(#ta%" "e p(e%e c'pr-ar :(e n "e
Aan %etecta% %i!erencia" cn re"pect a e"ta" +aria-#e" %e "e29 e%a% "it(acin #a-ra#.
Se -"er+a (na #i0era e+#(cin tant en e# 0r(p cntr# c' en e# e2peri'enta#9
"ien% #e+e'ente '3" ac("a%a en e"te N#ti'9 en #a" cate0r)a" ana#i;a%a" incre'enta e# tie'p
:(e %e%ican #" e0re"a%" para encntrar 'e,rar "( e'p#e. Sien% 4a %e"%e Aace tie'p9 #a
%i"pni-i#i%a% para +ia,ar9 #a '+i#i%a% 0e0r3!ica9 #a !#e2i-i#i%a% Araria 4 #a apert(ra 'enta#
!actre" :(e "#icita e# 'erca% 4 :(e %e-en %e "er +a#ra%"9 ta# 4 c' a!ir'an BTeicA#er9
1777 4 Kennett9 &//&C e" nece"ari tener#" en c(enta para +a#rar e# ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% %e
(na per"na.
E# c(art -,eti+ e" ana#i;ar #a e+#(cin %e #a" Aerra'ienta" 4 #" rec(r"" %e #"
e0re"a%" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina# !rente a #" :(e n Aan reci-i% %icAa
#a-ra#. =e'" %e %eta##ar inicia#'ente :(e n "e Aan 'ani!e"ta% %i!erencia" "e0Nn e"ta"
+aria-#e" %e 01ner9 e%a% 4 "it(acin #a-ra#9 per9 pr tr #a%9 "e Aa 'arca% (na c#ara
e+#(cin p"iti+a en e# 'ane, %e Aerra'ienta" B./_C 4 rec(r"" B75_C en #" e0re"a%" :(e
Aan reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina#. DicAa %i!erencia e" "i0ni!icati+a 4 !r(t p"i-#e'ente %e#
tra-a, teric 4 pr3ctic %e %icA" rec(r"" 4 Aerra'ienta"9 en 0enera#9 4 %e #a preparacin a #a
entre+i"ta %e tra-a, 4 a #a" %in3'ica" 0r(pa#e" en partic(#ar.

- &&* -
Se %etecta (na re#acin p"iti+a entre e# tie'p :(e #" e0re"a%" e'p#ean para #a
-N":(e%a %e e'p#e9 #a -(ena r0ani;acin 4 p#ani!icacin9 4 #a capaci%a% para re"#+er
pr-#e'a" cn ni+e#e" %e 'ane, a#t tant en #" rec(r"" c' #a" Aerra'ienta" prpia" %e #a
-N":(e%a 'e,ra %e e'p#e.
L" e0re"a%" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina# 'ani!ie"tan (na 0ran e+#(cin
ante e# en!renta'ient %e# prce" %e "e#eccin en 0enera#9 #0ran% Aa"ta (n 75_ %e 'e,ra 4
e"t9 ,(nt a tr" !actre"9 cntri-(4e a #a 'e,ra %e "( ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%. L" e0re"a%"
:(e n Aan reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina# 'antienen #a "it(acin inicia# en #a :(e "e
encntra-an 'e,ran '(4 #e+e'ente e"t" a"pect"9 na%a c'para-#e cn #a e+#(cin :(e
"e6a#an #" e0re"a%" :(e participan en e# 0r(p e2peri'enta#. C'parti'" pr tant :(e e#
%'ini %e #" rec(r"" 4 Aerra'ienta" prpi" %e #a -N":(e%a %e e'p#e 'e,ra %e# 'i"'
cntri-(4en a# -(en %e"arr## pr!e"ina# BANECA &//4CS /nstitut $OEstudis Aniversitaris
4oseph Trueta B1771C 4 tenien% en c(enta #" re"(#ta%" -teni%" en %icA tra-a,9 "e p(e%e
a!ir'ar :(e e# %'ini %e %icA" c'pnente" Aacen a('entar e# ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% %e #"
e0re"a%" %e"%e (n 'ar0en a'p#i 4 %e"taca-#e. La pr3ctica 4 e# %e"arr## %e %icA" rec(r""
4 Aerra'ienta" cntri-(4en a (n 'a4r %'ini %e #a" 'i"'a" BMir et a#.9 &//*C.
En re#acin a t% # e2p(e"t anterir'ente9 R%r)0(e; et a#. B&//7H4&C inc#(4en tant
#a" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" c' e# cnci'ient %e i%i'a" 4 'ane, %e #a" TIC9 a") c'
#a %i"pni-i#i%a% 4 e# 'ane, %e rec(r"" 4 Aerra'ienta" c' Wco%ponentes esenciales del
concepto de e%pleabilidad6' C' ap(ntan Krennan et a#. B&//1C #" #i"ta%" %e c'petencia"
a"cia%a" a #a e'p#ea-i#i%a% +ar)an "e0Nn #" cnte2t" p(e"t :(e en '(cAa" ca"ine" #a
tip#0)a 4 c(#t(ra e'pre"aria# 'arca #a p#)tica cncreta %e "e#eccin 4 e'p#e. En %icAa
"intn)a9 Ae'" "i% !#e2i-#e" 4 teni% en c(enta (na "erie %e c'pnente" :(e Aan "(r0i% %e
(n '% in%(cti+ c(an% "e e#a-ra-a e# an3#i"i" c(a#itati+9 c' p(e%en "er #a p#i+a#encia9
#a i'p#icacin en e# pr4ect9 #a p(nt(a#i%a%9 #a e2periencia pr!e"ina#9 #a capaci%a% %e
"(peracin9 #a capaci%a% e'pren%e%ra 4 #a rea#i;acin %e pr3ctica"9 cntri-(4en% e"ta" a #a
'e,ra %e #a e'p#ea-i#i%a% c' "e6a#a Sctti"A C(nci# 8(n%atin B&//*H*&C9 enti%a% :(e
e"ta-#ece en "(" cnc#("ine" Whay una gran evidencia de .ue la experiencia pr2ctica en el
lugar de traba4o es clave para la pronta obtenci&n de e%pleo por parte de los egresadosX. E"ta
a!ir'acin e"t3 crr-ra%a pr =ar+e4 B1777H.4C9 :(ien a!ir'a :(e Wla experiencia de traba4o
se ha %ostrado co%o uno de los ele%entos claves- deter%inante del 5xito de los graduados en
la bEs.ueda de e%pleoX. Parece9 pr tant9 :(e #a a%:(i"icin %e c'petencia" pr!e"ina#e"9 a
tra+1" %e #a ap#icacin pr3ctica %e cnci'ient" 4 e# %e"arr## %e #a" Aa-i#i%a%e"9 e" (na +)a
i'prtante para #a e'p#ea-i#i%a% !(t(ra9 a #a +e; :(e "e cn"#i%a #a a%:(i"icin c'petencia#
%entr %e #" c(rr)c(#". A")9 #a" pr3ctica" e2terna" t'an (n pape# i'prtante en #a a%:(i"icin
%e c'petencia" c#a+e" para en!rentar"e a# '(n% #a-ra#. Recr%e'" :(e (n &7_ %e #"
e0re"a%" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin pr c'petencia" Aa rea#i;a% pr3ctica" en e# tran"c(r"

- &&4 -
%e tie'p :(e particip en #a inter+encin9 !rente a# 17_ %e #" e0re"a%" :(e n Aan reci-i%
%icAa rientacin.
<a e# 'er intent %e +a#rar e# ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% n e"t3 e2ent %e %i!ic(#ta%9
partien% c' "e6a#an =ar+e4 et a#. B&//&C %e #a prpia %e!inicin e i%enti!icacin %e #"
prpi" c'pnente" %e #a 'i"'a. Dni0At B&//1C ar0('enta :(e #a re#acin entre e'p#ea-i#i%a%
4 e'p#e e"t3 a#ta'ente 'e%iati;a%a tant pr !actre" e"tr(ct(ra#e" %e %e"i0(a#%a%e" en e#
acce" c' %e !erta 4 %e'an%a %e e'p#e. Pr tr #a%9 Mrea( 4 LeatAAE% B&//.C
"e6a#an :(e e# %i"c(r" "-re #a e'p#ea-i#i%a% %e #" (ni+er"itari" Aa "a-i% tra"#a%ar #a
pre"in %e# #0r %e (n e'p#e a #a !r'acin %e# in%i+i%(9 %e,an% en (n "e0(n% t1r'in #a
atencin a #" !actre" e"tr(ct(ra#e" %e# 'erca% %e tra-a,. Tene'"9 pr tant9 #a +a#racin
%e %i!erente" pri"'a" en c(ant a e'p#ea-i#i%a% 4 e'p#e "e re!iere. Sin e'-ar09 en # :(e
parece ") e2i"tir (nani'i%a% e" en #a i'prtancia :(e a'-" ar0('ent" #e atri-(4en a #a"
actit(%e" ne0ati+a" Aacia #a -N":(e%a %e e'p#e %e-i% a -arrera" e i'pe%i'ent" :(e #"
,+ene" a"('en c' rea#e" B"(erte9 p#)tica" %e tra-a,9 !r("tracine"9 !a#ta %e cn!ian;a en "("
p"i-i#i%a%e" para encntrar e'p#e9 etc.C9 i'pi%en #a rea#i;acin %e cn%(cta" e"trate0ia"
a%ec(a%a" para #a -N":(e%a %e e'p#e :(e !aci#iten #a tran"icin "ci-#a-ra# BIn;3#e; 4
Na+arr9 177$S Kea"9 L#ren" 4 Pina;9 &///C. Recr%e'" :(e #a +a#racin :(e Aacen #"
e0re"a%" %e "( actit(% e" '3" -ien ne0ati+a9 1"te9 entre tr"9 p%r)a "er (n !actr %e e"t(%i en
e# :(e "e p%r)a pr!(n%i;ar en !(t(ra" in+e"ti0acine" p(e"t :(e en e"ta ca"in n "e Aa
perci-i% (na e+#(cin repre"entati+a. Me pre0(nt9 pr tant ?e# e"tanca'ient %e #a
e+#(cin %e (na actit(% p"iti+a A(-iera "i% e# 'i"' "i n" A(-iera'" encntra% en tra
c4(nt(ra ecn'ica 4 "cia#@ e ?in!#(4en #" 'e%i" %e c'(nicacin en #a !a#ta %e
creci'ient %e (na actit(% p"iti+a en #" e0re"a%"@ .Ciert e"9 :(e e##" 'i"'" 'ani!ie"tan
ciert %e"a;n :(e atri-(4en a #" 'e%i" %e c'(nicacin 4 #a cn"tante recepcin %e 'a#a"
nticia"9 per :(e%a a-ierta e"ta p"i-#e #)nea para "er tra-a,a%a en !(t(ra" in+e"ti0acine".
En (na enc(e"ta rea#i;a%a pr #a ANECA B&//4-C9 cn a#('n" (ni+er"itari" %e #"
c(r"" "(perire"9 "e pre0(nta-a "-re #a 'ti+acin para ir a #a (ni+er"i%a%. La re"p(e"ta
'a4ritaria B7194_C !(e #a %e 'e,rar #a per"pecti+a #a-ra#9 ##e+3n%"e (na 0ran %i"tancia cn
e# 0("t pr e"t(%iar B1795_C :(e #e "e0()a en #a" pre!erencia" para #a e#eccin. Pr en%e9
c(an% Aa-#a'" %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% %e #" e0re"a%"9 e" ine+ita-#e n pen"ar en #a "it(acin
#a-ra#9 p(e"t :(e e# -,eti+ %e #a 'i"'a e" in"ertar"e en e# 'erca% 'e,rar #a prpia
"it(acin #a-ra#. DicA in%ica%r pr tant9 n" per'ite +a#rar aNn '3" #a in!#(encia :(e #a
inter+encin %e rientacin pr c'petencia" p(e%e Aa-er teni% en #" e0re"a%". C'
p%e'" c'pr-ar en #" re"(#ta%" -teni%" cn e# an3#i"i" %e #a "it(acin #a-ra#9 en e#
0r(p e2peri'enta# e2i"te (n a('ent %e #" e0re"a%" :(e tra-a,an en p(e"t" re#acina%"
cn #" e"t(%i" 4 a%e'3" "i0(en !r'3n%"e9 a# i0(a# :(e a('entan #a" per"na" :(e tra-a,an
en (n p(e"t n re#acina% cn #" e"t(%i" per :(e cntinNan !r'3n%"e a:(e##" :(e n

- &&5 -
tra-a,an 4 cntinNan !r'3n%"e. Pr e# cntrari "e 'antienen #" tra-a,a%re" "it(a%" en (n
p(e"t re#acina% cn "(" e"t(%i" 4 :(e n "e !r'an 4 %i"'in(4en a:(e##" tra-a,a%re" :(e
"e enc(entran en p(e"t" n re#acina%" cn #" e"t(%i" 4 n 'e,ran "( !r'acin a:(e##"
:(e n tra-a,an 4 n cntinNan !r'3n%"e. E" %ecir9 a:(e##" e0re"a%" :(e reci-en
rientacin pr!e"ina# pr c'petencia" tien%en a 'antener (na !r'acin a # #ar0 %e #a +i%a
4 a encntrar (n tra-a, pre!erente'ente re#acina% cn #" e"t(%i". En cntrap"icin #"
e0re"a%" :(e n Aan reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina# pr c'petencia" tien%en #i0era'ente a
n "e0(ir !r'3n%"e 4 a n encntrar tra-a,. A"('ien% en e"te ca"9 #a i'prtancia :(e
De#r" B1777H4/C 4a atri-(4 a# *ielong *earning para Wencontrar el tesoro .ue cada cual lleva
en su interiorX. Pr tr #a%9 in%epen%iente'ente %e #a "it(acin #a-ra# en #a :(e "e
enc(entran9 (n 7*_ %e #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin pr c'petencia" cn"i%era9
:(e Aa 'e,ra% "( ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% !rente9 a# 44_ %e #" e0re"a%" :(e n Aan reci-i%
%icAa rientacin9 %at "i0ni!icati+9 :(e c' pc9 n" in+ita a #a re!#e2in.

- &&. -

V. LIMITACIOES SOBRE LA IVESTIGACI

Ante" %e cnc#(ir9 e" preci" "e6a#ar #a" #i'itacine" %e e"te tra-a, re"pect a#
in"tr('ent %e rec0i%a %e %at". N" re!eri'"9 en cncret9 a# tip %e e"ca#a (ti#i;a%a 4 a #a
nece"i%a% %e cn"i%erar e# e!ect %e #a %e"ea-i#i%a% "cia#. ?E"ta'" "e0(r" %e :(e #"
e0re"a%" Aan cnte"ta% %e ac(er% a "(" +er%a%er" ni+e#e" en #a c'petencia9 cnci'ient
rec(r"" 4 Aerra'ienta" Aan re"pn%i% para :(e%ar -ien ante e# in+e"ti0a%r@. La (ti#i;acin
%e t1cnica" c(a#itati+a" c' entre+i"ta" en pr!(n%i%a% 4 0r(p" %e %i"c("in p(e%en Aa-ern"
a4(%a% a "(perar e"ta #i'itacin e in%a0ar cn (na 'a4r preci"in en c(a# e" #a percepcin
rea# :(e tienen %e# ni+e# %e c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e"9 cnci'ient" %e i%i'a" 4 'ane, %e
#a" tecn#0)a" %e #a in!r'acin 4 #a c'(nicacin9 %i"pni-i#i%a% 4 'ane, %e Aerra'ienta" 4
rec(r"".
E"pecia#'ente pc ante" %e# p"t-te"t Ae'" perci-i% (na nece"i%a% '3" ac("a%a en
#" e0re"a%" %e encntrar (n tra-a, :(e re"pn%a a (na" nece"i%a%e" ecn'ica" 4 Aan
priri;a% e# tra-a,ar pr nece"i%a%9 a"('ien% #a a("encia a a#0(na %e #a" entre+i"ta" 4 #a !a#ta
%e re"p(e"ta a #" c(e"tinari" !ina#e"9 "(ce" :(e cntri-(4e a (na per%i%a %e '(e"tra
c(antitati+a %e (n 4/_9 re!r;a%a en e"te ca" pr #a %i!ic(#ta% %e #ca#i;acin9 "e0(i'ient 4
a(t-e2c#("in pr parte %e# in+e"ti0a%r %e #" e0re"a%" :(e Aan reci-i% rientacin !(era %e
#a p#ani!ica%a en e"ta in+e"ti0acin
La %e"'ti+acin e incerti%('-re :(e a#0(n" %e #" e0re"a%" 'ani!ie"tan n" -#i0an
a e'p#ear '(cA tie'p %e #a" entre+i"ta" a c'entar a"pect" c4(nt(ra#e" 4 prpi" %e#
'erca% %e tra-a, 4 a tra-a,ar #a a(t'ti+acin 4 #a actit(% p"iti+a cn #a %i!ic(#ta% :(e e##
cn##e+a9 per tenien% c#ar #a i'prtancia %e #a 'i"'a. C' rienta%ra e# tra-a,ar cn e"ta
'et%#0)a "(pne (ti#i;ar (na" t1cnica" n(e+a" 4 e"'erar'e para n !aci#itar#e #a in!r'acin
"in :(e #a per"na pre+ia'ente Aa4a -("ca% pr "( c(enta. E"t 'e Aa "(p(e"t (n e"!(er; 4
"ien% !ie# cn #a rea#i%a%9 n "ie'pre # Ae AecA a")9 cn e"t "e %e'(e"tra :(e e# rienta%r
nece"ita (na !a"e %e entrena'ient pre+i ante" %e p#antear"e e# rea#i;ar rienta%r pr!e"ina#
pr c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e". En e# peri% :(e %e"arr##a'" #a te"i"9 E"pa6a e"ta "('i%a en
(na pr!(n%a cri"i"9 tant a ni+e# ecn'ic c' "cia#9 "it(acin :(e a#i'enta #a
incerti%('-re 4 #a %i!ic(#ta% %e #" e0re"a%" para 'e,rar9 en 0ran parte9 "( ni+e# %e
e'p#ea-i#i%a%. Cn re"pect a #a 'et%#0)a9 Unra(9 Irinne## 4 Pi##ia'" B&//5C "e6a#an :(e
#a 'a4r)a %e #" e"t(%i" incrpra (n Nnic en!:(e %e-i% a# c"t9 tie'p 4 cnci'ient"
:(e re:(iere e'p#ear (na per"pecti+a 'i2ta 4 en cierte '% e"ta'" %e ac(er% en :(e (na %e
#a" #i'itacine" a #a :(e n" Ae'" en!rentea% e" #a 0ran canti%a% %e tie'p 4 rec(r""
e'p#ea%" en #a e#a-racin e interpretacin %e %at" 'i2t".

- &&7 -

VI. COTRIBUCI AL 2MBITO DE LA ITERVECI
PSICOPEDAGGICA 3 SUGERECIAS PARA TRABAJOS
POSTERIORES

Para !ina#i;ar e"te tra-a, c'enta'" #a cntri-(cin a# 3'-it %e #a inter+encin
p"icpe%a00ica 4 #a rientacin pr!e"ina#.
C' Ae'" p%i% c'pr-ar a # #ar0 %e # e2p(e"t en #" re"(#ta%"9 #a"
c'petencia" tra"+er"a#e" e"t3n e"trecAa'ente +inc(#a%a" cn tra" capaci%a%e" :(e 'e,ran #a
e'p#ea-i#i%a%. Reci-ien% (na rientacin pr c'petencia" cn"e0(i'" a('entar #a
p"i-i#i%a% :(e tienen #" e0re"a%" para in"ertar"e en e# 'erca% 'e,rar pr!e"ina#'ente.
C(e"tin9 :(e "in "er e# -,eti+ principa# %e #a (ni+er"i%a%9 "i e" (n inter1" %e"taca-#e %e #a
'i"'a. >(e #a prpia inter+encin p"icpe%a00ica a tra+1" %e (na rientacin pr!e"ina# pr
c'petencia" cntri-(4a a %icA %e"arr## in+ita a #a p(e"ta en 'arcAa %e# prce" 4 a #a
%i!("in %e %icAa inter+encin.
E# tra-a,ar #a" c'petencia" 4 caracter)"tica" prpia" %e# cncept %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%9
tenien% en c(enta #" cinc par3'etr" e"t(%ia%"9 i'p(#"a% cn (na -(ena %"i" %e tra-a,9
cn"tancia 4 actit(% p"iti+a a(0(ra (n !(t(r e"peran;a%r para #" e0re"a%"9 4 '3" :(e
nece"ari9 en #" tie'p" :(e +i+i'".
Ap"ta'" pr (na rientacin inte0ra%ra :(e "e centre en #a per"na 4 ten0a en
c(enta tant "(" nece"i%a%e" c' "( cnte2t9 a"i c' :(e per'ita a #" e0re"a%" 'e,rar "(
ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% para cn"e0(ir "er -(en" pr!e"ina#e"9 AecA :(e reperc(tir3 en #a
"cie%a% 4 en e# e"ta% %e -iene"tar. Pr t% # e2p(e"t en e"te tra-a, cn"i%era'" :(e #a
rientacin pr c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" c('p#e (na !(ncin terape(tica a tener en c(enta en
e# 3'-it %e #a p"icpe%a00)a9 p(e"t :(e #" e0re"a%" "e "ienten ap4a%"9 e"c(cAa%"9
i'prtante"9 Nnic" 4 e2tre'a%a'ente a0ra%eci%".
En p"i-#e" in+e"ti0acine" !(t(ra" "e p%r)a intentar rea#i;ar (n e"t(%i #n0it(%ina# 4
cn"e0(ir '3" in!r'acin %e #a e+#(cin a #a :(e #" prpi" e0re"a%" "e Aan en!renta%
cn e# pa" %e# tie'p. Se p%r)a ret'ar #a rec0i%a %e %at" a #" 'i"'" e0re"a%"
tra"c(rri%" tre" cinc a6" 4 %e e"te '% enri:(ecer #a in!r'acin 4a -teni%a cn #"
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Kate'an9 T. 4 Crant9 M.M. B177*C YTAe Practi+e C'pnent ! Or0ani;atina# KeAa+irY
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K"A(i;en9 =. P. A. B&//4CH WDe" Practice MaUe Per!ect@ A S#E an% Di"cntin(("
Prce""X9 enH K"A(i;en9 =. P. A.S Kr''e9 R.9 4 Ir(-er9 =. BE%".C.

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graduatesB co%parison "ith Europe and Lapan' A Reprt t tAe =E8CE -4 tAe Centre !r
=i0Aer E%(catin Re"earcA an% In!r'atin. Ln%nH Open Uni+er"it4.

Krennan9M. 4 SAaA9 T. B&//*C. 0cces to PhatT Converting Educational 9pportunity into
E%ploy%ent 9pportunity' Center !r =i0Aer E%(catin Re"earcA an% In!r'atin BC=ERIC.
Ln%nH Open Uni+er"it4.

KreE9 A. B1775C WDirectin" in Sta!! De+e#p'entX9 TAe Sciet4 !r Re"earcA int =i0Aer
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an% S'a## K("ine"". Ka"in0"tUeH Pa#0ra+e. .$.

Krincne"9 I.9 8(ente"9 A.9 Nie%a9 M.9 Pa#aci"9 M.M. 4 Oter9 M. B17$.C. I%enti!icacin %e
c'prta'ient" %e"ea-#e" %e# pr!e"ra% %e Ciencia" E2peri'enta#e" %e# KacAi##erat9
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K(nU9 I. P. B1774CH WLa tran"!r'acin %e #a" c'petencia" en #a !r'acin 4
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$-14.

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CU9 C. M. B&//*C 9rienting students to university lie and enhacing their engage%ent
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./ B&C9 45-.7.

C+e49 C. B17$.C *os siete h2bitos de la gente alta%ente eectiva. Pai%" P#(ra#. Karce#na.
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1&..

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(ni+er"itari" en E"pa6aX9 Papeles de Econo%)a Espa:ola9 ..9 7$-7$.

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%e #" rec(r"" A('an"X en K#a"c9 K. BCr%.C9 *a generaci&n de cualiicaciones en las
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EcAe+err)a9 K. B1777CH WIn"ercin "ci#a-ra#X. En Revista de /nvestigaci&n Educativa9 +#
159 nO &9 p30". $5-115.Editorial Popular.E"pa6a9 Ma4.

EcAe+err)a9 K. B&//&C. @esti&n de la Co%petencia de 0cci&n Proesional' Karce#naH
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EcAe+err)a9 M.C.9 Mrera9 M.T.9 Ma;Uiar3n9 C. 4 Iarri%9 M.M. B=UUIC C'petiti+e "rptin
! Aea+4 'eta# -4 "i#". I"tAer'" an% !ractina# !actria# e2peri'ent". Environ%ental
Pollution9 1/1- &75D;IR'

EcAe+err)a. K. B177*C. 8r'acin pr!e"ina#. I()a para e# "e0(i'ient %e "( e+#(cin.
Karce#naH Pr'cine" 4 P(-#icacine" Uni+er"itaria".

Ec9 U. B177&C. *os l)%ites de la interpretaci&n. Karce#naH L('en.

E%Ear%"9 P. B1754C. TAe tAer4 ! %eci"in 'aUin0. Psychology 7ulletin. 51H *$/-417.

Ei"en-er09 N. B&///C. E'tin9 Re0(#atin9 an% Mra# De+e#p'ent. 0nnual Revie" o
Psychology- ?=9 ..5-.77.E+an"tn9 RIH Carr## Pre"".

E"c(%er9 M.M. B17$1C. *os %odelos did2cticos' Karce#naH Oi2"-Ta(.

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per"pecti+a9 Revista de /nvestigaci&n Educativa9 1$9 &9 4/5- 41..

E"c(%er9 T B&//5C. Se#eccin9 e+a#(acin 4 carrera pr!e"ina#9 en / oro 0#EC0 3El
proesorado universitario69 ANECA9 Ma%ri%9 7-$.

E"c(%er9 T. B17$/C. ?Se p(e%en e+a#(ar #" centr" e%(cati+" 4 "(" pr!e"re"@. In"tit(t
%e Ciencia" %e #a E%(cacin. Uni+er"i%a% %e Rara0;a.

E"c(%er9 T. 4 Crrea9 A. D. B&//.C. /nvestigaci&n en innovaci&n educativaB algunos
2%bitos relevantes9 E%itria# La M(ra##a9 Ma%ri%9 *&7pp.

E"c(%er. T. B177.C. E+a#(acin in"tit(cina# 4 p#ani!icacin e"trat10ica en #a (ni+er"i%a%9
en Te,e%r9 8.M. 4 R%r)0(e;9 M.L. BE%".C9 Evaluaci&n Educativa //' Evaluaci&n /nstitucional-
Dc('ent" Di%3ctic" 1579 In"tit(t Uni+er"itari %e Ciencia" %e #a E%(cacin9
Uni+er"i%a% %e Sa#a'anca9 **-5*. BA(tr NnicC.

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i'p#icacine" para e# ren%i'ient. Psicothe%a. J#.1*9 nO19 pp.&7-*7.

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e# Arari %e# pr!e"ra%@Y. En Acta" %e# Congreso 9rientaci&n Aniversitaria y
Evaluaci&n de la Calidad BOct(-re9 177.C9 Uni+er"i%a% %e# Pa)" Ja"c9 Ki#-a B$7-7.C.

8r0a"9 M. B&//*C. Di"e6 c(rric(#ar pr c'petencia". Te"i" Dctra# en Ciencia"
Pe%a00ica". In"tit(t S(perir Pe%a00ic 8ranU Pa)"9 Santia0 %e C(-a.

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&*9 1**Q1$7. IreenEicA9 CTH MAI Pre"".

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%i'en"in"9 an% app#icatin". Lournal o (ocational 7ehavior- W?- 14 Q *$.

Iarc)a9 N. B177$C. De"arr## %e c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" para e# acce" a# e'p#eH
Practica# an% E%(catina# Trainin09 (na prp(e"ta 'et%#0ica. Inter+encin p"ic"cia#9 79
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an% Mana0e'ent9 1/9 pp. &$7-*/5.

Iarc)a Pa"c(a#9 E B&//4C. $id2ctica y Curr)culu%' Claves para el an2lisis del proceso de
ense:an,a' MIRA. p.44..

Ii#9 M. A. B1777CH L" tit(#a%" (ni+er"itari" 4 e# 'erca% %e tra-a,. Un e"t(%i %e#
%e"a,("te e%(cati+. La Ca,a %e Canaria". O-ra "cia#.

Ii#9 D. B17$*C. Tre" para%i0'a" -3"ic" en #a en"e6an;a %e #a" ciencia". Ense:an,a de las
Ciencias- 1B1C9 &.-**.

Ii# P1re;9 D. B177*C. Cntri-(cin %e #a Ai"tria 4 %e #a !i#"!)a %e #a ciencia a# %e"arr##
%e (n '%e# %e en"e6an;a apren%i;a,e c' in+e"ti0acin. Enseiian,a de las Ciencias-
11B&C9 177-&1&.

Iin;-er0e9 R.9 Iin"-(r0"9. P.9 A2e#E. S.9 4 =er'a,9. L. B1751C H 9ccupational choice' NeE
<rUH C%('-ia Uni+er"it4. 17-7..

I#e'an9 D. B1775C *a /nteligencia e%ocional E%. Dair"9 Karce#na. *1.

In;3#e;9 M.L. B&//4C Teor)as de la vida9 E%. S)nte"i"9 Ma%ri%.

Ir%i##9 M. J. B17$5C. YLa rientacin en #a (ni+er"i%a%Y. En RevistaEspa:ola de
Pedagog)a- n'X 1.7-17/9 ,(#iT%ic. 4*5-451.

Ireen9 A. B177$C. Cre SUi##"9 De4 SUi##" an% Ienera# C(#t(re H In SearcA ! tAe C''n
8(n%atin in Jcatina# E%(catin. Evaluation and Research in Education9 1&919 &*-4*.
Ireen9 M.I. B177.C. In%e!inite 0a#" in Ee##-"tr(ct(re% pr-#e'". P"4cA#0ica# Re+ieE.
477-471.

Irt9 P. 4 Maa""en 9 =. B&///C. E%(catin9 trainin0 an% e'p#4a-i#it4. 0pplied
Econo%ics9 G;9 57*-5$1.

=a'e#9 I. 4 Par#a%9 C.D. B1775C. Co%pitiendo por el uturo. Estrategia crucial para crear
los %ercados del %a:ana' Karce#naH Arie#.

=ar+e49 L. B1777CH Ira%(ate" PrU Or0ani"atina# CAan0e an% St(%ent" Attri-(te".
Uni+er"it4 ! Centra# En0#an%9 Centre !r Re"earcA >(a#it4.

=ei,Ue9 =.9 Men09 C.9 4 Ri"9 C. B&//*C. Y8ittin0 t tAe M-H TAe R#e ! Ieneric an%
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&15-&&7.

=i##a0e9 M.9 4 P##ar%9 E. B177$C. E'p#4a-i#it4. De+e#pin0 a 8ra'eErU !r P#ic4
Ana#4"i". Depart'ent !r E%(catin an% E'p#4'ent BD!EEC. Re"earcA reprt N RR$5
BLn%n9 D8EEC. $7.

="t9 J. B17$$C. Caracteri;acin %e '%e#" %i%3ctic" en #a en"e6an;a %e #a" ciencia".
Ponencia del curso de For%aci&n de For%adores' Se+i##a.

=('pAre4"9 P.S S+en"n9 O. 4 Jari9 A. B17$*C. 0nalysing and 0iding $ecision Processes.
NrtA-=##an% P(-#. C. NeE A'"ter%an.

- &*5 -
In0#eAart9 R. B1777C. The silent revolutionB Changing values and political styles a%ong
Pestern publics. PrincetnH Princetn Uni+er"it4 Pre"".

/nstitut dOEstudis Aniversitaris Loseph Trueta >=UU=). Principa#" Cnc#("in" %e# E"t(%i"
Apren"a9 (ni+er"itar i tre-a## 17$$9 17$79177/ 4 WLa (ni+er"itat cata#ana %e"%e #a
per"pecti+a %e #e" e'pre"e"X. In"tit(t DjE"t(%i" Uni+er"itari" M"epA Tr(eta9 Karce#na.

Iri0in9 M. 4 Jar0a" B&//&C. 8ernan%. Co%petencia laboral' Hanual de conceptos-
%5todos y aplicaciones en el sector salud. Mnte+i%eH CINTER8OR.1/.

Ma'e"9 =. B1777C. The Shorter FictionB Reassess%ent. E%ite% -4 N.=.Ree+e. NeE <rU.

Mean-Mac:(e"9 P. B&//.C. In"tit(t %e RecAercAe "(r #oE%(catinH Sci#0ie et ^cn'ie %e
#o^%(catin BIREDUC BIn"tit(te !r Re"earcA in tAe Sci#04 an% Ecn'ic" ! E%(catinC
Uni+er"it1 %e K(r00ne.

Dni0At9 P. B&//1C. E'p#4a-i#it4 an% :(a#it4. Vuality in Higher Education-7B&C9 7*-75.

Dni0At9 P. 4 <rUe9 M. B&//*C. WE'p#4a-i#it4 an% I% Learnin0 in =i0Aer E%(catinX9
enH TeacAin0 in =i0Aer E%(catin9 +#. $9 n.O 1.

D;ie#ecUi9 M.B17$1C. Psychological $ecision Theory' Theory and $ecision' NeE <rUH
P#en(' Pre"".

Dr('-#t;9 M.D. B1777C. A "cia# #earnin0 tAer4 ! career %eci"in 'a#tin0. In A.M.
MitcAe#9 I.K. Mne"9 4 M.L. Dr('-#t; BE%".C. Scia# Learnin0 TAer4 an% Career-Deci"in
Ma#tin0 BcAap. &C.45-.7.

La4er9 I. B&//4C. Pi%enin0 Participatin an% E'p#4a-i#it4. <rUH Learnin0 an% TeacAin0
S(pprt NetErU.

L3;ar9 A. B1777C. La accin t(tria# %e #a !(ncin %cente (ni+er"itaria. Revista
Co%plutense de Educaci&n $B1C &**-&5&.

Le Kter!9 I. B1777C. $e la co%petence a la navigation proessionnelle'Par)s9 e%itin"
%or0ani"atin.

Le Kter!9 I. B&//1C. /ngenier)a de las co%petencias. Karce#naH Ie"tin &///.
Lent9 R.9 KrEn9 S. 4 =acUett9 I. B1774C. TEar% a (ni!4in0 "cia# c0niti+e tAer4 !
career an% aca%e'ic intere"t9 cAice an% per!r'ance. Lournal o (ocational 7ehavior- R?9
77-1&&.

Len9 O. 4 Mnter9 I. B1777CH $ise:o de investigaciones9 &O e%icin9 E%.McIraE-=i##9
Ma%ri%.

Le""ar% C. B&//1C. R5lexions sur la R5or%e Curriculaire au Vu5bec. Uni+er"it1 %e
Mntr1a# H >(1-ec.

Le+in9 R.A. B177&C. Re+ieE ! WCent(rie" ! t(trin0.A Ai"tr4 ! a#ternati+e e%(catin in
A'erica an% Pe"tern E(rpeX. History o Education Vuarterly9 *&B*C *77-*$1.

Le4 Or03nica 1T177/9 %e * %e ct(-re9 %e Or%enacin Ienera# %e# Si"te'a E%(cati+. KOE
nO &*$ %e /4T1/T7/.

- &*. -
Le4 Or03nica 1/T&//&9 %e &* %e %icie'-re9 %e Ca#i%a% %e #a E%(cacin. KOE nO */7 %e
&4T1&T&//&.

Lin%-#'9 C. B1757C. TAe "cience ! W'(%%#in0X tAr(0A. Public 0d%i + nistrative Revie"9
179 77-$$.

Lin%"a49 P.4 Dn29 P.E. B17$4CH Cntin(it4 an% cAan0e in ErU +a#(e" a'n0 4(n0
a%(#t"H a #n0it(%ina# "t(%4. 0%erica% Lournal o Sociology- IU- >R) - U=I+UG='

L'-ana9 M.=. B1777C. A pr0ra'-p#annin0 appracA t teacAer cn"(#tatin. TAe ScA#
C(n"e##r9 &.9 1.*-17/.

L+1n9 A. B&//*C TAe para%i0' SAi!tHRAetric ! Rea#it4T- /nternational Lournal or
Educational and (ocational @uidance9*9 1&*-1*5.

L(ce9 R 4 S(ppe"9 P. B17.5C. Pre!erencce9 (ti#it49 an% "(-,ecti+e pr-a-i#it4. En Handboo8
o Hathe%atical Pychology9 NeE <rUH Pi#e4. &47-41/.

L(c49 T. B&//7C WIet tAe e%0eX9 Diari TAe I(ar%ian9 "eccin e%(cacin. 1/ %e ,(ni %e
&//7. Ln%re"9 Rein Uni%.

Marc9 E. 4 Picar%9 D. B177&C *a interacci&n social' Cultura- instituciones y co%unicaci&n-
Pai%"9 Karce#na.

MarcA9 =.P. Pa#ter9 R. 4 De-("9 R. B1771C. S(-,ect."peci!ic c'pnent" ! aca%e'ic
"e#!-cncept an% "e#!-e!!icac4. Conte%porary Educational Psychology- >=W).

Marr:()n9 M. Mnter9 D. 4 Pa##are"9 E. B1777C. YE# Ser+ici %e Orientacin Uni+er"itaria
%e De("tY. En Acta" %e# Congreso 9rientaci&n Aniversitaria y Evaluaci&n de la Calidad
BOct(-re9 177.C9 Uni+er"i%a% %e# Pa)" Ja"c9 Ki#-a B5*-5$C.

Me%ran9 C.9 Aier-e9 A. 4 Ore,(%9 S. B&//7C E# per!i# %e cn"(' te#e+i"i+ en
a%#e"cente"H %i!erencia" en !(ncin %e# "e2 4 e"teretip" "cia#e". /nancia y 0prendi,a4e-
*& B*C9 &7*-*/.'

Me%ran9 C.9 Aier-e9 A. 4 Pa#aci"9 S. B&//$C. La %ieta te#e+i"i+a 4 #" +a#re"H (n e"t(%i
rea#i;a% cn a%#e"cente" %e# Pa)" Ja"c. Revista Espa:ola de Pedagog)a9 &*79 .5-$4.

Me%ran9 C.9 Aier-e9 A. 4 Pa#aci"9 S. B&//$C. E# per!i# %e cn"(' te#e+i"i+ en
a%#e"cente"9 ,+ene" 4 a%(#t"H I'p#icacine" para #a e%(cacin. Revista de
Educaci&n-*5&-545-5...

Me%ran9 C.9 Crt1"9 A. 4 Pa#aci"9 S. B&//7C. L" +a#re" per"na#e" 4 #" +a#re"
perci-i%" en #a te#e+i"inH (n e"t(%i cn a%#e"cente". Revista Electr&nica Aniversitaria
de For%aci&n del Proesorado- 1& B4C9 55-...

Me%ran9 C.9 Crt1"9 A.9 Aier-e9 A. 4 Ore,(%9 S. B&/1/C. L" pr0ra'a" 4 caracter)"tica"
%e #" per"na,e" pre!eri%" en e# +i"ina% %e te#e+i"inH %i!erencia" e+#(ti+a" 4 %e "e2.
Cultura y Educaci&n9 && B1C9 *-&/.

Me%ran9 C.9 Crte"9 A.9 Pa#aci"9 S. B&//7C. WLa te#e+i"in 4 e# %e"arr## %e +a#re"X.
$ialnet ISSN //*4-$/$&9 NO *4&9 &//7 p30". */7-*&$.

Me##er"9 K.A.9 ScAEartt;9 A.M. < CU9 D.M. B177$C. M(%0'ent an% Deci"in MaUin0.
0nnual Revie" o Psychology.

- &*7 -
Merten" L. B&///C. La Ie"tin pr C'petencia La-ra# en #a E'pre"a 4 #a 8r'acin
Pr!e"ina# Ma%ri%H Or0ani;acin %e E"ta%" I-era'erican" para #a E%(cacin9 #a
Ciencia 4 #a C(#t(ra BOEIC. B1&C.

Me"e0(er J. S.9 I6i R.9 M.9 D)e; E. 8. 4 =ernan% Ma"%e( M. B&//7C. La t(tr)a c'
e#e'ent c#a+e %e #a ren+acin per'anente %e #a ca#i%a% (ni+er"itaria. En !. D)e; E"te##a9
0ctas del // Congreso de /nnovaci&n $ocente en Ciencias Lur)dicas B5/C.

MicAe#9 I. B&//1C. 0prende a 0prender' @u)a de 0utoeducaci&n. M12icH Tri##a".

Mir9 P.S R""e##9 A 4 Serrat9 A B&//*CH WLa A"ciacin %e A'i0" %e #a UPCH =acia (n
M%e# Din3'ic %e Re#acin cn #a" E'pre"a"X9 FI Cn0re" %e Inn+acin E%(cati+a en
#a" En"e6an;a" T1cnica". &*9&4 4 &5 %e ,(#i9 Ji##an+a 4 #a Ie#trN.

Mntie#9 A. B&//&CH WE# %e"!i#e 4 #a :(iet(%X. BAn3#i"i" !)#'ic +er"(" =i"tria %e# CineC.
(alenciaB Conselleria de Cultura i Educaci&- Subsecretar)a de Pro%oci& Cultura. Arte9
e"t1tica 4 pen"a'ient.

Mra9 M.I. 4 Iarc)a9 A. B&//4CH WUni+er"it4-t-PrU Tran"itin A'n0 <(n0 Spani"A
=i0Aer E%(catin Ira%(ate"H Ana#4tica# AppracAe" an% Re"(#t"X9 0ctas de la Lornada
/nternacional *a transici&n al Traba4o de los L&venes @raduados Europeos' Ja#encia.

Mrea(9 M. 4 LeatAAE%9 C. B&//.C. Ira%(ate"\ e'p#4'ent an% tAe %i"c(r"e !
e'p#4a-i#it4H a critica# ana#4"i". Lournal o Education and Por89 17 B4C9 */5-*&4.

OIT. B177*C. For%aci&n proesional' @losario de t5r%inos escogidos- Iine-ra. B*7C.

O#i+er9 M.4 L#+are;9 P. B&///C. 9rientaci&n y transici&n a la ense:an,a superior. Teneri!eH
Ser+ici %e P(-#icacine" %e #a ULL. Revista de /nvestigaci&n Educativa9 nN'. &*9&7&-*//.

Or%6e; S. C. 4 P1re; L. M[ C. B&//.C. 9rientaci&n y tutor)a en la Convergencia EuropeaB
una experiencia en la Aniversidad de @ranada. J Cn0re" internacina# WE%(cacin 4
Scie%a%X.

Ore,(%9 S.9 8ern3n%e; T. 4 Iarri%9 M. A. B&//$C. E#a-racin 4 tra-a, cn ca"" 4 tra"
'et%#0)a" acti+a". C(atr e2periencia" %e (n 0r(p %e pr!e"re" %e #a 8ac(#ta% %e
E%(cacin %e Rara0;a. Revista /nteruniversitaria de For%aci&n del Proesorado' $ialnet
ISSN /&1*-$.4.' NO.*. &1-4..

Ore,(%9 S.9 N(69 M. 8ern3n%e;-T(rra%9 T.9 =errer9 M.L. 4 Ra'"9 T. B&//.C. E+#(cin
%e# 'ie% a Aa-#ar en pN-#ic en #a (ni+er"i%a%. Jaria-#e" per"na#e" 4 %e# entrn %e
en"e6an;a apren%i;a,e. / Lornadas de /nnovaci&n $ocente- Tecnolog)as de la /nor%aci&n y
la Co%unicaci&n e /nvestigaci&n Educativa en la Aniversidad de Yarago,a' Rara0;a9 &* 4
&4 %e N+ie'-re %e &//..

Ore,(%9 S.9 N(69 M.9 8ern3n%e; -T(rra%9T. 9 Ra'"9 T. 4 =errer9 M.L. B&//.C.
Participacin %e# a#('na% (ni+er"itari en e# a(#a. Una in+e"ti0acin "-re e# te'r a
Aa-#ar en pN-#ic en 0ran%e" 0r(p". Revista /nteruniversitaria de For%aci&n del
Proesorado- ;=- 145-1.&.

Pa%i##a9 M. T. B&//&C. T5cnicas e instru%entos para el diagn&stico y la evaluaci&n
educativa. Ma%ri%9 E%itria# CCS.

Pa#ac)9 8.M. 4 M.M. Peir B1775CH *a incorporaci&n a la e%presa9 Pr'#i-r9 Ja#encia.

- &*$ -
Pa(#9 M. B&//.C. WAt tAe centre ! tAe K#0na prce""H e(rpean (ni+er"itie" train tAeir
"t(%ent" t !ace UnE#e%0e--a"e% "cietie"@X Revista espa:ola de educaci&n co%parada.
Ma%ri%H UNED.

Pa4ne9 K. 4 MAn"n B177&C. 7ehavioral decision researchB a constructive processing
perspective'

Perren(%9 P.B1777C. Construire des co%p5tences dZs lN5cole- Pari"9 ES8 B&e 1%.177$C 71.

PAi##ip"9 L.D. B17$*C. A tAeretica# per"pecti+e n Ae(ri"tic" an% -ia"e" in pr-a-i#i"tic
tAinUin0. En P.=('pAre4"S O. S+en"n9 4 A.Jari B17$*C. 0nalysing and 0iding $ecision
Processes. NrtA-=##an% P(-#. C. NeE A'"ter%an. 5&7.

Pire9 M. 4 Derin0er9 P. B17$5CH Hercados internos de traba4o y an2lisis laboral' &p
e%icin.Mini"teri %e Tra-a, 4 Se0(ri%a% Scia#. E"pa6a.

Pire9 M.M. B17$*C. Paro e inlaci&n' Ma%ri%H A#ian;a. `La i'prtancia %e #a ter)a %e#
capita# A('an para #a ecn')a %e# tra-a,S (n p(nt %e +i"ta %i"i%entea. En TO=ARIA9 L.
Be%.C. El %ercado de traba4oB teor)a y aplicaciones' Ma%ri%H A#ian;a9 1/5-114.

Pit;9 I. 4 SacA"9 N. B17$4C. M(%0'ent an% %eci"in. 0nnual Revie" Psychology9 *5H1*7-1.*.

Ppper9 D. R. B1774C. La Re"pn"a-i#i%a% %e Ji+ir. E"crit" "-re p#)tica9 Ai"tria 4
cnci'ient. E%icine" Pia%" I-1rica9 S.A. K(en" Aire".

Priet9 M.M. B1777C. Pr&logo en Le+i-Le-4er La 0e"tin %e #a" c'petencia".

Prctr9 P.M.9 K#'!ie#%9 P. 4 Prenn9 C.I. B17*1-C. WCareer C(n"e#in0 in
Cnte'pran4 U. S. =i0A ScA#"X. Revie" o Research in Education- 797&-147.

Rappprt9 A. 4 Pa##"te9 T. B1777C. In%i+i(%a# %eci"in 'aUin0. 0nnual Revie" o
Psychology9 &*H 1*1- 17..

Repett9 E. B177&C. E# %e"arr## %e #a carrera a # #ar0 %e #a +i%a 4 #a rientacin %e #"
rec(r"" A('an". Revista de 9rientaci&n Educativa y (ocacional- *9 17-&7.

Repett9 M. B177*C. YT2ic#0)a 8(n%a'enta#Y. Cient)!ic-M1%ica. Ma%ri%.

Ri"9 P. B17$$C. Entrena'ient A"erti+. A"pect" cncept(a#e"9 e+a#(ati+" 4 %e
inter+encin. Me%e##)nH ra4(e#a.B45C.

Ri+a"9 8. B177/C. *a elecci&n deestudios universitariosB An siste%a basado en indicadores'
Cn"e, %e Uni+er"i%a%e"9 Secretar)a Ienera#9 Ma%ri%.

Ri+a"9 8. 4 Ar%it9 I. B177/C. *a To%a de $ecisiones (ocacionales' Cn"e##er)a %e C(#t(ra9
E%(cacin 4 Ciencia. Ja#encia. *5-4*.

Ri+eira9 R. J. 4 Matai2 A. C. B&//5C. IF Cn0re" %e In0enier)a %e Or0ani;acin. Ii,n9 $
4 7 %e "eptie'-re %e &//5.

R%r)0(e;9 M. L. B177$CH *a 9rientaci&n Proesional lB Teor)a. Karce#na. .7-$4.

R%r)0(e;9 M. L. B&//*C. C' rientar Aacia #a cn"tr(ccin %e# pr4ect pr!e"ina#.
Ki#-aH De"c#1e %e Kr(Eer9 S.A.45-.5.

- &*7 -
R%r)0(e;9 M.L. 4 Ia##e09 S. B1777C. E# pr4ect pr!e"ina#9 Aerra'ienta %e inter+encin
en #a !(ncin t(tria# (ni+er"itaria. Revista Espa:ola de 9rientaci&n y Psicopedagog)a9 1/
B17C9 177-17&.

R%r)0(e;9 S.9 Pra%e"9 A.9 Ka"art9 A. B&//7C. Accin" per !aci#itar #a in"erci #a-ra#. En A.
Serra BE%C9 Educaci& superior i treball a Catalunya >pp. *&7-*.$C. Karce#naH A0qncia per
a #a >(a#itat %e# Si"te'a Uni+er"itari %e Cata#(n4a BA>UC.

RUeacA9 M. B177*C. The #ature o Hu%an (alues9 NeE <rUH 8ree Pre"".

R'er9 S. B1777C. 9rientaci&n para la transici&n de la escuela a la vida activa' Karce#naH
Laerte".

R'er9 S. B&//4C. Apren%er a cn"tr(ir pr4ect" pr!e"ina#e" 4 +ita#e". Revista
Espa:ola de 9rientaci&n y Psicopedagog)a. 15. **7- *74.

R'er9 S. B&//$C. T1cnica" para #a Orientacin Pr!e"ina# %e"%e e# En!:(e %e#
De"arr## %e #a Carrera. Ta+iraH Revista de Ciencias de la Educaci&n. NN'. &4. &//$. 57-
77

R'er9 S. B&//7C. E# pr4ect pr!e"ina# 4 +ita#. InH S-ra%9 L.S Crt1"9 P.A.
9rientaci&n Proesional' #uevos escenarios y perspectivas' Karce#naH Ki-#iteca N(e+a9
pp. 117-14&.

R'er9 S. B&//7C. E# Pr4ect Jita# 4 Pr!e"ina#. Orientacin Pr!e"ina#. N(e+"
E"cenari" 4 Per"pecti+a". Ma%ri%. Ki-#iteca N(e+a. J#. 1. &//7. 117-14&.

R'er9 S. B1777C. 9rientaci&n para la transici&n de la escuela a la vida activa. Karce#naH
Laerte".

R;a%a9 M.M. B17$5C. En"e6ar a in+e"ti0ar. La nece"i%a% %e (n '%e# %i%3ctic. Escuela
0sturiana- 1*9 5-..

Sa-irn9 8. B&//.C H5todos etnogr2icos de investigaci&n en Ciencias Sociales- Yarago,a9
Mira e%itre".

Sa#+a%r9 A. 4 Peir9 M. B17$.C. *a %adure, vocacional9 A#a'-ra Uni+er"i%a%9 Ma%ri%.

S3ncAe;9 M.8. B&//4C. 9rientaci&n laboral para la diversidad y el ca%bio. Ma%ri%H San; 4
Trre" BISKNH $47./74-*7-5C B4&*C.

S3ncAe; M9 P. B&//.C. 8(n%a'ent" %e tra-a, en e:(ip para e:(ip" %e tra-a,. B1[.e%.C.
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Kea"9 M.I.S L#ren"9 S 4 Ci!re9 E. B&///C WPatrne" %e e"trate0ia" %e -N":(e%a %e e'p#e en
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Kir'in0Aa' Uni+er"it49 &//&9 MPAi# =i"tr49 8i#' an% Te#e+i"inH
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mCn"(#taH 'ar; &/1&n.

Ki":(erra B&/11C. 1& Cn0re" %e rientacin E%(cati+a. Accin t(tria# 4 e%(cacin
e'cina#. Par"n" B17/$C9 Da+i" B171/C 4 Ne##4 B1714C.
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rra.p%! . men #)nean mCn"(#taH 'ar; &/1&n.

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C#'9 A.M. 4 T(ri63n9 M.M. B&//$C. La #ect(ra en e# "i0# FFI. En 11(/ Se%inario
/nteruniversitario de Teor)a de la Educaci&n >S/TE)B *ectura y Educaci&n.
httpBQQ"""'uc%'esQinoQsiteQdocuQ;WsiteQactas;Wsite' pd men #)nean mCn"(#taH 'ar; &/1&n.

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8(n%acin Ia;te#3n9 Dia0n"tic %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% p. 11. U-icar# en #a -i-#iteca +irt(a#
%e Siere"9 Cate0r)a Winter+encin 4 rientacin "ci#a-ra#X
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cntri-(ir a #a 'e,ra "cia# 4 a# %e"arr## %e #a per"na. AttpHTTEEE.t'i##.e". men #)nean

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Iair)n9 M.9 8ei2a"9 M.9 I(i##a'n9 C. r >(in:(er9 D. B&//4C. La t(tr)a aca%1'ica en e#
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mAttpHTTEEE.(ne2.e"T%i%acticaTRELATECT "('aris4s1.At'n. men #)nean mCn"(#taH 'ar;
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In"tit(t Ara0n1" %e e'p#eH AttpHTTinae'.ara0n.e". men #)nean mCn"(#taH 'ar; &/1&n.

IRDAC BC'it1 A"e"r %e ItD %e #a C'i"in E(rpeaC B1774C. Vuality and Relevance-
7ruselas' BJer"in en ca"te##anC Calidad e /nnovaci&n' 9pti%i,ar el capital hu%ano de
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AttpHTTEEE.pa0ina-ae%e.r0TM(rciaT8E7.p%!. men #)nean mCn"(#taH 'ar; &/1&n.

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Pr0re"" 8i#eH AttpHTTrapi%.#-r.ac.(UT.men #)nean mCn"(#taH 'ar; &/1&n.

Mart)ne; 9 M. 4 Cre"p 8ern3n%e;9 E. B&//7C. *a tutor)a universitaria en el %odelo de la
convergencia europea. En I'e; L(ca" C. r Ira( C'pan4 S. Propuestas de dise:o-
desarrollo e innovaciones curriculares y %etodolog)a en el EEES B451-4..C.
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Merten"9 L. B&///C. La Ie"tin pr C'petencia La-ra# en #a E'pre"a 4 #a 8r'acin
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R. Decret .7.T177*. httpBQQ"""'boe'esQboeQdiasQ=UUGQ<?Q;;QpdsQ0=?W=<+=?W=R'pdmen

RE8LEF H AttpHTTEEE.!%eE-.(ni'aa".n#TraTre!#e2T men #)nean mCn"(#taH 'ar; &/1&n.
R%r)0(e; Mren9 M.L.B&//&C. La" n(e+a" tecn#0)a" a# "er+ici %e #a in!r'acin
pr!e"ina#. AttpHTTEEE.e%(caEe-.c' 9 nO519 &5-11-&//&. men #)nean mCn"(#taH 'ar;
&/1&n.

I'e;9 C. 4 Man;an9 8. B&/1/C. La t(tr)a c' +eA)c(# para e# !'ent %e #a"
c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" en #" n(e+" 0ra%" %e in0enier)a a0rn'a. Espiral'
Cuadernos del ProesoradoGB.C9 7*-$*. Di"pni-#e enHAttpHTTEEE.cepc(e+a"#(#a.e"Te"pira#.

Santa'ar)a9 8. B&//$C. Re%e" "cia#e" 4 c'(ni%a%e" e%(cati+a". P"i-i#i%a%e" pe%a00ica".
En Telos B7.C. Di"pni-#e enH httpBQQ"""'ca%pusred'netQtelosQarticulocuaderno'as
pTid0rticulo\J]rev\JW' men #)nean mCn"(#taH 'ar; &/1&n.

ScAEar;er9 R. B1777C AttpHTT("erpa0e.!(--er#in.%eTuAea#tATpracti+.At' men #)nean mCn"(#taH
'ar; &/1&n.

Se("i"". B&//*C S(r+e4 ! E(rpean Uni+er"itie" SUi##" in ICT ! St(%ent" an% Sta!!. mn
#inen EnH AttpHTTEEE.inter'e%ia.(i-.nT"e("i""Tre"(#t".At'# men #)nean mCn"(#taH 'ar;
&/1&n.

Trata% %e R'a. AttpHTTEEE.Ai"tria"i0#&/.r0Te(rpaTtrar'a.At'vT._&/R'a men

TuningB Pr4ect internacina# :(e e"t(%ia #a" c'petencia" %e #"
0ra%(a%".AttpHTTt(nin0.(ni%e("t.r0 men #)nean mCn"(#taH 'ar; &/1&n.

Uni+er"i%a%e" %e E"pa6aH AttpHTT#e'.e(i.(p'.e"Te%(e".At'# men #)nean mCn"(#taH 'ar;
&/1&n.

Ja#c3rce#9 M.9 E"c(%er. T.9 MicAa+i#a9 8.9 Pin9 M. L. et a# B&//4C. *a preparaci&n del
proesorado universitario espa:ol para la convergencia europea en educaci&n superior9
Pr4ect EA &//*-//4/9 Direccin Ienera# %e Uni+er"i%a%e" %e# MECD9Uni+er"i%a% %e
Cr%-a9 &/7 p30".9 mAttpHTTEEEn.'ec.e"T(ni+TAt'#Tin!r'e"Te"t(%i"sana#i"i"Tre"(#ta
%"s&//*TEA&//*s//4/Tin!r'es!ina#.p%!n. men #)nean mCn"(#taH 'ar; &/1&n.

- &4. -

<a'at9 D. B17.7C. I(i%anceH E%(catin r TAerap4 r EAat@ . E%(catina# Lea%er"Aip
AttpHTTEEE.a"c%.r0TASCDTp%!T,(rna#"Te%s#ea%Te#s17.7/1s4a'a't.p%! men #)nean

<3ni;9 C. B&//4C9 Cn+er0encia e(rpea %e #a" tit(#acine" (ni+er"itaria". E# prce" %e
a%aptacinH !a"e" 4 tarea"9 Re+i"ta %e #a Re% E"tata# %e Dcencia Uni+er"itaria9 +#. 49 nO 19
p30. 5. En AttpHTTEEE.(a'.e". men #)nean mCn"(#taH 'ar; &/1&n.

- &47 -

AE-OS

- &4$ -

Ane2 1.
C'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" %e# pr4ect Tuning'

- &47 -

- &5/ -

Ane2 &.
C(e"tinari tra-a,a% en DEA.
WC'petencia" 4 actit(%e" %e #" e0re"a%" ante #a
in"ercin en e# 'erca% #a-ra# 4 e# p"terir e,ercici %e
"( pr!e"inX

- &51 -

ESTUDIO DE COMPETENCIAS9 ACTITUDES < JALORES LAKORALES

1. 8ecAa %e naci'ientH
&. Ci(%a% 4 pa)" %e naci'ientH
*. Se2H
o ='-re
o M(,er.
4. Tit(#acin :(e Aa ter'ina%H
o Dip#'at(ra
o E"pecia#i%a%H.
o Licenciat(ra
o E"pecia#i%a%H..
5. E"t(%i" :(e e"t3 c(r"an%H
o Dip#'at(ra
o E"pecia#i%a% 4 c(r"
o Licenciat(ra
o E"pecia#i%a% 4
c(r":

.. Sit(acin #a-ra# act(a# Bp(e%e 'arcar '3" %e (na pcinCH
o Tra-a,an% en (n p(e"t re#acina% cn #" e"t(%i"
o Tra-a,an% en (n p(e"t n re#acina% cn #" e"t(%i"
o A'p#ian% e"t(%i"
o K("can% e# pri'er e'p#e
o En par9 Aa-ien% tra-a,a% ante"
o N e"t4 -("can% ni Ae -("ca% e'p#e
o Otr. E"peci!icar9 pr !a+r.

E# prp"it %e e"te e"t(%i e" &#n#&r "!s &#m4tn&$!s, !&t$tu5s 6 7!"#rs 4r#8s$#n!"s :(e
tienen %eter'ina%" c#ecti+". A cntin(acin "e e2pnen #a" "i0(iente" pr(e-a"H

o C(e"tinari %e c'petencia" tra"+er"a#e" 4 actit(%e" #a-ra#e"

INSTRUCCIONESH
- Re##ene t%a" #a" pr(e-a" cn t#t!" s$n&r$5!5. N Aa4 nin0(na re"p(e"ta crrecta
incrrecta.
- L" %at" "n tta#'ente &#n8$5n&$!"s. N aparece e# n'-re en nin0Nn #(0ar.
- La in!r'acin %a%a e" '(4 +a#i"a para "( prpia a(trre!#e2in 4 para #a in+e"ti0acin en

A9r!5&m#s s$n&r!mnt su &#"!/#r!&$0n

- &5& -
CUESTIOARIO DE COMPETECIAS 3 ACTITUDES LABORALES

7. Para ca%a (na %e #a" c'petencia" :(e "e pre"entan a cntin(acin9 in%i:(e pr !a+rH
o E# n$7" :u ust5 t$n en #a Aa-i#i%a% c'petencia.
o La i'prtancia :(e ("te% #e a%,(%ica a %icAa c'petencia9 Aa-i#i%a% para
$nsrt!rs n " mr&!5# "!/#r!".
o La i'prtancia :(e ("te% #e a%,(%ica a %icAa c'petencia9 Aa-i#i%a% para e#
;r&$&$# 5 "! 4r#8s$0n.BE'p#eC

COMPETECIA<=ABILIDAD

IVEL >UE
USTED TIEE
IMPORTACIA
PARA LA
ISERCI
PROFESIOAL
IMPORTACIA
PARA EL
EJERCICIO DE
LA PROFESI
A. COMPETECIAS TRASVERSALES DE TIPO ISTRUMETAL
=erra'ienta" para e# apren%i;a,e 4 #a !r'acin
1. Capaci%a% %e an3#i"i" 1 & * 4 1 & * 4 1 & * 4
&. Or0ani;acin 4 p#ani!icacin 1 & * 4 1 & * 4 1 & * 4
*. Cnci'ient" 0enera#e" -3"ic" "-re
e# 3rea %e e"t(%i
1 & * 4 1 & * 4 1 & * 4
4. Cnci'ient" -3"ic" %e #a pr!e"in. 1 & * 4 1 & * 4 1 & * 4
5. C'(nicacin ra# 4 e"crita en #a
#en0(a nati+a.
1 & * 4 1 & * 4 1 & * 4
.. Cnci'ient" %e (na "e0(n%a #en0(a 1 & * 4 1 & * 4 1 & * 4
7. Mane, -3"ic %e #a in!r'3tica 1 & * 4 1 & * 4 1 & * 4
$. =a-i#i%a%e" %e 0e"tin %e #a
in!r'acin
1 & * 4 1 & * 4 1 & * 4
7. Re"#(cin %e pr-#e'a" 1 & * 4 1 & * 4 1 & * 4
1/. T'a %e %eci"ine" 1 & * 4 1 & * 4 1 & * 4
B. COMPETECIAS TRASVERSALES DE TIPO ITRA E ITERPERSOAL
Capaci%a%e" :(e 0aranti;an (na -(ena re#acin #a-ra# 4 per"na# cn (n 'i"' 4 cn #" %e'3"
11. A(tcnci'ient.B Capaci%a% %e
recncer 4 c'pren%er n(e"tr" e"ta%" %e
3ni'9 "enti'ient" e i'p(#"" 4 "( e!ect en
#" %e'3"C
1 & * 4 1 & * 4 1 & * 4
1&. A(trre0(#acin BCapaci%a% %e cntr#ar
0e"tinar n(e"tr" i'p(#""9 e"ta%" %e
3ni' 4 rec(r"" intern"C
1 & * 4 1 & * 4 1 & * 4
1*. A(t'ti+acin. 1 & * 4 1 & * 4 1 & * 4
14. E'patia BPner"e en e# #(0ar %e #"
%e'3"C
1 & * 4 1 & * 4 1 & * 4
15. =a-i#i%a%e" Scia#e" BC'(nicacin9
re"#(cin %e cn!#ict"C
1 & * 4 1 & * 4 1 & * 4
1..Capaci%a% cr)tica 4 a(tcr)tica 1 & * 4 1 & * 4 1 & * 4
17.Tra-a, en e:(ip 1 & * 4 1 & * 4 1 & * 4
1$. Capaci%a% para tra-a,ar en (n
cnte2t internacina#.
1 & * 4 1 & * 4 1 & * 4
C. COMPETECIAS TRASVERSALES DE TIPO SIST?MICO
Capaci%a%e" :(e %an +i"in %e cn,(nt 4 "ir+en para 0e"tinar e# tta# %e #a act(acin
17. Capaci%a% %e ap#icar #"
cnci'ient" en #a pr3ctica.
1 & * 4 1 & * 4 1 & * 4
&/. Capaci%a% %e apren%er 1 & * 4 1 & * 4 1 & * 4
&1. A%aptar"e a n(e+a" "it(acine" 1 & * 4 1 & * 4 1 & * 4
Utilice, por favor, la siguiente escala:
1=Nada; 2=poco;3=bastante;4=mucho

- &5* -
&&.Creati+i%a% 1 & * 4 1 & * 4 1 & * 4
5. Li%era;0 1 & * 4 1 & * 4 1 & * 4
&*.Cnci'ient %e c(#t(ra" 4 c"t('-re"
%e tr" pa)"e"
1 & * 4 1 & * 4 1 & * 4
&4.Di"e6 4 0e"tin %e pr4ect" 1 & * 4 1 & * 4 1 & * 4
&5.Iniciati+a 4 e"p)rit( e'pren%e%r 1 & * 4 1 & * 4 1 & * 4
&.. Prec(pacin pr #a ca#i%a% 1 & * 4 1 & * 4 1 & * 4

$. Pr !a+r9 a cntin(acin e#i,a 4 r%ene #a" &$n&# &#m4tn&$!s :u &#ns$5r m@s
$m4#rt!nts "e0Nn "( pinin. Para e## e"cri-a e# nN'er %e# ite' en #a ta-#a :(e aparece
a-a,.
1. Ite' m@s $m4#rt!ntH nN'erH
&. Ite' nN'erH
*. Ite' nN'er
4. Ite' nN'er
5. Ite' mn#s $m4#rt!nt nN'erH

7. A cntin(acin %e-e %e a"i0nar (n tta# %e +(( 4unt#s %e #a 'anera :(e :(iera9 -a"3n%"e
en #a i'prtancia :(e tienen para ("te% #a" c(atr "(--c'petencia" pr!e"ina#e". Pr !a+r9
ante" %e pner #a p(nt(acin9 #ea atenta'ente ca%a (na %e e##a".

COMPETECIA DE ACCI<PROFESIOAL<SUBCOMPETECIAS.M#"r# L04A-
B!r!;!s.'(((1<E&B7rrC! S!m!ns.'(('1
T^CNICABSAKERCBCnci'ient e"pecia#i;a%C
METODOLIICA BSAKER =ACERC BAp#icacin a# cnte2t #a-ra# %e #"
cnci'ient" a%:(iri%"C

PERSONAL BSAKER SERC BJa#re" 4 cn+iccine"C
PARTICIPATIJABSAKER ESTARC BC'(nicacinC
SUMA TOTAL +((

1/. Cn e# prp"it %e tra-a,ar #a !&t$tu5 !nt "!s &#m4tn&$!s tr!s7rs!"s 6 "! $nsr&$0n
4r#8s$#n!"9 a cntin(acin aparecen (na "erie %e a!ir'acine" :(e "e Aacen "-re #a" 'i"'a".
In%i:(e e# 0ra% en :(e e"t3 n %e ac(er% cn e##a"9 (ti#i;an% #a "i0(iente e"ca#a

ACTITUDES ATE LAS COMPETECIAS TRASVERSALES
1. En c(ant p(e%a intentar1 'e,rar a:(e##a" c'petencia" en #a" :(e
ten0 'en" ni+e# 4 "n i'prtante" para e# e,ercici %e #a pr!e"in

1 & * 4
&. Cre :(e 'e,rar1 #a" cinc c'petencia" :(e para 'i "n '3"
i'prtante" 4 :(e anterir'ente Ae "e#eccina%.
1 & * 4
*. De"arr##ar (na c'petencia %epen%e %e 'i 1 & * 4
4. E" i'prtante %e"arr##ar #a" c'petencia" para p%er pr0re"ar
pr!e"ina#'ente.
1 & * 4
ACTITUD ATE LA ISERCI PROFESIOAL
1. Cre :(e encntrar e'p#e %epen%e %e '). 1 & * 4
&.Me "ient capacita% para -("car e'p#e 1 & * 4
*. Encntrar tra-a, %epen%e 'a4ritaria'ente %e #a "(erte 1 & * 4
4.Cn;c #a" !(ente" :(e 'e p(e%en prprcinar (n e'p#e 1 & * 4

MUC=AS GRACIAS

Utilice, por favor, la siguiente escala:
1=Nada; 2=poco;3=bastante;4=mucho

- &54 -

Ane2 *.
E+#(cin en #a e#a-racin %e# pre-te"t 4 p"t-te"t'

- &55 -
PROGRESI DE LA ELABORACI DEL CUESTIOARIO DE
EMPLEABILIDAD.

En e# e"t(%i rea#i;a% en peri% %e #a" #)nea" %e in+e"ti0acin "e (ti#i; (n in"tr('ent
c(antitati+ en e# :(e "e +a#ra-an +aria" c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" :(e Aa-)an "i% (ti#i;a%a"
en '(#tit(% %e e"t(%i" a ni+e# internacina# BTUNINI9 ANECA9 C=EERC
A cntin(acin "e '(e"tra (n c(a%r en e# :(e "e %eta##an a:(e##a" c'petencia" :(e "e
t(+iern en c(enta para #a e#a-racin inicia# %e# in"tr('ent !(t(r :(e "e preten%e (ti#i;ar en
#a te"i".

1. Capaci%a% %e an3#i"i" B1C
&. Or0ani;acin 4 p#ani!icacinB&C
*. Cnci'ient" 0enera#e" -3"ic" "-re e# 3rea %e e"t(%i
4. Cnci'ient" -3"ic" %e #a pr!e"in.
5. C'(nicacin ra# 4 e"crita en #a #en0(a nati+a.
.. Cnci'ient" %e (na "e0(n%a #en0(a B17C
7. Mane, -3"ic %e #a in!r'3tica B&1C
$. =a-i#i%a%e" %e 0e"tin %e #a in!r'acin
7. Re"#(cin %e pr-#e'a" B4C
1/. T'a %e %eci"ine" B5C
1. A(tcnci'ient.B Capaci%a% %e recncer 4 c'pren%er n(e"tr" e"ta%" %e 3ni'9 "enti'ient" e
i'p(#"" 4 "( e!ect en #" %e'3"C B.C
&. A(trre0(#acin BCapaci%a% %e cntr#ar 0e"tinar n(e"tr" i'p(#""9 e"ta%" %e 3ni' 4 rec(r""
intern"C
*. A(t'ti+acin.
4. E'patia BPner"e en e# #(0ar %e #" %e'3"C B$C
5. =a-i#i%a%e" Scia#e" BC'(nicacin9 re"#(cin %e cn!#ict"C
..Capaci%a% cr)tica 4 a(tcr)tica B1/C
7.Tra-a, en e:(ip B1.C
$. Capaci%a% para tra-a,ar en (n cnte2t internacina#.
1. Capaci%a% %e ap#icar #" cnci'ient" en #a pr3ctica. B11C
&. Capaci%a% %e apren%er B1&C
*. A%aptar"e a n(e+a" "it(acine" B1*C
4.Creati+i%a%
5. Li%era;0
..Cnci'ient %e c(#t(ra" 4 c"t('-re" %e tr" pa)"e"
7.Di"e6 4 0e"tin %e pr4ect"
$.Iniciati+a B14C 4 e"p)rit( e'pren%e%r
7. Prec(pacin pr #a ca#i%a% B15C

- &5. -

Para #a e#a-racin %e# c(e"tinari %e #a te"i" Ae teni% en c(enta #" re"(#ta%" -teni%" en
&//$ "-re e# We"t(%i %e c'petencia"9 actit(%e" 4 +a#re" #a-ra#e" %e #" e0re"a%"X :(e
pre"ente para #a -tencin %e# DEA.
A:(e##a" c'petencia" :(e #" e0re"a%" cn"i%erarn :(e eran '3"
i'prtante" para #a in"ercin en e# 'erca% 4 p"terir %e"arr## %e #a
pr!e"in. B"e "e6a#i;an en r,C
A:(e##a" c'petencia" :(e a(n:(e n !(ern e"pecia#'ente %e"taca%a" pr
#" e0re"a%"9 "e cn"i%era :(e in!#(4en en e# ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%. B"e
"e6a#i;an en naran,aC
N(e+a" c'petencia" %e inter1" para e# tra-a, %e te"i". B"e "e6a#an en
+er%eC

En #a parte i;:(ier%a %e #a c'petencia Aa4 (n nN'er9 %icA nN'er e" e# #(0ar :(e c(par)a
%icAa c'petencia en e# c(e"tinari :(e "e (ti#i;ar3 para #a rea#i;acin %e #a te"i"9 'ientra" :(e
e# nN'er :(e aparece en #a parte %erecAa (-ica #a p"icin %e %icAa c'petencia en e#
c(e"tinari e#a-ra% en #a te"ina.

1. Capaci%a% %e an3#i"i" B1C
&. Or0ani;acin 4 p#ani!icacinB&C
*. Cnci'ient" 0enera#e" -3"ic" "-re e# 3rea %e e"t(%i
4. Cnci'ient" -3"ic" %e #a pr!e"in.
5. C'(nicacin ra# 4 e"crita en #a #en0(a nati+a.
.. Cnci'ient" %e (na "e0(n%a #en0(a B17C
7. Mane, -3"ic %e #a in!r'3tica B&1C
$. =a-i#i%a%e" %e 0e"tin %e #a in!r'acin
7. Re"#(cin %e pr-#e'a" B4C
1/. T'a %e %eci"ine" B5C
1. A(tcnci'ient.B Capaci%a% %e recncer 4 c'pren%er n(e"tr" e"ta%" %e 3ni'9 "enti'ient" e
i'p(#"" 4 "( e!ect en #" %e'3"C B.C
&. A(trre0(#acin BCapaci%a% %e cntr#ar 0e"tinar n(e"tr" i'p(#""9 e"ta%" %e 3ni' 4 rec(r""
intern"C
*. A(t'ti+acin.
4. E'patia BPner"e en e# #(0ar %e #" %e'3"C B$C
5. =a-i#i%a%e" Scia#e" BC'(nicacin9 re"#(cin %e cn!#ict"C
..Capaci%a% cr)tica 4 a(tcr)tica B1/C
7.Tra-a, en e:(ip B1.C
$. Capaci%a% para tra-a,ar en (n cnte2t internacina#.
1. Capaci%a% %e ap#icar #" cnci'ient" en #a pr3ctica. B11C
&. Capaci%a% %e apren%er B1&C
*. A%aptar"e a n(e+a" "it(acine" B1*C
4.Creati+i%a%
5. Li%era;0
..Cnci'ient %e c(#t(ra" 4 c"t('-re" %e tr" pa)"e"
7.Di"e6 4 0e"tin %e pr4ect"
$.Iniciati+a B14C 4 e"p)rit( e'pren%e%r
7. Prec(pacin pr #a ca#i%a% B15C

- &57 -
La" n(e+a" c'petencia" a6a%i%a" "nH

1 Sa-e %n%e p(e%e" encntrar e'p#e. B*C
& Mantiene (na actit(% p"iti+a ante #a -N":(e%a 4T 'e,ra %e e'p#e B7C
* E" Practi+Ta en #a -N":(e%a B7C
4. K("ca (n tra-a, acr%e a #a tit(#acin :(e tiene. B17C
5.Tiene (na tit(#acin "(perir a '% %e Ma"ter9P"0ra% MKA B1$C
.. =a re"i%i% en e# e2tran,er. Pr e"t(%i" tra-a, Be,H-eca"C B&/C

Una +e; (ni!ica% t% # anterir #a pri'era parte %e# c(e"tinari :(e%ar)a %e #a "i0(iente
!r'aH

COMPETECIAS TRASVERSALES

1.Ana#i;a "( "it(acin #a-ra#
&.Or0ani;a 4 p#ani!ica "( -N":(e%a %e e'p#e
* Sa-e %n%e p(e%e" encntrar e'p#e.
4. Re"(e#+e cn !aci#i%a% #" pr-#e'a" a #" :(e te en!renta en #a -N":(e%a %e e'p#e
5 Le c(e"ta t'ar %eci"ine"
. Cnce "(" %e-i#i%a%e" 4 !rta#e;a"
7 Mantiene (na actit(% p"iti+a ante #a -N":(e%a 4T 'e,ra %e e'p#e
$ Se pne en e# #(0ar %e# e'pre"ari
7 E" Practi+Ta en #a -N":(e%a
1/. Tiene capaci%a% cr)tica
11. Ap#ica "(" cnci'ient" en #a pr3ctica.
1&. S(e#e apren%er c"a" n(e+a"
1*. Se a%apta cn !aci#i%a% a n(e+a" "it(acine"
14. T'a #a iniciati+a en #a -N":(e%a 4T 'e,ra %e e'p#e
15. Le prec(pa #a ca#i%a% %e # :(e Aace
1.. Tiene !aci#i%a% para tra-a,ar en e:(ip

FORMACI 3 COOCIMIETOS.

17. K("ca (n tra-a, acr%e a #a tit(#acin :(e tiene.
1$.Tiene (na tit(#acin "(perir a '% %e Ma"ter9P"0ra% MKA
17. D'ina tr i%i'a %i!erente a# 'atern Be,9 In0#1"C
&/. =a re"i%i% en e# e2tran,er. Pr e"t(%i" tra-a, Be,H-eca"C
&1. Tiene %'ini %e #a in!r'3tica e Internet

- &5$ -

Tenien% pre"ente en t% ''ent e# cncept %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%9 'i e2periencia c'
rienta%ra pr!e"ina# 4 #a re+i"in %e e"t(%i" 4 -i-#i0ra!)a prpia" %e# cncept9 cn"i%er
:(e Aa4 +aria" caracter)"tica" :(e e# 'erca% %e tra-a, +a#ra B%i"pni-i#i%a%9 cnci'ient
%e# prpi 'erca% %e tra-a,9 Aerra'ienta"9 rec(r"" 4 a"pect" per"na#e" 4 %e c'(nicacinC
B"e6a#i;a%a" en a;(#C 4 pr t% e##9 cn"i%er i'prtante tener en c(enta %icAa" caracter)"tica"
para #a e#a-racin %e# in"tr('ent c(antitati+ %e #a te"i".

Se cn"i%era i'prtante :(e e# prpi e0re"a% +a#re #" "i0(iente" a"pect"H

DISPOIBILIDAD

&&. Tiene %i"pni-i#i%a% para +ia,ar
&*. Tiene %i"pni-i#i%a% 0e0r3!ica
&4. Di"pne %e !#e2i-i#i%a% Araria
&5. Tiene carn1 %e cn%(cir
&.. Di"pne %e +eA)c(#
&7.De%ica tie'p a #a -N":(e%a 'e,ra %e e'p#e

MERCADO DE TRABAJO, =ERRAMIETAS 3 RECURSOS

&$. Cnce #a "it(acin %e# 'erca% %e tra-a,
&7. Sa-e -("car !erta" %e e'p#e
*/. Sa-e Aacer (n a(tcan%i%at(ra
*1. Sa-e Aacer (n C(rr)c(#(' Jitae
*&H Sa-e Aacer (na Carta %e pre"entacin
**. Sa-e en!rentar"e a (na entre+i"ta %e tra-a,
*4. Rea#i;a (n itinerari per"na# %e in"ercin %e 'e,ra %e e'p#e
*5. Tra-a,a #a re% %e cntact"
*.. Di"pne %e #i"ta%" %e e'pre"a"
*7. Cnce #a" -#"a" %e e'p#e9 (ni%a%e" %e in"ercin #a-ra# 4 "er+ici" %e rientacin pr!e"ina#.

ASPECTOS PERSOALES 3 DE COMUICACI

*$.C(i%a e# a"pect per"na#
*7.D'ina #a c'(nicacin n +er-a#
4/.D'ina #a c'(nicacin +er-a#
41.E" a"erti+

- &57 -

E# in"tr('ent %e!initi+ a ante" %e "er +a#i%a% pr #" e2pert" :(e%ar)a %e #a "i0(iente !r'aH

ORIETACI PROFESIOAL 3 IVEL DE EMPLEABILIDAD.

&. Se2H
o ='-re
o M(,er.
*. Tit(#acin :(e Aa ter'ina% Bp(e%e 'arcar '3" %e (na pcinCH
o Dip#'at(ra
o Licenciat(ra

4. Sit(acin #a-ra# act(a# Bp(e%e 'arcar '3" %e (na pcinCH
o Tra-a,an% en (n p(e"t re#acina% cn #" e"t(%i"
o A'p#ian% e"t(%i"
o K("can% e# pri'er e'p#e
o En par9 Aa-ien% tra-a,a% ante"
o Otr. E"peci!icar9 pr !a+r

CUESTIOARIO DE COMPETECIAS 3 ACTITUDES LABORALES

+. Para ca%a (na %e #a" a!ir'acine" :(e "e pre"entan a cntin(acin9 in%ica #a e"ca#a :(e "e a%ec(a '3" a
t( "it(acin per"na#.

AFIRMACIOES

ESCALA

COMPETECIAS TRASVERSALES

1.Ana#i;a "( "it(acin #a-ra# 1 & * 4 5
&.Or0ani;a 4 p#ani!ica "( -N":(e%a %e e'p#e 1 & * 4 5
* Sa-e %n%e p(e%e" encntrar e'p#e. 1 & * 4 5
4. Re"(e#+e cn !aci#i%a% #" pr-#e'a" a #" :(e te en!renta en #a -N":(e%a
%e e'p#e
1 & * 4 5
5 Le c(e"ta t'ar %eci"ine" 1 & * 4 5
. Cnce "(" %e-i#i%a%e" 4 !rta#e;a" 1 & * 4 5
7 Mantiene (na actit(% p"iti+a ante #a -N":(e%a 4T 'e,ra %e e'p#e 1 & * 4 5
$ Se pne en e# #(0ar %e# e'pre"ari 1 & * 4 5
7 E" Practi+Ta en #a -N":(e%a 1 & * 4 5
Uti#i;a9 pr !a+r9 #a "i0(iente e"ca#aH
+Dt#t!"mnt n 5s!&ur5#, 'D n 5s!&ur5#, ED n$ 5 !&ur5# n$ n 5s!&ur5#,FD 5
!&ur5#, GD t#t!"mnt 5 !&ur5#
o E# prp"it %e e"te e"t(%i e" &#n#&r " n$7" 5 m4"!/$"$5!5 :u t$n.

INSTRUCCIONESH
- Re##ene t%" #" aparta%" cn t#t!" s$n&r$5!5. N Aa4 nin0(na re"p(e"ta crrecta incrrecta.
- La in!r'acin %a%a e" '(4 +a#i"a para "( prpia a(trre!#e2in 4 para #a in+e"ti0acin 4 #a"
ciencia" %e #a e%(cacin 4 rientacin.

A9r!5&m#s s$n&r!mnt su &#"!/#r!&$0n

- &./ -
1/. Tiene capaci%a% cr)tica 1 & * 4 5
11. Ap#ica "(" cnci'ient" en #a pr3ctica. 1 & * 4 5
1&. S(e#e apren%er c"a" n(e+a" 1 & * 4 5
1*. Se a%apta cn !aci#i%a% a n(e+a" "it(acine" 1 & * 4 5
14. T'a #a iniciati+a en #a -N":(e%a 4T 'e,ra %e e'p#e 1 & * 4 5
15. Le prec(pa #a ca#i%a% %e # :(e Aace 1 & * 4 5
1.. Tiene !aci#i%a% para tra-a,ar en e:(ip 1 & * 4 5

8ORMACIN < CONOCIMIENTOS.

17. K("ca (n tra-a, acr%e a #a tit(#acin :(e tiene. 1 & * 4 5
1$.Tiene (na tit(#acin "(perir a '% %e Ma"ter9P"0ra% MKA 1 & * 4 5
17. D'ina tr i%i'a %i!erente a# 'atern Be,9 In0#1"C 1 & * 4 5
&/. =a re"i%i% en e# e2tran,er. Pr e"t(%i" tra-a, Be,H-eca"C 1 & * 4 5
&1. Tiene %'ini %e #a in!r'3tica e Internet 1 & * 4 5

DISPONIKILIDAD

&&. Tiene %i"pni-i#i%a% para +ia,ar 1 & * 4 5
&*. Tiene %i"pni-i#i%a% 0e0r3!ica 1 & * 4 5
&4. Di"pne %e !#e2i-i#i%a% Araria 1 & * 4 5
&5. Tiene carn1 %e cn%(cir 1 & * 4 5
&.. Di"pne %e +eA)c(# 1 & * 4 5
&7.De%ica tie'p a #a -N":(e%a 'e,ra %e e'p#e 1 & * 4 5

MERCADO DE TRAKAMO9 =ERRAMIENTAS < RECURSOS

&$. Cnce #a "it(acin %e# 'erca% %e tra-a, 1 & * 4 5
&7. Sa-e -("car !erta" %e e'p#e 1 & * 4 5
*/. Sa-e Aacer (n a(tcan%i%at(ra 1 & * 4 5
*1. Sa-e Aacer (n C(rr)c(#(' Jita# 1 & * 4 5
*&H Sa-e Aacer (na Carta %e pre"entacin 1 & * 4 5
**. Sa-e en!rentar"e a (na entre+i"ta %e tra-a, 1 & * 4 5
*4. Rea#i;a (n itinerari per"na# %e in"ercin %e 'e,ra %e e'p#e 1 & * 4 5
*5. Tra-a,a #a re% %e cntact" 1 & * 4 5
*.. Di"pne %e #i"ta%" %e e'pre"a" 1 & * 4 5
*7. Cnce #a" -#"a" %e e'p#e9 (ni%a%e" %e in"ercin #a-ra# 4 "er+ici" %e
1 & * 4 5

ASPECTOS PERSONALES < DE COMUNICACIN

*$.C(i%a e# a"pect per"na# 1 & * 4 5
*7.D'ina #a c'(nicacin n +er-a# 1 & * 4 5
4/.D'ina #a c'(nicacin +er-a# 1 & * 4 5
41.E" a"erti+ 1 & * 4 5

- &.1 -

Tenien% en c(enta #a" 5 +a#i%acine" "e re!r'(#a e# c(e"tinari %e,3n%# a")H

IVEL DE EMPLEABILIDAD
Marca "# (na pcin B#a '3" pr2i'a a t( rea#i%a%C
4. 8ecAa %e naci'ient 4 e%a%H
5. Se2H
o ='-re
o M(,er.
.. Sit(acin !a'i#iarH
a. In%epen%i;a%Ta
-. N in%epen%i;a%Ta
7. E"ta% ci+i#H
a. S#terTa
-. Ca"a%Ta
c. Pare,a %e AecA.
%. Ji+ien% en pare,a
$. Pr+incia %e re"i%enciaH
.. Tit(#acin :(e Aa ter'ina% Bp(e%e" 'arcar '3" %e (na pcinCH
o Dip#'at(ra
o E"pecia#i%a%H
o Licenciat(ra
o E"pecia#i%a%H
o Ma"ter P"t0ra%
o E"pecia#i%a%H
o Dctra%
o Te"i" entre0a%a B"iC BnC
7. Sit(acin #a-ra# act(a# Bp(e%e" 'arcar '3" %e (na pcinCH
o Tra-a,an% en (n p(e"t re#acina% cn #" e"t(%i".
o A'p#ian% e"t(%i"
o K("can% e# pri'er e'p#e.
o En par
o Otr. E"peci!icar9 pr !a+rH
$. =a" reci-i% '3" %e (na "e"in %e rientacin pr!e"ina# en e# N#ti' a6H B"iC BnC
7. Te 0("tar)a reci-ir +aria" "e"ine" %e rientacin pr!e"ina# para 'e,rar t( ni+e# %e
e'p#ea-i#i%a%H B"iC BnC
1/. Te 0("tar)a participar en (n 0r(p %e %i"c("in para tra-a,ar e# te'a %e #a
e'p#ea-i#i%a%H B"iC BnC

o E# prp"it %e e"te e"t(%i e" &#n#&r " n$7" 5 m4"!/$"$5!5 :(e tiene" -a"3n%n" en c(atr
e,e"H
o C'petencia" tran"+er"a#e"
o 8r'acin 4 cnci'ient".
o Di"pni-i#i%a%
o Merca% %e tra-a,9 Aerra'ienta" 4 rec(r"".

INSTRUCCIONESH
- E7!"H!t ! t$ m$sm#<! 4 pien"a "ie'pre en e# @m/$t# "!/#r!" c(an% cnte"te" a #a" pre0(nta".
- Re##ena t%a" #a" pr(e-a" cn t#t!" s$n&r$5!5. N Aa4 nin0(na re"p(e"ta crrecta incrrecta.

S !9r!5& s$n&r!mnt tu &#"!/#r!&$0n

- &.& -
BE,.H Ten0 -a"tante B*C capaci%a% %e an3#i"i" en e# 3'-it #a-ra#C

COMPETECIAS

1. Ten0 capaci%a% %e an3#i"i".
1 & * 4

&. S1 r0ani;ar'e 4 p#ani!icar'e.
1 & * 4

*. Ten0 cnci'ient" -3"ic" %e 'i pr!e"in.
1 & * 4

4. Ten0 !aci#i%a% para re"#+er pr-#e'a".
1 & * 4

5. T'ar %eci"ine" cn !aci#i%a%.
1 & * 4

.. Me cn;c -ien a 'i 'i"' B'i" !rta#e;a"9 %e-i#i%a%e"C.
1 & * 4

7. Ten0 (na actit(% p"iti+a.
1 & * 4

$. Me pn0 en e# #(0ar %e tra" per"na" cn !aci#i%a%.
1 & * 4

7. S4 (na per"na cn practi+i%a% BactN ante" %e :(e 'e # %i0anC.
1 & * 4

1/. Ten0 capaci%a% cr)tica.
1 & * 4

11. Ten0 capaci%a% %e ap#icar #" cnci'ient" en #a pr3ctica.
1 & * 4

1&. Ten0 capaci%a% %e apren%er c"a" n(e+a".
1 & * 4

1*. Me a%apt cn !aci#i%a% a n(e+a" "it(acine".
1 & * 4

14. S4 (na per"na cn capaci%a% %e "(peracin.
1 & * 4

15. Me prec(pa #a ca#i%a% %e #a" c"a" :(e Aa0.
1 & * 4

1.. Ten0 Aa-i#i%a% para tra-a, en e:(ip.
1 & * 4

17. Ten0 (na -(ena c'(nicacin n +er-a# B0e"t"9 'ira%a"9 p"t(ra"C
1 & * 4

1$. Ten0 (na -(ena c'(nicacin +er-a# B+ca-(#ari9 cnci'ient %e #a
1 & * 4

17. S4 (na per"na a"erti+a B%i0 # :(e pien"a" intentan% n Aerir a #" %e'3"C
1 & * 4

8ORMACIN COMPLEMENTARIA < CONOCIMIENTOS

&/. S(e# rea#i;ar c(r"" %e !r'acin c' c'p#e'ent a #a e"pecia#i%a%
e"t(%ia%a en #a Uni+er"i%a%.
1 & * 4

&1. D'in tr i%i'a %i!erente a# 'atern Be,9 In0#1"C.
1 & * 4

&&. =e re"i%i% en e# e2tran,er9 pr e"t(%i" tra-a, Be,H-eca"C.

1 & * 4

&*. D'in #a in!r'3tica e Internet.
1 & * 4
1dna%aS &dpcS *d-a"tanteS4d'(cA

- &.* -

&4. A'p#i cnci'ient" a tra+1" %e #a #ect(ra B#i-r"9 art)c(#"C.
1 & * 4

DISPONIKILIDAD

&5. Ten0 %i"pni-i#i%a% para +ia,ar.
1 & * 4

&.. Ten0 %i"pni-i#i%a% 0e0r3!ica Bpara ca'-iar %e %'ici#iC.
1 & * 4

&7. Ten0 !#e2i-i#i%a% Araria.
1 & * 4

&$. Ten0 carn1 %e cn%(cir.
1 & * 4

&7. Di"pn0 %e +eA)c(#.
1 & * 4

*/. De%ic (n tie'p %iari a #a -N":(e%a 'e,ra %e e'p#e.
1 & * 4

MERCADO DE TRAKAMO9 =ERRAMIENTAS < RECURSOS

*1. Cn;c #a "it(acin act(a# %e# 'erca% %e tra-a,.
1 & * 4

*&. S1 -("car !erta" %e e'p#e.
1 & * 4

**. S1 Aacer -ien (na a(tcan%i%at(ra.
1 & * 4

*4. S1 Aacer -ien (n C(rr)c(#(' Jitae.
1 & * 4

*5H S1 Aacer -ien (na carta %e pre"entacin.
1 & * 4

*.. S1 en!rentar"e cn 12it a (na entre+i"ta %e tra-a,.
1 & * 4

*7. Se rea#i;ar (n itinerari per"na# %e in"ercin %e 'e,ra %e e'p#e.
1 & * 4

*$. Uti#i; #a re% %e cntact" BNetErUin09 cnci%"C.
1 & * 4

*7. S1 Aacer (n prta!#i pr!e"ina#.
1 & * 4

4/. Cn;c t%a" #a" -#"a" %e e'p#e :(e 'e intere"an.
1 & * 4

- &.4 -

Una +e; rea#i;a%a #a pr(e-a pi#t9 e# c(e"tinari 'ani!ie"ta ca'-i" "("tancia#e". A
cntin(acin "e pre"enta e# e,e'p# %e pre-te"t9 p(e"t :(e e# p"t-te"t Bpre"enta%" a p"teririC
cntiene a#0(na +ariacin en e# 0r(p cntr# 4 e2peri'enta.



&. Se2

w='-re wM(,er

*. Sit(acin !a'i#iarH

wIn%epen%i;a%Ta wN in%epen%i;a%Ta

4. E"ta% ci+i#H

wS#terTa wCa"a%Ta wPare,a %e AecA. wJi+ien% en pare,a

5. Pr+incia %e re"i%enciaH w

.. Tit(#acin "(perir :(e Aa ter'ina%

wDip#'at(ra wLicenciat(ra wIra% wIn0enier)a

E"pecia#i%a%H

7. Si e"t3 c(r"an% Aa c(r"a% (n Ma"ter (n Dctra% "e63#e# a cntin(acin.

wMa"ter P"tra% wDctra%

$. Sit(acin #a-ra# act(a# en 'ar; &/11.

wTra-a, en (n p(e"t re#acina% cn 'i" e"t(%i" 4 cntinN !r'3n%'e.
w Tra-a, en (n p(e"t re#acina% cn 'i" e"t(%i" 4 n# cntinN !r'3n%'e.
wTra-a, en (n p(e"t n# re#acina% cn 'i" e"t(%i" 4 cntinN !r'3n%'e.
wTra-a, en (n p(e"t n# re#acina% cn 'i" e"t(%i" 4 n# cntinN !r'3n%'e.
wN tra-a, 4 n cntinN !r'3n%'e.
wN tra-a, 4 ") cntinN !r'3n%'e.

7. =a" reci-i% '3" %e (na "e"in %e rientacin pr!e"ina# en e# N#ti' a6H
o E# prp"it %e e"te e"t(%i e" &#n#&r n :u% m5$5! "! #r$nt!&$0n $n8"u6 n " n$7" 5
m4"!/$"$5!5.

INSTRUCCIONESH

S !9r!5& s$n&r!mnt tu &#"!/#r!&$0n

- &.5 -
w B"iC w BnC
1/. Te 0("tar)a reci-ir +aria" "e"ine" %e rientacin pr!e"ina# para 'e,rar t( ni+e# %e
e'p#ea-i#i%a%H w B"iC w BnC
11. Te 0("tar)a participar en (n 0r(p %e %i"c("in para tra-a,ar e# te'a %e #a
e'p#ea-i#i%a%H w B"iC w BnC


COMPETECIAS

1. Ten0 capaci%a% %e an3#i"i". 1 & * 4
&. Ten0 capaci%a% r0ani;ati+a 4 %e p#ani!icacin 1 & * 4
*. Ten0 capaci%a% %e apren%i;a,e 1 & * 4
4. Ten0 capaci%a% %e a%aptacin 1 & * 4
5. Ten0 capaci%a% para ap#icar #" cnci'ient" a #a pr3ctica. 1 & * 4
.. Ten0 capaci%a% %e %eci"in 1 & * 4
7. Me prec(pa #a ca#i%a% %e #a" c"a" :(e Aa0. 1 & * 4
$. Ten0 !aci#i%a% para re"#+er pr-#e'a". 1 & * 4
7. Ten0 Aa-i#i%a% para tra-a, en e:(ip. 1 & * 4
1/. Ten0 Aa-i#i%a%e" c'(nicati+a" 1 & * 4
11. Me cn;c -ien a 'i 'i"' B'i" !rta#e;a"9 %e-i#i%a%e"C. 1 & * 4
1&. Ten0 (na actit(% p"iti+a. 1 & * 4
1*. S4 (na per"na cn iniciati+a 1 & * 4
14. S4 (na per"na e'p3tica 1 & * 4
15. S4 (na per"na practi+a 1 & * 4
1.. S4 (na per"na a"erti+a 1 & * 4

IDIOMAS 3 TIC

17. Ten0 ni+e# a#t -i#in0]e %e tr i%i'a Be,H In0#1" C 1 & * 4
1$. Me p#ante 'arcAar'e a tr pa)" para tra-a,ar 4T 'e,rar e# i%i'a 1 & * 4
17. Ten0 (n ni+e# a#t %e #a" Tecn#0)a" %e #a In!r'acin 4 #a c'(nicacin
BTICC

1 & * 4

DISPOIBILIDAD

&/. Di"pn0 %e '+i#i%a% 0e0r3!ica 1 & * 4
&1. Ten0 !#e2i-i#i%a% Araria. 1 & * 4
&&. De%ic '3" %e 1/ Ara" a #a "e'ana a #a -N":(e%a 'e,ra %e e'p#e. 1 & * 4

=ERRAMIETAS 3 RECURSOS
&*.Ten0 %(%a" %e c' (ti#i;ar #a" Aerra'ienta" para #a -N":(e%a %e e'p#e 1 & * 4
&4.Ten0 %(%a" %e c' tra-a,ar #" rec(r"" :(e a4(%an #a -N":(e%a %e e'p#e 1 & * 4
&5.Ten0 %(%a" a# en!rentar'e a (na entre+i"ta %e tra-a, 1 & * 4
&..Ten0 %(%a" %e c' en!rentar'e a (na %in3'ica 0r(pa# para (n prce" %e
"e#eccin
1 & * 4

+Dn!5!, 'D4#&#, ED/!st!nt,FDmu&B#

- &.. -

E# in"tr('ent p"t-te"t para e# 0r(p cntr# "eria e# "i0(ienteH



&. Se2H w='-re wM(,er

*. Sit(acin !a'i#iarH wIn%epen%i;a%Ta wN in%epen%i;a%Ta

4. E"ta% ci+i#H





E"pecia#i%a%H





7. =a" rea#i;a% pr3ctica" en e'pre"a"9 %(rante e"te N#ti' a6. B'ar; &/1/-'ar;&/11C
w B"i9 x %e &5/Ara"C w B"i9i%e &5/Ara"C w BnC

1/. En # :(e %epen%e %e ti9 cree" :(e e"te a6 Aa a('enta% t( ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%.
w B"iC w BnC
m4"!/$"$5!5.

INSTRUCCIONESH

S !9r!5& s$n&r!mnt tu &#"!/#r!&$0n
IMERO DE
IDETIFICA
CI

CDIGO DE
GRUPO

NO CUMPLIMENTAR APARTADOS SOMBREADOS

- &.7 -

11. =a" reci-i% Orientacin Pr!e"ina# %(rante e"te N#ti' a6 Bpre0(nta %e %e"carteC
"iw B"iC w BnC


COMPETECIAS


IDIOMAS 3 TIC

BTICC
1 & * 4

DISPOIBILIDAD

&/. Di"pn0 %e '+i#i%a% 0e0r3!ica 1 & * 4
&1. Ten0 !#e2i-i#i%a% Araria. 1 & * 4

"e#eccin
1 & * 4

Utiliza, por favor, la siguiente escala:
1=nada; 2=poco; 3= bastante; 4=mucho

- &.$ -
E# in"tr('ent p"t-te"t para e# 0r(p e2peri'enta# e" "i'i#ar a# anterir per cn a#0(na
pre0(nta e"pec)!ica %e #a rientacin reci-i%a Be,H pre0(nta 1/C :(e n prce%e en e# 0r(p
cntr# pr n Aa-er reci-i% rientacin pr!e"ina# pr c'petencia".



&. Se2

w='-re wM(,er

*. Sit(acin !a'i#iarH

wIn%epen%i;a%Ta wN in%epen%i;a%Ta

4. E"ta% ci+i#H





E"pecia#i%a%H




m4"!/$"$5!5.

INSTRUCCIONESH

S !9r!5& s$n&r!mnt tu &#"!/#r!&$0n
IMERO DE
IDETIFICA
CI

CDIGO DE
GRUPO

NO CUMPLIMENTAR APARTADOS SOMKREADOS

- &.7 -

7. =a" rea#i;a% pr3ctica" en e'pre"a"9 %(rante e"te N#ti' a6. B'ar; &/1/-'ar;&/11C
w B"i9 x %e &5/Ara"C w B"i9i%e &5/Ara"C w BnC

1/. En # :(e %epen%e %e ti9 cree" :(e e# reci-ir rientacin pr!e"ina# Aa a('enta% t( ni+e# %e
e'p#ea-i#i%a%.
w B"iC w BnC


COMPETENCIAS


IDIOMAS 3 TIC

BTICC
1 & * 4

DISPOIBILIDAD

&/. Di"pn0 %e '+i#i%a% 0e0r3!ica 1 & * 4
&1. Ten0 !#e2i-i#i%a% Araria. 1 & * 4

"e#eccin
1 & * 4

Utiliza, por favor, la siguiente escala:
1=nada; 2=poco; 3= bastante; 4=mucho

- &7/ -

Ane2 4.
E,e'p# %e entre+i"ta ana#i;a%a.

- &71 -

EGRESADO J 'E

PRIMERA ETREVISTA .FK MIUTOS1
Pr8$"L In9n$r# t%&n$&# $n5ustr$!"

NO UNIDA DE ANLLISISTSEIMENTO DE
ANLLISIS
CATEIORGA CDIIO
1 Entre+i"ta%rH =#a9 -(en" %)a" Car#". ?>(1
ta# e"t3"@

& Entre+i"ta%H K(en" %)a"9 -(en" %)a"9 e"t4
-ien9 a(n:(e p%r)a e"tar 'e,r "i e"t(+ie"e
tra-a,an%.

* Entre+i"ta%rH <a 'e i'a0in9 ?c(3# e" e#
'ti+ pr e# :(e +iene" a rientacin@

4 Entre+i"ta%H P(e" -3"ica'ente pr:(e e"t4
-("can% tra-a, per n -ten0 nin0Nn tip
%e re"(#ta%" 4 4a n "e "i e" :(e n e"t4
-("can% -ien "i e" :(e n Aa4 tra-a, pr #a
cri"i" c(3# e" e# pr-#e'a. Nece"it
(-icar'e (n pc.

5 Entre+i"ta%rH M(4 -ien9 p(e" 'ira Car#" "i
te parece p%e'" Aacer (na c"a9 e"te
prce" %e rientacin en e# +a" a participar e"
a#0 pec(#iar p(e"t :(e # :(e preten% e"
:(e tN "ea" e# :(e re"pn%a a t(" prpia"
%(%a"9 per n te prec(pe" :(e 4 te ir1
rientan% 4 a4(%an% en #a 'e%i%a en #a :(e
p(e%a

. AAa9 p(e" 4a 'e %ir3"
7 ?C' e"t3" %e 3ni'@
$ Entre+i"ta%H P(e" e"t4 '(4 ner+i" 4 a#0
%e"e"pera% pr:(e "4 (na per"na '(4
acti+a9 "ie'pre Ae e"ta% tra-a,an% 4
e"t(%ian% 4 c#ar9 aAra :(e Ae ter'ina%9
p(e" 'e 0("tar)a encntrar a#0 %e # ')9
per n "e pr %n%e tirar. A%e'3" #e %4
'(cAa" +(e#ta" a #a" c"a" 4 pien" en :(1
p(e% Aacer9 en c' 'e r0ani;9 en c'
e"t3 #a "it(acin 4 a +ece" cre :(e 'e +4 a
+#+er #c.
Capaci%a% %e an3#i"i" 1. CAPANA
7 Entre+i"ta%rH ?N te prec(pe"9 rea#'ente
Car#" tN :(1 e" # :(e :(iere"@

1/ Entre+i"ta%H P(e" # :(e :(iere t% e#
'(n% "(pn09 encntrar tra-a,9 :(ier
##e0ar a "er a#0(ien9 n 'e i'prta e'pe;ar
%e"%e a-a, e ir %e'"tran%9 n "e9 'e 0("ta
"entir :(e cn"i0 -,eti+" 4 :(e +4
'e,ran%9 ?n "e "i 'e entien%e"@
Capaci%a% %e
"(peracin.
14. SUPERA
11 Entre+i"ta%rH S) te entien% per!ecta'ente9
n te prec(pe"9 te +4 pre0(ntan% pr:(e #
:(e :(ier e" cncerte (n p:(it '3"9 "a-er
c' ere"9 :(1 -,eti+" tiene" 4 en -a"e a
e"t 4 a tra" c"a" 'arcar (na pa(ta para
p%er 0(iarte. Pr e,e'p# "i t(+iera" :(e
%e!inirte c' # Aar)a"

1& Entre+i"ta%H P(e" n "e
1* I'a0inate :(e #e pre0(nt a t( 'e,r a'i0

- &7& -
:(e 'e c(ente c' ere" ?:(1 cree" :(e 'e
%ir)a@
14 Entre+i"ta%H P(e" "(pn0 :(e te %ir)a :(e
"4 '(4 ca-e;ta9 :(e n par %e Aacer c"a"9
a#0 Aiperacti+9 'e 0("ta e2peri'entar c"a"
n(e+a" 4 apren%er %e t% # :(e Aa09 n
ten0 'ie% a #" ca'-i" 4 n "e "(pn0
:(e e" %ir)a. Per -(en9 "i0(iere" #e %i0 e#
pr2i' %)a :(e +en0a 4 :(e te c(ente 1#.
Acti+

Apren%er c"a"
n(e+a"

A(tcnci'ient
7. PROACT

1&. APREND

.. AUTOCON
15 Entre+i"ta%rH N Aace !a#ta9 e"a n e" #a i%ea9
cn :(e 'e # c(ente" tN 'e e" "(!iciente. En
re#acin a e"t 'e 0("tar)a :(e pen"ara" (n
p:(it '3" en ca"a c' ere" c' per"na
4 %e a#0Nn '% c' tra-a,a%r ta'-i1n9
+a'" :(e pien"e" a#0(n" a%,eti+" :(e te
caractericen 4 :(e 'e c(ente" %e !r'a '3"
%eteni%a :(1 e" # :(e '3" te 0("ta 4 # :(e
'en". P%r)a" a'p#iar'e a#0 %e e"t.

1. Entre+i"ta%H P(e" n "e9 e" :(e n 'e Ae
p#antea% n(nca e"t %e pen"ar c' "49 n
"a-r)a :(e %ecirte
A(tcnci'ient .. AUTOCON
17 Entre+i"ta%rH OU9 n te prec(pe"9 "i te
parece # pien"a" tran:(i#a'ente en ca"a 4 e#
pr2i' %)a 'e c(enta" ?+a#e@

1$ Entre+i"ta%H Ja#e9 +a#e9 4a ten0 tarea para
e"ta tar%e.

17 Entre+i"ta%rH Se0(ra'ente e"t te ##e+e '3"
%e (na tar%e9 pien"a "-re e## 4 4a 'e %ir3".

&/ Entre+i"ta%H Si9 "i9 "in pr-#e'a9 :(e 4
c(an% %i0 :(e Aa0 a#0 # Aa09 'e 0("ta
Aacer #a" c"a" -ien9 "i 'e pn0 'e pn0
pr:(e para Aacer #a" c"a" 'a# a 'e%ia"
pre!ier n Aacer#a"9 en e" "i "4 -a"tante
cn"tante9 "ie'pre 'e Aan %icA :(e #a" c"a"
Aa4 :(e Aacer#a" -ien.
Ca#i%a% %e #a" c"a"
:(e Aace
15. CALIDA
&1 Entre+i"ta%rH E" e"ta -ien.
&& Entre+i"ta%H L :(e pa"a e" :(e n "e "i e"t
"e p(e%e 'e,rar.

&* Entre+i"ta%rH K(en9 t%a "it(acin p(e%e
'e,rar. C(1nta'e c' e"t3" en!can% #a
-N":(e%a9 e" %ecir9 :(1 e"t3" Aacien% para
-("car e"e tra-a, :(e :(iere" cn"e0(ir.

&4 Entre+i"ta%H N "e9 Aa0 (n pc %e t%9
-("c tra-a, pr Internet9 e"t4 %a% %e a#ta
en in!,-"9 en #a-ri"9 en tra-a,".c' 4
a#0(na '3" :(e aAra n rec(er% c' "e
##a'an.
Tecn#0)a" %e #a
In!r'acin 4 #a
c'(nicacin BTICC
&*.IN8ORM
&5 Entre+i"ta%rH M(4 -ien 4 :(1 '3" c"a"
"(e#e" Aacer para -("car tra-a,.

&. Entre+i"ta%H P(e" e"9 4 ta'-i1n #e e#
peri%ic 4 en+) !erta" :(e 'e intere"an.
K(en -("t pr t%" #" "iti".

&7 Entre+i"ta%rH C(an% %ice" t%" #" "iti"9 a
:(1 te re!iere"9 intenta cncretar'e (n pc
'3".

&$ Entre+i"ta%H P(e" e"9 Internet9 e# peri%ic 4
e"t4 pen%iente %e "i en a#0Nn "iti p(e%en
nece"itar a a#0(ien cn 'i CJ.
Tecn#0)a" %e #a
In!r'acin 4 #a
c'(nicacin BTICC
&*.IN8ORM
&7 Entre+i"ta%rH M(4 -ien Car#"9 #(e0
re+i"are'" entre #" %" tr" p"i-#e"

- &7* -
rec(r"" :(e p(e%e" (ti#i;ar.
*/ Entre+i"ta%H aA9 +a#e9 +a#e.
*1 Entre+i"ta%rH ?C(ant tie'p e'p#ea" a# %)a
en Aacer e"ta -N":(e%a@
K("car !erta" %e
e'p#e
*&.KUSO8E
*& Entre+i"ta%H -(en9 n '(cA #a +er%a%. =a4
%)a" :(e 'e 'et en Internet cn e# prp"it
%e -("car tra-a, 4 ter'in #e4en% #a
carte#era ca'-ian% a#0 %e# CJ.

** Entre+i"ta%rH Me Aa" tra)% e# CJ@ C(rr)c(#(' Jitae. *4.CJ
*4 Entre+i"ta%H Si9 a:() # ten0. =e c0i% e#
'%e# :(e ten)a 'i Aer'ana 4 # Ae
re##ena% cn 'i" %at"9 '3" 'en".

*5 Entre+i"ta%rH K(en9 '(4 -ien9 "i te parece
'e # c'enta"9 para 4 ir !i,3n%'e en c'
# tiene" 4 en c(3# e" t( per!i#. Ta'-i1n 'e
0("tar)a "a-er c(3# e" t( -,eti+ pr!e"ina#9
per "i te parece +a'" a c'en;ar cn e#
CJ.
C(rr)c(#(' Jitae. *4.CJ
*. Entre+i"ta%H Si9 c#ar. S4 In0enier t1cnic
in%("tria#9 Ae ter'ina% Aace apena" (n a69
Ae e"ta% Aacien% pr3ctica" +#(ntaria" en
(na e'pre"a9 #a" Aice a tra+1" %e (n cnci%
:(e 'e c'ent :(e en 8EUR p%)a tener
p"i-i#i%a%e" %e Aacer a#0 pr3ctic para
p%er ir re##enan% e# CJ.
Rea#i;ar Pr3ctica" 44.PRACTI
*7 Ten0 tercer %e #a e"c(e#a %e i%i'a" 4 Ae
p(e"t :(e pre!eri-#e'ente :(ier tra-a,ar en
Rara0;a. K(en9 n e" :(e %e"carte #a tra
p"i-i#i%a% per "i pre!erir)a :(e !(e"e a").

D'inar tr i%i'a
%i!erente a# 'atern
Be,9 In0#1"C.
&1.IDIOMA
*$ Entre+i"ta%rH M(4 -ien. Ante" %e c'entarte
na%a Ae %e %ecirte :(e Aa4 %i!erente" tip" %e
CJ 4 ca%a (n %e e##" tiene (na" nr'a"
-3"ica" :(e e" # :(e 4 %en'in parte
-,eti+a %e# CJ9 per pr e# cntrari9 t%"
#" CJ tienen (na parte "(-,eti+a :(e %epen%e
%e #a per"na :(e # Aace. E"t te # %i0
pr:(e c' +a'" a re+i"ar e# CJ te ir1
c'entan% :(1 e" # :(e n %e-e %e !a#tar e#
CJ n %e-e %e e"tar 4 Aar1 a#("in a e"a
parte "(-,eti+a en #a :(e t( ten%r3" :(e t'ar
#a %eci"in9 "ie'pre tenien% pre"ente %n%e
+a" a %e"tinar e# CJ 4 :(1 e" # :(e '3" te
intere"a.
*7 A:() en %at" per"na#e"9 t%" #" %at" :(e
'e pne" e"t3n -ien 4 #" :(e %e-en %e e"tar
e"t3n t%"9 per e# :(e e"t1" "#ter9 n
ten0a" Ai,"9 e# DNI 4 e# NO %e #a "e0(ri%a%
"cia# "n %at" :(e inicia#'ente n Aa4 :(e
pner#" en e# CJ a n "er :(e t( a") #
%eci%a" pr:(e e# pner e"e %at te -ene!icia.
Pr e,e'p# e# nO %e #a "e0(ri%a% "cia# "i +a"
a entre0ar e# CJ a e'pre"a" %e tra-a,
te'pra#9 p"i-#e'ente te # pi%an 4 %e e"te
'% te e+ita" ap(ntar# en tr #(0ar9 per
para e# re"t %e e'pre"a" n tiene "enti%.
Cn re"pect a #" %e "i e"t3" ca"a% e# %ni9
# 'i"'9 per cn re"pect a # :(e
c'enta" :(e n tiene" Ai,"9 p"i-#e'ente
e"te %at p(e%a" -+iar#9 pr:(e "i
p("i1ra'" t% # :(e n tene'" a# !ina# e#

- &74 -
CJ n" c(par)a '(cA)"i'.
4/ Entre+i"ta%H AA 0enia#9 p(e" n "a-)a "i Aa-)a
:(e pner# per c' 'i Aer'ana pn)a :(e
ten)a %" Ai," 4 #a" e%a%e"9 p(e" 4 p("e :(e
n ten)a Ai,".
41 Entre+i"ta%rH C#ar9 per #a ca"()"tica %e t(
Aer'ana e" %i!erente a #a t(4a9 %e aA) # :(e te
c'enta-a a# principi %e #a parte "(-,eti+a.
Si tiene" a#0(na %(%a "e0Nn +a'"
c'entan% e# CJ9 'e # %ice"9 OD.
4& Entre+i"ta%H Si c#ar9 p(e% ir ap(nt3n%'e
e"ta" c"a"9 e" :(e #(e0 "e 'e #+i%a
4* Entre+i"ta%rH E# aparta% %e !r'acin
aca%1'ica # tiene" -ien per p%r)a" a6a%ir
e# #(0ar %n%e te "aca"te e# t)t(# a# :(e Aace"
a#("in. En e"te aparta% %e-er)a %e aparecer
#a !ecAa9 e# t)t(# 4 e# centr.
44 Entre+i"ta%H ?En e"e r%en@ C(rr)c(#(' Jitae. *4.CJ
45 Entre+i"ta%rH N9 e# r%en n a#tera e#
pr%(ct9 # i'prtante e" :(e e#i,a" (n r%en
4 # 'anten0a" en t% e# CJ9 para re"petar #a
"incrn)a.
4. Entre+i"ta%H C#ar9 c#ar+a#e9 p(e"
entnce" pn%r1 e# centr ta'-i1n. Per #"
c(r"" #" :(it@
47 Entre+i"ta%rH K(en cn re"pect a e"te
aparta% :(e tN %en'ina" c(r""9 p%r)a'"
ca'-iar#e e# n'-re pr !r'acin
c'p#e'entaria9 4a :(e e" '3" c'p#et. Cn
re"pect a # :(e 'e pre0(nta" a +er9 +a'"
pr parte". L" c(r""9 "e'inari" ( tra
in!r'acin :(e %eci%a" pner en e"te
aparta% %e-en %e inc#(ir #a !ecAa9 e# t)t(#9 e#
centr 4 #a" Ara"9. Te !a#tan e"t" %" N#ti'"
en #a 'a4r)a. Pr e,e'p# a:() tiene" (n %e
pre+encin %e rie"0" %e 1. Ara"

Rea#i;ar c(r"" %e
!r'acin c'
c'p#e'ent a #a
e"pecia#i%a%
e"t(%ia%a en #a
Uni+er"i%a%.

&/.CUR8OR
4$ Entre+i"ta%H <a9 rea#'ente n "a-)a "i
pner# n9 per c' ta'pc ten0
'(cA :(e pner9 # p("e pr re##enar.

47 Entre+i"ta%rH <a i'a0in9 %e t%a" !r'a"
Car#"9 #" c(r"" :(e ten0an tan p:(ita"
Ara" 4 n ten0a :(e +er %irecta'ente cn e#
tra-a, :(e -("ca" %e-er)a" %e pen"arte "i e"
'e,r pner#" n. Ana#);a# 4 c(an% 'e
entre0(e" e# CJ %e!initi+ 4a 'e %ir3" :(1 Aa"
%eci%i%.

Rea#i;ar c(r"" %e
!r'acin c'
c'p#e'ent a #a
e"pecia#i%a%
e"t(%ia%a en #a
Uni+er"i%a%.

&/.CUR8OR
5/ Entre+i"ta%H Ja#e9 4 cre :(e # :(itar1
pr:(e a%e'3" !(e n-#ine 4 ta'pc 'e
enter1 %e '(cA9 "ea :(e a(n:(e 'e
pre0(nta"en ta'pc "a-r)a %ecir#e '(cA
'3".

Rea#i;ar c(r"" %e
!r'acin c'
c'p#e'ent a #a
e"pecia#i%a%
e"t(%ia%a en #a
Uni+er"i%a%.

&/.CUR8OR
Entre+i"ta%rH A:() a6a%e" #a" pr3ctica" per
?>(1 te parecer)a pner# c' e2periencia@
Rea#i;ar Pr3ctica" 44.PRACTI
51 Entre+i"ta%H ?A parte@
5& Entre+i"ta%rH "i9 a parte. A6a%ir tr aparta%
%e e2periencia pr!e"ina# e inc#(ir #a !ecAa9 e#
p(e"t :(e c(pa"te9 #a e'pre"a 4 #a"
!(ncine" :(e rea#i;a"te. A:() en par1nte"i"

- &75 -
p(e%e" e"peci!icar :(e eran pr3ctica". Inc#("
p%r)a" a6a%ir #a" Ara".
5* Entre+i"ta%H AA9 +a#e9 n "a-)a :(e "e p%)a
pner. A# !ina# 'e +a a :(e%ar (n CJ '(cA
'3" +i"t".

54 Entre+i"ta%rH C#ar9 e"a e" #a i%ea9 :(e #a
pri'era i'pre"in %e #a per"na :(e #ea t( CJ
"ea -(ena 4 :(iera cntactar cnti0 para
"a-er '3".

55 Entre+i"ta%H 4 a:() en tr" %at" ?ten0 :(e
a6a%ir a#0@

5. Entre+i"ta%rH En e"te aparta% #e p%r)a" %ar
enti%a% prpia a ca%a (n %e #" p(nt"9 tant
#a in!r'3tica c' #" i%i'a" "n #
"(!iciente'ente i'prtante" c' para
%e"tacar#" pr "epara%

57 Entre+i"ta%H Entnce" pn0 a:()
In!r'3tica 4 'et t% e"t. ?n@
Tecn#0)a" %e #a
In!r'acin 4 #a
c'(nicacin BTICC
&*.IN8ORM
5$ Entre+i"ta%rH E2acta'ente9 pne" t%" #"
pr0ra'a" :(e 'ane,a" 4 #" c(r""
re#acina%".

57 Entre+i"ta%H +a#e 4 %e"p(1" e"t en i%i'a".
./ Entre+i"ta%rH E" e"9 ?Aa" e"ta% en e#
e2tran,er@

.1 Entre+i"ta%H "i9 (n a6 en In0#aterra9 per %e
Era"'(".
Re"i%ir en e#
e2tran,er9 pr
e"t(%i" tra-a,
&&.EFTRAN
.& Entre+i"ta%rH K(en9 p(e" e"a e"tancia e"tar)a
-ien :(e #a %e"taca"e".

.* Entre+i"ta%H 4 e"t %e tr" %at" %e inter1"9
# %e, # :(it.

.4 Entre+i"ta%rH P(e%e" %e,ar# "i :(iere"
inc#(" p%r)a" antar "i tiene" !#e2i-i#i%a%
Araria %i"pni-i#i%a% %e incrpracin
in'e%iata.
Di"pni-i#i%a%
0e0r3!ica Bpara
ca'-iar %e
%'ici#iC.

Di"pni-i#i%a% para
+ia,ar.
&..DISIEO

&5.DISJIA
.5 Entre+i"ta%H aA9 p(e" ")9 # pn0 ,(nt a #
cn p"i-i#i%a%e" %e +ia,ar 4 ca'-iar %e
%'ici#i. ?n@

.. Entre+i"ta%rH E" e"9 # %e :(e tiene" carn1
%e cn%(cir p(e%e" pner# en %at"
per"na#e"9 a:(). ?Tiene" %i"pni-i#i%a% %e
+eA)c(#@9
Carn1 %e cn%(cir. &$.CARCON
.7 Entre+i"ta%H ")
.$ Entre+i"ta%rH E"te te2t :(e a6a%e" a:() e"
prpi %e #a carta %e pre"entacin 4 n tant
%e# CJ9 e# CJ %e-e %e "er '3" e":(e'3tic9
pr # 'en" e# e"pa6#. ?Tiene" e# CJ
e(rpe AecA@
.7 Entre+i"ta%H ")9 ten0 #a p#anti##a %e e(rpa""
a#0 a")9 'e #a pa" (n a'i0 %e# Era"'(".
O4e9 4 e"t %e #a carta %e pre"entacin
rea#'ente e" i'prtante@ < pen"a-a :(e n9
per en '(cA" "iti" #a pi%en. < Aice (na
per #a ten0 en ca"a9 "i :(iere" te #a p(e%
'an%ar 4 'e %ice" "i e"t3 -ien9 pr:(e n
ten0 ni i%ea.
Carta %e
pre"entacin.
*5.CARPRE

- &7. -
7/ Entre+i"ta%rH Se c#ar9 '3n%a'e#a 4 4 #a
re+i" 4 te c'ent :(1 'e parece.

71 Entre+i"ta%H =ace tie'p ##e+e e# CJ a (n
par %e e'pre"a" per n entre0(1 #a carta %e
pre"entacin. A # 'e,r n 'e ##a'arn pr
e".
C(rr)c(#(' Jitae.
Carta %e
pre"entacin.
*4.CJ
*5.CARPRE
7& Entre+i"ta%rH ?L#a'a"te tN pa"a% (n
tie'p@

7* Entre+i"ta%H n9 n ##a'1. ?De-er)a %e Aa-er
##a'a%@

74 Entre+i"ta%rH =a4 ca"ine" en #a" :(e
%e-e'" %e anticiparn" a :(e e##" n"
##a'en. L i%ea# "er)a :(e e##" te ##a'a"en9
per "i n # Aacen9 p(e%e" e"perar (n tie'p
cn"i%era-#e 4 t'ar #a iniciati+a tN para
pre0(ntar "i reci-iern -ien t( c+9 "i tienen
a#0Nn pr4ect n(e+ pen%iente. N(nca "e
"a-e.
T'ar %eci"ine".

Ser acti+ 4 practi+
5.TOMDEC

7.PROACT
75 Entre+i"ta%H K(a9 p(e" ni "e 'e Aa-)a pa"a%
pr #a ca-e;a. De e"t Aace 4a '3" %e %"
'e"e".

7. Entre+i"ta%rH K(en9 p(e" aNn e"t3" a tie'p.
77 Entre+i"ta%H A%e'3" aAra :(e %ice" e"t9 #a
+er%a% e" :(e 4 'e cn"i%er '(4 acti+ 4
"(e# t'ar #a iniciati+a per e" :(e en e"te
ca" n "e c' act(ar para n 'eter #a pata9
pr e" cre :(e e# Aa-#ar cnti0 'e p(e%e
%ar e"e e'p(,n para "a-er :(1 p(e% Aacer 4
:(e e"ta -ien 'a# AecA. N "e "i 'e
e2p#ic.
Ser acti+ 4 practi+ 7.PROACT
7$ Entre+i"ta%rH Si9 "i9 te entien%. La i%ea e"
a4(%arte en t% e# prce" %e -N":(e%a9 pr
e" n te prec(pe".

77 Entre+i"ta%H Parece (na tnter)a per e" :(e
4 e"ta" c"a" n(nca 'e Ae para% a
pen"ar#a". Pr e,e'p# 4 entre0(1 e# CJ a
e"ta" e'pre"a" 4 n # ##e+1 a nin0(na '3"
pr:(e 'e "ent) ri%)c(#9 pr (n #a% n "a-)a
"i e"ta-a Aacien% #a" c"a" -ien 4 e" 4a 'e
tira-a para atr3"9 4 pr tr #a%9 n "e9 parece
c' :(e e"t3" 'en%i0an% 4 n ten0 na%a
:(e !recer#e"9 a%e'3" en #" %" ca"" "e #
%e,1 a #a recepcini"ta9 :(e a "a-er %n%e
##e0 e"e CJ. Entnce" %e- %e Aacer# a")
e" 'e,r entre0ar# pr Internet. Ta'pc
ten0 (n #i"ta% %e e'pre"a" :(e 'e
intere"en.

$/ Entre+i"ta%rH Rea#'ente e# #i"ta% %e
e'pre"a" :(e te intere"an e" a:(e# :(e tN
'i"' te e#a-ra" a -a"e %e in+e"ti0ar e
in%a0ar en #a" e'pre"a" 4 %eter'inar c(3#
enca,a '3" en # :(e -("ca"9 en c(3# tiene"
'3" p"i-i#i%a%e"9 %e t%a" !r'a" e"t #
+ere'" cn '3" %eteni'ient '3" a%e#ante.
Li"ta%" %e e'pre"a"
para -("car e'p#e.
*7.LISEMP
$1 Entre+i"ta%H <a9 per n "e pr %n%e
e'pe;ar.

$& Entre+i"ta%rH Ja#e9 p(e" 4 te prpn0 (n
e":(e'a 4 %e"p(1" a -a"e %e tra-a,ar# #
a%apta" a # :(e a ti '3" te intere"e. >(1 te
parece "i te prepara" (na ta-#a en Pr% en
Or0ani;acin 4
p#ani!icacin
&.ORIPLAN

- &77 -
E2ce#9 # :(e tN pre!iera" en #a :(e te pn0a"
#a !ecAa en #a :(e entre0a" e# CJ9 #a e'pre"a9
t%" #" %at" :(e ten0a"9 e# '% %e
cntact9 tr aparta% %e RR== 4 (n N#ti'
p(nt %e -"er+acine".
Cn re"pect a# '% %e cntact9 n Aa4 (n
'% %e cntact i%ea#9 %epen%e %e ti9 %e #a
e'pre"a 4 %e tr" '(cA" !actre". Ja'" a
pner (n e,e'p# "i te parece.
$* Entre+i"ta%H +a#e ")9 'e,r. S(pn0 :(e e"
i'prtante e"t %e ir ap(nt3n%"e t%
per -(en 4 n 'e Aa-)a p#antea% ##e+ar
nin0(na r0ani;acin. per c#ar9 pen"3n%#
-ien9 tiene "( "enti% 4 "( i'prtancia.
Or0ani;acin 4
p#ani!icacin.
ORIPLAN
$4 Entre+i"ta%rH a:() pne'" #a !ecAa %e A49
en e"te #a% pne'" t%" #" %at" %e #a
e'pre"a :(e te intere"e9 pr e,e'p# a :(1
e'pre"a #e entre0a"te e# CJ@

$5 Entre+i"ta%H A =i"pan.
$. Entre+i"ta%rH M(4 -ien9 4 %e# (n a# tre"9
"ien% 1 '(4 intere"ante9 ?c(ant %ir)a" :(e te
intere"a entre0ar e# CJ en e"ta e'pre"a@

$7 Entre+i"ta%H M(cA9 (n (n.
$$ Entre+i"ta%rH P(e" en e"e ca" # pri'er :(e
p(e%e" Aacer e" entrar en "( Pe-9 in+e"ti0ar 4
%e"p(1" p(e%e" ptar pr ##a'ar pr te#1!n
4 pre0(ntar pr e# prce%i'ient :(e ##e+an a
ca- a #a Ara %e "e#eccinar per"na#. ?:(1
te parece@

$7 Entre+i"ta%H -ien -ien9 4 ?"e tiene :(e
"e0(ir e"e r%en ??Pre0(nt "i nece"itan a
0ente@

7/ Entre+i"ta%rH E# r%en # tiene" :(e 'arcar
tN9 tiene" :(e re!#e2inar "-re #a"
p"i-i#i%a%e" :(e tiene" 4 :(e 4 te +4
c'p#e'entan% 4 %e"p(1" "e#eccinar #a :(e
a ti '3" te enca,e. La %eci"in #a t'a" tN.
Inicia#'ente9 c(an% tra-a,a" #a
a(tcan%i%at(ra9 parte" %e :(e n nece"itan a
na%ie9 per aNn a") tN #e pre0(nta" pr #a +)a a
tra+1" %e #a c(3# pre!ieren :(e #e entre0(e" e#
CJ. E"a e" (na pcin9 per t( p(e%e" pen"ar
en tra tta#'ente %i!erente9 para e" e"ta'"
a:().

71 Entre+i"ta%H aA9 +a#e. Si 'e parece -ien e"ta
'anera9 e" "# :(e parece :(e tien%e" a
pen"ar :(e en e"ta" c"a" tiene" :(e Aacer #a"
c"a" %e (na 'anera cncreta9 per pr # :(e
+e # i'prtante e" tener #a" carta" "-re #a
'e"a para %e"p(1" ,(0ar t( -a;a # 'e,r
p"i-#e. A") tN 'i"' +a" apren%ien% "-re
#a 'arcAa.

7& Entre+i"ta%rH E" e"9 e"a -a;a e" t(4a 4 tN
ere" e# :(e tiene :(e a%aptar#a a ti 4 ,(0ar#a.
Una +e; te %i0an #a +)a9 te # ap(nta" 4
apr+ecAa" #a ##a'a%a para pre0(ntar pr e#
n'-re 4 ape##i%" %e# re"pn"a-#e %e RR==
4 "i te # %an 4a tiene" (na +)a '3" %irecta 4
(n +a#r a6a%i% cn re"pect a # :(e "er)a
(na -N":(e%a '3" in%i"cri'ina%a. L i%ea#

- &7$ -
"er)a inc#(" :(e intentara" :(e te pa"a"en cn
e# re"pn"a-#e %e RR== cn e# prp"it %e
cn"e0(ir (na entre+i"ta.
7* Entre+i"ta%H +a#e9 per ten0 :(e ##a'ar a
t%a".

74 Entre+i"ta%rH N9 c#ar :(e n9 tiene" :(1
"e#eccinar #a 'anera en #a :(e # :(iere"
Aacer9 e"t e" (n 'er e,e'p#9 (na %e #a"
'anera" "eria re+i"ar a :(1 e'pre"a" e"
cn+eniente entre0ar# a tra+1" %e #a Pe-
pr:(e tienen e"ta-#eci% e"e !r'at9 a
c(a#e" %e-e" %e entre0ar# pr e-'ai#9 a c(e#e"
tiene" :(e ir per"na#'ente 4 a c(a#e" tiene"
:(e ##a'ar.

75 Entre+i"ta%H +a#e9 +a#e. <a entien%. O4e9
(na c"a4 ?c' p(e% -("car e'pre"a"@
Pr:(e 4 cn;c a#0(na"9 per n "er3
'(cAa" ta'pc.

7. Entre+i"ta%rH E" (na -(ena pre0(nta9 ?tN
c' "(e#e" -("car e'pre"a"@ C#ar9 #
i'prtante e" :(e Aa0a" (n intent. Pien"a
"-re e## 4 e# pr2i' %)a 'e c'enta" :(e
rec(r"" 4 %e :(1 'anera #" Aa" encntra%.
Para c'p#e'entar # :(e -(":(e p(e%e"
-("car a tra+1" %e EEE.ca'ara;ara0;a.r09
tiene" (n aparta% %e p#)0n" en e# :(e te
aparecen t%a" #a" e'pre"a" :(e e"t3n en ca%a
(n %e e##"9 cn in!r'acin %e #a" 'i"'a".

77 Entre+i"ta%H ?e" 0rati"@
7$ Entre+i"ta%rH "i9 e" 0rat(it. Ta'-i1n p(e%e"
-("car a tra+1" %e In!rienta.

77 Entre+i"ta%H AA ")9 e"t4 %a% %e a#ta per n
Ae +i"t na%a %e -("car e'pre"a".

1// Entre+i"ta%rH P(e%e" entrar en %n%e -("c
e'p#e9 %n%e e"t3n #a" !erta 4 %e"p(1" en e#
aparta% %e a(tcan%i%at(ra. Si :(iere"
entra'" 4 # +e'".

1/1 Entre+i"ta%H N Aace !a#ta9 4a "e %n%e 'e
%ice"9 %n%e e"t3 e# 0r3!ic %e c(a%r" ?n@

1/& Entre+i"ta%rH ") e" e". Ta'-i1n tiene" (n
#i"ta% %e cn"(#tra" %e RR==. La" Aa"
tra-a,a%.

1/* Entre+i"ta%H N9 e"a" n #a" Ae +i"t.
1/4 Entre+i"ta%rH E"pera9 :(e entra'" 4 te #
en"e6. Entr cn 'i ("(ari 4 'i cntra"e6a.
Je" -ien a").

1/5 Entre+i"ta%H "i9 "i.
1/. Entre+i"ta%rH +e"9 tiene" :(e entrar a:() 4 te
aparece (n #i"ta% cn t%" #" %at".

1/7 Entre+i"ta%H 4 a:() ?c' # Aa0@ L#a'
pr te#1!n a a#0(na"9 ?"n t%a" i0(a#e"@

1/$ Entre+i"ta%rH La" cn"(#tra" #a" p(e%e"
tra-a,ar t%a" a tra+1" %e Internet9 en a#0(na"
tiene" #a Pe- 4 en tra" #a %ireccin %irecta %e
#a per"na :(e "e encar0a %e #a "e#eccin. Si
+a" per"na#'ente te %ir3n :(e tiene" :(e
entre0ar# pr Internet.

1/7 Entre+i"ta%H +a#e9 p(e" #a" entre0ar1 pr
r%ena%r.

11/ Entre+i"ta%rH Te ##e+ar3 (n tie'p.

- &77 -
111 Entre+i"ta%H "i9 pier%e" (n 'ntn %e tie'p
'etien% %at".

11& Entre+i"ta%rH K(en9 4 "ie'pre %i0 :(e e#
tie'p n "e pier%e "in :(e "e e'p#ea.
Tiene" :(e +er# c' (na 'anera %e "e'-rar
para %e"p(1" p%er rec0er.

11* Entre+i"ta%H "i9 e"t3 c#ar. < # :(e :(ier
e" Aacer #a" c"a" -ien9 "e 'e pa"an #a" Ara"
+#an% 4 n "e "i e"t4 Aacien% #a" c"a"
c' %e-er)a9. Me a#e0r %e Aa-er +eni%
a:() pr:(e 'e e"t4 aArran% tie'p9 4
A(-iera i% a #a" cn"(#tra" per"na#'ente.

114 Entre+i"ta%rH N(nca te ac"tar3" "in apren%er
(na c"a n(e+a

115 Entre+i"ta%H P(e" ")9 ciert9 a%e'3" "e0(r
:(e a #a "e0(n%a :(e A(-iera i% 4 'e
A(-ieran p(e"t 'a#a cara9 'e A(-iera
%e"ani'a% pr:(e 'e cn;c 4 "e :(e "in
pe:(e6" a#iciente" "e 'e Aacen #a" c"a"
c(e"ta arri-a.

11. Entre+i"ta%rH #a a(t'ti+acin en #a
-N":(e%a %e e'p#e e" '(4 i'prtante9 tiene"
:(e pen"ar :(e t( tra-a, e" -("car tra-a,.

117 Entre+i"ta%H E" e" +er%a%.
11$ Entre+i"ta%rH ?=a" pen"a% en Aacer a#0Nn
c(r" :(e c'p#e'ente t( !r'acin@.

117 Entre+i"ta%H "i9 Ae +i"t +ari" per eran
pa0an% 4 n e"t4 aAra c' para 0a"tar
'(cA. Ta'-i1n Ae pen"a% en 'arcAar'e
!(era para 'e,rar e# In0#1" 4 %e pa" tra-a,ar
en a#0 c' ca'arer9 n "e9 per 'i n+ia
e"t3 a:() 4 e" 'e tira para atr3".

1&/ Entre+i"ta%rH =a" 'ira% a#0Nn c(r" %e
In0#1" 0rat(it@

1&1 Entre+i"ta%H n9 %n%e p(e% in!r'ar'e %e
e"" c(r"".

1&& Entre+i"ta%rH Tiene" +aria" !r'a". P(e%e"
entrar en In!rienta 4 re+i"ar e# aparta% %e
!r'acin9 tiene" (n -("ca%r en e#e :(e
aparecen '(cA" %e #" c(r"" :(e "e
i'parten en %i!erente" enti%a%e". P(e%e"
-("car pr te'3tica "ectr. Pr i%i'a"
pnien% In0#1" %irecta'ente.

1&* Entre+i"ta%H La +er%a% e" :(e #a 0ra'3tica "e
'e %a -ien9 # :(e per ##e+ e" #a
cn+er"acin.

1&4 Entre+i"ta%rH =a" pen"a% en Aacer
interca'-i %e cn+er"acin cn a#0(na
per"na In0#e"a A'ericana :(e e"t1 a:() en
Rara0;a tra-a,an% cn a#0(na -eca.

1&5 Entre+i"ta%H "i9 e" e"tar)a '(4 -ien. E"
ta'-i1n e"t3 en In!rienta@

1&. Entre+i"ta%rH n9 en In!rienta n9 per
p(e%e" pa"arte pr Inter!ac(#ta%e"9 %n%e e"ta
e# In"tit(t %e i%i'a" 4 'irar "i Aa4 a#0Nn
carte# inc#(" pner tN (n en e# :(e te
!re;ca" para interca'-i %e cn+er"acin.

1&7 Entre+i"ta%H p(e" e" # +4 a Aacer.
1&$ Entre+i"ta%rH '(4 -ien9 p(e" e# pr2i' %)a
'e c(enta".

- &$/ -
1&7 Entre+i"ta%H +a#e9 +a#e.
1*/ Entre+i"ta%rH ?La in!r'3tica :(1 ta# #a
##e+a"@

1*1 Entre+i"ta%H -ien9 4 cre :(e -ien9 n "er3
pr #a" Ara" :(e e"t4 %e#ante %e# r%ena%r.

1*& Entre+i"ta%rH Tiene" #a pcin %e Aacer a#0Nn
c(r" %e %i"e6 :(e p(e%e "er intere"ante9 pr
e,e'p# %e Catia J5.

1** Entre+i"ta%H "i9 e" 4a # Ae 'ira%9 per "n
pa0an%.

1*4 Entre+i"ta%rH En #a 8EMR #" i'parten
0rat(it".

1*5 Entre+i"ta%H E" %n%e e"t3@
1*. Entre+i"ta%rH p(e%e" 'irar# en #a p30ina
Pe- :(e e" 8e';.e". E"t3n en p#a;a R'a.

1*7 Entre+i"ta%H Me Aan %icA :(e # pi%en
-a"tante 4 pr e" # Aa-)a 'ira% per pr (n
#a% era car 4 pr tr9 enci'a ten)a" :(e
pa0ar -a"tante. <a # 'irar19 4a # 'irar1

1*$ Entre+i"ta%rH M(4 -ien9 4a 'e cntar3" e#
pr2i' %)a "i te Aa" ap(nta% a a#0(n. O4e9
(na c"a9 #e Aa" c'enta% a t( re% '3"
cercan %e cntact" :(e e"t3" -("can%
tra-a,@

1*7 Entre+i"ta%H Si9 # "(e# c'entar9 per 'e
%a (n pc %e c"a pr:(e parece :(e #e e"t3"
pi%ien% a#0. ?E"t rea#'ente !(ncina@

14/ Entre+i"ta%rH "i9 Aa4 '(cA" e"t(%i" :(e
%e'(e"tran :(e e# e'p#e c(#t "e c(-re pr
cntact". E# cnci% %e# cnci%. <a
"a-e"9 "ea :(e 'i cn"e, e" :(e n #e :(ite"
i'prtancia9 t% # cntrari.

141 Entre+i"ta%H +a#e9 +a#e9 4a # ir1 c'entan%.
14& Entre+i"ta%rH 4 #a" re%e" pr!e"ina#e"9 ?e"t3"
%a%a %e a#ta en a#0(na@

14* Entre+i"ta%H n "e -(en9 a :(1 te re!iere"
cn re%e" pr!e"ina#e"

144 Entre+i"ta%rH A Fin0 a LinUe%In pr
e,e'p#.

145 Entre+i"ta%H ni i%ea.
14. Entre+i"ta%rH K(en9 p(e" te c'ent (n
pc9 "i :(iere".

147 Entre+i"ta%H ")9 "i9 %i'e.
14$ B##a'an pr te#1!n 4 e# entre+i"ta%r #
c0eC

147 Entre+i"ta%rH Per%na9 cn re"pect a #a"
re%e" pr!e"ina#e" # pri'er :(e %e-e" %e
"a-er e" :(e "i %eci%e" %arte %e a#ta9 %e-e" %e
+er#a" c' (n tra-a, cntin( 4 a #ar0
p#a;. E"t n cn"i"te en :(e te %e" %e a#ta 4
e"pere" tener re"(#ta%" a crt p#a;. TN
tiene" !ace-U@

15/ Entre+i"ta%H"i9 ") ten0.
151 Entre+i"ta%rH K(en9 p(e" !ace-U e" (na
re% "cia# 4 Fin0 LinUeIn "n re%e"
pr!e"ina#e"9 'ientra" :(e en !ace-U e#
prp"it e" re#acinarte cn t(" a'i0" #"
a'i0" %e t(" a'i0"9 en #a" re%e"
pr!e"ina#e" Aace" a#0 "i'i#ar per cn (n

- &$1 -
prp"it pr!e"ina#9 para interca'-iar CJ9
in!r'acin %e e'pre"a"9 participar en !r"
%e In0enier)a9 interca'-iar pinine" "-re t(
pr!e"in etc. E# !(ncina'ient e" '(4
"i'i#ar per %e,an% a (n #a% e# c'partir
!t" 4 centr3n%te en -("car tra-a, 4
a'p#iar #" cntact" :(e p(e%en !aci#itarte
(na in!r'acin :(e pr tra" +)a" n
cncer)a".
15& Entre+i"ta%H ?e" 0rati"@
15* Entre+i"ta%rH tiene" +aria" '%a#i%a%e"9 per
#a -3"ica e" 0rat(ita 4 te per'ite "(!iciente"
c"a" c' para :(e p(e%a" a'p#iar t( re%
pr!e"ina# 4 'arcar (n +a#r a6a%i%.

154 Entre+i"ta%H p(e" "i9 c#ar9 'e %ar1 %e a#ta.
?C(3# 'e rec'ien%a"@

155 Entre+i"ta%rH K(en #a" %i!erencia" entre
a'-a" n "n '(4 "i0ni!icati+a" 4 r;an '3"
e# %eta##e. Fin0 a pe"ar %e "er a'ericana9 e" #a
'3" e2ten%i%a en E"pa6a p(e"t :(e c'pr a
Ne(rna9 (na re% pr!e"ina# E"pa6#a.
Inc#(" e" #a '3" e2ten%i%a en E(rpa9 pr #
tant "i -("car tra-a, en E"pa6a9 E(rpa9 e"
"(!iciente. LinUe%In e" '3" a'p#ia 4 c(enta
cn '3" ("(ari"9 per a ni+e# '(n%ia#. Si
:(i"iera" -("car tra-a, en EEUU9 te
rec'en%ar)a LinUe%In.

15. Entre+i"ta%H K(en9 p(e" #e ecAar1 (n +i"ta;
a #a" %" 4 'e intentar1 %ar %e a#ta en Fin0
para e'pe;ar 4 tener (na pri'era t'a %e
cntact. De t%a" !r'a "i ten0 a#0(na
%(%a9 te p(e% ##a'ar@

157 Entre+i"ta%rH "i9 c#ar9 'e p(e%e" ##a'ar
c'ent3r'e#a e# pr2i' %)a :(e n" +ea'".

15$ Entre+i"ta%H O4e9 (na c"a9 ten0 #" t)t(#"
en ca"a per n #" Ae tra)% pr:(e n "a-)a
"i #" nece"itar)a" n9 ?ten0 :(e traer#" e#
pr2i' %)a@

157 Entre+i"ta%rH n e" nece"ari :(e #" trai0a"9
#a" "e"ine" :(e +a'" a tener "n %e
rientacin9 # :(e +4 a intentar e" a4(%arte
en e# prce" %e -N":(e%a para :(e "ea" '3"
a(tn' 4 'e,re #a pr-a-i#i%a% %e
encntrar (n e'p#e. E# t)t(# te # "(e#en
pe%ir #a" e'pre"a" (na +e; te Aan
"e#eccina%9 4 n t%a".

1./ Entre+i"ta%H aA9 +a#e9 +a#e. E"ta" re%e"
pr!e"ina#e" "# #a" (ti#i;an per"na" :(e
e"t3n %e"e'p#ea%a" e" para per"na" :(e
tra-a,an ta'-i1n.

1.1 Entre+i"ta%rH La" re%e" pr!e"ina#e" n "#
"n para per"na" %e"e'p#ea%a"9 "in :(e
ta'-i1n #a" (ti#i;an tra-a,a%re" en acti+" e
inc#(" e'pre"a"9 para rec#(tar per"na#.

1.& Entre+i"ta%H ?e'pre"a" ta'-i1n@
1.* Entre+i"ta%rH "i c#ar9 ca%a +e; '3"
cn"(#tra" # (ti#i;an c' rec(r" para
rec#(tar per"na#.

1.4 Entre+i"ta%H P(e" 4 n ten)a ni i%ea9 e"t te
parecer3 (na tnter)a per 'e ani'a9 pr:(e

- &$& -
parece :(e A4 pr # 'en" ##e0ar1 a ca"a 4
n "e ten0 c"a" %i!erente" :(e Aacer 4 tener
#a "en"acin %e :(e +4 a+an;an%.
1.5 Entre+i"ta%rH te entien%9 tiene" :(e tener en
c(enta :(e %(rante e# prce" %e -N":(e%a %e
e'p#e #" e"ta%" %e 3ni' ir3n +arian%9 e"
'3" e"t e" # nr'a#. N p(e%e" e"tar
"ie'pre %e"ani'a% ni "ie'pre ani'a%.

1.. Entre+i"ta%H <a e" "i9 per N#ti'a'ente
e"ta-a '3" %e"ani'a% :(e ani'a%.

1.7 Entre+i"ta%rH Para e"t te a4(%ar3 e# :(e
ana#ice" #a "it(acin "ien% rea#i"ta.

1.$ Entre+i"ta%H Si # Aa09 preci"a'ente pr e"
'e %e"ani'9 pr:(e #a cri"i" 'e e"t3
a!ectan% 4 ca%a +e; %icen :(e "a#%re'" '3"
tar%e %e #a cri"i".

1.7 Entre+i"ta%rH K(en9 tiene" parte %e ra;n9
per "# parte. C(an% te c'ent # %e :(e
"ea" rea#i"ta n e" para :(e 'e %e"cri-a" #a
"it(acin %e !r'a pe"i'i"ta 4 centr3n%te en
# 'a#9 "in '3" -ien t% # cntrari.

17/ Entre+i"ta%H "i9 4a9 per ?c' Aa0 e"@
171 Entre+i"ta%rH <a9 e,e'p#S t( ere" (n cAic
,+en cn (n CJ '(4 -(en9 tiene" '(cAa"
p"i-i#i%a%e" 4 t( ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%
p(e%e" tra-a,ar# en #a" "e"ine" %e
rientacin. P(e%e" (ti#i;ar e"te tie'p :(e
tiene" en !r'arte 0rat(ita'ente en c(r""
c' #" :(e c'enta'" a# principi %e
CATIA J59 #" c(r"" %e c'petencia"
tran"+er"a#e" c' e# %e re"#(cin %e
pr-#e'a"9 r0ani;acin 4 p#ani!icacin9
0e"tin %e# tie'p etc. P(e%e" re+i"ar #" :(e
e"t3n acti+" en n(e"tra Pe- 4 e# pr2i' %)a
#" c'enta'". A %n%e +4 e" a :(e aAra
p(e%e" apr+ecAar para Aacer c"a" :(e
p"i-#e'ente n p(e%a" Aacer c(an%
e'piece" a tra-a,ar. Intenta centrarte en
tra-a,ar e"" a"pect" :(e p(e%e" cntr#ar9
c' 'e,rar #" i%i'a"9 "pe"ar #a
p"i-i#i%a% %e 'arcAarte (n tie'p Aacer
interca'-i9 !r'arte 4 # '3" i'prtante
%ir)a 49 e# rea#i;ar (na recpi#acin %e
e'pre"a" #a-r %e in+e"ti0acin :(e te
per'ita Aacer t( prpi #i"ta% %e e'pre"a"
:(e te intere"an 4 a #a" :(e +a'" a ir
entre0an% e# CJ %e !r'a r0ani;a%a.

17& Entre+i"ta%H <a B"nri"aC9 #a +er%a% e" :(e
ani'a '(cA '3" pen"ar# a"). Per e" %e#
#i"ta% %e e'pre"a" n "e c' p(e%
Aacer#. ?Me %a" tN (n #i"ta% %e e'pre"a"@

17* Entre+i"ta%rH E" # :(e te c'enta-a ante"9
en principi na%ie te p(e%e %ar e# #i"ta% %e
e'pre"a" :(e a ti te intere"a9 e"t e" c' e#
%icA cAin %e n %ar e# pe"ca% "in en"e6ar
a# pe"ca%r a pen"ar9 p(e" e" a#0 a"). La
rientacin cn"i"te en a4(%arte %(rante e#
prce" %e -N":(e%a9 0(iarte9 ani'arte9 per
n "e p(e%e "i'p#i!icar a %ar #i"ta%". J4 a
"er "incera9 4 ten0 #i"ta%" %e e'pre"a" :(e

- &$* -
"i cn"i%er :(e te a4(%ar3n p"i-#e'ente te
!aci#ite per %e"p(1" %e :(e t( Aa4a" -("ca%
e in+e"ti0a% e'pre"a" pr t( c(enta. N "e "i
'e entien%e".
174 Entre+i"ta%H "i9 "i te entien% a%e'3" 4a 'e
Ae ap(nta% a:() (n par %e p30ina" pr #a"
:(e p(e% e'pe;ar. Enten%i%9 enten%i% #
:(e e" # 'i"' )% ccina. Per%na e" :(e a
+ece" 'e c(e"ta cncentrar'e.

175 Entre+i"ta%rH N te prec(pe"9 e" '(cAa
in!r'acin en pc tie'p 4 e" nr'a# :(e
te "at(re". N ten0a" pri"a ire'" tra-a,an%
t% pc a pc 4 "i :(iere" n" p%e'"
'arcar (n ca#en%ari :(e n" a4(%ar3.

17. Entre+i"ta%H Si9 'e parece -ien9 a(n:(e 4
para e"t %e #" ca#en%ari" n "4 '(4
-(en. E" :(e 'e Aa" c'enta% %e
r0ani;acin %e# tie'p %n%e p(e% 'irar#
e2acta'ente.

177 Entre+i"ta%rH Tiene" :(e entrar a:()9 %e"p(1"
pincAa" a:() 4 a:() tiene" e# #i"ta% %e c(r""
%e c'petencia" tran"+er"a#e" a #" :(e te
p(e%e" a p(ntar9 "i te parece #" re+i"a'"
para c'pr-ar "i te intere"a a#0(n.

17$ Entre+i"ta%H "i9 "i.
177 Entre+i"ta%rH K(en9 p(e" a:() en
=a-i#i%a%e" tran"+er"a#e" para e# entrn
#a-ra# tiene" e# pr0ra'a9 re+i"a'" (n pr
(n "i te parece.

1$/ Entre+i"ta%H per!ect9 e"te %e r0ani;acin9
p#ani!icacin 4 0e"tin %e# tie'p ?%e :(1
trata e2acta'ente@

1$1 Entre+i"ta%rH Ta# 4 c' te c'enta a:()
e"ta WB#eeC %iri0i% pre!erente'ente a #"
tra-a,a%re" %e"e'p#ea%" in"crit" en #a"
!icina" %e e'p#e %e# INAEM %e #a
C'(ni%a% A(tn'a %e Ara0n. Ten%r3n
pre!erencia #" ("(ari" %e #" "i0(iente"
pr0ra'a" 4 accine"H Accine" %e
in!r'acin 4 rientacin para e# e'p#e 4
a(te'p#e BIOPEAC9 Pr0ra'a para #a
'e,ra %e #a e'p#ea-i#i%a% 4 #a in"ercin
BPMEIC 4 Pr0ra'a para #a rein"ercin #a-ra#
B8EAICX. Tiene" (n p%! cn e# pr0ra'a.

1$& Entre+i"ta%H AA +a#e 4 a:() te +iene #a
%e"cripcin9 #" -,eti+"9 e# pr0ra'a cn #a"
"e"ine"

1$* Entre+i"ta%rH e" e"9 a%e'3" te e"peci!ica
:(e tra-a,ar3" en ca%a "e"in9 +e" a:() pr
e,e'p# en #a pri'era "e"in #a parte terica
e" %e c' a%'ini"tra'" e# tie'p per"na#9
(na Ara 4 #a "i0(iente Ara e" pr3ctica9 cn e#
ca" pr3ctic :(e a:() te in%ican. Ja'"9 :(e
te p(e%e" Aacer (na i%ea '(4 c#ar %e c'
"er3 #a "e"in 4 %e :(1 "e tra-a,a en ca%a (na
%e e##a".

1$4 Entre+i"ta%H O "ea :(e "n c(atr "e"ine" %e
c(atr Ara" ?n@

1$5 Entre+i"ta%rH e" e".
1$. Entre+i"ta%H 4e 4te %an (n certi!ica% a#

- &$4 -
"er tan pca" Ara" n.
1$7 Entre+i"ta%rH Si te %ar3n (n certi!ica% per
"(e#e tar%ar (n" 'e"e". Si # nece"ita"e" para
a#0 cncret te Aar)an (n %c('ent
te'pra# c' ,("ti!icante %e :(e Aa"
rea#i;a% e# c(r".

1$$ Entre+i"ta%H ?A c(ant" p(e% ap(ntar'e@
1$7 Entre+i"ta%rH Inicia#'ente p(e%e" ap(ntarte a
tre" per "i Aa4 a#0(n '3" en e# :(e ten0a"
'(cA inter1"9 'e # c'enta" 4 "i Aa4 p#a;a"
"e # c'ent a #a c'pa6era :(e Aace #a"
in"cripcine".

17/ Entre+i"ta%H e"te %e re#acine"
interper"na#e" tiene -(ena pinta9 e# %e tra-a,
en e:(ip 'e intere"a '(cA9 a(n:(e e# %e
a(tcnci'ient 4 'ti+acin 'e p%r)a
a4(%ar ta'-i1n. E# %e a%aptacin a# ca'-i
'e # ten0 :(e 'irar pr:(e n e"t4 "e0(r
%e :(e e". Per 4a 'e # 'ir en ca"a
tran:(i#a'ente. L(e0 +e :(e ta'-i1n Aa4
%e t'a %e %eci"ine" 4 "#(cin %e
pr-#e'a"9 %e prec(pacin pr #a
ca#i%a%'e #" 'irar1 e"ta tar%e.
Cncer"e -ien a 'i
'i"' B!rta#e;a"9
%e-i#i%a%e"C.

Tra-a,ar en e:(ip.
..AUTOCON

1..TRAE>U
171 Entre+i"ta%rH Si9 n # %e,e" pr:(e te
arrie"0a a :(e "e te pa"e e# p#a;9 "i !(e"e a")
%e-er)a" %e e"tar pen%iente pr:(e para e#
pr2i' 'e" +#+er3n a i'partir"e e"t"
'i"'" c(r"".

17& Entre+i"ta%H < #a in"cripcin #a p(e% Aacer
%e"%e a:() ?n@

17* Entre+i"ta%rH e" e"9 pincAa" a:()9 re##ena"
#" %at" 4 "e#eccina" #" tre" c(r"" :(e '3"
te intere"en9 %e"p(1" 'i c'pa6era "e pn%r3
en cntact cnti0 para c'entarte "i tiene"
p#a;a n.

174 Entre+i"ta%H ?4 "a-e" "i Aa4 '(cAa 0ente
ap(nta%a@

175 Entre+i"ta%rH En principi9 "i # 'ira" entre
A4 4 'a6ana n ten%r3" pr-#e'a %e p#a;a9
p(e"t :(e e# p#a; "e Aa a-iert e"ta "e'ana.

17. Entre+i"ta%H (na c"a9 'e Aan %icA :(e "i
Aacer (n c(r" #(e0 p(e%e" Aacer pr3ctica"9
entnce" p%r)a Aacer pr3ctica" %e e"t"
c(r"".

177 Entre+i"ta%rH Si Aace" (n c(r" %e !r'acin
para e# e'p#e tiene" DerecA a Aacer
pr3ctica" per tienen :(e tener (n ')ni' %e
5/ Ara"9 re:(i"it :(e e"t" c(r"" n
c('p#en p(e"t :(e rea#'ente e"t" c(r""
"n '(4 -re+e"9 "n 1. Ara" para tra-a,ar
(na c'pen%ia tran"+er"a"9 e"ta"
c'petencia" e"t3n i'p#)cita" 4 '(cAa" +ece"
n "n cnci'ient" tan !3ci#'ente 'e%i-#e"
per n pr e## "n 'en" i'prtante" :(e
tr tip %e c'petencia"9 t% # cntrar).

17$ Entre+i"ta%H 4a c#ar9 "i # +e '(4 Nti#9 #
:(e pa"a e" :(e n "a-)a :(e Aa-)a c(r" %e
e"t. A ') n(nca 'e Aan %a% ncine" para
tener iniciati+a 4 creati+i%a%. N "e "i 'e
entien%e".

- &$5 -
177 Entre+i"ta%rH "i9 te entien%9 preci"a'ente
para e" +iene" a:()9 entre tra" c"a".

&// Entre+i"ta%H ciert9 ciert.
&/1 Entre+i"ta%rH per%na9 te :(er)a %ecir :(e "i
te %eci%e" a Aacer tr c(r" %e !r'acin
para e# e'p#e :(e "ea %e '3" %e 5/ Ara"9 "i
p(e%e" Aacer pr3ctica".

&/& Entre+i"ta%H 4 tN e"t %e #a" pr3ctica" ?c'
# +e"@

&/* Entre+i"ta%rH ?a :(1 te re!iere"@
&/4 Entre+i"ta%H a "i e# Aacer pr3ctica" te
0aranti;a :(e te cntraten n.

&/5 Entre+i"ta%rH =acer pr3ctica" n 0aranti;a
na%aper "i p(e%e "er p"iti+ para c0er
e2periencia 4 tener (n CJ '3" atracti+ entre
tra" c"a".

&/. Entre+i"ta%H K(en9 p(e" e". Rea#'ente
p(e%e +enir -ien ?n@

&/7 Entre+i"ta%rH Si rea#i;a" (n c(r" intere"ante
4 :(iere" pner en pr3ctica e""
cnci'ient"9 p(e%e "er (na prt(ni%a%
intere"ante. Si te parece9 p(e%e" re+i"ar #"
c(r"" 4 "i te c0en en a#0(n "pe"a'" #a
pcin %e #a" pr3ctica".

&/$ Entre+i"ta%H +a#e9 'e parece -ien. Te :(er)a
c'entar tra c"a.

&/7 Entre+i"ta%rH %i'e
&1/ Entre+i"ta%H Ten0 (n a'i0 :(e Aace
tie'p "e ap(nt para reci-ir rientacin per
aNn n #e Aa-1i" ##a'a%9 e# e"t3 tra-a,an%
pr #a" 'a6ana" 4 "# p(e%e +enir pr #a"
tar%e". Le p(e% %ecir :(e te ##a'e para +er "i
#e p(e%e" aten%er.

&11 Entre+i"ta%rH La +er%a% e" :(e #a" tar%e"
e"t3n "at(ra%a" pr:(e #a 'a4r)a %e #a"
rienta%ra" tra-a,a'" "# %e 'a6ana".
?C(ant tie'p Aace :(e e"t3 e"peran%@

&1& Entre+i"ta%H p(e" pr # 'en" (n par %e
"e'ana".

&1* Entre+i"ta%rH Tenien% en c(enta #a #i"ta %e
e"pera :(e tene'" n e" '(cA tie'p. Di#e
a t( a'i0 :(e 'e ##a'e 4 Aa-#ar1 cn 1#9
per 4a te %i0 :(e 4 n p(e% aten%er# pr
#a tar%e 4 :(e 15 %)a" ta# 4 c' tene'" #a"
#i"ta" %e e"pera ta'pc "n tant.

&14 Entre+i"ta%H Per entnce" a(n:(e e"t1
tra-a,an% p%1i" aten%er#.

&15 Entre+i"ta%rH Si9 c#ar9 "(pn0 :(e 1# -("ca
(na rientacin para 'e,rar e# tra-a, :(e
tiene ?n@

&1. Entre+i"ta%H "i9 a#0 a"). O4e9 n "e "i "er3
'(cA pe%ir9 per 'e p(e% %ar %e a#ta en
e"te prta# %e In!rienta aAra 4 a") :(e 'e
%e" e"a +a#i%acin 4 entrar 4 e"ta tar%e %e"%e
ca"a9 e" :(e e"t4 pen"an% 4 "i n 4a n
p(e% Aa"ta e# #(ne". N "e9 c' +ea"9 "# "i
p(e%.

&17 Entre+i"ta%rH Si c#ar9 n Aa4 nin0Nn
pr-#e'a. Te 0ir #a panta##a 4 t'a9 c0e e#
ratn9 ?+e" -ien a")@

- &$. -
&1$ Entre+i"ta%H "i9 "i.
&17 Entre+i"ta%rH +a#e9 p(e" +ete re##enan% e"t"
aparta%" 4 c(an% ter'ine" 'e %ice".

&&/ E# entre+i"ta% re##ena #" %at" para %ar"e %e
a#ta en In!rienta9 e# entre+i"ta%r r%ena
%c('entacin.

&&1 Entre+i"ta%H a:() re##en "# (n ca'p
t%".

&&& Entre+i"ta%rH t%"
&&* Entre+i"ta%H ?p(e% #eer e"t %e a+i" #e0a#@
&&4 Entre+i"ta%rH "i9 c#ar9 e" '3" %e-e" %e #eer#
ante" %e c#icar.

&&5 Entre+i"ta%H U9 a%e'3" n e" '(4 #ar0
&&. Entre+i"ta%rH A,3. Si te "(r0e a#0(na %(%a 'e
c'enta".

&&7 E# entre+i"ta% ter'ina %e re##enar #" %at"
&&$ Entre+i"ta%H <a e"t3.
&&7 Entre+i"ta%rH M(4 -ien9 p(e" e"p1rate (n
''ent :(e +4 a c'pr-ar t(" %at"9 'e
ca'-i %e -a"e 4 te +a#i%.

&*/ Entre+i"ta%H p(e% ir re##enan% e"t9
'ientra" tant@

&*1 Entre+i"ta%rH "i9 "in pr-#e'a
&*& E# entre+i"ta%r c'pr(e-a %at"9 ca'-ia %e
-a"e 4 +a#i%a a# entre+i"ta%. E# entre+i"ta%
re##ena !icAa.

&** Entre+i"ta%rH <a e"t3" +a#i%a% Car#"9 "i
:(iere" p(e%e" entrar e"ta tar%e 4 ecAar#e (n
+i"ta;.

&*4 Entre+i"ta%H 0enia#9 0racia" eAAA.
&*5 Entre+i"ta%rH %e na%a9 a +er9 c(ant tie'p
cree" :(e tar%ar3" en a+an;ar #a" tarea" :(e
Ae'" c'enta%.

&*. Entre+i"ta%H U=8y P(e" n "e. ?C(3nt
p(e%@

&*7 Entre+i"ta%rH Depen%e %e# tie'p :(e t(
e'p#ee" en #a -N":(e%a %e e'p#e9 %e t(
%i"pni-i#i%a% etc. E" # tiene" :(e ir +ien%
tN.

&*$ Entre+i"ta%H P(e" %a'e (n" 15 %)a".
&*7 Entre+i"ta%rH -(en9 #a pr2i'a "e'ana n
p(e% 4 #a "i0(iente ta'pc. ?>(1 te parece
"i :(e%a'" e# && :(e e" 'i1rc#e" 4 a")
tiene" tre" "e'ana".

&4/ Entre+i"ta%H 'e,r9 'e,r.
&41 Entre+i"ta%rH Car#"9 e" i'prtante :(e n te
a0-ie"9 a 'i n 'e tiene" :(e ren%ir c(enta".

&41 Entre+i"ta%H 4a9 4a9 "i 4a # "e.
&4* Entre+i"ta%rH Te # %i0 pr:(e 4 n "e :(e
%i"pni-i#i%a% tiene" tN ni c(a#e" "n t("
-#i0acine" per"na#e" en e# %)a a %)a. E# :(e
tiene :(e r0ani;ar e# tie'p ere" tN. <
"i'p#e'ente te acn"e, :(e intente" crearte
e# Aa-it %e t%" #" %)a" ca"i t%" Aacer
a#0 en pr %e #a -N":(e%a9 %e e"te '% te
"er3 '3" !3ci#.

&44 Entre+i"ta%H N "i e"a e" 'i i%ea. A%e'3"
a(n:(e pare;ca (na tnter)a a 'i 'e +a -ien
n %e,ar '(cA tie'p 4 pner #a "i0(iente

- &$7 -
t(tr)a pr:(e a") 'e -#i0 4 'e pn0 #a"
pi#a"9 e" p"ic#0ic.
&45 Entre+i"ta%rH te entien%9 e" n" "(e#e pa"ar.
&4. Entre+i"ta%H "i9"i B"nri"aC.
&47 Entre+i"ta%rH K(en Car#"9 p(e" n" +e'"
e# %)a && 4 'e c'enta" c' +a" 4 #a" %(%a"
:(e te Aa4an "(r0i%. Si tiene" a#0(na %(%a
:(e pre!iera" c'entar'e9 p(e%e" ##a'ar'e
pr te#1!n.

&4$ Entre+i"ta%H "i9 +a#e. M(cAa" 0racia".
&47 Entre+i"ta%rH Te ac'pa6 !(era.
&5/ Entre+i"ta%H N Aace !a#ta.
&51 Entre+i"ta%rH N te prec(pe"9 n 'e
i'prta. Apa0 #a 0ra-acin 4 +4 cnti0.

&5& Entre+i"ta%H c' :(iera".

- &$$ -

Ane2 5.
Rec(ent %e cate0r)a" :(e aparecen cn e# an3#i"i" %e #a"
1// entre+i"ta"

- &$7 -

CDIIO
EMPLEAKILIDAD
NOPERS
CON LAS
>UE SE
TRAKAMA
NO JECES
>UE
APARECE
CATEORGA
1.CAPANA
1. La capaci%a% %e an3#i"i". *4 41&
&.ORIPLAN
&. Ser r0ani;a% 4 "a-er p#ani!icar"e $& $&*
*.CONPRO
*. Cnci'ient" -3"ic" %e #a pr!e"in
Bp(e"tC
&1 &*4
4.RESPRO
4. Tener !aci#i%a% para re"#+er pr-#e'a" &7 *15
5.TOMDEC
5. T'ar %eci"ine". 4. 5/7
..AUTOCON
.. Cncer"e -ien a 'i 'i"' B !rta#e;a"9
%e-i#i%a%e"C.
77 $1&
7.ACTPOS
7. Tener (na actit(% p"iti+a. 1. &/*
$.EMPATI
$. E'patia BPner"e en e# #(0ar %e tra per"naC &. */&
7.PROACT
7. Ser acti+ 4 practi+ &7 *47
1/.CAPCRIT
1/. Capaci%a% Cr)tica 47 5*&
11.APLCONO
11. Sa-er ap#icar #" cnci'ient" a #a pr3ctica. *4 4/$
1&.APREND
1&. Ser capa; %e apren%er c"a" n(e+a". 47 5&4
1*.NUESIT
"it(acine".
&. *&1
14.SUPERA
14. Capaci%a% %e "(peracin 4* 5.7
159CALIDA
15. Prec(par"e pr #a ca#i%a% %e #a" c"a" :(e
Aace.
14 17$
1..TRAE>U
1.. Sa-er tra-a,ar en e:(ip. 1. &/5

8ORMACIN COMPLEMENTARIA <
CONOCIMIENTOS

CDIIO
EMPLEAKILIDAD
NOPERS
CON LAS
>UE SE
TRAKAMA
NO JECES
>UE
APARECE
CATEORGA
17.COMNJR
17. C'(nicacin n +er-a# B0e"t"9 'ira%a"9
p"t(ra"C
5& 5$7
1$.COMJRJ
e2pre"inC.
54 ./1
17.ASERTI
17. A"erti+i%a% B%ecir # :(e pien"a" intentan%
n Aerir a #" %e'3"C
47 5.7
&/.CUR8OR
c'p#e'ent a #a e"pecia#i%a% e"t(%ia%a en #a
Uni+er"i%a%.
17 1&*
&1.IDIOMA
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DISPONIKILIDAD
CDIIO
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*1.MERTRA
tra-a,.
17 54
*&.KUSO8E
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**.AUTOCA
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CDIIO
EMPLEAKILIDAD
NOPERS
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APARECE
CATEORGA
41.POLIJA 41. P#i+a#encia B=acer +aria" c"a" a #a +e;C 1$ .5
4&.IMPLIC 4&. i'p#icacin en e# Pr4ect 1. 74
4*.PUNTUA 4*.P(nt(a#i%a% 17 5*
44.PRACTI 44. Rea#i;ar Pr3ctica" 15 57
45.EFPRO8 45. E2periencia Pr!e"ina# &4 $.
4..CAPSUP 4.. Capaci%a% %e "(peracin &/ .$
47. EMPREN 47. Capacia%a% %e e'pren%er &7 71

- &71 -

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CDIIO CATEIORGA

MUER 1
B*/
Entre+i"ta"C

MUER &
B*/
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MUER *
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COMPETENCIAS
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NO
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NO
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1.CAPANA
1. Capaci%a% %e an3#i"i". 1& *5 1& ** 11 *&
&.ORIPLAN
&. Or0ani;acin 4 p#ani!icacin. &* 4. &4 45 &5 45
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..AUTOCON
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7.ACTPOS
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%e tra per"naC
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7.PROACT
7. Acti+ 4 practi+ 7 1* . 11 7 1&
1/.CAPCRIT
1/. Capaci%a% cr)tica. 5 11 . 1& 7 14
11.APLCONO
11. Ap#icar #" cnci'ient" a
#a pr3ctica.
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1*.NUESIT
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14.SUPERA
14. Capaci%a% %e "(peracin. 7 14 7 14 7 15
159CALIDA
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CDIIO
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NO
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NO
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NO
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17.COMNJR
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CDIIO DISPONIKILIDAD
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NO
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CDIIO CATEIORGA

&5.DISJIA
&5. Di"pni-i#i%a% para +ia,ar. 7 15 . 14 . 14
&..DISIEO
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=ERRAMIENTAS <
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NO
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NO
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CDIIO CATEIORGA

*1.MERTRA
*1. Cncer #a "it(acin act(a#
%e# 'erca% %e tra-a,.
17 *$ && 4* &/ *$
*&.KUSO8E
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CDIIO OTRAS CATEORIAS
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NO
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NO
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41.POLIJA
41. P#i+a#encia B=acer +aria"
c"a" a #a +e;C
1& &5 1& &. 1& &5
4&.IMPLIC 4&. i'p#icacin en e# Pr4ect
7 &1 $ 17 7 &/
4*.PUNTUA 4*.P(nt(a#i%a%
1/ && 7 &1 1/ &*
44.PRACTI 44. Rea#i;ar Pr3ctica"
1& &4 11 &* 1& &4
45.EFPRO8 45. E2periencia Pr!e"ina#
1* &. 1* &7 14 &7
4..CAPRES 4.. Capaci%a% %e re"i#iencia
11 &* 1/ &4 1/ &4
47. EMPRRE 47. Capaci%a% e'pren%e%ra
1& &5 1/ &* 1/ &*

- &74 -

Ane2 7.
Tran"cripcin %e# 0r(p %e %i"c("in 'i2t.

- &75 -

GRUPO DE DISCUSI J + MI-TO

.G+ MIUTOS1

M%era%rH
Participante 1H CAic.
Participante &H CAica.
Participante *H CAica.
Participante .H CAica.
Participante 7H CAica.

M%era%rH Entnce"9 # :(e Ae'" %icA9 +a'" a e'pe;ar cn #a pri'era p#e9 #a pri'era pre0(nta +a a
"er9 para e'pe;ar e# p#antea'ient9 'e 0("tar)a :(e pinarai" "-re :(1 !actre" pen"3i" cn"i%er3i"
:(e in!#(4en en e# ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% :(e ten1i". En e# :(e "e3i" '3" 'en" e'p#ea-#e"9 ten03i"
'3" pr-a-i#i%a% %e in"ertar" en e# 'erca% #a-ra# 'e,rar per"na#'ente tenien% en c(enta
Participante 1H Partien% %e #a -a"e %e :(e aAra 'i"' e# 'erca% e"t3 c' e"t39 ?n@
M%era%rH tenien% en c(enta tant +(e"tra" c'petencia" c' #a "it(acin %e# 'erca%9 a'-a" c"a".
Participante &H Per ca%a (n
M%era%rH E" %ecir9 'e 0("tar)a :(e Aa-#arai" %e #a" c'petencia"9 %e c' in!#(4en e"a" c'petencia"
en #a p"i-#e e'p#ea-i#i%a%9 c' %e #a "it(acin %e# 'erca%.
Participante &H Ca%a (n "er3 %i!erente9 "(pn0.
M%era%rH S)9 ")9 pinar9 # :(e pen"3i" a ni+e# in%i+i%(a#.
Participante &H < pien"9 :(e # :(e '3" a!ecta aAra9 -(en9 "e0Nn # :(e 'e Aa tca% +i+ir a ')9 e" #a
e2periencia. O "ea9 4 p(e% tener (na carrera9 p(e% tener (n 'ntn %e c(r"" 4 'a"ter9 4 c'
ten0 pca e2periencia en # ')9 Aan cntrata% ante" a (na per"na p(e" %e 8P 9 :(i;3 %e 'en"
!r'acin aca%1'ica :(e 49 per cn '(cAa '3" e2periencia. Entnce"9 en 'i ca" "ie'pre Aa pa"a%
e".
M%era%rH Ja#e9 pr:(e eA9 ?t%" #" :(e e"t3i" a:() ten1i" (na carrera (ni+er"itaria9 # %ice" :(i;3 pr
e"e "enti%@
Participante 4H < pr # :(e Ae +i"t9 :(e ta'-i1n 'e9 'e pa" a ')9 c' ten)a '(cA)"i'a e2periencia9
ten)a (n p(e"t 'e,r 4a %e9 %e re"pn"a-i#i%a% en eA9 en #a" e'pre"a"9 a #a Ara %e -("car e9 e'p#e" %e
'i 'i"' ni+e# p(e" 'e %ec)a p(e" :(e n encntra-a na%a. Entnce" # :(e t(+e :(e Aacer e" :(itar e#
t)t(# %e in0enier9 'an%ar Nnica'ente :(e ten)a 8P9 4 en #a" entre+i"ta" p(e"9 en #a N#ti'a 'ent)
%e"cara%a'ente9 %i,e :(e Aa-)a AecA c"a" :(e n Aa-)a AecA ,a'3"9 -(en #a 8P ")9 p(e" :(e crtar
ca-#e9 pner encA(!e" 4 c"a" a")9 4 a") cn"e0() eA9 e# e'p#e9 en e# :(e e"t4. L :(e pa"a :(e 4 +e9
p(e" :(e c#ar9 4 'e Ae pe0a% %iecin(e+e 'e"e" en par9 c' c'enta-a ante" a# inici9 ##e+ aAra
4a c(atr tra-a,an% a:()9 ##e+ +eintitr1" 'e"e"9 :(e n e" %e in0enier9 4 pien" :(e +#+er a# '(n% %e
#a in0enier)a act(a#'ente 'e +a a re"(#tar '(4 c'p#ica%9 pr:(e p(e% 'entir tra +e;9 4 %ecir n n9
en #a e'pre"a en #a :(e e"t4 Aa0 4 e# %i"e6 e#1ctric9 4 Aa0 4 #a" !r'a" 4 ta#9 4 'ntan #a" c"a"
tr9 per n e" # 'i"' 'entir Aacia a-a,9 pien" 49 :(e 'entir a %ecir :(e tiene" (n"9 (na"
c'petencia" a # 'e,r pr enci'a %e # :(e tN tiene"9 n "19 c' "i (n cciner Nnica'ente Aa
ccina% en "( +i%a aA9 pae##a"9 4 %ice9 p(e" e" :(e a:() "# Aace'" !i#ete" a #a p#ancAa9 aA ")9 ")9 p(e%9
per n e" # 'i"' a#0(ien :(e Aa e"ta% "i'p#e'ente %e pincA1 %e ccina :(e %i0a9 n9 n9 4 "4
capa; %e e,ercer pr enci'a %e9 n "19 %e9 4 cre
Participante 5H ?E# :(1 %ec)a"@ ?>(e en e# N#ti' tra-a, Aa" 'enti% Aacia a-a, para cn"e0(ir#@
Participante 4H S). S)9 ")9 ").
Participante 5H O "ea9 Aa" %icA :(e ten)a" 8P9 4 ?Aa" ca'-ia% # %e #a in0enier)a@
Participante 4H S)9 # :(e9 4 ten0 #a 8P 4 #a in0enier)a.
Participante 5H AA.
Participante 4H L :(e pa"a :(e c'9 c' 4 c' tra-a,a%r9 4 n(nca Ae e"ta% cnectan%
encA(!e"9 eA tiran% 'an0(era 4 c"a" a")9 entnce" en #a9 en #a N#ti'a entre+i"ta :(e Aice9 +ien% :(e n
p%)a encntrar tra-a, c'9 %e in0enier9 %e eA9 %e re"pn"a-#e9 %e %i"9 4 :(e "19 %e %i"e6a%r 4
ta#9 p(e" t(+e :(e %ecir p(e" :(e Aa-)a AecA p(e" c"a" %e9 %e 0ente %e 8P.
Participante 5H AA9 +a#e e" :(e
Participante 4H ?Ja#e@
Participante 5H a# principi te Aa-)a enten%i% :(e c' #" in0enier" n "e c#ca-an :(e Aa-)a"
:(ita% # %e in0enier

- &7. -
Participante 4H N n9 n9 n.
Participante 5H 4 :(e Aa-)a" p(e"t e# %e 8P9 aA +a#e.
Participante 4H N9 n9 a# cntrari9 #" :(e n "e c#can "n #" in0enier".
Participante 1H EA9 :(e #" in0enier" n "e c#can9 eA.
Participante 4H Entnce"9 # :(e t(+e :(e Aacer e"9 p(e" eA9 p(e" 'entir.
Participante 5H Te # %i0
Participante 4H < cre :(e9 4 'ent)9 per +a'"9 ta'pc 'e +e)a n capacita% para Aacer e"9 pr:(e
# Aa-)a AecA en #a 8P9 # :(e pa"a :(e #a 8P #a Aice en e# a6 n+enta9 per -(en9 cnectar encA(!e" 4
ta#9 4 'e +e)a capacita%9 a(n:(e 4 n # Aa-)a AecA. >(e n Aa-r)a "i% # 'i"' :(e %ecir9 n9 n9
49 pner (n "(e#9 "4 incapa; %e Aacer#9 per e" ") :(e 'e +e)a capacita% a pe"ar %e n Aa-er#
AecA.
Participante 5H M(cAa" +ece" #a e2periencia n "ir+e %e na%a9 %e t%a" !r'a"9 pr:(e rea#'ente9 c(an%
e'pie;a" (n tra-a, a(n:(e n tiene" e2periencia9 nr'a#'ente "(e#e" e'pe;ar ca"i %e"%e cer9 a(n:(e
ten0a" (na e2periencia anterir9 pr e"9 '(cAa" +ece"9 ta'pc # +e 4 tan 'a#.
Participante *H Per e" %)"e# a# entre+i"ta%r a #a per"na :(e te +a a cntratar.
Participante 5H E" :(e9 '(cAa" +ece"
Participante *H De"%e #(e0 e" :(e "i n
Participante 5H M(cAa" +ece" %ice"9 ")9 ")9 4 Ae AecA e"t Ae AecA e"t9 4 ten0 e2periencia en e"t9
per #(e09 c' ca%a e'pre"a tiene (n '1t% %e tra-a, %i"tint
Participante *H De"%e #(e09 %e"%e #(e0.
Participante 5H p(e" '(cAa" +ece" te enc(entra" cn :(e e" c' "i n A(-iera" AecA na%a9 "ea9 e"a
e2periencia rea#'ente te "ir+e (n pc9 -(!9 n "19 para a'#%arte '3" 'en" !3ci#'ente :(i;3"9 per
pc '3"9 "ea9 :(e a +ece"9 e" %e #a e2periencia9 p(e" n # +e tan pe#i0r" e# 'entir aA)
Participante *H S).
Participante 5H en e"e "enti%.
Participante *H <9 "ea 4 "ie'pre 'e :(e, :(e n ten0 e2periencia 4 # :(e "ea9 4 :(e n 'e p(e%
c#car9 per #(e0 Aa-#9 Aice (n c(r" Aace '(4 p:(it9 :(e9 cn per"na" :(e ten)an9 :(e e"ta-an9
Aa-)an tra-a,a% %(rante %ie; a6" en # :(e 4 :(ier tra-a,ar9 "ea9 en cn"(#tra"9 4 'e e2p#ica-an
:(e pr e" n p%)a tra-a,ar9 pr:(e ten)an tanta e2periencia9 :(e i0(a# "a-)an '3" :(e e# entre+i"ta%r9
:(e i0(a# ##e+a-a cinc a6" "ei" tra-a,an%9 entnce" # +e)an c' (na a'ena;a9 4 pr e" i-an ecAan9
"ea9 a(n:(e #(e0 te entre+i"taran9 # Nnic :(e Aac)an era tirar#9 pr:(e a# ##e+ar tanta e2periencia
p(e" n9 # "ent)an c' (na a'ena;a9 a# tra-a,a%r :(e "e "entara aA).
Participante 5H =a4 (na c"a '3"9 a parte %e # :(e c'enta" ta'-i1n9 e" :(e a # 'e,r ta'-i1n pien"an
:(e e"a canti%a% %e e2periencia tan 0ran%e9 p(e%e "(pner :(e e"a per"na a #a '3" ')ni'a %e ca'-i "e
te p(e%a ir a tr #a%.
Participante *H E2acta'ente.
Participante 5H >(e ta'-i1n p(e%e
Participante *H S).
Participante 5H "er tr p(nt en cntra.
Participante 7H Para ') Aa4 (n par %e !actre" %e e"t"9 %e # :(e e"t3i" %icien%9 :(e9 :(e ") :(e in!#(4en
'(cA en :(e p%a'" tra-a,ar n 4 e"9 pr (n #a%9 '(cAa" +ece" "e perci-e '(cAa !a#ta %e pr!e9 %e
pr!e"ina#i%a% %e #" entre+i"ta%re"9 pr:(e9 -(en9 pr # 'en" para ')9 n 'e parece :(e e"t1n
"i0(ien% criteri" -,eti+"9 "e -a"an en "i tienen !ee#in0 cn #a per"na9 eA9 en c"a" a") c' e"ta
per"na "e +a a ir9 per te e"t3 e2p#ican%9 4 aNn a") te e"t3n pre0(ntan% pr #a" 'ti+acine" :(e tiene"
%e %ecir9 e##" tienen (na i%ea "-re # :(e tN ere"9 :(e rea#'ente n cn9 n cntra"tan9 49 Aa4 (na9 -(en
4 a%e'3" %a i0(a# :(e "ean e'pre"a" cn 0ente pr!e"ina# :(e9 :(e e# t)pic 0erente %e (na e'pre"a9 4
+e '(cA %e e"9 4 #a" cn"(#tra" :(e Aacen '(cA parip19 e" %ecir9 e" %i!)ci# acce%er pr e"e #a%9 4
#(e0 a parte Aa Aa-i% (na 'a#a p#ani!icacin %e# 'erca% %e tra-a,9 entnce" e"ta'" 0ente cn
'(cAa preparacin para p(e"t" :(e n +an a e2i"tir n(nca9 4 n "e +an a !ertar9 entnce"9 -(en e" e"
#a parte e29 e2terna9 #(e09 e" :(e -(en9 c(an% 4a tiene" e"a preparacin9 rea#'ente #a" c'petencia"
#a" c('p#e"9 "i te pa"e" pr arri-a ta'pc e" (na %i!ic(#ta% para tra-a,ar9 n %e-er)a "er#9 per <
-(en9 c(an% e"t(+i'" a:()9 en e# c(r" :(e entre+i"tan eA9 p(e" -(en9 e"t(+i'" ana#i;an% (n
'ntn %e c"a"9 "-re c' rea#i;ar (na entre+i"ta9 :(1 #e" +a a 0("tar9 :(1 n #e" +a a 0("tar9 per
#(e0 en #a rea#i%a%9 n "19 eA9 e" tta#'ente incntr#a-#e #a per"na :(e te +a" a encntrar 4 :(e te +a a
entre+i"tar9 cn e# :(e t( +iene" a apren%er9 pr # 'en"9 n "1.
Participante *H Per e" :(e e" n # "a-e" ni %e"p(1" inc#(" %e Aa-er AecA #a entre+i"ta9 "ea9 '(cAa"
+ece"
Participante 7H Te9 te %e"cri-en (n per!i#9 # c('p#e"9 +a"9 4 #(e0 +e" :(e %e,an a per"na" :(e n Aan
ter'ina% #a carrera c(an% tN ") :(e #a Aa" ter'ina%9 "ea9 n tiene na%a :(e +er # :(e Aan %e"crit
cn # :(e #(e0 :(ieren9 n "19 n "19 aA) Aa4 (na !a#ta %e in!r'acin 4 %e9 4 %e criteri para

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Participante 5H ='-re aA) ,(e0a"9 4 pien" :(e Aa4 ta'-i1n '(cA
Participante 7H 4 e"ta'" Aa-#an% ta'-i1n %e :(e Aa4a '(cAa !erta c#ar9 e"ta'" ,(0an% ta'-i1n
cn9 -(en9 pr # 'en"
Participante *H Per e# pr-#e'a :(i;3"9 -(en e# pr-#e'a9 e" :(e aAra9 "i pien" 4 eA9 i0(a# Aace
cinc "ei" a6"9 n # "19 per aAra "i :(ieren (n in0enier :(e Aa AecA n "1 :(1 4 :(e Aa AecA n
"1 c(ant"9 4 :(e tiene tra-a," en a#t(ra9 :(e e" r(-i9 cn ," a;(#e"9 4 (n *. %e pie9 # +an a cn"e0(ir9
e" :(e # +an a cn"e0(ir9 "ea9 Aa4 tanta 0ente9 para t%9 "ea9 :(e i0(a# e##" :(ieren (n per!i# 4 ##e0a
tr c(rr)c(#(' :(e #e" enca,a '3" pr:(e i0(a# # :(e %ice" tN9 #a %e"cripcin %e# p(e"t n Aa "i%
e2Aa("ti+a crrecta9 #e" ##e0a tr c(rr)c(#('9 "tra"9 e" :(e e"te 'e +iene e# %-#e %e 'e,r9 4 n
"i0(en #" criteri" :(e i0(a# a ti te Aan e2p#ica%.
Participante 7H M'.
Participante 1H A +er9 4 pien" :(e aAra 'i"'9 para e'pe;ar a tra-a,ar eA9 e"t !(ncina pr
cnci%".
Participante *H <a.
Participante 7H S)9 a%e'3" e" :(e
Participante 5H E" # :(e 4 :(er)a Aa-#ar a:().
Participante 1H < ten0 (n a'i09 'i pri'9 'i9 'i "-rin9 "ea
Participante 7H ?< e" :(e tiene :(e +er cn #a" c'petencia" cn@9 na%a.
Participante 5H E" :(e
Participante 1H Na%a9 per e" :(e e" c' e"t3 !(ncinan% aAra.
Participante 7H E" :(e n e" pr!e"ina# ta'pc...
Participante 5H E" :(e9 Aa-#an% %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%9 4 :(e "19 4 :(i;39 a # 'e,r %i"tin0(ir)a %"9 %"
ca'p"9 %i!erenciar)a %" ca'p"9 (n e"9 #a capaci%a% %e :(e te e'p#een9 4 #(e09 c(an% e"t3" %entr9
c'9 c' +a" a !(ncinar 'e,r.
Participante 7H M'.
Participante 5H En e# pri'er ca"9 e''9 !aci#i%a% en :(e te e'p#een n te e'p#een9 p(e" e+i%ente'ente
# :(e aca-a" %e c'entar tN9 #" cntact" 4 'e %i c(enta %e :(e e" a#09 -(!!9 para 'i e"
Participante 1H A(n:(e n e"t1n re#acina%" eA9 a# !in 4 a# ca-.
Participante 5H #(e0 a # 'e,r
Participante 7H Per e" n "e +a a tra%(cir en -(en" re"(#ta%" para #a e'pre"a9 pr e".
Participante *H O ")9 i0(a# t( ere" capa; %e Aacer#.
Participante 7H N e" :(e tN "ea" capa;
Participante 5H per e" 4a "er3 !r)a'ente9 c(an% "e Aa4a9 e" :(e c#ar9 Aa4 (n c'pnente en ca#iente9
:(e c#ar9 :(e n e" e"e %e "i9 Aa4 (n !ee#in0 aA) :(e 4a n e" tan ca#c(#a%r a # 'e,r9 4 :(e pe"a (n
'ntn. C#ar9 4 aA)9 en e# ca" %e cn"e0(ir e'p#e9 p(e" #" cntact" %e"%e #(e0 e" !(n%a'enta#9 4
#(e0 e" "a-er tran"'itir inter1" en e# tra-a,.
Participante 7H <a.
Participante 5H <9 #(e0 a #a +e;9 tN :(e Aa" c'enta% :(e te Aiciern (na entre+i"ta :(e t( eA9 :(e te
"a#i 'a#9 Aace pc
Participante 1H S)9 per
Participante 5H 4 tra c"a
Participante 1H e" pr:(e # :(e Aa c'enta% e##a9 :(e n te e"pera"9 e" :(e ta'-i1n Aa4 pre0(nta" :(e
%ice"9 per pr %n%e
Participante 5H N.
Participante 1H te pre0(ntan a # 'e,r9 ?:(1 e" 'e,r (na per"na inte#i0ente tra-a,a%ra@
Participante *H Mi,i,i.
Participante 1H 4 4 p(e"9 p(e" 4 pre!ier (na per"na :(e "ea tra-a,a%ra9 ?n@ N "1.
Participante 7H Per 4 :(e "19 e" tN n "a-e" :(1 e" # :(e "e e"pera :(e %i0a".
Participante *H E2acta'ente.
Participante 1H Per e" :(e 4 n "a-)a # :(e e"pera-a :(e %i,era9 ?n@ < pre0(ntan a") c'9 n "19
c'9 n "19 aAra n 'e "a#e tra c"a9 per "n pre0(nta" :(e %ice"9 per e"te t) :(e 'e e"t3
%icien%9 ?n@
Participante 5H E" :(e9 en (na entre+i"ta9 4 pien"9 4 cre9 en entre+i"ta" en ca'-i "ie'pre 'e
enc(entr '(4 "e0(r9 pr(t9 4a aA) %ice" (na c"a :(e n tiene" ni e# '3" ')ni'
Participante 1H <a9 ,e,e.
Participante 5H Per "a-e"9 Aa4 (na c"a :(e ") e" cierta9 4 a t%" #" tra-a," #e" enc(entr pe0a".
Participante 1H E" pien" 4
Participante 5H E" e"t3 c#ar.
Participante 1H e" ta'-i1n 'e pa"a a ').
Participante 5H Entnce"9 te :(ier %ecir9 a t%".

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Participante 1H A ') ta'-i1n.
Participante 5H Entnce" cre :(e c' 4 c(a#:(iera9 entnce" n +4 a pner'e ner+i" "a-ien%9 te
:(ier %ecir9 # :(e "e e"t3 !ertan% A4 en %)a9 4 '3" en e"te pa)"9 e" :(e9 :(iera" :(e n9 p(e"9
"a-e'" :(e tene'" (n ni+e# %e +i%a9 "ea9 :(e #" "(e#%" "n '3" -a,"9 :(e e"t3n 'etien%9 :(e e"
(n pa)" %n%e e# te'a %e #a" Ara" e2tra" "e cntr#a9 :(e +a"9 :(e t( +a" a e"tar %an% '(cA '3" %e #
:(e te +an a pa0ar "e0(r pr:(e "in n te +an a cntratar9 a ') e# AecA e"e9 a ') 'e %a '(cAa
"e0(ri%a% en #a entre+i"ta9 te :(ier %ecir9 p(e% "er '(cA '3" !r)9 4 e" :(e n p(e% pner'e
ner+i" en (na entre+i"ta pr e"9 pr:(e e" :(e9 rea#'ente ta'pc9 "ea9 "4 !r) en e# "enti% %e :(e
ten0 :(e cn"e0(ir e"e tra-a,9 per c#ar9 para pner'e ner+i" e" c' "i en e## 'e !(e"e #a +i%a9 49
49 e"
Participante 1H K(en
Participante 5H e" # :(e :(i;3 Aa4 :(e :(itar"e %e #a ca-e;a.
Participante 1H e" e" -(en para ti9 per 4 'e pn09 "ea9 'i car3cter9 'i !r'a %e "er9 4 en #a"
entre+i"ta" 'e pn0 '(49 'e pn0 ner+i".
Participante 5H E" e" :(e9 # 'e,r e" :(e9 e" '(4 i'prtante :(e te +ean '(4 "e0(r.
Participante 1H M'.
Participante 5H >(e te +ean '(4 "e0(r9 4 a%e'3"9 a #a +e; cnci#ia%r 4 :(e ten0a" inter1". Per -(en9
e" e" (n te'a :(e ta'-i1n9 -(en e" (n te'a :(e
Participante 1H O4e 4.
Participante 5H en c(ant a #a tran:(i#i%a% en e# "enti% %e # :(e e" cn"e0(ir tra-a,9 ?n@ <a (na +e;
:(e e"t3" %entr9 4a # :(e e"t3" %icien% %e #" %" ca'p".
Participante 1H >(e te +an "a#ien% cn e"ta" pre0(nta" 4 ta#9 4 te +a" %icien%9 4a p(e" te +a"
%e"cncentran%9 4 te +a" :(e%an% en -#anc 4 n "1.
Participante 7H O "ea9 # :(e %i0 49 :(e para cn"e0(ir (n tra-a, tiene" :(e Aacer (na e"pecie %e teatr
:(e n tiene na%a :(e +er
Participante 1H P(e"9 p(e"
Participante 7H ni cn #a" c'petencia" :(e tiene"
Participante 1H crrect.
Participante 7H ni "i...9 -(en "i te c'(nica" -ien 'a#9 %epe9 e" :(e9 n # "a-en rea#'ente pr:(e e"
:(e Aa4 per"na" :(e
Participante 1H Pr e" 4 cre :(e
Participante 7H n # "a-en +a#rar.
Participante 1H pien" :(e e" '(4 i'prtante # %e #" cntact"9 #" cnci%"9 pr:(e "a-en '3"
'en"
Participante 7H Si te cncen "a-en '3" 'en" #a %i!erencia %e ca%a per"na
Participante 1H "i te cncen "a-en c' p(e%e" reaccinar c'
Participante 7H M'.
Participante 1H %e :(e pie c,ea" %e :(1 pie n c,ea"
Participante 7H M'.
Participante 1H 4 "i ere" (na per"na tra-a,a%ra
Participante 5H Per9 '3" aNn9 e" :(e a # 'e,r9 "ea :(e te cn;can
Participante 7H < pr:(e #a 0ente "e c'pr'ete cn t%a #a 0ente :(e cnce9 -(en9 en cntratar a
0ente :(e cnce9 :(e cnce9 c(an% p%r)an e+itar"e e"e tip %e c'pr'i""9 e" :(e n9 e" :(e e" ")
:(e n9 e" a#0 :(e n.
Participante 5H E"a e" (na c"a :(e ta'-i1n 'e pre0(nt 49 pr:(e rea#'ente c(an% (na per"na #e
c'enta a tra per"na9 e"t3" pnien%9 e"t3" pnien% t( 'i"' t( pre"ti0i en ,(e0...
Participante 7H S).
Participante 5H "i e"a per"na #(e0 n !(ncina9 e" e" e+i%ente. E" (na c"a :(e ta'pc Ae entien%
'(cAa" +ece".
Participante 7H < e" :(e n Ae +i"t '(cA" ca""9 :(e 'e c(entan :(e e" a")9 per 4 n entien%
pr:(e #a 0ente "e 'ete en e"e tip %e c"a"
Participante .H < e" :(e pien"9 :(e en e"e "enti%9 tN c(an% +a" a rec'en%ar a a#0(ien9 tN n
rec'ien%a" a c(a#:(iera9 "ea9 pr e,e'p#9 "i tN e"t3" tra-a,an% 4 "a-e" :(e Aa4 (na +acante9 tN n
rec'en%9 n rec'ien%a" a c(a#:(iera9 principa#'ente para e+itar e"e tip %e c"a" :(e e"t3"
c'entan% t(9 "ea9 4a e" (na e"pecie %e re!erencia %e :(e
Participante 5H Per ta'-i1n9 %epen%e %e # :(e e"t1" rec'en%an%9 pr:(e tN # cnce"
Participante .H p(e%e "er
Participante 5H p(e%e :(e tN Aa4a" tra-a,a% cn e"a per"na 4 "epa" :(e n %a pr-#e'a"9 pr # c(a#
ta'pc te :(e'a" '(cA.
Participante .H 4a per

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Participante 5H E" :(e Aa4 '(cAa" !r'a" %e :(e te cn;can.
Participante .H 4 pr e,e'p#9 c(an% e"ta-a tra-a,an%9 a (na per"na9 en t% e# tie'p :(e e"t(+e
tra-a,an%9 ?pr :(1@ Pr:(e en #a" tra"9 4 'i"'a era #a pri'era :(e n pn)a9 n "a-)a9 pen"a-a :(e
n p%)a enca,ar en e# p(e"t9 p%)a re"(#tar '3" cn!#icti+
Participante 5H M'.
Participante .H :(ier %ecir9 :(e e"9 :(i;3 e##" # +ean c' :(e t( ap(e"ta"9 4 n # %e!ien% eA9 z,y
N e"t49 4 pien" :(e en e"te ''ent # :(e %ice" tN9 pr:(e 4 a# principi9 pr e,e'p# 'e
centra-a en 'i" p(nt" %1-i#e"9 p(e" pien" :(e p(e% 'e,rar e"t9 p(e" pien" :(e p(e% 'e,rar
a:(e##9 per #(e0 'e9 'e Ae encntra% cn 0ente
Participante 5H M'.
Participante .H :(e tiene e"" 'i"'" p(nt"9 4 e"t3 en #a 'i"'a "it(acin :(e 49 cn # c(a#9 "i ere"
,+en pr:(e eA9 n tiene" e2periencia9 "i #a tiene"9 pr:(e aAra te +an a pe%ir %" tre" i%i'a"9 pr:(e
# p(e%en pe%ir9
Participante 5H S)9 "i'p#e'ente te ecAan pr:(e tiene" e# c#'i## retrci% 4a.
Participante .H entnce"p(e" e"
Participante 5H M'.
Participante .H :(e en (n principi 4 'e # p#antea-a
Participante 5H M'.
Participante .H p(e" p(e% 'e,rar en e"t9 en e"t9 en e"t9
Participante 5H M'.
Participante .H per 'e enc(entr cn per"na" :(e e"t9 e"t 4 e"t # tienen 4 e"t3n en #a 'i"'a
"it(acin. Cn # c(a#9 "i tiene" (n cnci%9 te "-ran #" tre" i%i'a"9 te "-ra e# '3"ter9 4 te
Participante 1H A +er9 4 e# e,e'p# '3" c#ar "4 4 'i"'9 4 %e"%e :(e e'pec1 a tra-a,ar "ie'pre Ae
i% pr cnci%"9 Ae i% ca'-ian% %e e'pre"a pr cnci%" 4 "ie'pre Ae i% 'e,ran% zeAy < e"ta%
%ie; a6" en e"e p#an9 "ea :(e
Participante .H S)9 ").
Participante 1H a ') e" 'e Aa !(ncina%. Ir a (na e'pre"a %e rec(r"" A('an" n !(ncina9 n +a#e pa
na%a9 4 pien" :(e p"ict1cnic" 4 e" n +a#en pa na%a9 4 #" :(e e"t3n entre+i"tan% aNn 'en".
Participante 5H ='-re9 e# p"ict1cnic '(cAa" +ece" "e p(e%en entrenar.
Participante 1H Pr e".
Participante 5H E2i"te (n entrena'ient9 entnce"
Participante 1H Pr e"9 entnce".
Participante 5H E# ca" e" :(e9 # :(e e"t3" c'entan%9 entran% (n pc en cntact9 p(e" :(i;3 %an%
(n pc %e e2p#icacin a # :(e t( pre0(nta-a" ante"9 %e c' #a 0ente "e :(e'a Aacien% e"9 4 pien"
:(e '(cAa" +ece"9 #a rec'en%acine" eA9 n e"9 p(e" 'ira9 cntratar a e"ta per"na pr:(e e" '(4
+3#i%a pr:(e n te +a a !a##ar9 '(cAa" +ece"9 n " trata %e :(e t( %e" 0arant)a" %e 12it %e e"a per"na9
"in 0arant)a" %e t% # cntrari9 %e :(e n +a a Aacer #a p(6eta9 %e :(e n e" cn!#icti+9 '(cAa" +ece"9
"ea9 :(e "i'p#e'ente9 :(e %i0a"9 p(e" e"ta per"na tra-a,a cn'i09 n Aa "i% cn!#icti+a9 tN n te
:(e'a"9 a4(%a" a #a tra per"na9 pr:(e pr # 'en" %a" 0arant)a" %e :(e n e" cn!#icti+a9 4 en e"e
"enti%9 e"e tip %e rec'en%acin e" !3ci# 4 n e" c'pr'ete%r para na%ie en rea#i%a%. E"a p(e%e "er
(na e2p#icacin.
Participante .H < "in9 !i,ar" :(e en '(cA" c(e"tinari" "#icit(%e"9 ?cnce a a#0(ien en #a e'pre"a
tiene a#0Nn@
Participante 5H C#ar9 e2acta'ente.
Participante 1H S)9 per Aa4 e'pre"a" :(e e" pr e,e'p#
Participante .H S)9 per
Participante 1H en :(e pne" e" "e ecAan para atr3" ta'-i1n
Participante .H S)9 ")9 per -(en.
Participante 1H :(e e"
Participante .H >(ier %ecir9 :(e e" (na c"a :(e9 4a e# AecA %e :(e te pre0(nten
Participante 7H < pr 'i9 pr 'i e2periencia9 en #" "iti" en #" :(e Ae e"ta% 4 Ae +i"t9 e" era (na
c"a9 :(e en rea#i%a%9 ecAa-a para atr3".
Participante .H Pr e"9 :(e en a#0(n"
Participante 7H < n 'e Ae atre+i% n(nca a rec'en%ar a na%ie. A %ecir9 zeAy :(e ten0 (na a'i0a :(e
e" a%'ini"trati+a 49 n 'e Ae atre+i% en e# tip %e e'pre"a" en :(1 Ae e"ta%9 4 # pre!ier eA9 49 49
recAa;a-an a #a 0ente :(e :(er)a 'eter"e "# pr cncer a a#0(ien9 n pr:(e9 "e interpreta c' :(e e"
(na p"t(ra %e'a"ia% c'%a. < re"pect a # %e tener 'a4r e'p#ea-i#i%a% ") :(e Aa4 (na c"a :(e
c(an% "e pi%e en e# 'erca% te 0aranti;a9 "i e" (n cnci'ient '(4 '(4 e"pec)!ic tiene" 0aranti;a%
:(e +a" a tra-a,ar. Pr e,e'p#9 "i na%ie "a-e in0#1" 4 pi%en in0#1" en e"e p(e"t %e tra-a,9 per pr:(e
"e +a a (ti#i;ar9 n pr pe%ir9 tiene" (n9 +a" a tener (n tra-a, 4 (n tra-a, e"ta-#e "in9 "in9 e" ( tra

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c"a %e tip t1cnic. Per cn c"a" '3" 0enera#e"9 t% e"t9 4a para 'i %e"-arra9 -(en n "19 4a
%epen%e %e #a percepcin %e :(ien te entre+i"te.
Participante 5H M'. L(e0 4a9 %entr %e #a e'pre"a :(i;3"9 4a e"ta'" Aa-#an% Nnica'ente %e
e2periencia9 p(e" %e #a actit(% :(e t( ten0a"9 %e# !ee#in0 :(e p(e%a" tener cn t(" c'pa6er"9 cn t( ,e!e.
=a-#a-a 4a %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%9 (na +e; :(e e"ta" %entr9 :(e rea#'ente "ea" e'p#ea-#e +a'". O "ea9 "n9
# :(e :(er)a c'entar ta'-i1n ante".
M%era%rH ?En :(1 'e%i%a pen"3i" :(e Aa ca'-ia% +(e"tr ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a% e"te N#ti' a6@
Participante 1H AAra para a-a,.
Participante 7H Cara a-a,9 c#ar.
Participante 1H per eA9 c(e"ta a-a, 4 "in !ren"9 a") %e c#ar.
Participante 4H < para 'i9 en in0enier para a-a,9 per a # 'e,r 'e Aa a-iert (n ca'p en9 en "er
t1cnic.
Participante 1H < '3"9 "e0Nn %e :(1 "ectr +iene"9 4 :(e +en0 %e cn"tr(ccin9 e"t4 '(4 #i'ita%
aAra 'i"'. O "ea9 4 e"t4 a-iert a ca'-iar %e "ectr9 per
Participante 4H Per 4 ta'-i1n e"ta-a en9 4 era %e #a cn"tr(ccin9 a ni+e# %e in"ta#acine" 4 ta'-i1n
'e :(e%1 en -#anc9 per n "19 eA
Participante 7H 9 n "1.
Participante 4H tiene" :(e %eri+arte Aacia a. C#ar9 4 e"ta-a en in"ta#acine"9 ?"a-e"@9 in"ta#acine" e"
'(4 a'p#i9 (na in"ta#acin e#1ctrica n "# e"t3 en9 en #a cn"tr(ccin
Participante 1H Tiene" %e t%.
Participante 4H # :(e Aa0 49 :(e "n '+i#e" en #a-ratri9 :(e ##e+an e#ectrici%a% %entr9 p(e" aA)
Aa4 e#ectrici%a%9 entnce" c#ar9 4 t(+e '3" !3ci# aA) e# encntrar e'p#e.
Participante 7H L Nnic :(e "e Aan #i'ita% t(" p"i-i#i%a%e" %e %e"arr## pr!e"ina# ta'-i1n.
Participante 4H S)9 ")9 4 pien" :(e ")9 :(e tir para a-a,9 per :(e +4 a Aacer9 "ea
Participante 7H N9 n9 ")9 ")9 ca%a (n tiene :(e Aacer # :(e p(e%e.
Participante 4H ('9 e" :(e n 'e :(e%a-a tra9 n "19 ten)a %" a6" %e par9 'e :(e%a-an cinc 'e"e"
'3"9 per n
Participante 1H S)9 # Nnic9 :(e cn #" tie'p" :(e crren Aa4 :(e a0arrar"e a (n c#a+.
Participante *H S)9 e" :(e 4a ##e0a (n ''ent.
Participante 4H 4 era pr 8P9 :(e n(nca 'e Aa 0("ta%9 :(e # Aa0 %(rante (n 'e"9 per rea#'ente
cti;a" && %)a"9 "ea9 :(e 4 :(e "19 4 te pa0an t% en9 4 en na+i%a%e" :(e t(+i'" p(e" cinc "ei"
%)a" %e +acacine"9 pr p(ente" 4 ta#9 p(e" 'i n'ina %e %icie'-re !(e '(4 pe:(e6a9 per9 :(1 "e #e +a a
Aacer9 act(a#'ente Aa4 :(e acp#ar"e 4 pien" a
Participante 5H Per #a e'p#ea-i#i%a%9 %ice"9 :(e pen"3i" :(e Aa-1i" -a,a% per '3" :(e na%a9 per '3"
:(e tra c"a pr #a c4(nt(ra :(e tene'" aAra9 n pr
Participante 4H S)9 pr
Participante 7H Ca%a %)a :(e e"t3" en e# par
Participante 5H Ja en cntra t(4a9 c#ar.
Participante 7H +a en cntra t(4a.
Participante 4H C#ar. < "i %ice"9 :(e tiene" (n tra-a, :(e e"t3" pr %e-a, %e eA9 %e # :(e ere"
rea#'ente9 p(e" ta'-i1n e" '3" %i!)ci# aAra +#+er a "(-ir para arri-a
Participante 7H S).
Participante 4H per 4 cre :(e9 p(e" :(e %entr %e "er9 pr aA) 'i9 'i e'p#ea-i#i%a% Aa -a,a%9 per a #
'e,r 4 Ae a-iert ca'in9 p(e" c#ar9 pr tr "iti
Participante 5H <a.
Participante 4H ta'pc
Participante *H Per pr e,e'p#9 # :(e Aa9 pr e,e'p#9 # :(e Aa -a,a% e" #a "it(acin %e# 'erca%9
per t(" capaci%a%e" Aan a('enta%
Participante 4H N9 pr:(e 4 aAra n 'e ac(er%9 :(e a # 'e,r 'e %icen eA9 n "19 c0e e# A(tCAD
Participante *H per e" 'e re!ier :(e Aa" a-iert (n ca'p
Participante 4H #a N#ti'a +er"in :(e (ti#ic1 49 4 aAra ##e+an %" pr enci'a. Entnce"9 ?%n%e e"t3 #a
#(pa para 'irar@ Per e"te t)
Participante &H Per +a" a "er capa; %e pnerte a# %)a.
Participante 4H S(pn0 :(e ")9 n "1.
Participante 5H E# A(tCAD #9 e# A(tCAD # tiene" -(!
Participante 4H Te9 te9 te %i0 # %e A(tCAD9 A(tCAD %i"16a'e9 Aa;'e e"t" c3#c(#" 4 ta#9 4
%ire p(e" "i e" :(e n 'e ac(er%.
Participante .H Per a # 'e,r en t( ca" i0(a# # :(e e"9 e" n %e"+inc(#arte a # :(e Aa" e"ta% Aacien%9
a(n:(e tN en e"te ''ent e"t1" tra-a,an% en (na c"a in!erir ta#9 p(e" p(e%e" "e0(ir Aacien%9 en
A(tCAD te p(e%e" act(a#i;ar tN 'i"'9 te :(ier %ecir

- */1 -
Participante 4H S)9 :(e e# A(tCAD9 te :(ier %ecir
Participante .H :(e c(e"ta :(e pr "(p(e"t :(e e" '(4
Participante 4H en eA
Participante .H 4 # :(e +e e" :(e
Participante 4H pr e,e'p# en (n %i"e6
Participante .H :(e en "e0Nn :(1 c"a" e"t3" '(4 !r'a% ta'pc te :(ieren9 "ea 4a te %e"cartan9 cn
# c(a#9 # :(e %ice" tN9 pne"9 per "e0Nn e# per!i# :(e
Participante *H Per c#ar.
Participante .H ten0a"9 :(e p(e%e re"(#tar tan in+enta% :(e ta'pc a:(e## +a a nin0Nn "iti9 ?"a-e"@ Si
pr e,e'p#9 pne"9 "e0Nn para :(1 per!i#e" %e a%'ini"trati+9 4 p%r)a enca,ar en c(a#:(ier p(e"t %e
a%'ini"trati+9 en '(cA" 'e %e"cartar3n 4 en9 4 "e0Nn :(1 c"a" ta'pc 'e #a" p(e% in+entar en p#an9
pr:(e e" :(e cantan
Participante 4H <a
Participante .H a(n:(e pare;ca :(e n9 %e"%e 'i p(nt %e +i"ta eA.
Participante 4H %e t%a" !r'a"9 49 eA n "19 eA :(e cn e" :(iere" %ecir :(e n "19 4 n e"t4 a
%i"0("t9 4 e"t4 '(4 a 0("t en #a e'pre"a en #a :(e e"t4 eA9 pr:(e %e tra-a,ar para (n pr4ect para
#a E2p9 (n pr4ect :(e Aici'" para e# A4(nta'ient %e Rara0;a9 :(e%ar %entr %e #a #i"ta9 a 'i
"it(acin act(a# p(e" e"t49 n "ient #a pre"in :(e ten)a9 "ea9 4 +4 a tra-a,ar "in e"a pre"in 4 "in e"e
'ie% %e :(e 'e +an a ##a'ar 4 :(e9 :(e n "1 :(e9 "ea9 %i0a'" :(e c-r 'en" per e"t4 '3"
re#a,a%9 "ea9 :(e ta'pc e" 'a#9 "ea9 4
Participante 5H ='-re9 e" ca#i%a% %e +i%a.
Participante .H C#ar.
Participante 4H "i 'e %e,an !i, en e"a e'pre"a9 4 c-r pc9 p(e" -(en9 per 4 :(1
Participante 5H P(!9 c#ar.
Participante 4H 4 ante" e"ta-a t% e# %)a c#0a% a# '+i#9 aAra n
Participante *H ?TN cree" :(e n +a" a p%er +#+er@ "i :(iere"9 c(an% #" tie'p" 'e,ren9 +#+er a t(
p(e"t...
Participante 4H 4 cre
Participante *H %e in0enier.
Participante 4H 49 4 cre :(e ")9 4
Participante *H >(e t( Aa" c'enta% ta'-i1n :(e era '(4 %i!)ci#.
Participante 4H 49 4 cre :(e ")9 4 cre :(e ")9 per 'e +a a re"(#tar '(4 c'p#ica%
Participante .H L :(e n "a-e'"9 c(3nt tie'p +a a pa"ar Aa"ta :(e
Participante 1H =a"ta :(e e"t +(e#+a a nr'a#i;ar"e.
Participante *H Per pr e,e'p# #" %e'3" e"ta'" 'a#9 per pr # 'en" 1# tiene tra-a,
Participante *H 'e re!ier
Participante .H ='-re9 "i Aa" e"ta% %" a6" -("can% e"9 :(e p(e%e "er :(e pa"en %" tre" '3" en
#" :(e ten0a" :(e cn!r'arte cn
Participante 4H S)9 per e" te %i09 :(e 'e cn!r' 4
Participante .H :(e i0(a# "n '3"9 e" :(e en rea#i%a% n # "a-e'"9 i0(a# e"pera'" :(e
Participante 4H :(e ta'pc e"t4 'a#9 "ea. >(e 49 ")9 :(e 'e #e+ant a #a" cinc 4 'e%ia9 per e" :(e
a #a" tre" 'en" c(art e"t4 en ca"a9 4 Aa"ta 'a6ana9 4 cn in0enier9 p(e" e"9 cn (na tit(#acin a#ta9
"ea9 n "19 e" n te "(e#e c(rrir.
Participante .H <a.
Participante 4H E"t3" t% e# %)a en #a e'pre"a9 a # 'e,r te ##a'an a #a" cA %e #a tar%e a ca"a9 n "1 :(19
:(e te Ae 'an%a% (n crre9 a +er "i # p(e%e" 'irar en ca"a pr:(e9 p(e" e" 4 'e Ae #+i%a%9 e"
4 'e # Ae :(ita% %e enci'a.
Participante .H L(e0 e# pr-#e'a e" ta'-i1n :(e n "a-e" cn :(i1n c'pite"9 pr:(e pr e,e'p# e#
tr %)a9 n "1 "i "a#)a aA) en (na re+i"ta %e rec(r"" A('an"9 eA9 Aa-#an% %e p(e"t" %irecti+" 4 ta#9
:(e pr e,e'p# aAra9 reci-en c(rr)c(#('" :(e Aace pr e,e'p# c(atr a6" eran i'pen"a-#e"9 "ea9
0ente :(e ,a'3" A(-iera"
Participante *H S).
Participante .H c#ar9 :(e ante" ni "e A(-iera '+i%9 ni "e9 entnce" c#ar9 t( ta'pc "a-e" cn :(i1n
c'pite" p(!9 ni9 ni e2acta'ente :(1 e" # :(e -("can en a#0(n" ca""9 pr:(e ta'pc9 4 cre :(e
ta'pc pnen t%" #" re:(i"it"9 :(e Aa4 re:(i"it" :(e "e #" 0(ar%an9 "ea9 :(e pnen9 c('p#i'"
e:(i"9 ?+a#e@9 per #(e0 Aa4 tr" :(e n #" %icen9 4 :(e ta'-i1n a #a Ara %e9 c(entan9 pien" eA9 pr
e,e'p# en "e0Nn :(1 "iti" pre!erir3n "e0(r a (n A'-re9 per n # +an a pner9 pri'er pr:(e :(e%a
!ata#9

- */& -
Participante *H S)9 e" n # pnen9 ").
Participante .H per e" pa"a pr e,e'p#. O "ea9 n +an a pner A'-re9 p(e" n9 per #(e0 pr e,e'p#9
"i Aa4 (n A'-re 4 t(9 p(e" e# A'-re "e :(e%ar39 a ti n te %ir3n :(e te Aan %e"carta% pr "er '(,er9 pr
e,e'p#9 per :(e Aa "i% pr e"9 p(e" ta'-i1n.
Participante 5H ='-re9 # :(e pa"a :(e9 # :(e 4 :(ier %ecir9 e" :(e ta'-i1n9 a:() Aa4 :(e Aacer #
:(e e"t4 Aacien% 4 aAra9 4 ta'-i1n "4 in0enier9 4 4 # :(e e"t4 Aacien% e" c0er #a in0enier)a
4 ca"i e"t49 'e e"t3 "(pnien%9 "ea9 e"t4 e'pe;an% aAra a9 ecAar '(cA" c(rr)c(#('" a Ira%
Me%i.
Participante 4H < e" # :(e Aice9 ?:(1 #e +4 a Aacer@
Participante 5H ?A Ira% Me%i@
Participante 4H M'.
Participante 5H >(ier %ecir9 e" # :(e %ec)a9 # :(e Ae %icA ante"9 #a +i%a n 'e +a en #a entre+i"ta9 per
c#ar9 Aa4 :(e tra-a,ar9 entnce"
Participante .H Per tiene" :(e ##e0ar a e".
Participante 5H C#ar.
Participante .H O "ea
Participante 5H C#ar9 ta'-i1n ten0 c#ar :(e 'i "it(acin e" '(4 !3ci# pr:(e n ten0 aA) a na%ie
c#0an% %e ')9 entnce" c#ar9 :(e ta'-i1n %ice '(cA9 e+i%ente'ente9 e"t3 c#ar9 per -(!. C#ar9 e"
:(e e"t39 Aa4 %" c"a"9 pri'er9 :(e te pa"a" cn e# c(rr)c(#(' 4449 entnce"9 # :(e Ae'" c'enta%
4a9 entnce" te pa"a 4 %icen9 per e"te t) Aa4 :(e pa0ar#e '(cA "i +iene pr:(e #a c"a e"t3 -(ena
a #a pri'era %e ca'-i "e 'e +a a #ar0ar
Participante 7H <a9 per e" :(e na%ie %ice :(e te +a4a" a ir
Participante 5H 4 %ice"9 p(e" # Aa0 pr %e-a,.
Participante 7H e" :(e e##" n tienen criteri" para pre%ecir# para "a-er # :(e +a" a Aacer tN en
rea#i%a%.
Participante .H Per 4a %e ante'an # Aace"
Participante 5H En rea#i%a% e" pr9 n e"
Participante .H per %e ante'an # Aacen.
Participante 5H e" en rea#i%a%9 e" c0er 4 +er # :(e e"t3n pi%ien%9 "i e" :(e p(e%e"9 4 a,("tarte '3"
'en" a # :(e e##" e"t3n pi%ien%
Participante .H S)9 e" :(e
Participante 5H 4 n pa"arte ni pr a:() ni pr a:()9 ni pr a:().
Participante .H 4 -("c e"te per!i#
Participante 5H E2acta'ente.
Participante .H 4 :(ier e"t9 e"t9 e"t 4 e"t9 :(e tN c('p#e" cA 4 tr c('p#e %ie;9 :(e e"t39 :(e Aa4
c"a" :(e n "e p(e%en ''9 %e ante'an p(e" :(e 4 :(e "19 t( c(rr)c(#('9 +a#e9 e" t( carta %e
pre"entacin9 e" #a9 #a pri'era p(erta para t( acce%er a (na entre+i"ta9 per9 4 pien" :(e Aa4 tra"
'(cA)"i'a" c"a" :(e c(an% en (n c(rr)c(#(' n "e +en9 n "e "a-en9 "ea9 n p(e%e"9 4 en ca'-i 4a9
te Aan %e"carta% cn e# c(rr)c(#('9 4 pien" :(e e"9 tiene :(e Aa-er (n e:(i#i-ri entre #a !r'acin 4
#(e0 (na "erie %e c'petencia" per"na#e" para %e"arr##ar9 4 e" pr e,e'p# en e# c(rr)c(#(' # p(e%e"
+er n # p(e%e" +er.
Participante *H Per e" :(e n tiene" tra p(erta %e entra%a
Participante .H <a9 4a.
Participante *H cnci%"9 , ,9 c(rr)c(#('9
Participante .H P(e" pr e"
Participante *H n "1.
Participante .H e" :(e c#ar9 :(e e" '(4 tri"te9 (n !#i.
Participante 4H A +er9 4
Participante *H a +er9 per e" :(e pien9 "i n" pne'" %e"%e e"e p(nt %e +i"ta
Participante 7H L" r0ani"'" pN-#ic" # Aacen9 -(en9 "i +a"9 en e# INAEM 4
Participante .H S)9 ").
Participante 7H 4 "iti" a")9 4 n "1 "i e"9 pr:(e e"" p(e"t" "e %an a # 'e,r pr9 a cnci%"9 per te
pi%en (n pape#9 :(e # ##e+e"9 4 :(e a partir %e e" %eci%en9
Participante .H Pr e".
Participante 7H 4 e" -a"tante tri"te pr:(e
Participante .H Pr e"9 te :(ier %ecir.
Participante 7H e" n %a nin0Nn
Participante .H nin0(na 0arant)a %e na%a9
Participante 7H n.

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Participante .H pr:(e t( p(e%e" tener e:(i"9 e:(i"9 e:(i"9 per #(e0 pr e,e'p#9 p(e" p(e%e" "er (n
%e"a"tre9 4 :(e "19 a ni+e# r0ani;ati+9 9 en #a re#acin9 n "1
Participante 7H pr:(e e" :(e n entien% :(e e" "e +ea en (na entre+i"ta
Participante .H en '(#tit(% %e c"a" te %i0.
Participante 7H pr:(e e" %e-e "er :(e 4a tienen prepara%a #a carta para %e+#+erte c' :(e ere" '(4
+a#i" per :(e n te "e#eccinan9 pr:(e e" -re+e9 n "1.
Participante 4H ?C' :(e n tienen prepara%a #a entre+i"ta@ >(e9 ?%e# INAEM@
Participante 7H >(e Aa4 !erta" %e#9 %e# INAEM
Participante 4H M'.
Participante 7H en #a" :(e !ertan (n per!i#
Participante 4H S).
Participante 7H # c('p#e"9 4 te 'an%an9 -(en9 tN pre"enta" t( can%i%at(ra 4 %icen9 n9 +a'" a %eci%ir
n"tr"9 n" trae" t( c(rr)c(#(' 4 t(" '1rit"
Participante 4H M'.
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"e#eccinan9 p(e" e" e" rea#'ente ""pecA" eA
Participante 4H E" e"9 :(e #a "e#eccin #a Aace e# INAEM9 ?n@ N #a e'pre"a :(e -("ca
Participante 7H S)9 #a Aace e# INAEM9 per9 e##" Aacen (na entre+i"ta.
Participante .H a # :(e "e re!iere e" :(e e##a c('p#e t% e# per!i#
Participante 4H <a9 4a.
Participante .H #" re:(i"it"
Participante 7H < :(ier (na entre+i"ta entnce"
Participante 1H per e" :(e n e" "# e# INAEM
Participante 7H e" e"t3 %a%.
Participante 1H Aa4 e'pre"a" ta'-i1n :(e n te %an pcin a entre+i"ta
Participante 7H M'.
Participante 1H "ea9 4 ##e+ "iete 'e"e" 4 Ae AecA "# %" entre+i"ta"9 4 pr cnci%" eA.
Participante 7H <a.
Participante 1H Pr e" 'e prec(pa a ') e# te'a e"te :(e9 ?c' e"t3 #a "it(acin@ E" :(e n #a +e 4
Participante 7H Per e" :(e
Participante 1H "i tN 'e %ice" :(e ##e+ pc tie'p.
Participante 4H Per%na ta'-i1n9 :(e ante" 'e Ae re)%9 per :(e c#ar9 n Aa "i% intencin %e
!en%erte
Participante 1H :(e n9 :(e n
Participante 4H :(e 4 'e pe0(1 %iecin(e+e 'e"e" 4
Participante 1H :(e n 'e # t' a 'a#9 :(e c#ar9 "i en "iete 'e"e"9 cn e2periencia9 cn !r'acin 4
%e'3"9 4 n tiene" pcin a9 a (na entre+i"ta9 p(e"
Participante 4H Per e" :(e9 :(e9 :(e 4 ta'-i1n Ae 'an%a% (n 'ntn %e c(rr)c(#('"9 'an%1 '(cA"
pr4ect" %e e"" e"pnt3ne"9 per
Participante 7H M'9 a(tcan%i%at(ra.
Participante .H A(tcan%i%at(ra.
Participante 4H cer9 %e e"" cer9 +a'"9 "ea9 per cer9 4 'an%1 n "19 entre9 n ecA1 'i" c(enta"9
nin0(n 'e ##a'9 4 %e #" :(e "a#en pr In!,-" ta#9 p(e" ta'-i1n.
Participante 1H E" :(e #" %e In!,-" aAra 'i"' n +a#en9 cn #a canti%a% %e 0ente :(e Aa4
Participante 4H ='-re e"t
Participante 1H #" %e In!,-" n +a#en.
Participante 4H tN Aa" cn"e0(i% tra-a, pr9 pr cnci%"
Participante 1H S).
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Participante 1H P(e" aAra 'i"'9 4 e"t4 ap(nta%9 'e parece :(e e"t4 en "e"enta !erta" 4 n 'e Aan
##a'a% %e nin0(na.
Participante 5H ='-re9 4 rec(er% :(e '3" 'en" %e #a" !erta" :(e e"t4 aA) 'eti% en In!,-"
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Participante .H Ma,a,a9 -(en e".
Participante 5H K(en e" 4a9 p(!.
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Participante 5H Per9 per (na pa"a%a
Participante 7H S)9 e2acta'ente.
Participante 5H E" ")

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Participante .H C(rr)c(#(' reci-i%.
Participante 5H a # 'e,r e" (n p(e"t 4 te enc(entra" a # 'e,r (na 'e%ia %e %"cient" 4 pic per"na"
eA9 4 49 ,%er.
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Participante 1H E" a:() en Rara0;a9 en Ma%ri% te +a" a %" 'i# 4 pic.
Participante 7H < e# tr %)a e"t(+e en (n9 en (n9 -(en en (na pr(e-9 -(en en (na %in3'ica %e 0r(p
en #a :(e "i "e9 ") :(e "(pe9 -(en 4a "1 :(i1ne" "n a#0(na" %e #a" per"na" :(e c'piten cn'i09
1ra'" %ce per"na"9 para (n p(e"t9 4 n" pre"enta'" 49 4 -(en9 4a "1 :(i1ne" c'piten cn'i0
4 a:(e# p(e"t9 #" %ce # p%)a'" Aacer9 4 e" ta'-i1n e"9 e" tri"te9 per -(en.
Participante 5H M'.
Participante 7H A:(e# p(e"t eA9 i0(a# tr" n.
Participante .H <a.
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pi%e"9 +einte 'i#9 4 t( pi%e" %ieci"iete9 4 e# tr pi%e :(ince9 "e # +an a %ar a# %e :(ince
Participante 7H p(e" e" 4a n
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Participante 4H aAra9 "ea9 1"te c('p#e 4 1"te c('p#e9 per 'e e"t3n pi%ien% 'en".
Participante 5H < aA) n e"t4 %e ac(er%9 +a'".
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Participante 4H ?N@9 +a#e.
Participante *H >(e e##" tienen (n %iner :(e te +an a pa0ar 4
Participante 4H ?Se0(r@
Participante *H pi%a" '3" pi%a" 'en"
Participante 4H ?Se0(r@
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Participante *H "i pi%e" 'en"9 n te +an a %ar 'en" eA
Participante 5H P(e%e "er '(4 'a# ta'-i1n pe%ir 'en" pc.
Participante *H Per tN cree" :(e te eA
Participante 1H Per
Participante *H :(e ne0cian a #a -a,a9 -(en e" :(e e" 4a9 n Aa ##e0a% ni
Participante 1H =a4
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Participante 5H E" :(e "i t(9 # :(e te :(ier %ecir e"
Participante *H Per e##" 4a "a-en # :(e te +an a pa0ar9 pien" eA.
Participante 1H < cre :(e n.
Participante .H Per (n inter+a# "a#aria# pr # 'en" ")
Participante *H O e# cn+eni9 e# cn+eni e"t3 aA).
Participante .H :(e tienen :(e tener
Participante *H S).
Participante .H :(e te '(e+an entre 2 4 2
Participante 7H ='-re9 4 cre :(e ta'pc "e 0ana '3".
Participante .H p(e" 4 cre :(e ") :(e # tienen.
Participante 5H ='-re9 '(cAa" c"a" :(e Aa-#an #a" e'pre"a" e" %e #a "e0(ri%a% :(e ten0a" en ti0
'i"'9 4 # :(e tN te +a#re" ta'-i1n9 "i e"t3" !reci1n%te pr (na 'ier%a9 4a e##"9 aA) e"t3" pecan% en
cntra t(4a
Participante 4H E" :(e ")9 :(e a # 'e,r "i
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Participante 5H E2act9 entnce" ta'pc p(e%e" Aacer e"9 # :(e %i0 ta'-i1n9 e" :(e ta'-i1n e"
pe#i0r" en (n tra-a,...
Participante 4H <a9 per c#ar9 4 ?:(1 Aace"@ ?Pi%e" '3"@

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Participante 5H K(en9 p(e" n te +4 a %ecir :(e 'en".
Participante 4H E" :(e 4 aAra9 e" # :(e eA %entr %e #a e'p#ea-i#i%a% :(e 4 Ae per%i% e" #a9 :(e 4
n "1 :(1 e" # :(e (na per"na "a#aria# e"t3 c-ran% 9 (n in0enier. < n # "1
Participante 5H ='-re
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Participante 4H 4 # "a-)a c(an% 4 e"ta-a9 Aace %" a6".
Participante .H +an a :(erer t( c(rr)c(#(' apr+ecAan% #a "it(acin
Participante .H :(e a # 'e,r t( c-re" 'en" :(e # :(e e"t3 c-ran% e# in0enier aAra9 :(e e"t3
tra-a,an%.
Participante 5H De t%a" !r'a" e" e" !3ci# %e +er eA.
Participante &H < ten0 (n a'i0 in0enier9 cn carrera9 e2periencia
Participante .H E# :(e e"t3 cn"i0(ien% t%" "(" DerecA"
Participante &H 4 e"t3 c-ran% cAcient" 4 pic e(r"9 a c(arenta Ara"9 4 "e %a cn (n cant en #"
%iente" pr:(e n encntra-a tra-a,.
Participante 5H Per e"t3 en9 en #a tit(#acin n p(e%e pner in0enier.
Participante &H N #a a
Participante 5H O "ea9 en e# n p(e%e pner
Participante 1H Pn%r3 t1cnic.
Participante 5H "ea9 en #a n'ina9 en e# cntrat.
Participante &H N # "19 e" n #e Ae pre0(nta%9 per e"t3 Aacien% e# tra-a, %e in0enier
Participante 5H N9 n9 "i # cn;c 4 en #a e'pre"a9 en #a 'i"'a e'pre"a :(e
M(cA"H Ma,a,a,a
Participante 5H e" :(e en #a e'pre"a en #a :(e e"ta-a 4 tra-a,an% ante"9 e'pec1 c-ran% e"
ta'-i1n
Participante &H S)9 ").
Participante 5H "ea %n%e9 "ea9 4 e"t(+e %e in0enier t1cnic9 # :(e pa"a :(e c#ar9 :(e n entr1
c' in0enier t1cnic9 entr1 c' pr0ra'a%r
Participante &H N # "19 e" n "e # Ae pre0(nta%9 per
Participante 5H Per -(en9 a(n a") !(ern cAcient" cinc(enta e(r".
Participante &H 1# e" in0enier :()'ic9 4 e"t3 en (na e'pre"a %e trata'ient" %e a0(a
Participante 5H M'.
Participante &H 4 e"t3 c-ran% e"9 4 "e %a cn (n cant en #" %iente" pr:(e n encntra-a na%a.
Participante 5H De t%a" !r'a"9 en #a e'pre"a en #a :(e tra-a,a-a 4
Participante &H Ma,a,a.
Participante 5H en e"a ") :(e Aa4 (n 'ntn %e in0enier"9 era aA) Aa-)a (n 'ntn %e in0enier"
c-ran% p(e" e"9 canti%a%e" '(4 pareci%a" a e"a
M%era%rH ?>(1 cn"i%er3i" :(e e"t3i" Aacien% para 'e,rar +(e"tra e'p#ea-i#i%a%@
Participante 5H ='-re9 4 # ten0 '(4 c#ar9 !r'acin.
Participante .H < ta'-i1n.
Participante 5H < en e"t" ''ent" e"t4 'eti% cn (n p"t9 -(en9 4a # "a-e"9 cn (n p"t0ra% %e
ener0)a" ren+a-#e"9 e"t49 #(e0 e"t4 %etr3" %e (n c(r" %e a(t'ata" :(e para te'a" %e pr%(ccin e"
!(n%a'enta#9 44 -(en9 p(e" e" e" # principa#9 4 #(e0 Aa4 te'a" tan -3"ic" c' p(e%e "er 'eterte9
p(e" cn te'a %e i%i'a"9 p(e" en 'i ca" :(e 4a Ae tca% (n pc9 p(e" pr0ra'acin. EA9 e# te'a
%e !r'acin e" !(n%a'enta#9 e" e"t3 c#ar.
Participante *H <a9 per9 pr e,e'p#9
Participante 5H < 4.
Participante *H cn # :(e Aa" c'enta% e" cntrapr%(cente a # :(e Aa" c'enta% tN9 !r'arte '(cA9
a +er9 :(e ") :(e t%" # :(e Aace'" e" !r'acin9 ?+a#e@ Per #(e09 "i tiene"
Participante 5H De t%a" !r'a"
Participante *H tant)"i'a !r'acin 4 tant)"i' t%
Participante .H M'.
Participante *H te +an a tirar9 "ea9 e" :(e. Ja#e9 :(e 4 n 'e +4 a :(e%ar para%a en ca"a pr n
!r'ar'e pr9 para :(e 'e cntraten
Participante .H N9 te +an a tirar en p(e"t" para9 in!erire"9 a +er9 pr e,e'p#9 aAra para p(e"t" 'e%i"9
e" 'i pinin9 # :(e pien" e" :(e pr pe%ir9 p(e"9 %n%e ante" pe%)an (n i%i'a %"9 p(e" aAra te
pi%en tre"9 "i ante" te pe%)an !r'acin en (n p"t0ra%9 p(e" aAra te pe%ir3n e# '3"ter en n "1 :(19 4
Participante 7H Ta'pc pi%en '3"9 pi%en # :(e Aace !a#ta9 n # "1.
Participante .H per9 per e"t4 Aa-#an% :(e9 para e"e tip %e9 4 :(e pa"a9 :(e pr e,e'p# aA) te +an a
pe%ir e2periencia9 :(e e" # :(e +"tr" %ec)"9 pn9 (n pe:(e6 e"9 "i aAra pr e,e'p# %ice"9 p(e" #

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re%iri, 4 +4 a ptar9 pr:(e Aace pr e,e'p9 en 1pca" %e n cri"i"9 4 cn;c '(cA)"i'a 0ente :(e e"
:()'ica e" in0eniera9 4 e"t3 tra-a,an%9 ")9 en (na e'pre"a :()'ica9 en (na ta#9 per e"t3 %e
a%'ini"trati+9 aAra 4 cre :(e9 aA) e" %n%e9 "i t( pr e,e'p# %ice"9 -(en9 p(e" 'ira9 +4 a e'pe;ar
a tra-a,ar c' a%'ini"trati+9 4 4a 'e a-rir1 4 ca'in
Participante *H Per "i e" :(e aAra %e a%'ini"trati+ Aa4
Participante .H 4 4 aAra
Participante *H +einte 'i#
Participante .H p(e" e"9 aA) e" %n%e te +an a %e"cartar
Participante *H a,a,a,.
Participante .H aA) e" %n%e pien" 4 :(e te %e"cartan
Participante 7H E" n # p(e%e" "a-er.
Participante .H pr:(e tiene" e2ce"i+a !r'acin.
Participante 5H < :(i;3" :(er)a antar9 "-re e# te'a %e "i a"("ta '(cA #a9 "ea9 # :(e Ae'"
c'enta% ante" %e :(e #a !r'acin e2a0era%a p(e%e parar a# tr9 pr:(e e"9 n9 n e" #a !r'acin en
rea#i%a% #a :(e +a a9 4 cre :(e pne" (n 'ntn %e !r'acin 4 e" n +a a tirar atr3" a a9 a# :(e te +a a
cntratar9 eA9 eA9 '3" -ien e"9 e# ni+e# %e !r'acin :(e ten0a" en #a e2periencia. E" ") :(e #e p(e%e
parar9 4 a%e'3" e" #0ic9 pr:(e -+ia'ente p(e%e "er :(e (na per"na Aa teni% tra9 (n tra-a,
re#e+ante rea#'ente9 cn re"pn"a-i#i%a%9 %n%e tN "a-e" :(e n te c-rarn (n -(en %iner9 etc1tera9
etc1tera9 p(e" c#ar9 "i t( #e e"ta" !recien% (na c"a 'enr %e # :(e 4a tiene c' en "( e2periencia9
p(e" e" e" # :(e 4a p(e%e a"("tar9 '3" :(e #a !r'acin
Participante 7H Per
Participante 5H rea#'ente #a !r'acin9 pr ") 'i"'a9 "i n e"t3 ac'pa6a%a %e e2periencia n p(e%e
ecAar a na%ie atr3".
Participante 1H Per #a9 #a !r'acin9 n "1 +a'"9 4 i0(a# "4 (n pc pe"i'i"ta9 pr 'i car3cter9 tN
e"t3" Aacien% (n p"t0ra%9 "ea9 (n '3"ter
Participante 5H M'.
Participante 1H p(e" cre9 4 e"t4 cn+enci% %e :(e e"tar3" apren%ien%
Participante 5H M'.
Participante 1H per #a !r'acin :(e !rece e# INAEM
Participante 7H E"
Participante 1H #a CREA ta#.
Participante 5H E" e"pant"a9 ")9 per
Participante 1H N9 n tant9 "ea9
Participante 5H Ma,a,a.
Participante 1H pr:(e 4 # :(e Ae reci-i% a +ece" "n p(e"9 (na "erie %e tran"parencia" %e
%iap"iti+a" %e pEer pint9 :(e te #a" pnen aA) en (n9 en (na pi;arrita9 4 cn e" p(e" n apren%e"9
"ea
Participante 4H Per e# pr-#e'a e" :(e
Participante 1H te %an (na" ncine"9 ta#9 per n
Participante .H Per e# pr-#e'a e" :(e #" c(r"" :(e !ertan "n c' '(4 -3"ic"
Participante 1H Pr:(e 'ira
Participante .H :(ier %ecir
Participante 5H N a t%" eA
Participante 1H "i :(iere" a#0 e"pec)!ic tiene" :(e pa03rte#.
Participante .H ")9 tiene" :(e pa03rte#9 ").
Participante 5H Aa4 :(e -("car#"9 Aa4
Participante 1H 4 Aice e# %e %"cient" cinc(enta Ara" %e a%'ini"tracin %e re%e"9 in!r'3tica"9 49 a#
principi '(4 -ien9 per #(e0 'e :(e%1 %ecepcina%9 pr:(e 4 n Ae apren%i% a a%'ini"trar (na re%9
"-re t% pr:(e #a9 p(e"9 tiene" :(e tener (n r%ena%r ca%a (n9 4 e"t3-a'" aA) :(ince per"na"9
"ea9 (n r%ena%r cn (n "er+i%r9 para p%er e"tar tra-a,an%9 4 # :(e n p(e%e" e" :(e Aa4a (n
"er+i%r9 4 Aa4a tre" r%ena%re" para9 para :(ince per"na"9 "ea9 e" :(e n9 n %a-a a-a"t e#9 e#
e:(ip para !r'arn" a t%"9 entnce" c#ar
Participante 5H 4 re
Participante 1H ")9 "n '(cAa" Ara"9 per n9 n9 "ea
Participante 5H 4 rec(er% (n c(r" %e Ma+a9 ta'-i1n :(e Aice en e# INAEM9 Aace 4a '(cA" a6"
Participante 1H S)9 4 ta'-i1n Aice (n %e Ma+a.
Participante 5H 4 e# t) en #a aca%e'ia i;:(ier%9 (n t) :(e era9 a 'i 'e parec)a i'pre"enta-#e9 #e t) #
:(e Aac)a era9 ten)a'" a%e'3"9 aA) ") :(e ten)a'" t%" (n r%ena%r9 per e# t) # :(e Aac)a era c0er9
ten)a (n #i-r 4 c9 te e"cri-)a #" pr0ra'a" en #a pi;arra9 tN i'a0)nate :(e p1r%i%a %e tie'p
Participante 1H <a.

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Participante *H A +er9 :(e Aa4 !r'a%re"
Participante 5H 4 n"tr" cpi3n%#"
Participante *H :(e "n pen"".
Participante 5H 4 %e"p(1" a +er "i !(ncina-an.
Participante *H O "ea
Participante .H C' en t%".
Participante 5H 4 n"tr" a +er "i !(ncina-a
Participante *H #een e# #i-r 4 p(nt9 4a9 49 4 Ae tra-a,a% %e !r'a%ra 4 Aa4 c"a" :(e %ice"9 n "1
c' e"t4 a:().
Participante 7H < #" %e te#e!r'acin
Participante 5H Per !),ate.
Participante 7H aA) ") :(e n tienen9 #a 'a4r)a n e"t3n prepara%" para.... Sn9 -(en9 pr e# cnteni%
:(e tienen.
M%era%rH ?En :(1 "enti% pen"3i" :(e #a rientacin pr!e"ina# p(e%e a4(%ar" para 'e,rar #a
e'p#ea-i#i%a%@
Participante 5H P(e" a +er.
Participante *H ?A :(1 te re!iere" cn rientacin pr!e"ina#@
M%era%rH Orientacin9 a reci-ir rientacin.
Participante 1H AA.
M%era%rH Pr e,e'p#
Participante *H AA9 +a#e9 +a#e.
Participante 1H P(e" '(cA9 aA) ") :(e '(cAa.
Participante 7H E" :(e e"ta'" a%apta%" a # :(e...
Participante 4H S)9 pr:(e a(n:(e #(e0 te enc(entre" a (n entre+i"ta%r :(e te e"t3 Aacien% pre0(nta"
:(e n e"pera"9 per ") :(e te a4(%a a9 a9 a -("car tra-a,9 a encntrar '3" "iti" %n%e -("car 4 c"a" a").
< pien" :(e e" !(n%a'enta#9 n "e p(e%e ir pr #i-re en e"e "enti%.
Participante 5H ='-re
Participante *H Na%a '3" "ea pr ap49 "ea9 a parte %e t%" #"9 t% # :(e te a4(%an9 :(e te %icen
%n%e -("car9 a parte9 tener (na per"na :(e rea#'ente9 pr e,e'p#9 en 'i ca" :(e e"t4 4 "#a9 ''9
"#a t% e# %)a9 %i0a'"9 %e (na per"na :(e #e9 :(e #e %i0a" p(e" e" :(e n "19 e" :(e n 'e cnte"tan
%e a:()9 p(e" n 'e cnte"tan %e a##39 4 :(e te ecAe (na 'an 4 :(e te e2p#i:(e 4 :(e te %i0a9 p(e" Aa;
e"t Aa; # tr9 4 cre :(e e" ta'-i1n9 p"ic#0ica'ente a4(%a (n 'ntn9 "ea9 4a n "# pr #a
a4(%a t1cnica :(e te p(e%an !recer9 "in #a a4(%a p"ic#0ica9 4 n9 4 n e"t4 %e# t% 'a#9 per Ae
cnci% 0ente :(e e"t3 '(4 '(49 '(4 'a#9 entnce" i0(a# e" ta'-i1n p"ic#0ica'ente #e" a4(%a (n
'ntn.
Participante 5H < ta'-i1n
Participante *H De"%e 'i p(nt %e +i"ta.
Participante 1H ='-re9 te p(e%en %ar a#0(na %irectri; %e pr %n%e 'irar 4
Participante 5H < pien" :(e ")9 :(e ") :(e e" i'prtante entre tra" c"a"9
Participante *H A parte %e #a" %irectrice" eA9 aparte %e t% e"9 en t1cnica.
Participante 5H S). ='-re9 Aa4 (na9 Aa4 (na rientacin t1cnica '(4 i'prtante9 p(e" a #a Ara %e -(car
!(ente" eA9 %e %arte #a" !(ente"9 %e %arte c' -("car e"a" !(ente"9 e" e" i'prtante9 4 #(e0 ta'-i1n Aa4
(n c'pnente "-re t%9 4a :(e e"ta'" tra +e; cn e# te'a %e #a" entre+i"ta"9 :(e c#ar9 Aa4 0ente9
:(e e" c' t%9 Aa4 0ente p(e" -(en :(e n tienen inte#i0encia e'cina#9 %i0a'" innata9 4 entnce"
p(e" en (na entre+i"ta e" (na c"a :(e tiene 0ana%a9 pr:(e c#ar9 +a" a "a-er '3" c'9 c'9 %i0a'"9
na+e0ar a tra+1" %e t( entre+i"ta%r. Per e" n "ie'pre e" a")9 '(cAa" +ece"9 p(e" entre :(e e"t3"
ner+i" :(e n9 Aa4 c"a" 4a9 Aa4 actit(%e" !r'(#a" apren%i%a" :(e te p(e%e %ar e# rienta%r9 pr
e,e'p#9 p(e" cn (n ta##er %e entre+i"ta" :(e9 4a -(en9 a # 'e,r "in n #a" pien"a"9 per :(i;3 para #a
pr2i'a entre+i"ta9 4a #a" tiene" prepara%a"9 "ea9 "n c"a" :(e tiene" prepara%a"9 "ea cre :(e e" '(4
i'prtante9 rea#'ente9 #a rientacin9 #a rientacin a9 %i0a'" %e #a -N":(e%a %e e'p#e en e"e "enti%9
pr:(e c#ar9 apren%e" t1cnica"9 '1t%"9 e" (na9 4 #(e0 p(e" e"9 e# te'a %e9 #(e0 ta'-i1n9 e# te'a (n
pc #a actit(%9 :(e ta'-i1n 9 ?n@ P(e" (n pc %arte cn"e," en c(ant a t( actit(%9 en c(ant a :(1
p(e%e" Aacer para ir '3"9 cn '3" 3ni' 9 #(e0 cn9 -(en9 !r'(#a"9 !r'(#a"9 pr e,e'p#9
!r'(#a" :(e p(e%a" ap#icar en (na entre+i"ta9 # :(e Ae'" %icA ante"9 Aa4 0ente :(e e" '(4 r3pi%a
en e"e "enti%9 :(e tiene (na Aa-i#i%a% "cia# '(4 0ran%e 4 p(e" #a" "rtea cn (na !aci#i%a% tre'en%a9
per n t% e# '(n% tiene e"a !aci#i%a%9 entnce" p(e" ta'-i1n intere"a9 e"a" !r'(#a"9 pr ##a'ar# %e
a#0(na !r'a9 en !in9 en e"e "enti% cre :(e ") :(e e" i'prtante9 4 en #a -N":(e%a %e e'p#e9 # :(e e"
#a t1cnica %e -N":(e%a %e e'p#e9 #a" !(ente"9 :(e te #a" %en9 :(e te %i0an pr %n%e p(e%e" -("car9 cn
:(ien p(e%e" Aa-#ar9 :(e te %i0an9 p(e" 'ira9 e"ta !(ente %e a:()9 pr e,e'p#9 e# c0er9 p(e" 'ira9 #
pri'er9 te %4 (n cn"e, tan e+i%ente9 :(1 e" # :(e p(e%e" Aacer9 %i#e a t(" a'i0" :(e e"t3" en9 e"t3"

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en par9 pr:(e # :(e e"ta'" %icien%9 %e #" cntact"9 n "19 c"a" %e e"ta" :(e parecen tan e+i%ente"9
c(an% te %a" c(enta9 per -(en9 :(e "n c"a" cn #a" :(e tiene" :(e cntar para :(e rea#'ente t'e"
carta" en e# a"(nt.
Participante 7H E" :(e Aa4 '(cAa 0ente :(e n cnce t%a" e"a" c"a"9 pr:(e e" -(en para pner"e a
-("car tra-a,
Participante 7H 4 a crt p#a; tiene9 p(e%e "er '3" e!ecti+ :(e Aacer !r'acin9 :(e #a !r'acin #(e0
#a p(e%e" Aacer c(an% e"t1" #a e'pre"a "e0Nn # :(e nece"iten.
Participante 5H M'.
Participante 7H N "1.
M%era%rH < ?:(1 Aa-1i" ecAa% %e 'en" en #a rientacin@ De #a rientacin :(e Aa-1i" reci-i%
:(e9 :(1 A(-ierai" 'e,ra%9 :(1 A(-ierai"9 :(1 Aa-1i" AecA9 :(1 Aa-1i" ecAa% %e 'en"9 a#0
:(e9 Aa4 a#0 :(e %i03i"9 p(e" 'ira9 p(e" e"t 'e A(-iera 0("ta% :(e 'e A(-ieran !aci#ita% '3" e"t
# tr9 "er cr)tic".
Participante 4H < cre :(e # :(e a ') n 'e Aa !(ncina% e" e# ##a'ar a #a e'pre"a9 (na +e; :(e Ae
'an%a% e# c(rr)c(#('9 ##a'ar a #a e'pre"a para +er "i Aan reci-i% e# c(rr)c(#(' 4 ta#. <9 #a"9 -(!9 #a"
Ae ##a'a% a#0(na +e;9 4 n Ae reci-i% -(ena" cnte"tacine" pr parte
Participante *H E"t ta'-i1n %e"e"pera (n 'ntn9 %e"ani'a '(cA)"i'9 "ea
Participante 4H S)9 4
Participante *H a# ##a'ar a #a e'pre"a
Participante 4H S)9 "i Aa "i% "e#eccina% 4a #e ##a'ar3n.
Participante *H 9 9 #" %e a(tcan%i%at(ra pr e,e'p#9 4 ##a'1 (n %)a 4 ca"i #e ani' 4 a# entre9 %e #a
entre+i"ta9 a# :(e ##a'a-a.
M(cA"H Ma,a,a,a
Participante 4H S).
Participante *H L#a'1 4 %i,e9 ##a'1 4 %i09 4e ?%n%e :(ieren :(e #e en+)e e# c(rr)c(#('@9 n9 n9 n
nece"ita'" a na%ie9 per A'-re9 pr "i aca"9 n9 n9 e"ta'"9 +a'" a p(nt %e cerrar9 e"ta'" c'
para "(-"i"tir9 c' para cntratar a a#0(ien. Me :(e%19 cn e# te#1!n c#0an% :(e ca"i #e i-a a %ecir9
+en0a an)'e"e9 n "e prec(pe9 :(e 4a "a#%r3 e# "#9 "ea9 per 'e entrarn (na" 0ana" %e %ecir#e e"9 4
#(e0 'e "ent)a 'a# %e %ecir9 !),ate9 4 e"t4 per :(e 1#9 :(e 1# e"t3 tra-a,an%9 4 e"t3 c-ran% 4 49 ,e,e9
#e ten0 :(e ani'ar a 1#9 per e" :(e9 "ea9 4 te reci-en9 e" (n9 :(e n
Participante .H ?< tN aA) n pen"a"te :(e :(1 !a#ta %e pr!e"ina#i%a%@
Participante *H '(cA)"i'a.
Participante .H Pr:(e9 :(ier %ecir
Participante 4H N "19 %icen a#0
Participante 1H ='-re9 a ') e" 'e # Aan cnte"ta% pr 'ai# 4 ta#9 ta'-i1n.
Participante *H per aA) %ice '(cA #a e'pre"a
Participante .H Pr e".
Participante *H n +a" a +#+er a en+iar e# c(rr)c(#(' aA).
Participante .H Per aparte.
Participante *H < en tra" ##a'9 4 te %icen9 n9 n9 :(e aca-a'" %e cntratar a a#0(ien
Participante 5H E" :(e # %e# te#1!n
Participante *H 4 49 per te 'an% e#9 n9 n9 n # :(ier9 aA) n +4 a tra-a,ar ni aAra ni n(nca9
"ea.
Participante .H P(e" pr e"9 # :(e te %i09 (na !a#ta %e pr!e"ina#i%a%9 +a'".
Participante 5H ='-re9 a ') # %e# te#1!n9 recn;c :(e 'e c(e"ta '(cA9 4 "i e" in"i"tir 4a ni te
c(ent.
Participante *H A ') ta'pc 'e 0("ta in"i"tir.
Participante 5H <9 4 # recn;c9 per
Participante *H Per e" (n p(nt %1-i# :(e ten09 per
Participante 5H p(e%e pa"ar # :(e tN %ice"9 per e"te pe"a%9 -(!9 n "1 :(19 4 4a9 4a p(e" +a" (n pc en
cntra9 ta'-i1n %epen%e (n pc pri'er cn :(1 per"na" te tap9 pr:(e a # 'e,r n9 e# encar0a% %e
rec(r"" A('an"9 :(e te c,a #a ##a'a%a #a recepcini"ta 4 e"t1 a'ar0a%a 4 te 'an%e a# 0arete9 9 49
per -(en9 e" (na !r'a %e '"trar inter1"9 '(cAa" +ece" n e" a!rt(na%a9 ta'-i1n 4 pien" :(e
'(cAa" +ece" n9 n
Participante *H Per e" (na !r'a %e '"trar inter1"9 per "i te tca #a recepcini"ta 4a +e" tN e# inter1" a
%n%e ##e0a
Participante 5H S).
Participante *H a #a p(erta.
Participante 4H Per

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Participante 5H S)9 e" c'
Participante *H e" +er%a%9 n ##e0a %entr.
Participante 5H e" c'9 e" c' # %e 'an%ar9 ir a #a e'pre"a a ecAar c(rr)c(#('"9 e" :(e A4 en %)a e"9
c#ar9 ta'-i1n 'e e"t4 %an% c(enta :(e ta'-i1n e" 4a9 p(!9 4a n pr:(e e" enta##a-#e9 pr:(e #a"
e'pre"a" rea#'ente :(e "n (n pc %i0na"9 c' %i0 49 4a t% te # acep9 e" :(e 4a e" t%9 e" :(e
4a tienen Aa"ta (na c(enta %e ("(ari"9 para :(e te :(e%e" "e0Nn "( !r'(#ari t( c(rr)c(#('
Participante *H S).
Participante 5H 4 t%9 c#ar9 '"trar inter1"9 A'-re aA) n !r'a" inter1"9 e" encntrar (na e2c("a9 pr
e,e'p# en #a :(e te enc(entre" cn :(e t(9 pr a#0(na ra;n t( c(rr)c(#(' ca'-ia en c(a#:(ier parte9 en
e"e :(1 e"9 te :(ier %ecir9 e" (na !r'a %e "er pe"a%9 per e"t3 ,("ti!ica% ?n@9 parece :(e 4a #
,("ti!ica" (n pc9 n e" c' #a ##a'a%a :(e e" (n pc %irecta'ente "er pe"a%9 p(e" 4 :(e "19 en 'i
ca" pr e,e'p#9 4 'e +4 a '(%ar9 p(e" 4a ten0 (na c"a para c0er9 -(' +a9 4 'an%ar tr" tre"
c(rr)c(#('"9 (n c(r" n(e+ :(e Aa0a" pr e,e'p#9 "ea9 repetir 4 'an%ar.
Participante *H Per e"ta'" en # 'i"'.
Participante 7H Per "i Aa" %e,a% e# te#1!n
Participante 5H ?EA@
Participante 7H :(e "i Aa" %e,a% e# te#1!n.
Participante 5H <a9 per e# c(rr)c(#(' :(e tiene e##" e" !a#"9 te :(ier %ecir9 4 e"t4 ,("ti!ican% 'i
n(e+a aa9 e# :(e "ea (n pc pe"a% tra +e;.
Participante 7H E" :(e c(an% reci-en '(cAa" +ece" e# 'i"' ta'pc te -ene!icia.
Participante 5H N9 c#ar :(e n9 "ea9 (na %" +ece"9 a #a tercera n9 %ate c(enta :(e
Participante *H Ma,a.
Participante 5H N9 4a n9 ,a,a,a. Per +a'"9 ").
M%era%rH K(en9 4a +a'" a ter'inar9 :(e 4a '3" 'en" ##e+a'" e# tie'p :(e Aa-)a'" 'arca%
inicia#'ente9 per ante"9 ") :(e 'e 0("tar)a :(e 'e %i,erai" "i :(er1i" c'entar a#09 "-re t% en
re#acin a #" "enti'ient"9 a c' " "ent)" en e# prce" %e -N":(e%a. Si ca%a +e; e"t3i" '3" ani'a%"9
"i ca%a +e; 'en" %e"ani'a%"9 "i ten1i" a#ti-a,"9 "i9 :(ien " ap4a '3" a #a Ara %e cntin(ar cn #a
-N":(e%a9 %n%e +ei" #a #(;9 %n%e +ei" #a "c(ri%a%.
Participante 5H ='-re9 cn!r'e pa"a e# tie'p e"t3 c#ar :(e9 +a" per%ien% !(er;a"9 en e"e "enti%
e" nr'a# 49 4 -(en9 4 #(e0 #" a#ti-a," e+i%ente'ente e"t3n aA)9 e" :(e "n (n" ''ent" en #" :(e
e"t3" ani'a%9 4 tr" en #" :(e e"t3" en #a 'i"eria9 +a'"9 e" :(e Aa4 ''ent" '(4 'a#"9 4 Aa4
''ent" :(e e"t3" '3"9 '3" ani'a%9 e" n" pa"a a t%"9 e" e" (n cic# ine+ita-#e9 4 cntra '3"
pa"a e# tie'p9 p(e" eA
Participante 1H E" per.
Participante 5H e# cic# %e a-a, e" ca%a +e; per9 e" e" e+i%ente ta'-i1n9 4 "i -(en9 4 "e0Nn #a "it(acin
%e ca%a (n p(e"9 c#ar9 p(!9 e"9 e" %i!)ci#9 "a-e"9 c' +a pa"an% te +a" %e"ani'an%9 e" e"t3 c#ar.
M%era%rH ?< :(1 p(e%e a4(%ar" a9 a :(e e" n !(era a")9 a
Participante 5H E"tar c(pa%".
M%era%rH a 'e,rar@
Participante 7H <a9 per (n pr ") 'i"' ta'-i1n "e p(e%e a4(%ar.
Participante 5H S)9 ")9 e"9 en 0enera#
Participante 7H < p(e%e"9 4 a # 'e,r n # "a-e" c'.
Participante 1H Per #a ca-e;a '(cAa" +ece"9 a(n:(e e"t1" c(pa% #a ca-e;a "e +a eA.
Participante *H S)
Participante 5H Una !r'a %e e"tar c(pa%"
Participante 1H A ') 'e pa"a eA.
Participante 5H (na !r'a %e e"tar c(pa%"9 e" pr e,e'p#
Participante *H Per "i n e"t3" c(pa% aNn '3"
Participante 7H E" :(e n "a-e" "i # :(e Aace" te +a a "er+ir9
Participante *H P(e" ").
Participante 7H entnce" e"t3" (n pc
Participante 5H E" :(e ta'pc p(e%e" pen"ar e"
Participante 7H en %ecir9 -(en9 e"t4 per%ien% a:() e# tie'p9 4 n cre :(e9 4 n Ae e"ta%
%e"ani'a%a #a +er%a%9 per9 p(e" -(en9 ") :(e ten0 :(e Aacer c"a" p%r)a e"t(%iar '3" 4 %e%icar
t% e"e tie'p #i-re :(e ten0 4 n "1 "i rea#'ente 'e +a a "er+ir n9 4 n e"t4 e'p#ean% e# tie'p
tan e!ec9 -(en %e #a !r'a e!ecti+a c' # Aac)a c(an% tra-a,a-a9 :(e "a#)a %e tra-a,ar 4 Aac)a t%a"9
#a" 'i"'a" c"a" :(e Aa0 aAra.

- *1/ -
Participante *H Per e" i0(a# e" #a "en"acin :(e tN tiene" aAra9 pr:(e tN tiene" '(cA)"i'a" Ara" %e#
%)a9 per "i #(e0 ecAa" #a +i"ta atr3" %e t% # :(e Aa" AecA9 pr e,e'p# e# 'e" pa"a%
Participante 7H S).
Participante *H pr:(e a ') 'e pa"a-a i0(a#9 4 %ec)a
Participante 7H Si n Ae AecA na%a9 ,e,e.
Participante *H 'a%re9 p(e" "i n Ae AecA na%a9 n Ae AecA na%a n "# Aa0 :(e per%er e# tie'p9
"# Aa0 :(e per9 per #(e0 e'pie;9 eA a +er9 :(e Aice e# 'e" pa"a%9 aA p(e" !(i a# c(r" n "e :(19
!(i a# c(r" n "1 c(ant"9 #(e0 !(i a9 p(e" A'-re9 ta'-i1n Ae AecA c"a"
Participante *H +a#e9 ta'-i1n 'e Ae tca% #a -arri0a9 +ien% #a te#e # :(e "ea
Participante 7H Me,e9 ")9 c#ar.
Participante *H Pr:(e tiene" '(cA)"i' tie'p.
Participante *H Entnce" c#ar.
Participante 5H < ta'-i1n e" nece"ari Ma,a,a.
Participante 7H Per e" # :(e %ice"9 +a#e9 Ae ter'ina% tre" c(r"" per e"t9 ?en rea#i%a% 'e +a a "er+ir
para tra-a,ar@
Participante *H Per pr # 'en"9 para n %e"ani'arte tN 'i"'a9 para n e"tar pr #" "(e#".
Participante 5H M(cAa" +ece"9 e# %e"3ni' +iene pr:(e #a cnciencia n #a tene'" tran:(i#a9 4 e"
ta'-i1n
Participante 7H P(e" "i 4 #a ten0 '(4 tran:(i#a9 ,e,e.
Participante 5H # Aa" c'enta% tN ante" 4 -(en9 a ') 'e pa"a9 4 '(cAa" +ece" %i0 49 p(e" a:()
p%r)a Aa-er per%i% '3" tie'p9 a ') 'e pa"a9 4 e" ta'-i1n %e"ani'a.
Participante 7H M'.
Participante 5H Per +a'"9 Aa4 (na c"a :(e pr e,e'p# Aa4 (na c"a :(e tene'"9 Aa4 (na c"a :(e e"
cierta9 c(an% e"t3" %e a#ti-a," e" c(ri" pr:(e c#ar9 %ice"9 (n %)a pr e,e'p# c0e"9 %ice"9 4 a #
'e,r9 ") Aa" e"ta% e"t(%ian% pr:(e e"t3" e"t(%ian% 4 n tiene" '3" re'e%i :(e e"t(%iar9 per %ice"9
"tra"9 per e# te'a %e -("car e'p#e # e"t4 a-an%nan%9 4 e" te e"t3 aA)9 pr:(e a # 'e,r Aa4 %)a"
:(e n Aace" na%a %e e"
Participante 7H S)9 per -(en.
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%e e"9 4 e" # e"t4 ntan%9 pr # c(a#9 4 'e e"t4 %an% c(enta %e (na c"a9 (na "#(cin :(e
ten0 para e+itar e"" -a,"9 e"" -a,ne" :(e ten0 e"9 pr e,e'p#9 'eter'e9 -ien -("car (na e'pre"a
%e e"ta" %e eA9 %e9 %e rec(r"" A('an" 4 a # 'e,r cn :(e re##ene (na e"a 'a6ana9 4a e"e -a,n
Participante 7H Ma,a,a.
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Participante .H Pr:(e te ##e+a '(cA tie'p # :(e tiene" :(e re##enar.
Participante 5H S)9 e" (n c6a;.
Participante 7H In+ierte" t( tie'p
Participante .H Pr:(e 4 %e"%e #(e0
Participante 5H E" (n c6a;9 e" e"pant".
Participante 7H =rri-#e.
Participante .H 'e%ia 'a6ana "#a'ente9 :(ier %ecir9 :(e ta'pc te crea" tN :(e 'e c(n%e
Participante 5H per a ') pr e,e'p# n "1 "i e" :(e 49 n "1 "i e" !(ncina cn #" %e'3"9 a 'i pr #
'en"9 4 'e #9 e"t(%i3n%'e a ') 'i"' 'e %4 c(enta %e :(e ")9 'e p#ante a # 'e,r9 p(e" -(en9
p(e" e"te %)a 'e ap(nt a (na e'pre"a %e rec(r"" A('an"9 (na e'pre"a :(e 'e i'prta tre"
pe%"
Participante .H <a9 per :(e e" e# AecA %e "entir :(e pr ti n :(e%e
Participante 5H :(e ten0a :(e +er cn in0enier)a. Per pr # 'en"9 'ientra" 4 ten0a #a "en"acin9 :(e
pr ') :(e n :(e%e
Participante .H E2act.
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:(e e"t4 %icien%9 4 'e9 4 a# principi9 c#ar9 a# principi c(an% c')a9 ;3"9 e"t3" cn e# te'a %e :(e
n9 c"a" :(e +i en in0enier)a9 4 n "1 :(19 n "1 c(anta"9 aAra n9 aAra e"t4 ecAan% en E# Crte
In0#1"9 a# Merca%na9 a9 a# DecatA#n9 a# n "1 :(19 per -(en9 'e e"t3 !(ncinan%9 p(e" ").
Participante 1H ?C(3nt tie'p@
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Participante 1H 4 ?C(3nt tie'p ##e+a" tN en par@

- *11 -
Participante 5H < ##e+ "ei" 'e"e"9 +4 a Aacer9 +4 a Aacer "ei" 'e"e".
M%era%rH ?O" pa"a # 'i"' a #" %e'3"@
Participante &H < 'e %e"ani' i0(a#'ente9 pr:(e 4 %i0 ''9 "e pa"a e# tie'p9 n ten0 e2periencia9
n enc(entr tra-a,9 n "1 c(an% +4 a Aacer (na +i%a pr:(e n +4 a aArrar n(nca9 a ') e" :(e "e
'e ac('(#a t% en #a ca-e;a9 %i0 e" :(e9 cn c(atr a6" 4 a:() e"t4
Participante 1H A ') # :(e 'e Aan rec'en%a% para
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Participante &H <a9 per9 n p(e% Aacer9 n p(e% pen"ar en (na +i%a9 n p(e% pen"ar en na%a9 "ea9 en9
en +i+ir cn 'i" pa%re".
Participante 1H O4e9 4 e'pec1 a tra-a,ar a #"9 en e#9 a #" +einti"1i" a6" eA
Participante .H < ta'-i1n.
Participante *H ?S)@
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:(e tN # "a-e"9 :(e 'e rient1 a -anca9 4 aAra c' +4 a "e0(ir cn e"9 entnce" Ae AecA c'
a%'ini"trati+a9 4 'e %icen9 e" :(e t( per!i# e" c'ercia# %e -anca9 a ti n te :(ere'"9 4 ten0
e2periencia en a%'ini"trati+9 per c' Ae e"ta% '3" en ca,a" 4 -anc"9 p(e" %e aA) e" i'p"i-#e9
aAra +a'"9 4 'e cntratarn9 per c'9 e#9 e# cntrat 'e # cance#arn pr #a !("in9 p(e" na%a9 p(e"
a") e"t49 entnce" 4 %e # ') # +e i'p"i-#e9 4 %e # :(e %e #a carrera :(e Ae AecA # +e
i'p"i-#e.
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Participante .H A-rir ca'in.
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t%a" # 'i"'.
Participante 5H N9 n Aa-# %e e'pre"a"9 Aa-# %e
Participante &H O9 Ae ecAa% ta'-i1n c' %epen%ienta 4 t%9 pr:(e Ae e"ta% tre" a6" 'ientra" aca-a
#a carrera c' %epen%ienta.
Participante 5H M'.
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ante"
Participante 5H E" :(e
Participante *H >(ita #a carrera.
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Participante 5H e# t)t(# :()ta#9 e" :(e
Participante *H >(ita #a carrera.
Participante 7H Depen%e %e# p(e"t.
Participante *H <a e"t3.
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Participante 7H S# e"9 ").
Participante .H >()ta#9 te :(ier %ecir c'
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Participante .H C' e# e0.
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Participante 1H S)9 per -(en.
Participante *H Si %(rante #a carrera Aa tra-a,a% 4a n "e +en tant" A(ec".
Participante 1H S).
Participante 7H <a9 per aAra ten%r1 e# e"paci en -#anc %e...
Participante 1H <a9 ten%r3 e# e"paci en -#anc %e :(e Aa" tra-a,a% %e # t(49 4 ?:(1 %ice"@
Participante &H AA
M(cA"H Ma,a,a,a
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Participante *H AA9 e" i-a a %ecir 4.
Participante 1H Si9 -(en
Participante 7H < Ae e'pe;a% a Aacer %eprte.

- *1& -
Participante *H Ani'a9 "ea9 re#a,a (n 'ntn.
Participante 1H # :(e pa"a e" :(e e"tan% "#
Participante *H >(ita #a
Participante 4H ='-re9 4 cre9 para e#
Participante 1H te %a pera pen"ar9 4 +4 cn #a -icic#eta 4 te %a '(cA para pen"ar.
Participante 5H ='-re9 e" 'e,r c(an% +a" cn a#0(ien.
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Participante 5H < #(e09 te t'a" (n par %e ,arrita" %e cer+e;a 4 +a'"9 4 +iene" cntent)"i'9 ,i,i,i.
Participante 4H < era (na %e #a" prec(pacine" :(e ten)a
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"a#0 %e ca"a 4 'e '(e+ (n rat A4
Participante .H Per ta'-i1n te acti+a9 4 cre :(e e# e,ercici te acti+a9 "ea.
Participante 5H ='-re9 4 ten0 #a c"t('-re9 c(an% 'e #e+ant9 Aacer 'e%ia Ara %e e,ercici.
Participante *H Te acti+a 4 #(e0 %e"can"a" pr #a ncAe
Participante .H S)9 ")9 te acti+a
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tre" 'e"e"9 %e -'-er9 per #(e0 +i :(e era i'p"i-#e9 "-re t% tenien% treinta 4 cA a6"9
treinta 4 "iete :(e ten)a pr entnce"9 entrar %e -'-er9 4 'e ##e+1 Aacia 'anteni'ient %e#
a4(nta'ient.
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Participante 4H =a"ta #" cinc(enta 4 cinc.
Participante *H =a"ta9 ")9 Aa"ta 'a4re".
Participante 4H Per e" :(e #a" pr(e-a" !)"ica"
Participante 5H ?=a"ta #" cinc(enta 4 cinc@
Participante *H S).
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Participante *H N9 n9 e" "n para #" p#ic)a".
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'anteni'ient9 per Aa4 (na -a"e :(e e" #a cn"tit(cin9 e# e"tat(t -3"ic %e# e'p#ea% pN-#ic 4 c"a"
a")9 :(e 4a # ten)a e"t(%ia%
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#a -i-#iteca a e"t(%iar. Entnce"9 ") :(e 'e #e+anta-a pr #a 'a6ana9 te -#i0a" a9 a9 arre0#arte9 pr:(e "i
n te #e+anta" pr #a 'a6ana i0(a# te :(e%a" en pi,a'a Aa"ta #a"9 Aa"ta #a" %ce9 ?n@
Participante *H S).
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Participante .H Tener (na r(tina.
Participante 1H Le+antarte a #a" cA %e #a 'a6ana9 Aacerte t% # :(e ten0a" :(e Aacer 49 4 #(e09 p(e"
te %e%ica" a # :(e "ea9 per
Participante 4H S)9 ")9 ten)a #a" tar%e" #i-re"9 per -(en.
Participante 1H per tener (na %in3'ica %iaria9 pr:(e "in9 -(!9 te#a
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:(e ta'-i1n cn #a cri"i" 4 t% e"t9 e"t3n -a,an% e# nN'er %e eA9 e# nN'er %e p#a;a" :(e "a#e para
t%
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Participante &H # %icA9 para pr!e"re"9 n "1 "i # Aa-1i" )%
Participante 4H S).
Participante &H Ma%ri% :(e 4a n +an a cn+car9
Participante .H N cn+ca.

- *1* -
Participante &H n "1 :(1 tra c'(ni%a% ta'pc9 #(e0 pr e,e'p#9 4 ten0 a'i0a" 'ae"tra" :(e
e"t3n %e"e"pera%a" pr:(e %icen9 Ma%ri% 4 t%a" #a" c'(ni%a%e" +an a +enir a Ara0n9 4 n +a a9
-(en
Participante 4H Mira9 4 a%e'3"
Participante &H %e"a"tr".
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Participante .H M'.
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eran cient cinc pre0(nta"9 :(e Aa-)a pre0(nta" %e 'e%i !#i9 "ea9 # e"t3n pnien% '(4
c'p#ica%9 per9 -(!
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para t%".
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Participante .H S)9 ")9 n
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+an e""9 +an e""9 "e pre"entan cinc 'i#9 per rea#'ente Aa4 prepara%" cien.
Participante 5H S).
Participante 4H < pa"an +einte9 :(e "n #" p(e"t" :(e Aa49 c#ar.
Participante 5H < e"" pen"aran :(e Aa "i% e# e2a'en ,%i%9 4 :(e 'a# Aa "a#i%.
Participante &H ?TN +a" a aca%e'ia@
Participante 4H S)9 i0(a# e"t4 prepa
Participante &H ?C' "e ##a'a@
Participante 4H L0". I0(a# e"t4 preparan% #a p"icin act(a#'ente pr:(e 'e c(e"ta (n %iner a !in
%e 'e"9 pr:(e "in aAra i0(a# #a %e,a-a9 pr:(e +e p(e" :(e +a a "er '(4 %i!)ci# entrar %e !(ncinari9
per -(en9 4a :(e e"t4 pa0an%9 p(e" 'e #a" prepar9 4a :(e
Participante &H S)9 c#ar. N9 n9 "i e" :(e a%e'3".
M%era%rH K(en cAic"9 ?:(er1i" %ecir a#0 para ter'inar@ ?A#0 :(e "e " Aa4a :(e%a% en e# tinter
:(e :(er3i" c'entar cn re"pect a +(e"tr ni+e# %e e'p#ea-i#i%a%9 +(e"tr p"iti+i"' ne0ati+i"'@
Participante 1H Una -(ena pri'iti+a n" "#(cinar)a e# te'a.
M(cA"H Ma,a,a,a
Participante 5H E"a e" #a 'e,r "#(cin9 per Aa4 :(e Aacer #a pri'iti+a9 e" ") eA

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2012

An+a B8C 4 Eta BV

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