Lamination Theory

Laminate Theory Fibre Composites, FS13 Masoud Motavalli
Table of content of printouts:

Introduction
Materials and Properties of Polymer Matrix Composites
Mechanics of a Lamina
Laminate Theory
Ply by Ply Failure Analysis
Externally Bonded FRP Reinforcement for RC Structures: Introduction and Basics
Flexural Strengthening
Strengthening in Shear
Column Confinement
FRP Strengthening of Masonry
FRP Strengthening of Metallic Structures
FRP Strengthening of Timber Structures
Design of Flexural Post-Strengthening of RC: Swiss Code 166 and Other Codes/Guidelines
Design of FRP Profiles and all FRP Structures
An Introduction to FRP Reinforced Concrete
Monitoring and Testing of Civil Engineering Structures
Composite Manufacturing
Testing Methods
Laminate Theory
Book Geoff Eckold, Chapter 3, pp 65-99
Designing rules for components made from polymer
composites
Unlike to homogeneous materials, there are two design levels to consider:
Designing the outer form of the component
Designing the internal structure of the laminate
Example of a component in Mechanical Engineering
Outer form
Internal laminate structure
Civil Engineering
Outer form
Internal laminate structure
Following aspects have to be considered for the designing of internal laminate
structure:
Fiber types
Matrix
Type of reinforcement material
Laminate lay up
Arrangement of Laminas (Layers) in a Laminate
Lamina Angle o
k
1
k
2
k
x
o
k
Lamina Angle : 0- orientation fibers are parallel to x-axis
1
k
2
k
Lamina Angle : 90- orientation fibers are parallel to y-axis
2
k
1
k
Lamina Thickness h
k
h
k
Example A for arrangement of Laminas
Symmetric Crossply, consisting of three 90-laminas and
two 0-laminas
y x
90 / 0 / 90/ 0
/ 90
) (
Symmetry
Example B for arrangement of Laminas
Balanced Angleply consisting of four +/-45-laminas und
one 0-lamina.
y x
45/ -45/ 0/ -45
/ 45
) (
Symmetry
Example C for arrangement of Laminas
Balanced Angleply consisting of Random Fiber (RF) laminas
y x
15/-15 /-15
/15
RF
/90
/90/
/RF
/0
) (
Symmetry
Example D for arrangement of Laminas
Balanced Angleply consisting of five laminas
y x
45/ -45 / 0 / 90
/ 0
) (
nonsymmetric!
Transmitter masts of Cima di Dentro
Laminate structure of the transmitter mast Cima di Dentro
A
n
c
h
o
r
a
g
e
F
r
e
e

L
e
n
g
t
h
Outer
surface
Inner
surface
Angleply laminas
Woven Fabric Mats Vlieses
Quiz: Laminate Structure
(- 45/45/90/0/0/ 90/ 45/- 45)
A) Balanced crossply
B) Unbalanced angleply
C) Unbalanced crossply
D) Balanced angleply
Answer to Quiz: Laminate Structure
(- 45/45/90/0/0/ 90/ 45/- 45)
D) balanced angleply
balanced
(90/90/0/ 90/0/0/90/90)
C) Non-symmetric crossply
(90/90/0/ 90/0/0/90/90)
C) Non-symmetric crossply
Non-Symmetric
(90/90/0/ 90/0/90/90)
A) Symmetric crossply
(90/90/0/ 90/0/90/90)
A) Symmetric crossply
Symmetric
(90/0/45/-45)
(90/0/45/-45)
Fibers are usually in the laminate plane
Stresses perpendicular to the
laminate plane are carried by
matrix and fiber/matrix
interface. Therefore, such
weaknesses have to be
avoided!
o
o
Crossply laminate is weak against t
Framework Model
Classical Laminate Theory
Small Element
Small Element
Small Element
Assumptions and Definitions
Matrix and fibers carry load.
The laminate is consisting of several orthotrop or
isotrop laminas.
The composite element fiber/matrix is considered as a
continuum.
Perfect bond between single laminas
Hook's law is valid
The elasticity constants of a laminate are calculated
from the elasticity constants of the laminas applying
equilibrium equations, compatibility conditions and
Hooks law
The classical membrane and plate theory are the
foundation for the stress and deformation analysis
h
h
Relationship between mid-plane strains
and curvatures, and the resulted force
and moment resultants acting on the
laminate
Where:
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
xy
y
x
xy
y
x
xy
y
x
xy
y
x
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
m
m
m
n
n
n
k
k
k
c
c
0
0
0
33 32 31 63 62 61
23 22 21 53 52 51
13 12 11 43 42 41
36 35 34 33 32 31
26 25 24 23 22 21
16 15 14 13 12 11
| |
| |
| |:
:
:
D
B
A
Extensional Stiffnesses
Coupling Stiffnesses
Bending Stiffnesses
Small Element
Relationship between force
and moment resultants acting
on the laminate, and the
resulted mid-plane strains and
curvatures
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
xy
y
x
xy
y
x
xy
y
x
xy
y
x
m
m
m
n
n
n
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
33 32 31 63 62 61
23 22 21 53 52 51
13 12 11 43 42 41
36 35 34 33 32 31
26 25 24 23 22 21
16 15 14 13 12 11
0
0
0
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
k
k
k
c
c
xy y x xy y x x
m B m B m B n A n A n A
16 15 14 13 12 11
0
* * * * * * + + + + + = c
Steps for stress analysis in classical laminate theory:
Stress analysis steps can be summarized as follow:
1.
Ausgangsgrssen
E
F
, v
F
, E
M
, v
M
, u
1. Material Parameter as Initial Input
2. Grund-Elastizittskonstanten
der UD-Schicht
E
llk
E
k
G
#k
v
ll
, v
ll
2. Elasticity Constants of a UD-Lamina
k k
k
k
k
G
E
E
21 12
12
2
1
,v v
1
k
2
k
x
o
k
3. Stiffnesses of a UD-Lamina
with respect to local 1-2 coordinate system
k
k
k
k
Q
Q
Q
Q
12
66
22
11
4. Transformed Stiffness Matrix
of a UD-Lamina with respect to the global
x-y coordinate system
(
(
(
(
k k k
k k k
k k k
Q Q Q
Q Q Q
Q Q Q
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
Z
1
Z
2
Z
X
Z
k-1
Z
k
Z
n
Z
n-1
Lamina n
Lamina k
Lamina 2
Lamina 1
Middle Surface
h/2
h/2
Laminate Geometry
5. Extensional Stiffnesses
of a UD-Lamina
| | | |
:
k
k
k
k
h where
h Q A =
Lamina Thickness = Z
k
-Z
k-1
6. Bending Stiffnesses
of a UD-Lamina
k
D
x
y
7. Stiffnesses of a Laminate
with respect to x-y coordinate system
ij
ij
ij
D
B
A
Relationship between mid-plane strains
and curvatures, and the resulted force
and moment resultants acting on the
laminate
Where:
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
xy
y
x
xy
y
x
xy
y
x
xy
y
x
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
m
m
m
n
n
n
k
k
k
c
c
0
0
0
33 32 31 63 62 61
23 22 21 53 52 51
13 12 11 43 42 41
36 35 34 33 32 31
26 25 24 23 22 21
16 15 14 13 12 11
| |
| |
| |:
:
:
D
B
A
Extensional Stiffnesses
Coupling Stiffnesses
Bending Stiffnesses
Relationship between force
and moment resultants acting
on the laminate, and the
resulted mid-plane strains and
curvatures
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
xy
y
x
xy
y
x
xy
y
x
xy
y
x
m
m
m
n
n
n
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
33 32 31 63 62 61
23 22 21 53 52 51
13 12 11 43 42 41
36 35 34 33 32 31
26 25 24 23 22 21
16 15 14 13 12 11
0
0
0
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
k
k
k
c
c
xy y x xy y x x
m B m B m B n A n A n A
16 15 14 13 12 11
0
* * * * * * + + + + + = c
7. Compliances of a Laminate
with respect to x-y coordinate system
ij
ij
ij
D
B
A
*
*
*
8. Elasticity Constants
(for example: calculation of buckling load)
xy
y
x
G
E
E

9. Mid-plane strains and curvatures of
the laminate
and all UD-Laminas with respect to the x-y
coordinate system
xy y x
xy y x
k k k
c c
0 0 0
, ,
, ,
Stress verification in every UD-Lamina
10. Stresses in the UD-Laminas
with respect to the local UD coordinate
system
k k k
12 2 1
t o o
1
k
2
k
x
o
k
k
2
k
4 k
22 k
4 k
11
k
11
2 sin P 1/2 sin Q cos Q Q
k
1
+ + =
Stiffnesses of the UD-Laminas with respect
to the global x-y coordinate system of the
Laminate (transformation)
k
2
k
4 k
11 k
4 k
22
k
22
k
1
+ + =
k
2
k
4 k
12
k
33
2 sin P 1/4 cos Q Q
k
2
+ =
k
2 k
12
k
21
k
12
2 sin P 1/4 Q Q Q
k
2
+ = =
( ) | |
k
k
11 k
2 k
31
k
13
sin2 P Q sin P 1/2 Q Q
k k
1 2
= =
( ) | |
k
k
22 k
2 k
32
k
23
sin2 P Q sin P - 1/2 Q Q
k k
1 2
+ = =
k
1
k
66
2P Q Q P
2Q Q P
+ =
+ =
k k k
k k
22 11 2
12 1
The stiffness matrix of individual laminas in the global x-y coordinate system is:
| | | | | | | |
| |
k k
k
T
k k k
k
k k k
k k k
k k k
n m with
n m mn mn
mn m n
mn n m
T
and
T Q T Q
where
mm N
Q Q Q
Q Q Q
Q Q Q
o o sin cos 2
2
) (
) / (
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
= =
(
(
(

=
=
(
(
(
(

The extensional matrix of the Lamina k can be obtained considering its
thickness h
k
| | | |
:
k
k
k
k
h where
h Q A =
Lamina Thickness = Z
k
-Z
k-1
| |
(
(
(
=
k k k
k k k
k k k
k
A A A
A A A
A A A
A
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
Contribution to the Laminate Stiffness Matrix:
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
33 32 31 63 62 61
23 22 21 53 52 51
13 12 11 43 42 41
36 35 34 33 32 31
26 25 24 23 22 21
16 15 14 13 12 11
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
The bending stiffnesses of the UD-Laminas with respect to the global x-y
coordinate system can be calculated as follows:
| | | | | |
3
1 - k
3
k
z z Q =
k
k
D
3
1
Z
1
Z
2
Z
X
Z
k-1
Z
k
Z
n
Z
n-1
Lamina n
Lamina k
Lamina 2
Lamina 1
Middle Surface
h/2
h/2
Laminate Geometry
Be compatible with the coordinate system and the figure: Zk = Z2 and Zk-1 = 1,
| |
(
(
(
=
k k k
k k k
k k k
k
D D D
D D D
D D D
D
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
33 32 31 63 62 61
23 22 21 53 52 51
13 12 11 43 42 41
36 35 34 33 32 31
26 25 24 23 22 21
16 15 14 13 12 11
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
The coupling stiffnesses of the UD-Laminas with respect to the global x-y
coordinate system can be calculated as follows:
| | | | | |
2
1 - k
2
k
z z Q =
k
k
B
2
1
| |
(
(
(
=
k k k
k k k
k k k
k
B B B
B B B
B B B
B
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
33 32 31 63 62 61
23 22 21 53 52 51
13 12 11 43 42 41
36 35 34 33 32 31
26 25 24 23 22 21
16 15 14 13 12 11
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
k
ij
n
1 k
ij
A A

=
=
Laminate stiffnesses with respect to the global x-y coordinate system
(superposition)
k
ij
n
1 k
ij
D D

=
=
k
ij
n
1 k
ij
B B

=
=
The most important assumption
is that, there is a perfect bond
between individual laminas.
k
ij
n
1 k
ij
A A

=
=
Laminate stiffnesses with respect to the global x-y coordinate system
(superposition)
k
ij
n
1 k
ij
D D

=
=
k
ij
n
1 k
ij
B B

=
=
Laminate Stiffness Matrix
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
33 32 31 63 62 61
23 22 21 53 52 51
13 12 11 43 42 41
36 35 34 33 32 31
26 25 24 23 22 21
16 15 14 13 12 11
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
S
Laminate Compliance Matrix
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
33 32 31 63 62 61
23 22 21 53 52 51
13 12 11 43 42 41
36 35 34 33 32 31
26 25 24 23 22 21
16 15 14 13 12 11
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
*
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
S
Calculation of the Engineering Constants from the Laminate
Compliance Matrix
11
*
1 1
A h
E
x
=
22
*
1 1
A h
E
y
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
33 32 31 63 62 61
23 22 21 53 52 51
13 12 11 43 42 41
36 35 34 33 32 31
26 25 24 23 22 21
16 15 14 13 12 11
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
*
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
S
Compliance Matrix
33
*
1 1
A h
G
xy
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
33 32 31 63 62 61
23 22 21 53 52 51
13 12 11 43 42 41
36 35 34 33 32 31
26 25 24 23 22 21
16 15 14 13 12 11
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
*
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
S
Calculation of the Engineering Constants from the
11
21
11
12
*
*
*
*
A
A
A
A
yx
= = v
22
21
22
12
*
*
*
*
A
A
A
A
xy
= = v
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
33 32 31 63 62 61
23 22 21 53 52 51
13 12 11 43 42 41
36 35 34 33 32 31
26 25 24 23 22 21
16 15 14 13 12 11
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
*
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
S
Compliance Matrix
11
3
*
1 12
D h
E
xb
=
22
3
*
1 12
D h
E
yb
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
33 32 31 63 62 61
23 22 21 53 52 51
13 12 11 43 42 41
36 35 34 33 32 31
26 25 24 23 22 21
16 15 14 13 12 11
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
*
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
S
Compliance Matrix
33
3
*
1 12
D h
G
xyb
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
33 32 31 63 62 61
23 22 21 53 52 51
13 12 11 43 42 41
36 35 34 33 32 31
26 25 24 23 22 21
16 15 14 13 12 11
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
*
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
S
11
21
11
12
*
*
*
*
D
D
D
D
yxb
= = v
22
21
22
12
*
*
*
*
D
D
D
D
xyb
= = v
Compliance Matrix
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
33 32 31 63 62 61
23 22 21 53 52 51
13 12 11 43 42 41
36 35 34 33 32 31
26 25 24 23 22 21
16 15 14 13 12 11
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
*
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
D D D B B B
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
B B B A A A
S
Engineering Constants
Engineering Constants allow us to apply the
equations of classical mechanics (calculation of
critical buckling load, etc.)
Chessboard buckling of a composite cylindrical shell
(Laminate)
Chessboard buckling
Ring Buckling Chessboard Buckling
Special case: symmetric angle-ply
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
D D D
D D D
D D D
A A A
A A A
A A A
S
Special case: symmetric cross-ply
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
33
22 21
12 11
33
22 21
12 11
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
D
D D
D D
A
A A
A A
S
Symmetric planes of a
laminate
Special case: cross-ply
Example:
Non-symmetric crossply laminate with 0 and 90 laminas
Given are:
Crossply a): (90
8
/0
8
)
Crossply b): (90
4
/0
4
/90
4
/0
4
)
Crossply c): (90
2
/0
2
/90
2
/0
2
/90
2
/0
2
/90
2
/0
2
)
Example continues:
All 16 UD-Laminas have the same thickness
(h
k
= h/16) and are made of type T 300/5208.
Calculate:
Stiffness matrix S of the crossply laminate a) to c)
Elasticity constants of some UD-Laminas

Lamina type T 300/5208 B (4)/5505 AS/3501 Scotchply 1002 Kevlar 49 /
Epoxy
E
1

(N/mm
2
)
E
2
(N/mm
2
)
v
12

G
12
(N/mm
2
)
181'000
10'300

0.28
7'170
204'000
18'500

0.23
5'590
138'000
8'960

0.30
7'100
38'600
8'270

0.26
4'140
76'000
5'500

0.34
2'300
S
11

(mm
2
/N)
S
22
(mm
2
/N)
S
12
(mm
2
/N)
S
33
(mm
2
/N)
5.52510
-6

97.0910
-6

-1.54710
-6

139.510
-6

4.90210
-6

54.0510
-6

-1.12810
-6

172.710
-6

7.24610
-6

111.610
-6

-2.17410
-6

140.810
-6

25.9110
-6

120.910
-6

-6.74410
-6

241.510
-6

13.1610
-6

181.810
-6

-4.47410
-6

434.810
-6

Q
11

(N/mm
2
)
Q
22
(N/mm
2
)
Q
12
(N/mm
2
)
Q
33
(N/mm
2
)
181'800
10'340

2'897
7'170
205'000
18'580

4'275
5'790
138'000
9'013

2'704
7'100
39'160
8'392

2'182
4'140
76'640
5'546

1'886
2'300

Crossply laminate a)
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
3
3 3 3
3 3 3
3
3 3 3
3 3 3
10 4.7 0 0 0 0 0
0 10 64 10 1.9 0 10 85.5 0
0 10 1.9 10 64 0 0 10 85.5
0 0 0 10 14.3 0 0
0 10 85.5 0 0 10 192 10 5.7
0 0 10 85.5 0 10 5.7 10 192
S
Crossply laminate b)
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
3
3 3 3
3 3 3
3
3 3 3
3 3 3
10 4.7 0 0 0 0 0
0 10 64 10 1.9 0 10 42.8 0
0 10 1.9 10 64 0 0 10 42.8
0 0 0 10 14.3 0 0
0 10 42.8 0 0 10 192 10 5.7
0 0 10 42.8 0 10 5.7 10 192
S
Crossply laminate c)
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
3
3 3 3
3 3 3
3
3 3 3
3 3 3
10 4.7 0 0 0 0 0
0 10 64 10 1.9 0 10 21.4 0
0 10 1.9 10 64 0 0 10 21.4
0 0 0 10 14.3 0 0
0 10 21.4 0 0 10 192 10 5.7
0 0 10 21.4 0 10 5.7 10 192
S
Calculation of stresses in the UD-Laminas
(
(
(
(
+
+
+
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
xy k xy
y k y
x k x
k k k
k k k
k k k
k
xy
k
y
k
x
z
z
z
Q Q Q
Q Q Q
Q Q Q
k
k c
k c
t
o
o
0
0
0
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
Transformation of the lamina stresses from global x-y coordinate into
the local 1-2 coordinate system
| |
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
k
xy
k
y
k
x
k
k
k
k
T
t
o
o
t
o
o
1
12
2
1
) (
where:
| |
k k
k
n m with
n m mn mn
mn m n
mn n m
T
o o sin cos
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
= =
(
(
(

=
Calculation of lamina strains in the local 1-2 coordinate
system:
k k
E E
2
1
12
1
1
1
o
v
o =
k
1
k k
E E
2
2
1
1
12
1
o o
v
+ =
k
2
k
G
12
12
1
t =
k
12
Stress Verification
k
admissible
k
, 1 1
o o <
k
admissible
k
, 2 2
o o <
k
admissible
k
, 12 12
t t <
Classical Laminate Theory:
Thermal Loading
Steps for stress analysis:
Stress analysis steps can be summarized as follow:
1.
Ausgangsgrssen
E
F
, v
F
, E
M
, v
M
, u
Material Parameter as Initial Input
, o
F
, o
M
Thermal Loading
Thermal properties of a UD-Lamina:
Expansion cofficients with respect to the local 1-2 UD-Lamina
coordinate system (Book Geoff Eckold p59)
( )
1
1
+
u
u

+ =
M
F
F M
F
E
E
o o
o o
1
And (Book Geoff Eckold p59)
1
2
)] 1 ( [ ) 1 (
) 1 (
o v v o v
o v o o o
u + u u
+ u + u + u =
M F M M
F F M F
| |
| |
k k
k
k
k
k
k
xy
k
y
k
x
n m with
n m mn mn
mn m n
mn n m
T
where
T
o o
o
o
o
o
o
sin cos 2
2
0
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
1
= =
(
(
(

=
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
Expansion cofficients with respect to the global x-y coordinate
system
where:

F
o = Thermal expansion coefficient of fibers

o
M
= Thermal expansion coefficient of matrix

v
M
= Poissons ratio of matrix

F
v = Poissons ratio of fibers

F
E = Elasticity modulus of fibers

E
M
= Elasticity modulus of matrix

u = Fiber volume fraction
1
k
2
k
x
o
k
k
2
k
4 k
22 k
4 k
11
k
11
k
1
+ + =
Stiffnesses of the UD-Laminas with respect
to the global x-y coordinate system of the
Laminate (transformation)
k
2
k
4 k
11 k
4 k
22
k
22
k
1
+ + =
k
2
k
4 k
12
k
33
2 sin P 1/4 cos Q Q
k
2
+ =
k
2 k
12
k
21
k
12
2 sin P 1/4 Q Q Q
k
2
+ = =
( ) | |
k
k
11 k
2 k
31
k
13
sin2 P Q sin P 1/2 Q Q
k k
1 2
= =
( ) | |
k
k
22 k
2 k
32
k
23
sin2 P Q sin P - 1/2 Q Q
k k
1 2
+ = =
k
1
k
66
2P Q Q P
2Q Q P
+ =
+ =
k k k
k k
22 11 2
12 1
The stiffness matrix of individual laminas in the global x-y coordinate system is:
| | | | | | | |
| |
k k
k
T
k k k
k
k k k
k k k
k k k
n m with
n m mn mn
mn m n
mn n m
T
and
T Q T Q
where
mm N
Q Q Q
Q Q Q
Q Q Q
o o sin cos 2
2
) (
) / (
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
= =
(
(
(

=
=
(
(
(
(

Z
1
Z
2
Z
X
Z
k-1
Z
k
Z
n
Z
n-1
Lamina n
Lamina k
Lamina 2
Lamina 1
Middle Surface
h/2
h/2
Laminate Geometry
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
A
A
A
(
(
(
(
=
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
A
A
A
(
(
(
(
=
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
k k k
xy
k k k
y
k k k
x
k k k
k k k
k k k
T
k
xy
T
k
y
T
k
x
k k
xy
k k
y
k k
x
k k k
k k k
k k k
T
k
xy
T
k
y
T
k
x
h z T
h z T
h z T
Q Q Q
Q Q Q
Q Q Q
m
m
m
and
h T
h T
h T
Q Q Q
Q Q Q
Q Q Q
n
n
n
. . .
. . .
. . .
. .
. .
. .
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
o
o
o
o
o
o
Force and moment resultant caused by thermal loading in the k-th UD-Lamina:
=
=
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
n
k
T
k
xy
T
k
y
T
k
x
T
xy
T
y
T
x
n
k
T
k
xy
T
k
y
T
k
x
T
xy
T
y
T
x
m
m
m
m
m
m
and
n
n
n
n
n
n
1
1
Force and moment resultant caused by thermal loading in the laminate
(superposition):
| |
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
+
+
+
+
+
+
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
T
xy xy
T
y y
T
x x
T
xy xy
T
y y
T
x x
xy
y
x
xy
y
x
m m
m m
m m
n n
n n
n n
S *
0
0
0
k
k
k
c
c
Mid plane strains and curvatures caused by thermal and mechanical loading
with respect to the laminate global x-y coordinate system:
Calculation of stresses in the UD-Laminas
(
(
(
(
A +
A +
A +
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
T z
T z
T z
Q Q Q
Q Q Q
Q Q Q
k
xy xy k xy
k
y y k y
k
x x k x
k k k
k k k
k k k
k
xy
k
y
k
x
o k
o k c
o k c
t
o
o
0
0
0
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
Transformation of the lamina stresses from global x-y coordinate into
the local 1-2 coordinate system
| |
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
k
xy
k
y
k
x
k
k
k
k
T
t
o
o
t
o
o
1
12
2
1
) (
where:
| |
k k
k
n m with
n m mn mn
mn m n
mn n m
T
o o sin cos
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
= =
(
(
(

=
Calculation of lamina strains in the local 1-2 coordinate
system:
k k
E E
2
1
12
1
1
1
o
v
o =
k
1
k k
E E
2
2
1
1
12
1
o o
v
=
k
2
k
G
12
12
1
t =
k
12
Stress Verification
k
admissible
k
, 1 1
o o <
k
admissible
k
, 2 2
o o <
k
admissible
k
, 12 12
t t <

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