Collaborative Exam 2 Study Guide

Please use the following questions to help guide you as you study and
prepare for Exam 2.

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Exam 2 will cover the material from the following SPO teaching
presentations.

Week 5 SPO 11: Explain how marine sediments are classified and
which chemical and physical principles determine their distribution.
1.) Where are lithogenous sediments found
Derives from preexisting rock material that exists on continents and
islands. Weathering agents, such as water, chemical agents, and
temperature extremes erode rock and transport them to oceans and

streams. These eroded materials are the basis of all lithogenous

sediment. Greatest quantity is found along continental margins, moved
by high energy currents near the shoreline, or turbidity currents on the
ocean floor. Fine grained particles form near the deep ocean floor,
coarse ones settle near the shore.
2.) What mineral is composed of oxygen, silicon and in the form of
Si02?
The mineral that is composed of oxygen and silicon is Silica. This is one
of the two common chemical compounds in biogenous sediments. Silica
is found in biogenous ooze that comes from microscopic algae called
diatoms and protozoans called radiolarians. These diatoms
photosynthesize therfore need stronger sunlight and would be found
within the upper most sunlit surface waters of the ocean. Silica also has
a hydrated form known as opal.

3.) In what year was the Glomar Challenge decommissioned and

replaced by the drill ship the JOIDES Resolution?
The Glomar Challenge was replaced by the JOIDES Resolution in 1985.
The Glomar was first launched in 1968. It was for deep sea research and
scientific drilling. The vessel was on a fifteen year long expedition and
over that time found great success. The samples the vessel recovered
helped give evidence to the seafloor spreading hypothesis. As well as
plate tectonics. (Taylor Mediano)

4.) How does red clay get its color?

To begin, red clay is another name for abyssal clay which are composed
of fine, clay-sized particles. They are found on the bottom of the ocean
and contain less that 30% biogenous sediment. This clay consists of
oxidized iron which takes on a red-brown hue, giving abyssal clay its
nickname 'red clay'. The predominance of abyssal clay on abyssal

plains is caused not by an abundance of clay settling on the ocean

floor but by the absence of other material that would otherwise
dilute it. (Found textbook page 107 of Essentials of
Oceanography's 10th edition). Katherine Liu
5.) Microscopic organisms produce tiny shells called?
Biogenous sediment is classified as either macroscopic or
microscopic.Microscopic biogenies sediment contains particles so small
they can only be seen through a microscope. These microscopic
organisms come to produce very tiny shells called 'tests'. Which, over
time they sink and accumulate on the ocean floor only after the
organism has died.Leaving to form a very fine mushy looking
material called 'ooze'.
6.) What biogenous ooze comes from microscopic algae called diatoms
and radiolarians?
The biogenous ooze that comes from microscopic algae called diatoms
and radiolarians is called silica. Silica has the chemical formula of SiO2,
also known as silicon dioxide. Silica acts as a protective covering for the
microscopic algae that produces it, most algae that produce silica have
a silica covering that consists of two separate sections. While the silica
prevents most hazardous materials to pass through there are tiny holes
that allow the algae to take in nutrients and expel waste products.

7.) What are Microscopic spherules?

I found that that Microscopic Spherules and a fungus that are mainly
made up of hematite and minerals. They are also mainly found growing
in water. They did not really have too much information on them, but
fossilized remains of what they once had been.
8.) Precipitation usually occurs when? (hydrogenous sediments)
Precipitation usually occurs when there is change in temperature,
pressure, or a combination of several different chemically active fluids.
When many different materials are combined in seawater they have
several chemical reactions. These chemical reactions brings forth some
mixture or solution of chemicals combined. Primarily, the temperature
itself causes the sediments to become oversaturated, and causes
precipitation. This is the process of precipitation.
9.) Where do evaporate minerals
form?

Evaporite is the name of a mineral that has crystalized due to high

concentration of said mineral because of evaporation. Basically, when a
body of water evaporates, the dissolved minerals in the water is able to
crystalize. With evaporation, there is less water for the minerals to
occupy so the minerals particles get closer together, this is known as
concentration. When concentration gets high enough, the minerals
collect together and crystalize forming full size crystal of the mineral.
That being said, evaporite have to form in dry areas, due to the high
evaporation need to create evaporite. (Howard Ho)
10.) How does black sand enter upon beaches?

Active volcanoes cause black sand beaches. This is occurs when lava
flows into the ocean and has contact with the cold water. The water
then shatters it to sand and black glass. Soon after black sand is created
when waves break apart volcanic rock.

Week 7 SPO 4: Know the chemical composition of sea water and

those processes which regulate it, and the physical properties of the
sea.
1)

Even though hydrogen bonds are weaker than

they

are strong enough to cause __________ to stick to one another and

exhibit cohesion?
2)

What other important properties does water possess?

Water has many important properties such as being a universal solvent

because water molecules interact with other water molecules and polar
molecules. This allows water to carry salt, valuable chemicals, minerals,
and nutrients. Water also has an unusually high boiling point compared
to other similar compounds, which boils at 100C instead of -68C. If
water did boil at lower temperatures, then life as we know it would not
be possible on Earth because there would be no more water to sustain
life. Water also has a lower freezing point, which is why most seawater
does not freeze except surface water at the Earths poles. Most
substances solid state is denser than their liquid state, but water has
the opposite effect, which is why sea ice floats.
3)

The total amount of solid material dissolved in water is known as:

Salinity

4)

___________ refers to the change in temperature with depth in the

ocean.
6)

Thermocline

A rapid change in density with depth in the ocean is

called___________ . Salinity And Temperature

7)

The average salinity is ____________ * 19.2% which rounds to 34.7%

8)

What are the six most abundant components dissolved in seawater?

chlorine, sodium, sulfur (as SO4), magnesium, calcium, and potassium

9)

What is produced when the two most abundant elements are

combined? Sodium chloride, or table salt, is produced when the two

most abundent seawater elements are combined
10)

The __________ is the energy needed to break the

intermolecular bonds that hold water molecules rigidly in place in ice

crystals.
Latent heat of melting.
Water and ice are both made of hydrogen and oxygen
molecules. Latent heat affects the energy required to change the state
of water, whether it be liquid, vapor or gas, or solid ice. The intermolecular bonds are simply hydrogen and oxygen molecules held very
tight and close together. The latent heat of melting is the energy
required to release this tight bond, causing the ice to melt. The ice
eventually melts to a liquid, at 0 degrees Celsius or 32 degrees
Fahrenheit (Haviland 135). - Kerry Kurcz

Week 9 SPO 7. Understand the coupling between atmospheric and

oceanic circulation with respect to wind driven and geostrophic

currents.
1. In what degrees latitude do the Ferrel Cells occur? The Ferrel cells
occur at 30 degrees latitude north and 60 degrees north the
faster rotation and strong north-south temperature gradient
in mid latitudes favors the development of smaller scale eddies in
that region. (Evelyn Nepomuceno)
2. In what degrees latitude do the Polar Cells occur?in the highest
latitudes a polar cell has developed. It is defined by air rising near
60 degrees north and sinking over the pole. ( Evelyn
Nepomuceno)
3. What are Geostrophic Currents? It is a current controlled by a balance
between a pressure-gradient force and the Coriolis effect.
4. Deep ocean currents are driven primarily by density differences and
modified by differences in salinity and temperature.
5. Surface ocean currents are driven primarily by wind and modified by
the Coriolis effect and land.
6. Surface waters are pushed away from land and replaced by nutrientrich bottom water through:
7. When a meander from the Gulf Stream pinches off and isolates a
body of water within the North Atlantic gyre, the body of water is
called a:
8. Thermohaline circulation is driven by:

Thermohaline circulation is

also known as deep-ocean circulation. It is driven by the density

of the ocean water, temperature of the ocean surface, and
fluctuations of fresh water. The density of water is determined by
the salinity of the water and its temperature which can be caused
by the formation of sea ice. This increases the salinity of the water

since salinity increases due the lessening of fresh water available

when sea ice develops. When the sea ice becomes dense enough,
it initiates thermohaline circulation when it sinks.
9. Geostrophic circulation within a gyre driven by:
10.

Which of the following statements is true of surface ocean

currents?

Week 10 SPO 8. Explain how waves originate, propagate, and refract

and reflect on coast lines to produce long shore currents, littoral
drift and depositional-erosional features.
1. Which of the following is a type of disturbing force that causes a
wave? Wind blowing across the ocean surface provides the
disturbing force for waves.
2. A crest is the point on a wave with the maximum value or upward
displacement within a cycle.
a)

A hollow area between two waves is known as the trough of the

wave. This is the point of a wave with the greatest amount of negative
or downward displacement within the rest position of a wave cycle. It is
basically the opposite of the crest of a wave. (Kristie Nguyen)
1. How do waves vary? Waves are the movement of the oceans water,
which is caused by the oscillation of the water particles due to
the friction the mind produces over the water surface. Waves
have a crest, which is the peak of the wave and a trough that is
the lowest point of the wave. Waves travel in groups called trains.
The horizontal size of the wave can be determined based on the
distance between the crest and the two toughs. The vertical
distance between two waves determines the vertical sizes of

waves. Waves can very by the size and the strength depending on
the wind speed and the friction on the waters surface or outside
factors such as a fisherman's boat. 2.Waves do not hit the coast
in a straight line, they hit at various angles.
2. Refraction _______ : Refraction is the change in direction of a wave as
it slows down. In shallow waters near the coast, waves slow down
because of the force that is exerted on the wave by the seabed.
Refraction is very important for tsunamis because the
waves interact with the seabed even in deep waters. Waves are
always undergoing refraction. Thus affecting the direction that the
tsunami travels through the ocean. Additionally, tsunamis infract
around land masses. (Alma Valadez)
3. What happens if the shore is irregular? Wave refraction occurs when
waves approach an irregular shoreline. Waves touch the bottom
and start to slow down off the headlands while they continue to
move ahead in the bay areas. This causes the crest line to be
refracted or bent parallel to the irregular shoreline.
4. If the incoming wave strikes a barrier at a 90 degree angle, the wave
energy is __________.
5. Littoral Drift is the process by which beach sediment is moved along
the shoreline.
6. Which of the following is not a feature of an erosional shore?
7. Which of the following is not a feature of a depositional
shore?Depositional shores : dominated by depositional
processes; they are steady or grown Bay, Lagoon, Inlet, Barrier
island, Tombolo areas tectonically inactive, tend to subside
over time-Catalina Alvarado