APESUnit#3StudyGuideSpeciesInteractionsandCommunityEcology

Name:GalileaPatricio
1:WhatmakestheZebraMusselaninvasivespecies?
TheZebraMusselisaninvasivespeciesbecauseithasnonaturalpredators,
competition,orpredators.
2:Definethefollowingspeciesinteractions:
*Competition:Speciesstruggletoacquirethesameresources,bothspeciesare
harmed.
*Predation,Parasitism,andHerbivory:onespeciesbenefitsbenefitswhiletheotheris
harmed.
*Mutualism:bothspeciesbenefit
3:Whataresomeoftheresourcesthatspeciescompeteforincompetition?
Someoftheresourcesspeciescompeteforarefood,water,shelter,space,mates,
andsunlight.
4:DefineCompetitiveExclusion:onespeciesisexcludedfromusingaresourceby
anotherspecies.
5:Whatmusthappenforspeciestocoexist?
Inorderforspeciestocoexisttheyhavetopartiallyconsumethesameresource
theycompetefor.
6:Whatisthedifferencebetweenfundamentalandrealizedniche?Explainwhya
specieswouldntfulfillitsfundamentalniche?
A fundamental niche refers to an individual organisms who is able to fulfill its needs
by using all available resources. A realized niche is the actual portion of the fundamental
niche that is completed. A species could not fulfill its fundamental niche because of the
competitionforresourcesbetweenspeciesandindividuals.
7:Giveanexampleofresourcepartitioning:divisionofsharedresourcesby
specializingindifferentways.EX:onespeciesisactiveatnight,whiletheotherisactive
duringtheday.
8:Howdoescharacterdisplacementhelpwithcompetition?
characterdisplacementistheevolutionwithinaspeciesreflecteduponbythe
portionoftheresourcestheyconsume.Thishelpseasecompetitionastwospecies
becomemuchmoredifferent.
9:Explainhowpredatorandpreypopulationsdependoneachother:
Predator and prey populations depend on one another to maintain the abundance
ordensityofthepopulation,thisrelationshipalsostructuresfoodwebs
10:HowdoesNaturalSelectionstrengthenpopulationfitness?
NaturalSelectionstrengthenspopulationfitnessbyfavoringorganismsthatisable
toadapttoitsenvironmentwhichallowsittosurviveandpassitsgenesortraitstoits
offspring.
11:Definethefollowing:
*CrypticColoration:techniqueinwhichthecolorationconcealsanorganismsshapeto
protectitfrompredators.
*WarningColoration:usedtoscareofforwarnotheranimalsthattheyaretoxicor
undesirable.
*Mimicry:externalresemblancetoanotherorganism.
12:DefineParasitism:Thedependenceofoneorganismonanotherfornourishmentor
otherbenefitthatdoesnotfavorthehost.
13:Whatistheideaofcoevolution?
Coevolutionistheescalatingduelofadaptationsbyhostsandparasites.
14:Whataresomeplantadaptationsthathelptoprotectplantsagainstherbivory?
Plantadaptationsagainstherbivoryincludeschemicals(toxinsordistasteful),
physicalfeatures(thornsorspines),andaidofotheranimals.
15:Explainhowpollinationisaformofmutualism:
Mutualismisthebeneficialinteractionofinteractingorganisms,pollinationisaform
ofmutualismbecauseaplantprovidesananimalnectarandtheanimalpollinatestheplant
whichallowsthemtoreproduce.
16:Definethefollowing:
*Allelopathy:thereleaseofchemicalsbycertainplants.
*Commensalism:Theinteractionoforganismsinwhichoneisthebenefactorwhilethe
otherisunaffected.
*Facilitation:plantsthatcreateshadeandleaflitterallowingseedlingstogrow.
17:Whatisacommunityoforganisms?
Acommunityoforganismsistheassemblageofdifferentspeciesalllivingtogether
inthesameplaceatthesametime.
18:Drawatrophiclevelpyramidwiththefollowingterms/definitions(examples)below:
Autotrophs:organismsthatabsorbsolarenergytouseinphotosynthesistoproduce
sugarcompounds.
PrimaryConsumers:organismsthatconsumeproducers/autotrophs.
SecondaryConsumers:carnivores,consumeprimaryconsumers.
TertiaryConsumers:highestlevelpredatorswhichconsumethesecondaryproducers,
carnivores.
Omnivores:consumebothmeatandpalnts.
Detritivores:scavengedeadmaterial.
Decomposers:breakdownorganiccompounds.
19:Howismostenergylostinanecosystem?
Mostenergywithinanecosystemislostasitpassesontohighertrophiclevelsand
transfersfromoneorganismtoanotherintheformofwasteheatthroughrespiration.
20:Explainwhythisstatementistrue:Ahumanvegetariansecologicalfootprintis
smallerthanameateatersfootprint.
Ahumanvegetariansecologicalfootprintissmallerthanameateatersfootprint
becausethehumanproductionoftheorganismislessthanraisingandfeedingcattle.
Vegetationcanbeconsumedbyhumansinsteadoffeedingittocattlewhichusesmore
thanitgives.
21:Whatisthedifferencebetweenafoodchainandafoodweb?
Afoodchainisalinearstructuredepictingasingularstrandoforganismsofpredatorand
preywhileafoodwebdepictsallorganismswithintheecosystemandhowthose
organismsinteractinthepredatorpreyrelationship.
22:Whatisakeystonespeciesandwhathappenstoanecosystemwhenitgetsremoved?
Akeystonespeciesareorganismswhichholdhugeimpactsoftheenvironmentwhichis
greaterthantheproportionoftheirpopulation.Whenthekeystonespeciesisremovedfrom
anecosystemitcausesaseriesofchainreactionsalongthefoodchainalsoknownasthe
TrophicCascade.
23:Whatisatrophiccascade?Whyisitimportant?
Atrophiccascadeistheindirectaffectonlowlevelpopulationsdonebythehighlevel
predatorsbymaintainingtheintermediateorganismspopulationscontrolled.
24:Communitiesoforganismsrespondtodisturbancesdifferently.Explainresistanceand
resilience.
Resistanceistheabilityforacommunityoforganismstoresistchangeandremainstable
duringthechanges.Resilienceontheotherhandisacommunityoforganismsthatadapt
alongwiththechangesbutreturntonormaloritsoriginalstate.
25:Whatisaninvasivespecies?Howdowecontrolaspeciesthathasbecomeinvasive?
(Nameseveralways)
Aninvasivespeciesisanorganismintroducedintoadifferentenvironmentotherthanits
own,theyarenonnativeandoftenspreadthroughoutanddominatetheregion.Theways
tocontrolinvasivespeciesaretoxicchemicals,oxygendeprivation,stressingordying
themout,ortoremovethemmanually.
26:WhatishappeningwithecologicalrestorationintheFloridaEverglades?
EcologicalrestorationintheFloridaEvergladesstrivestoreturntheenvironmentbackto
unchangedconditions.Therestorationwillfixdepletioncausedbyirrigation.
27:Biomes:NamethetypeofSOILSinthefollowing:
*Temperatedeciduousforests:fertilesoilsduetoleafdebris.
*Temperaterainforests:fertilesoil,susceptibletoerosionandlandslides.
*Tropicalrainforests:pooraciditysoil
*Tropicaldryforest:erosionpronesoil
*Desert:salinesoils
*Tundra:permanentlyfrozensoil(permafrost).
*Borealforest(Taiga):pooracidicsoil
28:Howdobiomeschangewithaltitude?Explain.
BiomesdifferbecauseofVegetationwhichchangeswithaltitude.