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Ø Load flow study in power system is the steady state solution of power system
network.
Ø The information obtained from load flow solution is used for the continuous
monitoring of current state of the system and for analyzing the
effectiveness of future system expansion to meet increased load demand.
Ø The main objective of the load flow is to find the voltage magnitude of each
bus and its angle when the powers generated and loads are specified.
INTRODUCTION
Load flow studies can be used to obtain the voltage magnitudes and angles at
each bus in the steady state.
Once the bus voltage magnitudes and their angles are computed using the
load flow, the real and reactive power flow through each line can be
computed.
This project deals with Ybus formation using different methods for load flow
analysis.
Formation of Ybus plays a vital role in solving any load flow problem.
P -jQ / V *= I
i i i i
= ∑nk=1 Yik Vk
= Yi1 V1 + Yi2 V2 + Yi3 V3 +…+ Yin Vn
For (r+1)th iteration, the voltage becomes
Vi (r) -∑ i-1 B k V (r+1) -∑ n B k V (r)
(r+1) =Ai/Vi k=1 i k k=i+1 i k
A =P -jQ /Y
i i i ii
B =Y /Y
ik ik ii
Computation of slack bus power
Si*=Pi-jQi
Computation of line flows
x1=x0+∆x0
or, in general form of x (r+1) th iteration
x(r+1) =x(r) +∆x(r)
Iterations are continued till Eq is satisfied to any desired accuracy,
i.e,
fi(x(r)) <ε (A specified value);
fip =Pi (specified)-Pi(calculated)=∆Pi
fiQ =Q(specified)-Qi(calculated)=∆Qi
Where ∆P and ∆Q are the real and reactive power mismatch at each bus. j is the
jacobian matrix, j represents the sensitivity measurement of the real and reactive
power with respect to the bus voltage angle and magnitude.
Bus type Number of Qualities Number of Number of δi
buses specified available |Vi| state
equations variables
Slack 1 δi , |Vi| 0 0
i=1
system:
The angular differences between typical buses of the
system are usually so small that
The line susceptances are many times larger than the
line conductance
so that
After simplifying:
THE SOLUTION STRATEGY
Calculate the initial mismatch P
Solve for
Update the angles and use them to calculate
mismatch
Solve for and update the magnitude ,and
Repeat the iteration until all mismatches are within
specified tolerances.
PRIMITIVE NETWORK
Primitive network is defined as representation of
network in the form of impedance or admittance.
Columns 1 through 6
Columns 7 through 12
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 + 4.7819i 0 0 + 1.7980i 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 -1.9550 + 4.0941i -1.5260 + 3.1760i
0 -19.5490i 0 + 5.6770i 0 + 9.0901i 0 0 0
0 + 5.6770i 0 - 5.6770i 0 0 0 0
0 + 9.0901i 0 5.3261 -24.2825i -3.9020 +10.3654i 0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
-3.0989 + 6.1028i 0
0 0
0 0
0 -1.4240 + 3.0291i
0 0
0 0
-2.4890 + 2.2520i 0
6.7249 -10.6697i -1.1370 + 2.3150i
-1.1370 + 2.3150i 2.5610 - 5.3440i
Y BUS formation using singular transformation
ydata=[1 1 2 1/(0.05+j*0.15) 0 0
2 1 3 1/(0.1+j*0.3) 0 0
3 2 3 1/(0.15+j*0.45) 0 0
4 2 4 1/(0.10+j*0.30) 0 0
5 3 4 1/(0.05+j*0.15) 0 0];
elements=max(ydata(:,1))
yprimitive=zeros(elements,elements)
for i=1:elements,yprimitive(i,i)=ydata(i,4)
if(ydata(i,5)~=0)
j=ydata(i,5)
ymutual=ydata(i,6)
yprimitive(i,j) =ymutual
end
end
buses=max(max(ydata(2,:)),max(ydata(3,:)))
A=zeros(elements,buses);
for i=1:elements,
if(ydata(i,2)~=0)
A(i,ydata(i,2))=1
end
if ydata(i,3)~=0
A(i,ydata(i,3))=-1
end
end
OUTPUT
elements = 5
yprimitive =
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
yprimitive =
2.0000 - 6.0000i 0 0 0
0
0 0 0 0
0
0 0 0 0
0
yprimitive =
2.0000 - 6.0000i 0 0 0
0
0 1.0000 - 3.0000i 0 0
0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
yprimitive =
2.0000 - 6.0000i 0 0 0
0
0 1.0000 - 3.0000i 0 0
0
yprimitive =
2.0000 - 6.0000i 0 0 0
0
0 1.0000 - 3.0000i 0 0
0
0 0 0.6667 - 2.0000i 0
0
0 0 0 1.0000 - 3.0000i
0
0 0 0 0 0
yprimitive =
2.0000 - 6.0000i 0 0 0
0
buses =
1.0000 - 3.0000i
A =
1
0
0
0
0
A =
1 -1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
A=
1 -1
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
A =
1 -1 0
1 0 -1
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
A=
1 -1 0
1 0 -1
0 1 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
A =
1 -1 0
1 0 -1
0 1 -1
0 0 0
0 0 0
A=
1 -1 0
1 0 -1
0 1 -1
0 1 0
0 0 0
A =
1 -1 0 0
1 0 -1 0
0 1 -1 0
0 1 0 -1
0 0 0 0
A=
1 -1 0 0
1 0 -1 0
0 1 -1 0
0 1 0 -1
0 0 1 0
A =
1 -1 0 0
1 0 -1 0
0 1 -1 0
0 1 0 -1
0 0 1 -1
YBUS =
The Ybus matrix forms the network models for load flow
studies.
THANKS YOU
BY :-
Gaurav Ranjan
Narender Singh
N Moses Binny