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CHAPTER 2
SPACE AND EARTH SATELLITE
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SATELLITE SUBSYSTEM
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SATELLITE SUBSYSTEM
Satellite Anatomy
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SATELLITE SUBSYSTEM
Subsystem
1. Mechanical structure
2. Propulsion
Description
The structural subsystem provides the framework for mounting other subsystems of the satellite and
also an interface between the satellite and the launch vehicle.
The propulsion subsystem is used to provide the thrusts required to impart the necessary velocity
changes to execute all the manoeuvres during the lifetime of the satellite. This would include major
manoeuvres required to move the satellite from its transfer orbit to the geostationary orbit in the case
of geostationary satellites and also the smaller manoeuvres needed throughout the lifespan of the
satellite, such as those required for station keeping.
3. Thermal control
The thermal control subsystem is essential to maintain the satellite platform within its operating
temperature limits for the type of equipment on board the satellite. It also ensures a reasonable
temperature distribution throughout the satellite structure, which is essential to retain dimensional
stability and maintain the alignment of certain critical equipments.
4. Power supply
The primary function of the power supply subsystem is to collect the solar energy, transform it to
electrical power with the help of arrays of solar cells and distribute electrical power to other
components and subsystems of the satellite. In addition, the satellite also has batteries, which provide
standby electrical power during eclipse periods, during other emergency situations and also during the
launch phase of the satellite when the solar arrays are not yet functional.
5. Tracking,
command
telemetry
and The telemetry, tracking and command (IT &C) subsystem monitors and controls the satellite right
from the lift-off stage to the end of its operational life in space. The tracking part of the subsystem
determines the position of the spacecraft and follows its travel using angle, range and velocity
information. The telemetry part gathers information on the health of various subsystems of the
satellite, encodes this information and then transmits it. The command element receives and executes
remote control commands to effect changes to the platform functions, configuration, position and
velocity.
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SATELLITE SUBSYSTEM
Subsystem
6. The attitude and orbit control
7. The payload
8. Antennas
Description
It controls the orbital path, which is required to ensure that the satellite is in the correct location in
space to provide the intended services. It also provides attitude control, which is essential to prevent
the satellite from tumbling in space and also to ensure that the antennae remain pointed at a fixed
point on the Earth's surface.
part of the satellite that carries the desired instrumentation required for performing its intended
function and is therefore the most important subsystem of any satellite. The nature of the payload on
any satellite depends upon its mission. The basic payload in the case of a communication satellite is
the transponder, which acts as a receiver, amplifier and transmitter. In the case of a weather
forecasting satellite, a radiometer is the most important payload. High resolution cameras,
multispectral scanners and thematic mappers are the main payloads on board a remote sensing
satellite. Scientific satellites have a variety of payloads depending upon the mission. These include
telescopes, spectrographs, plasma detectors, magnetometers, spectrometers and so on
used for both receiving signals from ground stations as well as for transmitting signals towards them.
There are a variety of antennas available for use on board a satellite. The final choice depends mainly
upon the frequency of operation and required gain. Typical antenna types used on satellites include
horn antennas, centre-fed and offset-fed parabolic reflectors and lens antennas.
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Satellite -as the space segment and composed of three separate units(fuel system, the
satellite and telemetry controls, and the transponder)
Transponder- includes the receiving antenna to pick-up signals from the ground station, a
broad band receiver, an input multiplexer, and a frequency converter which is used to reroute
the received signals through a high powered amplifier for downlink. Primary role of a satellite
is to reflect electronic signals.
Example-1)telecom satellite-the primary task is to receive signals from a ground station and
send them down to another ground station located a considerable distance away from the
first. This relay action can be two-way, as in the case of a long distance phone call.
2)television broadcasts-the ground station's uplink is then downlinked over a wide region, so
that it may be received by many different customers possessing compatible equipment. Still
another use for satellites is observation, wherein the satellite is equipped with cameras or
various sensors, and it merely downlinks any information it picks up from its vantagepoint.
Space and Earth Satellite
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Passive Satellite
What is
Passive
Satellite?
Passive satellites are relay stations in space. It simply reflects light or radio waves
transmitted from one ground terminal to another without amplification or
retransmission.
The principle of communication by passive satellite is based on the properties of
scattering of electromagnetic waves from different surface areas. Thus an
electromagnetic wave incident on a passive satellite is scattered back towards the
earth and a receiving station can receive the scattered wave.
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Passive Satellite
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Active Satellite
What is
Active
Satellite?
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Active Satellite
In active satellites, which amplify and retransmit the signal from the earth
have several advantages over the passive satellites. The advantages of
active satellites are:
Require lower power earth station
Less costly
Not open to random use
Directly controlled by operators from ground.
Disadvantages of active satellites are:
Disruption of service due to failure of electronics components onboard the satellites
Requirement of on-board power supply
Requirement of larger and powerful rockets to launch heavier
satellites in orbit
Space and Earth Satellite
Block Diagram
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Satellite Transponder
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Satellite Transponder
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What is uplink
and downlink?
Satellite Path
Uplink
Downlink
Earth
Station
User
The communication going from a satellite to ground is called downlink, and when it is going
from ground to a satellite it is called uplink. When an uplink is being received by the spacecraft
at the same time a downlink is being received by Earth, the communication is called two-way.
If there is only an uplink happening, this communication is called upload. If there is only a
downlink happening, the communication is called one-way.
Some companies sell uplink and downlink services to television stations, corporations, and to
other telecommunication carriers. A company can specialize in providing uplinks, downlinks, or
both.
Introduction to Microwave Communication System
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Cross Link
Earth
Station
User
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Footprint
What is Footprint?
An example of an
elliptical footprint
with a reception
area of Germany,
Austria and
Switzerland. The
ellipses indicate the
necessary antenna
diameter for
receiving in cm.
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Radiation Pattern
Satellite coverage by four types of beam:
the global/earth beam, which covers roughly one-third of the globe;
-the beamwidth of a satellite antenna to provide coverage of the visible Earth will
depend on satellite altitude.
- Ground station antennas used as a hub to anchor satellite services will typically
comprise highgain reector antennas at microwave frequencies.
the hemispherical beam, which covers roughly one-sixth of the disk;
-for applications where the user is mobile (for example, in a car, train or boat)
the zonal beam, which covers a large landmass like Europe;
the spot beam, which covers a specic geographical area.
-that is beams that are smaller than those that cover the visible Earth are typically
used to provide services requiring higher power/sensitivity
- typically provided using high-gain reector antennas
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Earth Station
What is Earth
Station?
The earth station is the link between the terrestrial data sources and the remote
satellite resource.
Its most familiar component is the earth station antenna, which can be tens of
meters in diameter or a small portable dish. In addition, there are numerous, less
obvious devices in the chain of devices that transmit or receive the signal.
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Earth Station
Transmitter?
The primary component within the section of a satellite system is the earth station
transmitter. A typical earth station transmitter consists of an IF(Intermediate
frequency) modulator, an IF to RF microwave up-converter, a high power amplifier
(HPA).The IF modulator converts the input baseband signals to either an FM, a PSK
or a QAM modulated intermediate frequency. The up-converter (mixer and BPF)
converts the IF to an appropriate RF carrier frequency. The HPA provides adequate
input sensitivity and output power to propagate the signal to the satellite
transponder. The HPAs commonly used are klystrons and TNTs.
Introduction to Microwave Communication System
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Earth Station
Receiver?
An earth station receiver includes an input BPF(band pass filter), an LNA(low noise
amplifier) and an RF to IF down converter. The BPF limits the input noise power to
the LNA. The LNA is a highly sensitive, low noise device. The RF-to-IF down
converter is a mixer, BPF combination which converts the received RF signal to an IF
frequency. The most common frequencies used for satellite communications are
6/4 and 14/12 GHz bands. The first number indicates the uplink (earthstation-totransponder) frequency and the second number is downlink (transponder-toearthstation) frequency. Since C band is most widely used, this band is becoming
overcrowded. A typical C band transponder can carry 12 channels, each with a
bandwidth of 36 MHz.
Introduction to Microwave Communication System
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Earth Station
Transmitter
and Receiver?
A transponder is a part of a satellite, which is a combination of transmitter and
receiver. The main function of transponder is frequency translation and
amplification. Based on the frequency translation process, there are three basic
transponder configurations. These are single conversion transponder, double
conversion transponder and regenerative transponder. The uplink signal is received
by the receiving antenna. The received signal is first band limited by Band Pass Filter
(BPF), then it is routed to Low Noise Amplifier (LNA). The amplified signal is then
frequency translated by a mixer and an oscillator. Here only the frequency is
translated from high-band up-link frequency to the low-band down link frequency.
The mixer output (down link signal) is then applied to BPF then it is amplified by a
High Power Amplifier (HPA). This down link signal is then transmitted to receiver
earth station through a high power transmitting antenna.
Introduction to Microwave Communication System
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Frequency Band
Frequency band?
The frequency of operation is perhaps the major determining factor in the design
and performance of a satellite communications link. The wavelength of the free
space path signal is the principal parameter that determines the interaction effects
of the atmosphere, and the resulting link path degradations. Also, the satellite
systems designer must operate within the constraints of international and domestic
regulations related to choice of operating free space path frequency.
Two different methods of designation have come into common use to dene radio
frequency bands.
Letter band designations
Nominal wavelength
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Channelization Method
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Frequency Band
Nominal wavelength
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Frequency Band
Band
C
Description
The C band is a name given to certain portions of
the
electromagnetic
spectrum,
including
wavelengths of microwaves that are used for longdistance radio telecommunications. The IEEE Cband is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum
in the microwave range of frequencies ranging
from 4.0 to 8.0 gigahertz (GHz)
Advantages
-Less disturbance from heavy
rain fade
-Cheaper Bandwith
Ku
Ka
-No
interference
from
microwave links and other
technologies
-Operates with a smaller
satellite dish (diameters
from 0.9m) -> cheaper and
more easy installation
-Needs less power ->
cheaper RF unit
- Generally higher frequency - More susceptible to rain
- Smaller dish
fade
- Generally lower latency
- Less Expensive Equipment
-Uses Spot Beam Technology
Disvantages
-Needs a larger satellite dish
(diameters of minimum 23m)
-Powerful (=expensive) RF
unit
-More expensive hardware
-Possible Interference from
microwave links
-More expensive capacity
-Sensitive to heavy rain fade
(significant attenuation of
the signal) / possibly can be
managed by appropriate
dish size or transmitter
power.
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REFERENCE
Donald G. Dudley, 2000 Foundations for Microwave Engineering, A JOHN WILEY &
SONS, INC. PUBLICATION
Stanford Park Division Uses for the Microwave Spectrum
David M. Pozar , 2005, Microwave Engineering, John Wiley & Sons,Inc
Slide: SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Anil K. Maini and Varsha Agrawal, 2007 Satellite Technology: Principle and
Application
Dennis Roddy, 2006, Satellite Communications, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_access_method#Fundamental_types_of_ch
annel_access_schemes
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