Beginning

Bulgarian
b, ALBERT BATES LORD
HarlJ(Jrd UniDn'sit]

Se;ond Pn'nting

M OUTON "

co . 1965

THE HAGUE
LONDON

PARI.

o Copyrighl 1965 by M outon &

Co., Publishers, T7u Hague, T7u Netherlands.

No pari qf Ihis book may Iu Iranswld or "produced in any fonn, by prinl, plwlo/JTinl.
mWTofiim, or any other meanr, without written permission from tIu publishers.

Preface
First Printing: 1962

Printed in The Nttherkmds by M outon & Co., Printers.

Th~

Hague.

This book, like its companion, Beginning SeThoCToatian, was developed for classes, largely of graduate students, at Harvard University. Its purpose is to introduce students as rapidly as possible
to the fundamentals of Bulgarian grammar so that from the very
fi rst lesson they are able to construct complete sentences. The
primary goal is to prepare the students to read Bulgarian literature, and two complete stories are included in the book. The
sentences at the end of each lesson will, it is hoped, also be a
useful introduction to Bulgarian in some of the ordinary circumsta nces of life and travel in another country. The glossary contains all the words used in the exercises and in the two stories,
but it does not include aU the words used in the grammatical
discussions nor in the conversation sections.
I have taken the conversation sentences from Slavjanski Razgovornik, published by Nauka i Izkustvo (Sofia, 1959), for which
I am indebted to Professor L. AndrejCin of Sofi a University. The
information in the glossary is derived from the Reinik na s'vrermnnija h'lgaTski kniiovtn ezik, Volumes I to III (Sofia, 1955 to
1959), published by the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. The
gramma tical presentation has been influenced by a number of
sources, the earliest of which were Leon Beaulieux's Grammaire
de la langue bulgare (Paris, 1950), and S. B. Be rn ~tejn 's Ulehnik
bolgarskogo jazyka (Moscow, 1948). Next in time came B'Lgarska
gramatika by L. AndrejCin, N. Kostov, and E. Nikolov (Sofia,
1947), S'vremenen h'lgarski ezit, by L. AndrejCin, K. Popov, and
M. Ivanov (Sofia, 1955), and of special help in writing the
phonological pa rts of the introduction has been Ju. S. Maslov's
excellen t Ol"k boLgarskoj grammatiki (Mosf'ow, 1956). Of interest

also are AngliJska gramotika v sraunmu s 6'lgarski ezik, by T. Atanasova, H . Radulova, M. Rankova, R. Rusev (Sofia, 1956), and
/storileska gramorika na 6'lgarskiJa em, by K . Mir~ev (Sofia, 1958).
In addition to the Academy dictionary mentioned above, the
followin g lexical works have been useful: B'lgarski t'/koven refnik,
by L. Andrejtin, L. Georgiev, St. lI ~ev. H . Kostov, Iv. Lekov,
St. Stojkov, Cv. Todorov (Sofia, 1955), and Prauopism reinile no
b'lgarskiJa kniloven ezile, by Iv. Lekov, L. Andrej6n, VI. Georgiev
(Sofia, 1948), and Reinik no lutdite dumi v b'lgarskiJa ezik, by
A. Milev, J . Bratkov, a nd B. Nikolov (Sofia, 1958) . There is no
really adequate dictionary from Bulgarian to English, but one
might list R . Russev, Bulgarian-English Dictionary (New York,
1953), and, considerably better, B'lgaro-anglijski reinik, composed
by T. Atanasova, M. Rankova, R. Rusev, D. Spasov, VI. Philipov, under the direction of M. Minkov (Sofia, 1958}. Unfortuna tely neither of these two dictionaries provides the student
with accents. T here are two Bulgarian-Russian dictionaries which
I have found helpful from time to time, S. K. Cukalov, Bolgarskorusskij slovar' (Sofia, 1957), and, with the same title, that by
S. B. Bern!tejn in Moscow, 1953.
In the earliest stages of writing the Bulgarian exercises I was
aided by Mr. Dragan Petrov and by Mrs. R. H. jones of Boston.
In july of 1958 and August of 1959 I was able to visit Bulgaria
under a grant from the Inter-University Committee on Travel
Grants and with the generous assistance of the Committee for
Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries of
Bulgaria. I n 1958 the manuscript of the grammar had the benefit
of careful perusal by both Dr. L. Andrej6n, Director of the
Institute for Bulgari an Language of the Bulgarian Academy of
Sciences, and Dr. Ivan G'l'bov of the same institute. During the
followin g year I revised the gramma r again incorporating their
suggestions. I n 1959 Drs. Andrej6n and Stojkov arranged for
me to work with two advanced graduate students, Miss Kalina
Ivanova and Mr. J ordan Penlev, who were also workers in the
Imti tute for Bulgaria n Language, to go through the grammar
and its exercises in great detail. Thanks to them I have confidrllfr Ihal the Bulgarian texts are accurate specimens of modern
slandard litnary Bulgarian. Miss Ivanova and Mr. Pen~ev,

together with Mrs. Elka Stankulova and Mrs. Elena Georgieva,

recorded a tape ofthe grammar exercises for the use of my classes
at Harv<l;rd, and I take this opportunity to thank them for their
help.
I am indebted also to Dr. j oseph Van Campen, Assistant Professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures at Harvard, not only
for his kindness in letting me use some of the results of his a nalysis of the Bulgarian verb, his doctoral dissertation, which I
had the privilege of reading, but also for going through the
grammatical sections and especially the introduction. I am
grateful to him for his care in applying his knowledge of the
structure of the Bulgarian language to this book a nd for his
many suggestions .
To Mrs. Patricia Arant of the Graduate School of Arts and
Sciences at Radcliffe College I a m especially grateful for making
the glossary and for retyping parts of the manuscript. A grant
from the Harvard Foundation made possible clerical assistance
in preparing the final manuscript. For the earlier mimeographed versions I am grateful to the Slavic Department of
Harvard.
Finally, the students in my courses in Bulgarian who have
tried this grammar in its various stages have helped with comments and suggestions and to them for their patience and acuteness I herewith render thanks.
Cambridge, Massachusetts
November, IgOO

ALBERT

B.

L ORD

Table of Contents

Preface . . .

Introduction
Lesson

I:

General View of Nouns - The Present Tense of

Lesson 2:
Lesson 3:

Aspect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Postpositive Article - Present of Verbs in -e . .
Masculine Nouns - Plural - Present of Verbs in
-i - Negative of "to have" . . . . . . . .

"

"to be" and "to have" - Statement of Verbal

Lesson 4 :
Lesson 5:
Lesson 6:

Lesson 7:

"

Lesson 8:

'5
20

26

Plural of Feminine and Neuter Nouns - Present of Verbs in -a. . . . . . . . . . .

The Vocative and the Imperative . . . . .
The Aorist and the Future - The Infinitive .
Formation of the Perfective Aspect - Aa and
qe - The Imperfect. . . . . . . . . . .

53

Personal Pronouns - Possessive Adjectives Adjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60

33
39

47

Lesson 9:

Formation of the Imperfective Aspect - The

Perfect",,', . . . . . . .
Lesson 10: Demonstrative, Interrogative, Relative and
Indefinite Pronouns . . . . . . .
Lesson 1I: Numerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 12: The PllIperfect - The Future Perfect.
Lesson 13: The Future in Past Time - The Conditi onal Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 14: Indirect Narration - The Indirect Imperfect The Indirect Form for the Aorist. . . . . '

67
73
77
83
88
95
9

Lesson 15: The Indirect Pluperfect ,- The Indirect Future

- The Indirect Future Perfect
Lesson 16: The Participles - The Gerund
EMHAHRH CTaHeB: c...eA AOBa
H8aH Ba30B: CA yrnHR
Appendix . . . . . .

99
106

Introduction

"4
120

..

12 5

English-Bulgarian G lossary
Bulgarian-English Glossary

At the present time the Bulgarian alphabet consists of the following symbols: A, a, 6 , 6, B, B, r, T, ,LJ" A, E, e, )1<, .lK, 3, 3, Ii, H,
a~~~~~~~~~~~n , n,~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~.~~~~a ,~~ M~

"

these symbols are also used in Russian, although they do not

always represent the same sounds. The followin g symbOls used
in Russian are not found in Bulgarian: hI, bl, a, EI. Some of the
symbols used in Bulgarian are not found in the cyrillic alphabet
used for Serbocroatian: fl, it, ll!, I,l!, 'h, 1>, 10, 10, H, R, b. On the
other hand, there are some symbols used in Serbocroatian cyrillic
which are not used in Bulgarian:n, h, D , i),J,j, V,v,]b, JD, lb, lb.
The alphabet given above for present day Bulgarian is the
result of an orthographic change of February 17, 1945, which
eliminated two symbols from the alphabet: JK, '" and 1>, t.
The former was repl~ced by D , 1> in all positions, and the latter
by either E, e or H, ft, according to its pronunciation (see below).
Roughly speaking the symbols given above for Bulgarian represent the same sounds as in Russian (except, of course, for the
reduced vowels in Russian) or in Serbocroatian with the following
important exceptions: Il!, 1M stands for the sound "sht", and
D, 1> is always pronounced something like "u" in American
"butter" or the grunted indefinite article "a".

Pn'nt

Approximau Pronunciation

A, a

As
As
As
As

D,6
B,

r, r
10

in English "car"
English "b"
English "v"
English "g"

Transliterated
a
b
v

g
II

Print

A,A
E, e
lK,

>K

3,3
11, "

rt,

K, K
fI , A
M,M

H, H
0,0

n,

P,p
C, c
T, T
Y, y
<1>, ~
X, x

Approximate Pronunciation
As English "d"
As in English "best"
As "z" in English "azure"
As English "z"
As "i" in English "machine"
As English "y" in "you" or "way"
As English "k"
As English " I"
As English "m"
As English "n"
As in English "note"
As English "p"
As English "r"
As English "s"
As English "t"
As "00" in English "pool"
As English "f"
As "ch" in English "loch"
As " ts" in English "tots"
As "ch" in English "church"
As English "sh"
As English "sh" plus "t"
As "u" in English "butter"
As English "you"
As "ya" in English "yard"
As English "y" in "you"

Transliterated
d
e

,
z
"

J
k

In eastern Bulgaria it was pronounced either "e" or "$I" according to the rules given abovc. For example, the Bulgarian
word for "milk" is pronounced (and now written) MAeKo in the
west and MAHKO in the east. Simi larly, the adjective "big" is
ro.M:M in the west and rOARM in the east.
Eastern Bulgarian may be further subdivided into northeastern and southeastern. The northeastern i~ that just given,
namely, i; is pronounced ei ther "e" or "$I", according to given
rules. The southeastern dialect pronounces it "$I" when stressed
and e when unstressed.

m
n

o
p

Phonology
In addition to what has already been said above the following
phenomena should be noted:

f
h

Vowels

According to the standard practice of the literary language,

i; was pronounced as H when a) it was accented, and b) the next
syllable contained a hard vowel (a, 0, '1>, and y), and c) when i;
was not followed immediately by )1(, ill, IJ!, 'I, or ii.

I.
"A" and "$I" are pronounced like "'1>" and "ti'1>" respectively
in the following places: a) in the first person singular and the
third person plural of verbs of the first and second conjugations,
and in "ca" (Cn) "they are"; e.g. ped (peKi.), crOM (CTOtii.),
peKat (peKi.T), croiiT (CTOtii.T) ; and b) in the articulated forms
of the singular of masculine nouns: e.g. KpaK, Kpad (KpaKi.),
AeH, AeHRT (AeHtii.T).
2. " M " and "e" do not palatalize the preceding consonant (as
in Russian), except "K", "r", and "x", or, put in another way,
a palatalized consonant (see below under consonants) cannot
stand before "H" or "e".
3. "A", "e" and "0", when unaccented, tend to be reduced in
the direction of"'1>", "ll", and "y" respectively. This is especially
true for the northeastern dialect ofTirnovo.

Dialects

Consonants

The two main dialects of Bulgarian, the eastern and the western,
are usually differentiated by their treatment of Old Slavic t.
[n western Bulgaria t was pronounced "c" in all positions.

I.

lJ, "

q,
Ill, ill
ijJ, \IJ

~"

l(), '"

II , x
h
'--J

12

IS

C
!
i'

JU

J'

(none)

The following consonants have palatalized correspondents:

GBrA3KAMlInpcTq> x u

'3

The sequence "palatalized consonant plus vowel" is written with

the consonant letter plus Jl (in the case of "a" and "'I> "), 10 (in
the case ofHy"), and 1.0 (in the case of "0") .
Nou that before "e" and HH" the palatalized correspondent is
Mt used in Bulgarian except in the case of uK", "r", and "x"
(see above under vowels 2.).
2. The palatal consonants (as distinguished from the palatalized consonants above) are )1<, A>K, q , and w. They have
no palatalized correspondents.
3. The followin g voiceless consonants have voiced correspondents as indicated:
voiceless
voiced
A voiced consonant is unvoiced before a voiceless consonant:
PRA'I>K, pRTKa; pi3rosop, paCKa3; nOA "roro, nOT K1.1A!aTa. Vice
versa, a voiceless consonant is voiced before a voiced ' consonant (except B plus a vowel): roCTR, OO36a; OTB6p, 6AfOBOp;
c BJipa, 3 66AKa; BHc6K 6pex, BHc6r 6a"p.
Note that a phrase consisting of preposition plus noun is considered as a unit for the operation of these rules.
4. In word final position the voiced consonants are pronounced
as their voiceless correspondents before a pause (in absolute final
position), before a vowel, or before M, H, p, A (the sonants) and B,
and their palatalized correspondents: rpu (rpaT), rpaT OXPHT,
rpaT Pyce, rpaT SHAHH .
5. Unlike Russian, Bulgarian never has a palatalized consonant
at the end of a word or before another consonant. Thus the
final HT" in .. M1.APOCT" is not palatalized, nor is the "c" in
" nHcM6". (Cf. Russian MYApocn. and nHchMo). For the situation
before a vowel see above under Consonants I . and under
Vowels 2.
6. In the consonant clusters -CT, -~, and similar clusters ending
in "T" or "-A", the "T" or"A"is not pronounced before another
consonant, except before "K", "r", "x", and "A". Thus p3..AOCTeH,
p3..A?CHa (written paAOCTHa), PaAOCTa (written paAOCTTa),
H61A!eH, H6i,ijHa (written 11 6~Ha), HOI,Ua (written Ho~TA).
14

LESSON

General View of Nouns - The Present Tense of "to

be" and "to have" - Statement of Verbal Aspect

Bulgarian has three genders; masculine, feminine, and neuter.

Most masculine nouns end in a consonant (including -A) ; some
masculine nouns end in -a, -0, and -H, but these indicate male
human beings.
Examples:

father
6a1A!a
HHK6Aa Nikola
uncle
'1"'10
BynqO
uncle

city
6paT brother
ApyM road
KOH
horse
KpaA end

"''''

nerKO
T6HbO
Ileno
MUTKO
re6prn

Petko
Tonyo
Pepo
Milko
Georgi

Most fiminitu nouns end in -a or -Jl ; some feminines end in a

consonant (these used to end in a soft consonant - more properly
soft jer - and correspond to the -i- stems of the other Slavic
languages). Such are usually abstract nouns, many of which
end in -oCT.
Examples:

BOAa

ceCTpa
Maca
3CUR

water
sister
table
land

Most neuter nouns end in

Examples:

-0

np6AeT
HOI,\!

naMeT
piAOCT

Spring
night
memory
JOY

or -e.

village
cbo
nHCM6
letter
BHHMaHHe attention

MOpe!

nOAe
Kyqe

sea
field
dog

15

Therc are many verbs of this type (Third Conjugation -

General state.ment or declension

See

Lesson 4).
The declension of Bulgarian nouns has been greatly reduced.
The plural is not declined. Neuter nouns are not declined in
e ither thc singular or thc plural. Fcminine nouns have only a
vocative singular in -0 or -e (or like thc basic form ). M asculine
nouns have only a vocative singular in -e, -0, or -M. Most monosyllabic masculine nouns form their plurals in -aBe or -eBe. Most
polysyllabic masculine nouns form their plurals in -i. Feminine
nouns form thcir plural in -H (or less frequently -e). Neuter nouns
form their plurals in -a, -Jl , or -Ta. Thesc arc only general statem ents; detailed treatment will be given in future lessons.
Examples:
SING. BASIC FORM

Masc. rpaA

Fem.

city

VOC. SING.

PLURAL BASIC FORM

rpaAoBe
cMHOBe
Y'luTeAH
KOCa'lH
Mai\KH
CccTpHun

e"H

son

Y'llUTeA
KOCa'l

teacher
reaper

rpiAe
cUHe
Y'lJlTeAIO
Koca'lO

Mai\Ka
ceCTpuUa

mother
little sistcr

Mai\Ko
CCCTpHUe

Neuter ceAo

village
gathcring

cD6paHHc
Ky'le

CCAa
c16paHHH
Ky'lera

dog

The Present Tense or "to be", with the personal

pronouns (nom.).
a3 CbM
I am
we are
T1I Cll
TOti, TJI, TO c

you are
hc, she, it is

BHe CTC
Te ca

you are
they are

The copula verb is not omitted in Bulgarian as it is in Russian.

The Present Tense or "to have"

aa uMaM
TH HMaw
TOi\, T1I, TO uMa

I have
you have
he, she, it has

HHe UMaMe
BHe HMaTe
Te HMaT

we have
you have
they have

"This" and "That"

Masc. T03"
Fern. T:l3H

this

OH3H
oHa3H
OHOBa
OHe3H

Neuter TOBa
Plural Te3M

that

(all genders)

Verbal Aspect
Bulgarian vcrbs sharc with all other Slavic vcrbs the concept of
"aspect". That is to say, somc vcrbs represent an action as continuing, without rcgard to the completion of the action; these
verbs are imperfective (HecBDpweH). Other verbs (ofte n from the
same roots as imperfective verbs) represent an action as completc; there are perfective (cB'i.pweH ). In the vocabularies eaf;h
verb will iSe marked as either perfective or imperfective, and
somctimes the othcr aspcct will also be given for information.
More will be said about aspect in subsequent lessons.

EXERCISE

A3 HMaM cAHa KHHra. TOBa e ceAo, a OHOBa e nOAe. KDAe HMa

nOAe? TaM HMa nOAe, a ceAO HMa T)'Ka. A3 BH)KAaM ceAO. Il!o e
Tosa? Tosa e CTOA, a OHOBa e Maca. KDAe HMa SOHHHK? TyKa HMa
OOtiHHK, a TaM HMa KOH. Koi\ e T03H BOtiHHK? TooH BOtiHUK e
flopAaH. BH>K.lI;aTe AH T03H BoAHHK? BH>K.lI;aMe l1:oPAaH H KaAHHa. KaAHHa c MOMH'IIe, a ROPAau e MOM'Ie. Te ca cryAeHTH. TC3H
SOi\HHUH HMaT KHHTH. TH HMaw CAHa cecTpa. KOAKO HMaTe SHe?
HHC CMe cryAeHTH, a Te ca SOtiHHUH. Te3" CT)'ACHTH J.{MaT KHUTH
H MOAHS". B Ta31f CTaJi IfMa CTOA H Maca. KDAe e TalH KDllJa?
KaKBO HMa TOBa MOM'IIe? TOBa MOM'le HMa (nOAe) HHBa H A"Bli,4a.
TOlH '10SeK HMa ceCTpa. "Tott "Ma 6paT, a TJI HMa ceCTpa. Aa
CDM CTYAeHT. KaKDB Clf nl? Tosa KHHra Aif e? He, TOBa He e
KHllra, TOBa e MOAUB.

')

EXERCISE, B

cri_,

This man has only on e house. This boy is Milko, and that girl is
Sveta na. He has fields and houses. This is a room. What is
that? That is a meadow. T hose are meadows. Is that a field?
No, that is a mcadow. What is this? A soldier is here. and a
stud ent is there. In a room is a chair and a table. Is this a room?
No, this is a house. This mother has only onc son. Where is
Milko? Mitko is here, but they a rc there. You (2nd sing.) are
a soldier, but I am a student. These 'students have books. We
are sisters. What do you (pl.) have? We have houses and
villages. This land is beautiful. This city is beautiful. This
water is cold. That fie ld is broad. This father has sons. Those
fath ers have daughters.

f. room
CTO", CT0A6ee, m. chair

CT)'ACH, cryAOra, cryACHO, CT)'ACHH,

adj. cold
C'T)'ACHT, m. $tudent
TlUI,

adv. there

T)rJca, adv. here

xY6u. xy6au, xf6a,ao, xy6anl1, adj.

prClly, fine, beautiful

CONVERSATION
,l\06p6 fTpo!
A66'hp AeH!
A66Dp Beqep!
Ao BHlKAaHe!

AtKa H61!!!

VOCABULARY
a, conj. a nd, but
6al,ija, m. father
6paT, m . brot her, p l. irregula r (see
l(:$Son 3)
11I1 }I(,;UM, imp. , (alW) 10 see. aor.
alill(.4I.x (IIHA_X)
BOAa, f. water
aoAHl1IC, BOAHUUH, rn. soldier
l'1laA, rpa.aoae, rn. city
Ae.6AlCa, f. gi rl
A'l>wep_, f. daughter
CAHH, CAlia, eAH6, CAHli, numeral,
one, a (indefinite art icle)
)l(wa, f. , woman, wife
::Jew_, f. land, coun try
liMa, there is
A oAiu , rn. man's name (Jordan)
xam, adj. (neut.) of what sor t,
what; in terr. pro. what?
KaKloB, xam, KaKJl6, KaKOU, adj. of
what sort, what
KaAHlla, f. woman's name
KHHra, f. book
KoA, inll:rreg. pro. who

1C6... ICO, interr.. adv. how many, how

much
KOII, KOII ~, m . horse
KloAe, ad v. where
riJ,ija, f. house
"'11, interregative particle
MlBiAa, f. meadow
waAlCa, f. mother
waca, f. table
MiITKo, m. man's name (d im. of
,4HNllnop)
MNlAClK, m. you ng man
IoIOAlUl, m . pencil
IoIOIotH'Ie, WOIolH'leTa, n ., girl
WOM'Ie, WON'Itn., n . boy
Wope, IoIOpaa, n. sea
He, no, not
HliBa, f. cultivated field
HIIICOAa, m. man's name (Nikola)
nOAe, nOAtn., n. field
caMo, adv. only
ce...o, n. village
cecrpa, f. sister
CIIH, CII HORt, m. son

Uae'ralla, f. woman's name '

'10J'CK, m. man, p I. irregular ($CC
lesson 3)
1llllp6IC, WIl p6lCa, WIlp6KO, U111p6JUf,
adj. broad, wide
I,ijO, inte rr. p ro. what?

A06pe AOlllAH!
A06pe AOllliA!
Ao6pe AOlllAa!
M6AJI (Bu, Te).
BAaroAapA- (Bu, TU).
J..f3BHHoa:lhe (H3IumoaJ:\).
HRMa 3a1j!6.

Good morning.
Good day. Hello.
Good evening.
Goodbye. Au revoir.
Good night.
Welcome. (pl. )
..
(masc. sing.)
..
(fern. sing.)
Please.
Thank you.
Excuse me.
There is no reason. Don' t mention it. You're welcome.

In the case of verbs, the pe rfecti ve aspect (see Lesson 7) is given in

parentheses after the imperfec tive . For th e other forms and lI5e of the aorist
see Lesson 6. They will not be used in th e exercises before Lesson 6.

'9

LESSON

Postpositive Article -

Present of Verbs in e

Nouns ending in' a vowel.

I) Nouns ending in -a in the singular use the postpositive

article -Ta.
Examples: BOAa
Maca
6atya

- 8OA:iTa
- MacaTa
- 6a~aTa

water
table
father

2) Nouns ending in -0, -e, -H, and -y in the singular use the
postpositive article -TO.
Examples: etAo
MOpe

aTawe
TaKcd
MeHio

B.

- ctAOTO
-

village
.ea
MOp60
aTawao attache
TaKcWro taxi
MeH.oTo menu

Nouns ending in a C01Uonant.

I) M asculine nouns ending in a consonant use two forms of

the postpositive article, a long form in -'l>T or -H'T, and a short
form in -a or - 11. In th ese cases both -a and -51 are pronounced -'l>.
In the spoken language the -T of the long form is not pronounced ;
thus there is usually no difference in the spoken language between
the two forms.
Examples: rpaA city
KOH horse
20

a) U se of the long and short fonns . Generally speaking the

long form is used as a subject or as a predicate after the copula.
The short fonn is used as the object of a verb or preposition.
Thus the long form is " nominative" and the short fonn is
"accusative" .
Exa mples: rp<LA~T e roAIiM
T OBa e rpaAiT
Bd>tCAaM rp3Aa

Postpos itive Article, SiDgalar

A.

rpaAiT, rp3Aa the city

KOH.IIT, KOHR
the horse

The city is large.

T his is the city.
I see the city.

b) Nouns of agent iii -TeA, -ap, and -Rp, and the words: AeR,
day, KOH, horse, OlDH; fire, CbH, dream, uap, tsar, KpaA, king,
IThT, time, road , seT, broth er-in-law, AanT, elbow, HOX'l>T, nail,
take the article in -.lIT, short form in -Jr.
Examples : AeHJi(T)
XOHJt (T)
OlDHR(T)
ChH_(T), and ChHiT, ChHa
yaP' (T)
KpW(T)
niTR(T)
3eTR(T)
A;U'l>U (T)
H6nTR (T)
6j>'bcHapH(T)
rp3AH Ha pll{T)
y<nITeAJI (T)
nHCaTeAH (T)
KOHJipH (T)

the day
the horse
the fire
the dream
the tsar
the king
the time, the road
the brother-in-law
the elbow
the n ail
the barber
the gardner
the teacher
the writer
th e horse-fancier

c) Nouns in -H3'l>M drop the 'Eo before the article. Examples:

KOMYHU3'EoM, KOMYHH3M'bT, natpHoTH3'hM, naTpHOTH3M'l>T.
2) . Feminine nouns ending in a consonant use the postpbsitive article -Ta. This -Ta is always stressed.

"

Examples: HOI1!, HOl,I!Ta

naMeT, naMeTTa
piAOCT, PaAOCTTa

night
memory

JOY

The orthographic doubling~f the -T is not mirrored in pronunciation. The words are pronounced as if there were only one -T.

Postpos itive Article, Plural, All Gende rs

A.

Nouns ending in -e, or -H in the plural use the article -Te.

Examples:
CHHOBe
MaliKH
BofiHHUH
yllHTeAH

B.

sons
mothers
soldiers
teachers

cHHoBe-re
MafiKHTe
BOfiHltUHTe
YllHTeAHTe

the
t he
the
the

sons
mothers
sold iers
teachers

Nouns ending in -a or -lI. in the p lural use the article

Examples:
ceAa
n6paHHJl

villages
gatherings

-Ta.

ceAaTa
n6paHmITa

the villages
the gatherings

Present of Verbs in -e
write
a3 nHwa
TH nHmew
Toli nHwe

bake
a3 neKa
TH ne'lem
Toli nelle

know
a3 3HaH
TH 3Haem
Toli 3Hae

slOg
nelI.
TH neem
Toli nee

HHe nHmeM
BHe nHweTe
Te nHwaT

HHe neqeM
BHe ne'lere
Te neKaT

HHe 3HaeM
BHe 3Haere
Te 3HaJlT

HHe neeM
BHe neere
Te n61T

a3

EXERCISE . A
n'hTJlT OT CoqlHlI. AO n AOBAHB e A06'hp. Ha n'hTJlBHCAaMCeAJlHHH.
Toli npoAaBa Jlth,AKH " KpymH. KaKBo npoAasaTe BHe?

npoAaBaM KHHrH, MOAHBH H TerpaAKH. KOAKO CTpysaT Te? Te

CTpYBaT eBTHHO. A3 He lKeAaH HHIlJO. HHe lKeAaeM (HCKaMe) eAlia
K'bllJa. KOAKO A'bllJep" HMa TIl? TH HMa caMO eAHa A'hlJ!epH. TH
KaKBO )KeAaem? MCKaM HHKOAKO KHHrH, ABe TeTpaAKH H eAHH
MOAHB. BHIKAaM MOAHBa Ha CTOAa. KaKBO ollJe BHlKAaTe? BHIKAaMe rpaAa H B rpaAa B"CAaMe KpaAJI Ha Ta3" 3eMJI. KOTKaTa
" Kyllero JlAaT XAH6 ~I Meeo. A3 OTHBaM B rpaAa Ta3" H0I1!. HOI.ijTa
e xy6aBa. )l(eHaTa HMa nHCMO. B3eMaM nHCMOTO. Te "MaT nHCMa.
BHe B3eMaTe nHCMaTa. BHIKAaTe AH ceAOTO? He, He BHlKAaM eAHO
ceAo, a BHIKAaM HHKOAKO ceAa. TOBa ca H6'hAKH. Pa60THI1'IKaTa
npOAaBa Jl6'J,AKH. Pa60THHlIKltTe npOAaBaT MaCH. CTpYBa MH ce,
'Ie Belle e K'hCHO. KOAKO cTpYBaT H6'bAKHTe? CTpysa MH ce, 'Ie
TO~ He n'hTyBa AaAe'l. HHe lIereM 6'bArapCKH. BCH'IKH XAe6apH
neKaT XMl6. ne'lew AH XAJl6 3a MOMHTe? Pa60TlIHUHTe nHmaT
nHCMa Ha npHHTeAH. KOAKO nHCMa nHmeTe? AHec nHwa AeceT
nHCMa. TJl mna npHHTeAH Ha YlopAaH: "Mo)Kew AH Aa lIerew
OHa3H KHHra?" "Mora Aa lIeTa KHHraTa, HO B y'lHAHl!!ero HJlMaMe
Ta3H KHHra". MOM'leTaTa neHT, a MOMHlIeraTa RAaT. A3 3HaJi
KaKBO neeTe. CT)'AeHTbT liMa npmlTeA. CT)'AeHTHTe HMaT MOAHBH.
C'hCeA'hr e 6'hArapHH. BofiHHK'hT HMa KOH. Bo~HHUHTe B3eMaT
KOHJI Ha BO~HHKa. PaOOTHHK'hT nHwe no WIA AeH. KoA e TyKa?
TYKa ca Y'leHHUHTe H YlIHTeAHT. K'hAe e Y'lHTeAJlT? To~ e TaM
Ha CTOAa "PH MacaTa.

EXERC IS E. B
I see George and Radoj. It seems to me that you (pl. ) see the
women. Do you (sing. ) see the books and tables? I have some
apples. She is selling apples. How much are they? How much
are those apples? They are cheap. The workers (fem. ) are here,
and the cats are there. The dogs are eating meat. We have
meat and bread. It seems to me it is already late. She sees the
dog and the cat. He likes the dogs and the cats. I have several
letters. This is a notebook and that is a pencil. She has a brother
and a sister, and they have an uncle. He is a liar. He d0es not
have an uncle. What do you have? I still have several daughters.
I live in Sofia with the brother of grandpa Pencho. Grandpa's

brother is Stojan. They live in the house at the end ofthe street.
Do you (pI. ) know that we live there? Does she know where
uncle NikoJa lives? ] want the key to the library.

VOCABULARY
6H6..u1:OTtxa, f. library
6i.I.rapHH, 6i.I.raPH, m . Bulgarian
6i...vaPCKK, adj. Bulga ri an
a, II'WI, prep., in, into
at:<re, adv., a lready
83bcaw, l13bcaw (B3bta. B3btew) ,
B3bdx (axx). imperf. to take
ace ol,ije, adv., still
BONKH, everybody, a ll (see lesson 8)
ayA'lo,IIYA'loaWt, m., uncle (mother's
brother)
fe6pm. m . man's name (George)
AVo", ad v., rar
ABll. m . numeral ABe, fem. and neuter, two
.'leH, AeH"' .'lHH , num. form .'leHa and
.'lHH, day; no uv- .'leH, all day long
Allec, adv., today
Ao6i.p, .'loopa, adj., good
Aoopt':, adv., well
AiAo, WoaUH, m., grandfathe r, .'leAH. ancesto,",
earn", e.mma, adj., cheap, inexpensive
6muio, adv . cheaply
)l(e.o.a., )l(wem, )l(tAU, to wish. to
desire (imperf. )
JIIHIIb, JKHBtew. *HBb:. imperf. to
Jive
3Hu. 3Haew ()'3Ha.., )'3Haew), man
()'3Hax), imperf., to know
KcnM, Hcxaw , Hew, imperf.. to
want. 10 requ ire
KAIO'I. JV.iO-<i1>T. JV..o..OBe, m ., key
x6Txa. f. cat
xpaA, xpa.", xpiHc,na, m.,end, region
xpv., xpa.uy, KpV.~, m., king
xpjwa. f. pear, a lso a pear tree
xj-le. xfqera, n., dog
.n.cHO, adv., late
"1>.eu. "1>)I(UH, m., liar

MecO. n . meat
Mora. MOJkew. MOnx. imperf. to be
able
MO..a. f. girl
Ha, prep. on. but it is also widely
used to exp ress possession a nd ind irect object. to
HH IJ.{O. pro., nothing
HOI,ij. f. night
Hixo.o\I(o. pro., !ieveral
ooiAaM, oolAa w, ooiAax, .. imperf.
10 Jove, to like
OT. prep., from , by
OTHBaM, oTImaW (oni..u., oniAelU).
OTHMX (OTHAOX) , imperf., to go,
to depart (8) for
owe, adv., $till
nexa, ne'lew, nexox, nbie, imperf.
to bake
n entlo, m., man', name
ne.; ntew, JlJIX, imperf., to sing
nH cwo, n., letter
mi rna, nHwew, nHeax. imperf., to
write
no uv- .'lot. aU day long
npH, prep. by, near. with
npHne.,... npKkreMo. npHtre/lH, m .,
friend
npoAbaM, rrpoAMaW (npou.w, npoA3.A~w) , ~ (nporuox),
imperf. to sell
rn.T. ni.TJrT. ni.rnt,Wl, m., road
rn.TYsaw, IThr)rBaw, rn.r)rBax, imperf., to travel
pa60TlIHX, pa66rnHqH, m . worker
pa66rnH"lxa, f. worker
P3AOA, m ., man's name
c. C'!>C , prep., with
CWHHH, Ce,\.UiH, m. , villager, farmer, peasant
C6cJlHII, f., Sofia , capital of Bulgari a

CTotH, m., man', name

crp-yaa WIt ce ('Ie), it seems to me
(that )
CTpyuw, CTp-yaaw. CTpYaAx, imperf. ,
to cost
C1>Ct:A, m . neighbor
TerpiAKa, f., notebook
Y"HUa, f., street
f'leHHx, f'leHHqu. m ., pupil, schoolboy
Y"M.o.Kl,Qe. n . school

)"'1m",

)"'IHre.uo, Y"KttAH, m .,
leachre
x....6, W&t.T. x.U6oee, m . bread
v..e6ap, m . baker (of bread)
tim, '1 eTew (npotleTa. npotlmw),

tltrox (npo'lCTox), imperf., to read

'IlAo. .... IAOIIWt. m . uncle (father's
brother )
~. f.,apple

11M, AAeus. MOX, imperf., to eat

CONVERSATION
KaK ce d3Ba
TooH Mi.)K?
ri3H )KeH!?
TooH M6M'hK (MI>.aAe)K)?
Taau AeB6AKa?
M6ero "Me e . ....
A Bue KAK ce K3.3BaTe?
KaK ce '1Y'BCTByaaTe
('I'fBcTBysaw) ?
MH6ro Cl>M Bu (Tli)
3aA1>A}f{eH (a).
KaK ce 'Iere TaaU AYMa?
Pa36HpaTe AU Me?
Pa36upaM Bu (Te).
H e BH (Te) paa6upaM.
r OBoptre (roBOpU) n0-6aBHO.

What's the name of

this m an?
this woman?
this young man?
this girl?
M y name is .. . ..
And what is your na me?
How do you feel?
I am much obliged to you.
~

How do you pronounce (read)

this word?
Do you understand me?
I understand you.
I don't understand you .
Speak more slowly.

LESSON

Masculine Nouns Verbs in -i -

Plural -

Present of

Negative of "to have"

Ma.culiDe Nouns, Plural

I.
Most polysyllabic nouns and some monosyllabic nouns have
the plural in -i.

Examples: npHWrCA - npHWreAli

Hap6A - HapoAH
M6AH8 - MOAH811
y'lHTCA - y'lHTeAH
3aKOH - 3aKoHH
o"::;'LP - OA'LPH
xpaCT .:.. xpacTH
po6 - p06H
roCT - rOcrH
A'L'I - A'L'IH
3"1>6 - 3"l>6H
IThT - ni.TH
0P'LCT - opicTH

friend
people (nation)
pencil
teacher
law
bed (village)
bush
slave
guest
cay

tooth
time
finger

Note I . A moveable -e- or jer is dropped in the plural.

Examples: oPCA - OpAH
OBeH - oBmi
npo30peu - np006PUH
AeH - ARH
oTeu - OTUH
KOC'LM - KOCMII
AaK'LT - AaKTH
AHT'LP - AlhPlI

eagle
cam

window
day
father (priest)
hair
elbow
liter

Note 2. Final k, g, and h change to c, Z, and s respectively

before the -i of the plural.
Examples: BOAHHK - 80AHHUH
MOM"hK - MOMuH
pa66THHK - pa66rHHuH
66\er - 66\e311
J(OBtu:r - KOS'fe3H
cHpoMax - cHpoMaclf
J(O)Kjx - J(O)KYCH

soldier
youth
worker
note
chest (coffin )
poor man
fur, fur coat

There are a few exceptions. such as apexH nuts and ycm~xlf successes, and some foreign borrowings. Such exceptions will be
noted in the vocabularies.
2. Most monosyllabic nouns have a plural in -aBe. (Some nouns
in -oA have a more archaic plural in -eBe.) Sometimes the accent
shifts to the -0- of the ending; sometimes it shifts to the -e of the
ending; a nd sometimes it remains on the root vowel. The
position of the accent in these instances must be learned by
experience.
Examples: 6po' - 6p6ese
'lAeH - v.eHoBe
C"bA - cbAORe
C8aT - C8aTo8e
npar - nparoBe
AOM - AOM08e
ROC - RocoBe
CHR - CHROat
rAac - rAaC08e
.4)K06 - A)K0668e
A)Ke6 - .4)Keoo8e
6pu - 6peroBe
8par - 8paro8e
seK - 8eKoBc
3Meit - 3Metl:08e
SOA - 80A08e
AOA - AOA08e

number
member
pot
guest
threshold
home
nose
son

voice
pocket
pocket
shore
enemy
age
serpent
ox

valley

,6
')

MOCT - M0cr6se
ABOp - ABOp6se
CTOA - CT'OA6se

bridge
court
chair

Note J . A few polysyllabic nouns, especially those with a moveable jer, also have a plural in -cse.
Examples:

B~p

- BeYpO&e
Ontb6se
.e..,."p - ubrrpoee

6n.H -

wind
fi
center

A few nouns have plurals in -e.

Exa mples: KOH - KOHe

M'I>)K -

M'l>JKe

KHJl3 - KHm
Kp3.A - Kp3.Ae
gap - gape
5

road
dream
city
valley
road
end

horse
man

prince
king
tm

Some diminutives in -eu form a plural in -CBUe.

Examples: rp3Atg - rp3AoBue

rpellitu - rpexoBut
UBeTtu - UBeTOBUt

small city
sin (small)
flower (small)

6. Some masculine proper names ending in a consonant

(except -Ii ) or -a or -0, and also nouns indicating masculine
human beings ending in -0 or -a have a plural in -08UB.

.8

Stojan
Nikola
grandfather, ancestors
uncle

7. Nouns ending in unaccented -in a nd denoting national,

social, or local origin drop the -i n before adding the suffix -H.
Examples: 6iArapHH - 6iArapu
CbmtHH - Ce.uuH

3 A few nouns have a plural in -Hl,I!a, and a slightly larger

number have plurals in both -aBe and -Hl,I!a. In the latter
instance the plu ral in -HlJla has a collective sense.
Examples: ITbT - rrbTHIMa
C'bH - ciHHl1&a
rp3A - rp3AOBc, rp3AJi:l,I!a
AOA - AOA6se, AOAHl1!a
ApyM - APywoBe, APYMHlJ!a, APYMH
Kpait - Kpaese, KpaHlJ!a, KpattoBe

Exampla: GroSH - CrojHOBUH

HHK(v.a - HHKOAOSUH
AiAo - AHAOSUH, AeAK
BfA'lo - 8y-AQOBUH

Bulgar
peasant, fa rmer

8. There is a second form of the masculine plural which is used

only after numerals and after HIIKOAKO, some, K6AKO, how many,
etc. This ends in -a or -Jl. A moveable 'b or -e- does not drop out
before this ending as it does in the normal plural, except in the
words AKTbP, Mmp and their compounds.

Examples: ABa CT6Aa

TpH CJl.aBeJl
neT K6HJI
AeCeT AeBa
neT np006peua
ct.4eM AH-rpa
CTO MtTpa
MhOAKO CT6Aa

Irregular plurals:
AHCT - Ayera
AHeT - AKCToBe
qOBeK - '108eUH, x6pa
(or rarely A.oAH, A.oAe)
6paT - 6paT1J.
6oA"" - 60AAK
KaM'bK - KaM'b"H
MeAHHK - MeHUH
C'bA - C'bAKAHlMa
ryP'lH" - ryPUH

two tables
three nightingales
five horses
ten leva
five windows
seven liters
a hundred meters
several tables

leaf
page
man

brother
thorn
stone
pail
court
Turk

'9

The Present of Verbs in -

EXERCISE 3 B

to go
a3 B1>pBH
nt B1>PB"W
ToA B1>pB"

to work
a3 pa60TJI
Tn pa6&mw
ToA pa60TH

Htle B1>pBliM
BHe B1>pBlhe
Te B1>pBRT

Hne palXrrH'"
BHe pa6&rHTe
Te pa60nlT

The negative particle with the verb is He. Aa He 'leT!, I am not

reading.

The Negative of ''to have"

a3 HitMaM
TH HgMaUl
ToA HA:Ma

Hne HmaMe
BHe uht:aTe
Te HA:MaT

EXERCISE 3 A
Pa60THHUHTe cera ca 1)'l(a H pa60T1lT A06pe. IlHTaM l1erbp,
AaAH rOBOpH 6'bArapcI(H. ToA l(a3Ba, 'Ie oll!e He roBOpH. Ao61>p
AeH, M.BaHe, l(aI( CTe? 6.f\3roAapJl, MHOro A06pe. Aa roBOpJl 3a
cHpoMaCH"TC. TH roBOpHUl 3a XPItCTO DoTeB. CeAJlHItTe O'laKBaT
MaUlHHaTa. MOM1>I(1)T He BH)t(Aa '10BeKa. K1>Ae ca MOMUHTe?
MBaH pa60rn Ha nOAeTO. CTpYBa MHce, 'Ie "MaTe KHHrn, ThpaAKH
H MOAHBR, a He pa60THTe. ToA roBOP" 6aBHo, a Bue OIj!e He reDOpHTe 61>ArapcI(H. Cera Y'lJtTe tn.ArapcKH. BHe 6pollTe Jltn.AKlI.
3all!OTO CTe CCAJlHH. a HHe 6POHM nepa It MaCTHAHItUH, 33.J,UOTO
CMe CTYAeHTH. Y'IeHlI'II(ItTe SH)f(AaT AOI(TOpa H y"HTCAJI Ha YAHuaTa. CHpoMaCI1Te HJlMaT HHIl!0' B CTaJlTa HMa Macu H CTOAoBe.
B CTaJITa liMa TpH MaCH H CCAeM HAH oceM CTOAa. CnHoBeTe HMaT
MaAI(H. a MaAI(HTe ItMaT CIlHOBe H A1>J,UepH. BcH'IKH xopa HMaTH
Hocose. T e.'\R BO~H " UlI ca PycHaUH. a OHe31t ca 6'bArapH. Te3H
MOMUH ca 6paTJI.

30

The women and the men are working in the fields now. They
see the students (f. ) in the school, but the students (m. ) are still
in the factory. The books are on the table. Do you see those
books there, Dragoj? The girls are talking about the cats a nd
the dog. Where are the tables? The tables are in the room.
They never eat apples now in London. The wolf is in the street,
and the cat is in the house. Wolves eat meat. A man a nd a
woman are talking. He is learning Bulgarian. She is working
in Sofi a. She sells apples and pears. These pears are cheap.
I am taking twO pears and two books, but he has only one inkwell. When are you leaving for Boston? The voices of the sons
are loud. The peoples desire peace. H ow many days do you
work in a week? We work six days in a week. The worker's
horses are in the street. The girl is looking for the goat.

VOCABULARY
6aIlHO, adv., slowly
6AaroAap., -HW, -H", imperf., to
thank
6po -Kill, -X, imperf., to count
I13H)oIaM, a lternate form of l13b.taM, 10
take
81'1(:OX. IIllcoxa, adj., high
II"IoAK, .8")oAriT, B"loAKa, ei..A~H , num.
form ei..Axa, m., wolf
1rL]>B' , -Hw. -n. imperf. to move,
to go
rAaC, rAaciT, rAacose, m., voice
roB6p.l, -IIIU, -Ill', jmperf. to speak
AaNi, conj ., whther
A6&l.p AeH, good day, hello
A6KTop, m . doctor
u, prep., for, about
UWo-ro, conj . because
HBAH, m., man's name (john )
HAH, conj ., or
X:l:!.aa)ol (xalKa, -ew). KlUUl' (xhal'),
imperf., to say
xax, interr. ad v., how? "ax eTC, how
arc you?
xora, interr. adv., when?

xooa, r., goat

~aC1'""HAHH\l3- ,

f. inkwell
f. engine. train
",!HP, "'lIpiT (no plural), m . peace:
,.tH6ro, adv., much, very
M6M"bx, NONIIH, m., youn g man,
you th
Mocna, f., Moscow
a.n.*, a.n.lKi.T , M"blKl!, m ., man, husband
Kap6A, m., people, nation
HHxor.... adv., never
II OC , lIoci.T, IIOCOse, m., nose
1I.... aM, HJ:Max, to have not
6ceJoC, numeral, eight
O'IaKBaM, o"'a Kllal', to expect
nepO, n., pen
ntn.p, m., man', name (Peter )
npe3, prep., through, during
P!66T.I, -IIW, pa66THl', imperf., to
work
p~CHH, prclI, or pycHax, PYCHaUH m.,
R ussian
cera, adv., now
U AeM. numeral , seven
~awHHa,

3'

~,r.,week
~HO,

adv., weeldy
CKpOWAx, CHpowaCH, m., JXl'Ot" man
'rpH, numeral, three
rlpca:. -HW, rlpcJix, imperf., to seek
j'qa, -HW, y..Jix, imperf., to learn, to
.study

)"IeHINJ<a, r., pupil, school girl

4tA6PlfKa, f., factory
x6pa, pI. only, people
XPIi:cro E6Te3, name of famou.~ poet
(1847-1876)
WeeT, numeral, six

LESSON

Plural of Feminine and Neuter Nouns

Present of Verbs in -a

CONVERSATION
BpeNe e Aa CH BbpBH.
nOCT6ltre 6J,Qe MMKO.
Korn ~e ce BRAHM?
KariB (KaKBa) CTe no
Hap6AHOCT?
A:J C'hM aMepHdHeu
(aMepHK!HKa).
aHrAHlIaHHH (aHrMf'laHKa).
6i..ArapHH (6i.ArapKa) .
PYCHH, pYCHaK (PyCKRHJI).
IJl'paHUYaHH (cfJpaHuywAKa).
Karla (KaKBa) cre no
npo$eCHJI?
Aa C'l>M pa66THHK
(pa6&rHH'IKa).
AeKap (AeKapKa).
rrnCaTeA.
6pDCHap.
B.,eMeTo e (MH6ro) xy6aso

It is time for me to go.

Stay a little longer.
When shall we see each other?
What is your nationality?

I am an American.
an Englisman.
a Bulgarian.
a Russian.
a Frenchman.
What is your profession ?

MH6ro e ropel1!O (CT)'AeHo).

(cHlir).

I.
Most feminine nouns have the plural in -H. The accent remains the same as in the singular. MHC"M and neCeH drop the
moveable vowel in the plural: ),tRCAH, necHH.

Exa mples: MaCa - MaCH

pH6a - pH6H
KOCT - KOCTH
Hall! -:- H61l!H

table
fi,h
bone
night

The plurals of pnxa and HO~a are pbue (hands) a nd Hoot

(legs), which are old dual forms.
3. In addition to the plural in -H some feminine nouns have
another plural as follows:
a) Some have a plural in -e, which is generally accented.
2.

I am a worker.
a doctor.
a writer.
a barber.
The weather is (very) fine (bad).

(A6mo).

l1!e BaAR A'biKA

Feminine Nouas, PlaraI

It is very hot (cold).

It is going to rain (snow~.

Examples: OBya - oBUH, OBut

CBHHH - CBHHR, cBHHe

sheep
swine

b) Some of these have a plural in -$I (-a after w, iK, and 'I),
which is generally accented. Th~se plurals have a collective
sense.
carriage, wagon, car
Examples: KOAa - KOAH, KOM:
K'bwa - K'bI,yH, K"bI,W1
house
cultivated field
HliBa - HHBH, HHBH
KHura - KHHrH, KHH>Ka
book
(in the sense of " records")
33

Neuter Nouns, Plural

Examples:

r. Nouns in -0, -l1!e, and -ue form their plurals in -a. Nouns
in unstressed -0 regularly shift the stress to 'the ending in the
plural.

Examples: CI!AO - CeAa

6AaTO - 6AaTa
OrnHIA!e-OrnHIA!a
AHue - AHua
2.

village
swamp
hearth, fire-place
face

Most nouns in -He form their plurals in -s.

Examples: KonHe - KonHs

C1>6paHHe - C'b6paHHS

spear
gathering, meeting

3. Nouns in -'Ie, -He, and some in -e , and nouns denoting the

young of animals have a plural in -eTa.
Examples: Kylle - Kylleu
HMaHe - HMaHCTa
arne - arHeTa
rLpHe - rLpHcra
TeAe - TeAcra
MOM'll! - MOMqeTa
TeMe - TeMeTa

dog
property
lamb

mug
calf

boy
crown (of the head)

The use of the ending -eTa has also been extended in some cases
to other neuter nouns which have a plural in -eTa in addition
to their regula r plural in -a or -s. Such nouns end in -e in the
singular. This second plural is used after numerals.
Examples: Mope - Mopcra, MOpS (poetic),
Ase Mopcra sea
nOAt! - nOAeTa, nOAH,
ABe nOAcra field
sblKe - B'blKeTa, Sb)Ka (collect. ), Ase S'blKeTa rope
4

Some nouns indicating pairs also have a plural in -c.

34

5.

KOAeHa, KOAeHe knee

KPHAO - KpHAa, KpHAe
Wing
paMo - paMeHa, paMeHe shoulder

lWAJlnO -

The following are irregular:

OKO - o'HI
yxo - yW"

eye

ear

6. The following three nouns have a plural in -eca, in which

the accent is on the last syllable:
marvel
qYAO - lIYAeca
sky, heaven
He6e - Hweca
A'bPSO - A'bpscra, A'bpSeCa (poetic) tree
wood for burning
A'bpsa
7. The following nouns have a plural in -eHa, in which the
accent is- on the last syllable:
burden
6peMe - 6peMeHa
3HaMe - 3HaMeHa
flag
tribc
nAeMe - nACMCHa
stirrup
CTpeMe - cTpeMeHa
time
BpeMe - BpeMeHa
name
"Me - HMeH<l
ceMe - ceMeHa
seed

Present of'Verbs in -a
Verbs in -a have -aM in the 1st person singular of the present.
The accent can never be on the ending.
Examples:
to see
BH)KAaM
SH)KAaUl
SH)KAa

to sell
npoAasaM
npoAasalll
np<)Aasa

to travel
n'bTysaM
n'brysaw
n'bT'fsa

to cost
crpysaM
cTpysaw
cTpysa

SH)KAaMe
SH)KAaTe
SH)KAaT

npoAasaMe
npoAasaTe
npoAasaT

n'bTysaMe
nbTysaTe
ll'bTysaT

cTpysaMe
cTpysaTe
cTpysaT

35

This completes the three conjugations of the present tense of the

Bulgarian verb, classified by the 3rd person singular.

EXERCISE 4 A
MOMUHTe roBOpwr 3a nO'lHBKaTa, e Y'lHTeAKaTa rOBopH 3a YIlHAHI,UeTO. K'hAe e rapaTa? rapaTa e TaM Ha AHCRO. B y'lHAHlj!eTO HMa
'1CT'HpH OTAeAeHHH. KOH nHWe nHcMoro? HHe nl1WeM nl1CMaTa
cera. AasaM XNl6 Ha MOM'hKa. TH MO)KeW Aa ROCHW KHl1nfTe.
ToA MO)Ke Aa nHwe nHCMaTa. HHe MO)KeM Aa OTHAeM B Co4>HlI.
CMnaM, 'Ie Te MoraT Aa roBOpwr 6l>ArapcKH.
H a MacaTa "Ma '1HRHH, BHAHUJI, A'h)KHUH H HO)KOBe sa Be'lepJlTa.
B .61:>Arapl1H ce npoH3Be)KAaT Xy6a.BH DHRa. EoAJlT Me p'hueTe OT
pa6oTa. AYMaTa "Hora" e AHaAeKTHa. BMecTo " Hose" ce Ka3Ba
"KpaKa" . *HTaTa speJIT npea weceu IOHH. flo yAHIJHTe Ha Co4>HJI
BH)KAaMe MHOro KOAK. CnnaAOTO (xOAItAOTO) ce Ha"lHpa Ha
KpaJi Ha KpaKa.

VOCABULARY
arne, arnera, n. lamb
OOAH, 60w (60AA, 6o"ua), used only
in the 3d person, to pain, to ache,
plus the "accusative" of the person
hurt
B M~CTO, instead of
seqepJI, f., dinner
BH""ua, r., fork
BHHO, n., wine
rapa, f., station (French, gare)
Aba", (AaM, AaA~W) Aiaax (A.tAoX),
imperf., to give
Aeaer, numeral, nine
AOAllHa, f., valley
AfMa, f., word
AiCHO, adv., right (direction), lIa
Aicllo on the right
lIillTo, n., grain
:lAC, ad v., badly
ap6i, -em, apllX, imperf., to r ipen
HMM, m., property
Kli.:ma ce, impersonal, it is said, one
~Y'

EXERCISE 4 B
Peter is working in t he field. He sees, the girl and speaks. "Good
d ay ! H ow are you ?" "Fine, thank you. " " D o you see several
young men and several horses in the village?" " Some young
men are there, but they do not h ave horses." " Are those young
men soldiers?" "No, it seems to me that they are students. T hey
have notebooks, pencils and books." "Do you have a notebook
and pencil?" " I do. " "Are you still here?" " You (pI.) are
working well. It seems that Stojanov works badly; he sleeps a lot.
Do you speak Bulgarian?" " Yes, I do, but still badly. I see
valleys and fields." " Those are not valleys and fields but cities
and bridges." I recognize the face of (by the face) that girl there
at the table. The wagons of the farmers are in the cultivated
fi elds. In the village Pencho has not only cows and dogs, but
also calves and lambs. The fann ers gu ard their pro~rty as their
e yes.

Karo, conj ., as, since

KOM, f., wagon, cart, car
Kpba, f., cow
Kpate, Kpari.T, KpaKa, m., leg (note
that the articulated form KpaKa is
pronounced Kpari.) (the n umerical
form is KpaKa )
AlI\.Ie, n., face
A6wo, ad v., badly
NloJteHua, f., spoon
Me, pron. acc. of the first sing. personal pronoun
MeCe\.l, m., month

MOCT, MOCn.T, MOCT6ae, m., bridge

Har.ufpaM (HaMtpJr, -HW), -ax (H.MepHX), imperf.. to find, ce, to find
oneself, to be, (French, se trouver)
Horn, llooe, f. , leg (less common
than KpaK)
1I0lt( , H6~T, n6J1{6se, m., knife
HOCII, -HW, IIOCs\:x, imperf., to carry
06a'le, conj., but
OOAa<;TeH, OOAaCTHa, adj., dialectal
oK6, OqH, n., eye
OTAe"eHHe, n., division, grade
na3JI, -HW, naaHx, imperf., to guard
neT, numeral, five
mrraM, nHTax, imperf., to ask
no, p rep., along, on, by
nooliaBaM (nOOllu, nOOHaew ), 1103Haaax (nooHax), to recognize
nO'lHaKa, f., vacation, rest
npoiI3aelK,ltaM (npoH38eAa, -em),
npo" 3BelK,ltax (I1POR3BtAOX), im.
perf., to produce
p-!>K.3., P"Due, f., hand
CMJhaM (cMerHa, cMen.ew ), CM.oITax
(cMe-TIIax), imperi., 10 reckon, to
count, to consider
cnll, -IIW, cnax, perf., to sleep
cn.naAO, n., foot (also the tread on
stairs)
Te,,~, Tel<era, n., calf
Y'I"Te.>.Ka, f. , teacher
XOA" "O, n., foot (only anatomical)
'1erllpH, numeral, four
'1 I1I1HR, f., plate
IOIIH, mo, .June

CONVERSATION
K'hAC e yAHUa . .. .. ?
Kat{ M6ra Aa OnfAa TaM?
TAM M6)Ke Aa OTlfAeTe new.
c TpaMBaJ.L
C TpoAeMyc.
K'hAe e Tpa MBaAHan
(TpoAeii:6ycHaTa) Cfi}ipKa?

Where is .... street?

How can I get there?
You can get there on foot.
by street car.
by trolley bus.
Whe re is the street car (trolley
bus) stop?
37

MO)KCTC AH Aa MH Ka)l(CTe
K'bAe e
nOJ,l!aTa?
nipaTa?
6aHKaTa?
oncpaTa?
MOAR, K'I>Ae cc HaMupa
6H6AHOTeKaTa?
My3en?
iloKa)l(e-re MH K'I>Ae C YHHBepcHTmT.
iloBHKalhe !>fH TaKcn.
HMaTe AH 6ara)l(?
Mo)t{e AH Aa no"uiKaTe M3.AKO?

Can you tell me ' where is

the post office?
thc station?
th e hank?
the opera?
Please, where is located
the library?
the museum?
Show me wh ere the university is.

LESSON

The Vocative and the Imperative

Masculine Nouns, Vocative Sing"U4r

Call me a taxi.
Do you have any baggage?
Can you wait a little ?

The vocative singular of family names is like the basic form.

Examples: 0 EOTes! rocnoAHH HsaHOB!
I.

The following have a vocative in -e:

a.

Nouns ending in a hard consonant.

Examples: KMCT - KMe-re

non - none
lbaH - HHaHe
nmp - Ile-rpe
AOKTOP - AOKTope
KyM - KyMe
CHH - cUHe
6paT - 6piTe

mayor
priest
I van
Peter
doctor
godfather
son
brother

b. Masculine personal names 10 -H have a vocative in -e:

e.g. ,LJ,66PH , A66pe. Masculine personal names in -A (-HA or
-oA) can have a vocative in -e, but more commonly use the basic
form:
BHKeHTHA - BUKeHTHe, BHKeHTHii
Vikentij
EAar6H - BAar6e, BAaroA
Blagoj
,LJ,parM - ,LJ,par6e, ,LJ,par6A
Dragoj
Stanoj
CTaHolt - CTaHoe, CTaHOI%
Radoj
P3A6I% - PaAoe, P3AoA
Note that before the -e of the vocative, -K changes to -'I, -3 to
and -r to -)I(.

38

-)I( ,

39

Examples: IOHaK - IOHAoie

IOU13 - KHb<e
qOBeK - qOBeqe
Bpar - BpaiKe

hero
prince
man
enemy

Also note that moveable jeT is dropped in the vocative (except

nouns in eu; see below).
Examples: Ilmp - n erpe
MOM"LK - MOMKO

Peter
youth

Examples: uap - UapJO

APyrap - ApyrapJO
y<lHTeA - y<I'ITeNO

KOH - KOHJO
b.

tsar

comrade
teacher
horse

Nouns ending in A :

Examples: paTait - paTaIO

CAaBdl: - CA38eJO

farmhand
nightingale

2.

The fQllowing have a voca tive in .c:

4.

The following irregularities should be noted:

a.

Nouns ending in w, iK, " , u, and x.

a.

Some nouns have a vocative in both -e and .c.

Examples:

b.

Mi.iKO
naAaw - naAawo .
CllpoM3x - CHpoM3xO
KOCaq - Koca<1O
rAyneu - TAyneuo
M"b>K -

Nouns ending in HHK and unaccented .HH :

Examples: 8OAHa.fK - BO/1:HJiKO

pa&hHHK - pa66nmKo
6i.ArapHH - 6i.ArapHHo
CbJmHH - CWHHHO
c.

duke
bishop
uncle
Pencho

A few nouns in 1:

Examples: ope.... - OPAbO

neTb - nerAhO
3.

soldier
worker
Bulgarian
villager, peasant

Examples : CHH - cHHe, Ca.fHKO

6paT - 6pare, 6panco
6atiKO - 6are, 6anco
b.

son
brother
brother (older, or an older
friend)

The following are irregular:

Examples: crapeu - crap'le

OTeg - one
6aYJa - raTKo, raTe
f6cnoA - fOCOOAH
XpHCTOC - XpHCTe

old man
father (priest)
father
Lord
Christ

Nouns ending in a or 0:

Examples: 8OitBoAa - oo/1:BOAO

BAaAHKa - BA<lAa.fKO
qH'IO - '1HqO
neHqO - IleH'Io
d.

man, husband
spaniel
poor man
reaper
fool

eagle
rooster

The following have a vocative in 10:

a. Nouns ending in a soft consonant (usually -po .". or .H).

40

FelDiDiDe Nouns, Vocative Singular

I.
Nouns in a and -lI, except for those in HUa, form the vocative
in.c. WhenlI is not preceded by H-, the vocative is in bO. If
the accent in the basic form is on the last syllable, it moves back
one syllable in the vocative.

Examples: 3Be3,II;a - 3BbAO

)KeHa - )KeHO
MaitKa - MaitKo
3eMil - 3CMhD
pOOHHJl - po6HHbO
AeB6ihca - AeRObo

star
woman, wife
mother
land
slave, captive
maiden, girl

4'

2.

Nouns in

-H~a

(a nd Ma Ma) have the voca"tive in -c.

Examples: Ma Ma - M6MC
uapH~a - ~a pHue
eeCTpH~a - c eCTpHue

H6cR, H6cHUI, HOCR, Hocere

8'bpd:, -HW, B'bpn f, Bi>pTe-re
roB6pR, -HW, roBOpu, rosoptre
6poll, 6PDt-I W, 6p6A, 6pOnTe
Kpoll, KPOHW , Kp6A, KpOnTe
CTolI, CTOHIU, cT6ji:, CT6ihe
npoAaBaM, paw, npoA<iBaft, n poAaBatiTe

girl
tsarina
little sistt;,r

3. Nouns in -ka h ave a vocative In both -0 and -e. The -e

ending seems to be p referable with di m inutives.
Examples: Y'IHTCAKa - Y'IHTeAKO, Y'IHTeAKe
MHAKa - MHAKO, MnAKe
M apHnKa - MapnnKe

teacher
Milka
Marijka

The fo llowi ng a re irregu lar:

4.

Nouns e nding in a consonant have the vocative like the basic

fo rm.
Examples: HO~ - HOlM
Mi\aAOCT - MAMOCT

5.

night
youth

The following noun is irregul ar: A'bJ,ijepS - A1.J,Ue, daughter.

The Imperative
Verbs in -ew a nd -HW In the second person singu la r of the
present form the impera tive by dropping the -ew o r -HlU a nd
adding -H for the second singular a nd -eTC for the second plural,
if what r em a ins ends in a consonant and by adding -A, -nTe, if
wha t remains ends in a vowel. Verbs in -aM d rop -w from the
second singula r present a nd add on, -nTe to what re mains.
Examples: neKa, ne'leW, ne'lH, ne'{ere
6epa, 6e pew, 6epH, 6eptre
oHwa, nHwew , nnwIl, nllwere
CHOR, cllnew , c Hml, CHnere
3Hax, 3HaeW, 3HaA,3Ha ATe
)KHBe,I, )KIIBeern, )KHBea'!:, )l(lIBeATe
Dell, neern, neA, neATe
nHTaM, mha w, nHTa A, mhathe
jqa, y'lllW, y'IH, y'lerc

ba ke
gather
write

pour
know
live
SlO g

ask
learn

carry
turn
speak
count
tailo r
stand
sell

HM, HAeW, R)I(, lIiKTe

AaM, AaAern , Aati, AaliTe
BHAR, BHAlIW, BlliK, BHiKTe
Ai>piKa, A'bPiKIilll, AP"biK, ApiiKTe
BAil3a, BAeaew , BAe3, BAbTe
A6ijAa, A6tiAew , eAa, CAbe (AotiAn,
AoAAeTe)

eat
g Ive

see
hold
enter
come

4,a o r He Ka (or HeKa Aa) plus the present tense can be used with
all persons to express the imper at ive.
Let him be silent!

Examples: Toli Aa M.... A'It"I!

Aa CH C'b6ltpaMe YMa B
rAaBllTe!
The negative with the impe ra tive

Let us gather o ur wits!

IS

He.

EXERCISE 5 A
n eH'IO, OTlIBalU AH B (:o$UR ? H e, n eTpe, OTIIBaM B AOHAOH.
Aparoti, KaKBO pa60Tllw TaM? Hm.l!O He pa6o'rR, TaTKO. BOtiHlIKO,
Blt)KAaW AU OHOBa nOAe? BH)f{AaM nOACTO, 'IOBe'le, HO a3 C'bM
IOHaK a IOHa~HTe HlIKora He pa60T1IT. I1Ma lil AU )l(eHa II CIiHOBe,
CeAJlHnHO? HMa M CUH, '111'10, HO HRMaM MOAIIBII . Y'I IITeAIO, Hue
HJlMaMe KHllrll. Y'IeHlIKO, KaKBO ItMa Ul? I1 MaM Xapnl1l, MaCTI1AO
H HRKOAKO TCTPaAKlI. CTap'le, Kora aaMifHaBaw 3a MOCKBa (Kora
OTltBaW B M OCKBa)? YTpe. I1BaHe, pa60TltUl Aif MHOro A06pe?
Aa, rocllOAuHe, MHOro pa60TR cera, HO lie Ao6pe. n eTpc, BmKAalU MI Ky'leTo II KOTKaTa? H e, Aparoe, 110 BII)f{AaM KpaH II ~t

43

KOHe. 0 "aplO, a3 C'hM BoAH HK, a He cryAeHT. BoAHMKO, paOOTHW

AH "0
AeH? f 080PR, qOBeqe, 3a MBa" Ba308, He 3a KOTKaTa.
n pIIRTeAIO, qeTl-t "HCMOTO! AOBH>KAaHe, pa6oTHHKO; HaOHm
OHosa OHCMO! Ka>KH K'bAe ca MOMUMTe! EAa ryKa, DeH'CO!
3Haem All K'bAC e MsaH? He 3HaR, yqUTeAlO. TIeATe " roBopcre
6a8110 H BHCOKO! AaBaA Mlioro XAR6 Ha cHpoMaclITe! lJaKafi
M<\AKO, qOBeqe!

"M

maker

EXERCISE 5 B
In the village there afe four houses. In one of the houses there
is a man. The man has a son and three daugh ters. H e has no
wife. The son h as an uncle. The uncle is a shoemaker. The girl
is young and pretty. Comrade, where is the shoemaker's house?
Is there a vacation in April, Ivan ? There is, but I d o not know
when. Stojan h as a horse. Peter sees the horse and buys the
ox. How many oxen does Stojan have? The uncle walks many
times from the city. Do you know how many times? There is
no meat in the city. The Bulgarian's book is on the table.
Peter's wife buys bread and meat, apples and pears, J ohn's dog
and cat, and the Serb's books and pencils. It seems to me that
that is enough. " Write a letter!" "But I am the teacher. I do
not have a pencil. Only the students have pencils." " Open the
door, please. Close the windows in this room ; it is cold here.
Let's not speak so loudly ; it is not necessary. Let them look at
the river and the fish. Villager, sing this song for a foreigner
{for the foreigner)."

VOCABULARY
altO, conj., if (pl'oclitic)
anp",,-, m., April
BaUHUHII, r., vacation
BOA, ..oA"loT, BO.><6&e, m ., ox
IlloIcOJeO, adv., loudly
llpad, r., door
r"tAaM, r"tAAx, imperf., to look at
roptW, ropt~, adj., hot
J'OCnOAI1 H, I'OCnoAli, m ., gen tleman,

M,.
rp'JoMOr...aCHO, adv., loudl y

(san6pmc:) , imperf., to c1.o se

HaaH Baaoa, m ., famous wnter
~, H.,p.i.x, to come (iteralive)
(more than once)
JI3, prep., from , out of, along, over
IC)'ny.w.,: (JeY,lll, -liW), Jeyn-ywax (JeYma), imperf. to buy
wiAxo, ad v. , a little
lQ,C'l'HAO, n ., ink
If,Aa,Il. WAiAa, adj., young
06Yl1PP, voc., 06yw,aPJO, m ., ,hoe-

AOlll1)f1.AaHe, au revoir

A6cn., adv., enough

AocraT"lo~HO,

adv., enough
APyni p, APyri.prr, APyrt.pII, voc.
APyriplO, num. form ApyriPII, m .,
comrade
1'9Ka, come here
3aIolHH3aaM (saMI1Ha, -ew), 3aMHttallrut (aa),.I1Hax ) (3a), to leave,
depart (for )
3a"rNpnr (aan6pll, 'lIw), aa"rNp.u

e...a

O'l'lJApllW (onOpll, _IoIW ), onaapu:

(ombpmr;), imperf., 10 open
m!ceH, n tcHIoI, f., lOng
newlt6l.t, new, newa, adverbs, on foot
npoo6pe", np036pWl, num. form
npoo6peua, m., window
Jl'l>T, mTIlT, ni.Tlt, m ., time, e,.uttt .....T,
once

ped., f.o river

pMa, f., fish
cnipe", CTiP"If, voc., crip'te, m ., old

=n

ci.p(iloltt, ci.p(ilol, m., Serb

TaKA, adv., th us
ri.TKO, m. , father
-rpoi&IaM, yp6ax, to need. TpJi6ea,
im~nal, it ill necessa ry
y,pe, ad v. , tomorrow
xaprH., f., paper
x6u, _IIW, lWAKx , imperf., to walk
W'P. w\PIIT, "apt , voc., "aplO, m .,

=, '1ad.x, imperf., to wait

~aKaM ,

"yHtAeHt U, " yltCAellwt, m. , foreigner,

stranger, 'hort articulated. form
~ YllJAeHtua

IOHaJe,lOlI alilol, voc. , IOu.a.JeO or IOH3'1e.

m ., .hero

CONVERSATION
n o K6AKO AeBa ce llAal,lda Ha
XltAOMmp cANO OTJtB3H e?

OTifB3He " Bpi,11!aHe?

KaxBA e T3.KCaTa 3a qaKaHe?
K6AKO TpA,6sa Aa mad?
K1>At OTuBa TIXtH TpaMBa!:\ (TpoAeA6yc)?
McxaM Aa cM3a H3 xOTtAa.
TpA,6Ba ,Ita CA6ere Ha CA~ap
11!3ra (BT6para, TptraTa)
cnHpxa.
K6Mo CTPYa 6HAmT?
T yK l,IAe CAhere H Ige npaA'bA)t(HTe C TpaMBAA H6Mep
B TkJH noc6l<a.
HMaTe AM CB066AHa KOMi?

Tpi6aa

HH KOAa 33

AYW't.

H ow much does one pay per

kilometer one way?
round trip?
What is the rate for waiting?
How much must I pay?
Where dots this street car
(trolley bus) go?
I want to gel out at the hotel.
You have to get out a t the
next (second, third ) stop.
H ow much does the ticket
cost?
You will get out here and continue with street car no ....
in this direction.
Do you have a car free?
We need a car for .... persons.

45

y A66Ha All e KOAlha 3a npoA'bA

)tntreAHo n"bTYBaHe?
3ana3e-re MIf ... . Mecnt.
3a K6AI(0 "aca lJ!e npnCTlirHeM
B ?

Is the car comfortable for a

long trip?
Reserve . ... places for me.
In how many hours will we
get to ..... ?

LESSON

The Aorist and the Future -

The Infinitive

The Aorist (MlIHMO CB'bpWeHO BpeMe)

The personal e ndings of the aorist of all three conjugations are:
1st person
2nd person
3d person

-x

XMe
XTe

-xa

Since one cannot with certainty predict for all verbs the aorist
stem from the present, the aorist of each verb will be given as a
principal part in the vocabulary, except for verbs of the third
conjugation, in which the present stem and the aorist stem are
the same with the possible exception of the accent.
Examples:

mhaM
mt:wa
peKa

HOC.
AaM
npOlleTci
AOBeAa
A'bp)Ka
HanpasJl
n03HaJl
n030Ba
Bl,pHa

mhax
nHcax

AciAox
n poqe-rox
AOBeAox

I
I
I
I
I
I
I

A"bP)l{ax

I held

Hanpa1U1X
n03Hax
n030Bax
Bl,pHaX

I
I
I
I

pt><ox

HOCHX

asked
wrote
said
carried
gave
read
led
did
recognized
called
returned

A system for forming the aorist (and al50 the present) from the "verbal
stem" can be found in Appendix I.

47

Although the aorist cannot be predicted exactly ii-om the form

of the present, a few general remarks about certain groups of
verbs may be helpful.

A. The aorist of first conjugation verbs (with presents in -ew)

ends in -ax or -xx with the exception of the following:
I.
There is a small but important group of verbs of the first
conjugation which form the aorist by dropping the ending of the
present and adding -0- before the ending of the 1st sing. and all
plural, and -e- in the 2nd and 3d persons sing. The most common
of this group together with their compounds are: neKa, neqew,
neKox, to bake; peKa, petfbu, peKox, to say; TeKa, Teqelll, Tt!KOX,
to flow ; BAeKa, BAeqem, BAAKOX, BAetfe, to drag; ceKa, ceqem,
ceKox, to cut; naca, nacew, nacox, to pasture; Tpeca, Tpecew,
TpeCOX, to shake; -Heca, -Hecew, -H(!COX, to carry; -All3a, -Aeaew,
-Ni30X, -Aeae, to go; MeTa, MeTelll, MeTox, to sweep with a broom;
llAeTa, nACTem, nAerox, to plait, to weave; 'leTa, '1CTeIlI, '1eTOX,
to read ; 60Aa, 6oAew, 66AOX, to pierce; KA<lAa, KAaAem, KA3.Aox,
to lay (a fire); KP<lAa, XpaAeW, Xp3.Aox, to steal; npeAa, npeAew,
npeAox, to spin (thread); -BcAa, -BeAew, -BeAox, to lead; AaM,
AMew, AaAox, to give; aM, HAeW, MOX, to eat; paCTa, paCTew,
paCTox, to grow; AOiiAa, AoiiAew, AoitAox, to come.
2.
Verbs in -ya, -nJl, and -lOa drop the -a and add the personal
endings of the aorist directly to the stem: e.g. qy$(, qyew, 'Iyx;
nn$(, nnew, mIX; IlAIb$(, llAWeIlI, llAK)X.

I. Verbs with the accent on any syllable other than the final
one have the aorist in -HX. (Exception : BRAn, BRAHW, BHAh,
to see).
2.
Some verbs with the accent on the final syllable have the
aorist in -ux and some have it in -n (or -ax).
The following verbs have the aorist in -HX:
I.
Verbs in -oJi, -ai, and -yi. E.g. 6poJi, 6POHW, 6POHX,
to count; Tall, TaHW, TaHX, to be silent; CTpyJi, CTPYHW,
CTpynx, to flow. (Exceptions: 6oi, 6oHw, 601ix, to be
afraid; CTOll, CTOHlU, CTon, to stand. )
2.
Verbs in -ilia. E.g. cywa, CYWHlll, CYWHX, to dry;
rpewa, rpewHw, rpewHx, to sin; TeWa, TeWHW, TewHx,
to comfort.

Note on accent in the aorist: When the verb is simple the accent may
be either on the ending or on the syllable before the ending,

except I) for verbs with aorists in -ox, and 2) when the accent of
the present is on the final syllable, in which case the accent of
the aorist can be only on the final syllable. BuAJbc is an exception
here with its accent only on the final syllable; its present is. BUM.
Verbs with aorists in -ox (except Aoi1Aox and OTHAOX) have the
accent on the syllable before the ending, even when the accent
of the present is on the final syllable.
When the verb is compounded by a prefix that makes a
separate syllable the accent of the aorist is always the same as
that of the present. (Exceptions would be "B" and "c"; e.g.
BAo}Ka, CA6}Ka - BA6}KHX, CAO}KUX).

B. Of the aorists ending in -ax or -JIX of the first conjugation

verbs the following groups may be discerned .:
The Future (6"bAel!!e BpeMe)

Verbs in -Ha have the aorist in -Hax: e.g. AHrua, AnrHem,

AHruax.
2. Verbs In -eJI drop thc -e- and have the aorist in -llx: e.g.
neR, neern, nn; }KUBe$(, .>KHBeeW, }KUBllx.
Exceptions: H<lAeJIX ce, HaAeew ce, HaJl;eaX, to hope; AOAe$(,
AOAeew, AOAeJIX, to bore; aeJl, aeew, acilx, to gape, to stand
wide open.
I.

C. The aorist of second conjugation verbs (with presents in -Hw)

ends in either -HX or -JIX (ax after palatal consonants),

The future is expressed by the particle l,ije plus the present of the
verb. lJ!e always precedes the verb.
Example:

I shall write, etc.

aa I!!e miIIIa
Tn I!!e nuwew
TOll lI!e nuwe

Hue I!!e nHweM

BHe I,ge OHweTe
Te ij!e n"waT

The negative form of the future tense usually is formed with

49

HHNa Aa plus the present. Less frequently He lJ!e is used with the
present. In such cases the accent is always on I!!e.
Example:

I shall not have, etc.

a3 HAMa Aa "MaM
TH HHMa Aa HMaw
ToA HHMa Aa HMa

a3 He I.I!e HNaM
TH He y!e HMaw
ToA He I.I!e HMa

HHe HHMa Aa HMaTe

SHe HRMa Aa aMaTe
Te HRMa Aa aMaT

HHe He I.Ue aMaMe

BHe He w;e HMaTe
Te He ~e HMaT

Note I: The . particle lJ!e must not be confused with the inflected verb lI!a which ordinarily means "to want", but is also
used in the formation of certain other tenses (see Lessons
Thirteen and Fifteen).

nOKaJKa 6YKIHlTe. TH CKOPO tUe ce HayqHW Aa qeTew, Aa n"wew,

H Aa CMHTaw." 11 HaIfCTHHa, CKOPO TH ce Hay'lH CS060AHO Aa
qeTe, Aa nHwe, If Aa CMRTa.
KO.M'O speMe I!!e n"bTysaTe H3 E"bArapIfR? A3 He BHAH .lKe HIfTe.
AaAeq ~e OTHAe.
E30n cpeJIVia eAHN n"bTHHK , KoliYo ro 3aIlHTa: "CAeA KOAKO
'Iaca y!e Mora Aa CTHl'Ha AO Haii-6AH3KOTO CCAO?" " B"bpBH!"
onosopH My E30n.
"A33HaH, 'Ie TpH6Ba Aa B"bpBH; nIfTaM Te - 3a KOAKO speMe lJ!e
CTHI"Ha?" "B'bpBH!" OTHOBO My Kaaa E30n.
"Toaa e HHKaK"bS AYA," I10MHCAH Clf I1'bTHlfKbT lf npoA'b;\)I(H
I1"bTH CH.
CAeA KaTO HanpaBH HRKOAKO Kpa"lKIf, E30Il My If3BIfKa: "CAeA
ABa 'Iaca 'Me CTHrnew ... "
U 'bTHHK"bT ce S"bpHa H 3aIl'itTa : "3aI.l!o He OTrOBopH BCAHara Ha
WOR 8"bnpoc?" " KaK Mora BeAHara Aa HanpasR Tosa," B'b3ICAHKHa
E30n, "KaTo He 3HaH C KaKBa CKOPOCT lJ!e B"bPBHW?"
113 6aCHHTe Ha E30na.

The In6nitive (H"4)MUHTHB)

Generally speaking, Bulgarian has no longer any infinitive, but
remains of an old infinitive are found in some expressions. The
form of the infinitive in the present day language is t he same as
t hat of the 3d person singular of the aorist tense.
Examples: MOJKe 6H, it is possible, perhaps; Mo)tCeM K33a, we
can say; cnlra XOAH, (far) enough, that will d o ! ; CTHra roOOpIf,
say no mor e! (instead ofcnfra CTe XOAHAIf, CTHra cre roBOpMH).
The infinitive is found frequently in the negative imperative
with HeAett, HeAettTe. E.g. HeAeiiTe "Ie-re, do not read; HeAettTe
tIAaKa, do not cry, weep (instead of HeAeiiTe Aa "leThe, HeAeATe
Aa tIAhere) .

EXERCI SE 6 B
W hy won' t Lozanka go to school today? She can't read the
letters. She did not see Dragoj. She will be able to learn to
write. The horse came to the village, but Peter did not see the
horse. There is a horse in school. Where is he? Peter does not
know, but Lozanka said that she knew. S he bought the pears
in the village. He will buy pears in the city.

VO CABULARY
&icl-llf, f., fable
6AMnK, 6AltaKa, adj., ncar

EXERCISE 6 A
"Anec a3 nHMa .Aa IfAa Ha Y'lHAHlI!e!" Kaaa eARH AeH A03aHKa.
"3aI.ijo?" IlOntITa Aparolt "He Mora Aa 'leTa, HUTO Aa nHilla. He
SHaR 6}'KBHTe." "HHl,I!o, A03aHKe! A3 C"l>M Y'IeHHJ( OT IleTH lCAac,
Mora Beqe CBo6oAHO Aa 'leTa, Aa mUlJa, If Aa CMRTaM. A3 l,I!e TIf

irl>3KAKKHa, -em, BD3KAKKHaX, perf.,

6YKlla, f., letter of the alphabet

to call out, to shout

B"bl1pOC, m ., question

Ifl.Arapl-IlI, f., Bulgaria

BC,ll.Hara, adv., immediatc:ly

aal1ltTaM. JaI1KTax, perf.,

Bpble, n., ti me
Bpi.l,ijaw ce (ripHa, -ew, ce), Bpill,lax
(Bi.PHix ce), to return (intrans.)
B"b:IKAHKllaM, BD3X.O.KKBaX, imperf., to

call out, to shout

&611, m.,

Aesop

to ask

H3BKlUlaM ( H3BUKaM ) , H3BH~ax ( H3-

BKKax) , to caU out

KAaC, KAacir, I<AaCOBe, m., class
Kpa\lKa, f., a step
AOlaHKa, f., Lozanka, girl's name

5'

"YA, "YAIUT, AYAH, m .. a crazy pc:rson

HaHCTlllla, adv., in lruth
Hanp~u, 'HIll, HanpaaHx, 10 make,
to do
Ha~a ce, -IlUl, lla~1tX ce, pc:rf., to
learn, to have learned
mho, oonj ., nor
uJxalO8, H'KaJUla . adj" of some sorl
H'xora, adv., sometime
0TlI0e0, ad v. , again, anew
m!TIl, ord inal numeral, fift h
noKli383.w ( nok~)Ka, -em), nOKl\.3u.x
(noU3ax), impc:rf. to show
nOI.<Hc,u, _1IU1, nowHCAllx, pc:rf., to
think
npoA'J>Al'(~, -Hm, rtpOKbA>KKX, perf.,

to prolong, to continue
ni.TltIlX, ni.THHIolH, vce., ni.TltIlKO,
m., traveller
CD066AHo, adv., freely
cx6po, adv., quickly, soon
cx6pocr, r., speed
CAeA , prep., after
CAeA xaTO, conj., a fter
CAywaw, CAymAx, impc:rf., to hea r, to
lislen
c~J,WUoI (c~'W!a, -em),
c~J,ijAx
(c~I,\PIAx) , imperf., to meet
CTHnl a, -eUl, cn\'ntax, petr., to arrive
'lac, '[an T, '1acoae, numerical form
'1~ca, m., hour

CONVERSATION
K"bAe C 61Op6TO 3a I1H$OPM3.UJ.1H?
K"bAe npoA3.BaT 611Aenl 3a .... ?
Kora "p"insa BA3.K'hT 3a .... ?
Kora npl1CTlira BAaK'hT OT .... ?
B"ip3 AU e ItAU e n"iTIHI'ICCKU?
A.HtTc MH CAUH 61lAer (ABa, Tpll
6HAba) n"ipBa (eT6pa) KAaCa
AO ....

M 6JKC Al1 Aa M.II AaAerc 3ami3CHII Mccd.?

K6AKO cTpyea 611Abu (3a) ni.pBa (BT6pa) KAaca?
H amlUlbc (Mil) UCH3.Ta.
H a K6t1 KOAOB63 e BA3.K'1>T?
Kor3. lJ!e npnCTl1rl1CM?
Kora Tpi.nsaT CAtABay!J.lTe BAaKOBe 3a .. . . . ?

Where is the information desk?

Where do they sell tickets
for .... ?
When does the train leave
for. ... ?
When does t he train arrive
from .... ?
Is it an express or a local?
Give me one (two, three)
ticket first (second) class
for .....
Can you give me reserved
seats?
How much does a first (second )
class ticket cost?
Write (me) down the price.
On what track is the train?
When will we arrive ?
When do the next trains for
..... d epart?

LES SON

Formation of the Perfective Aspect

,l3 and 'Ie - The Imperfect

The present tense of perfective verbs cannot be used in the main

clause, but only in a subordinate clause, where it frequently h as
a future sense.
Example: MUeN! Aa Hanurna IUICM6 Ha M ~a H. I think I shall
write a letter to John.
Generally speaking cvery action in Bulgarian can be expressed
by two verbs, one imperfective and the other perfective.
For the most part, simple (HenpoH3B6AHH ) verbs (uncompounded) a re imperfective. E.g. roB6ps, to speak, mirna, to write, JKHB6I:,
to live, tUiCTs, to clean, cns, to sleep. There are, however, about
fifty that are perfective, among which are : ...:taM, to give, KoDKa,
to say, Kaqa, to climb, Kyns, to buy, nAad, to pay, npaTlI, to send,
o p6cJl, to ask, peKa, to say, perna, to decide, cK6qa, to jump,
cbJl ce, to remember, ryps, to place, XB"iPAJI. to throw.
The most common way of making an imperfective verb into
a perfective verb is by adding a prefix. E.g. 'leTa, n po-'ICTa,
to read ; nurna, Ha-mlrna, to write.
The most common prefixes for verbs are :' B- (B'1, B'I>3-, Ao3<\-, J.l3-, Ha-, HaA-, 0- (06-), OT-, no-, nOA-, npe-, "peA-, npH-,
npo-, paa-, c- (C'b-), and YO.
The accent of a verb can never fa ll on the prefix.
The prefixes not only make a simple imperfective verb perfective, but they often also alter the meaning of t he verb. E.g.
6epa, to gather, J.l3-6epa, to select, pa3-6epa, to understand; fAeAaM, to look, pa3-rA~aM, to survey, etc. The prefixes Ha-, no-,
o po-, and 0- often, however, express only perfective aspect,
and do not altcr the meaning. E.g. mirna, Ha-nHrna, to write,
"lCTa, npo-'IeTa, to read.

53

Perfectives in -Ha
Some verbs can also form a perfective by suffixin g -Ha to the
simple imperfective. E.g ..... e)tu\, to lie, Acr-Ha, to lie down, COeTJI:,
cob-lIa, to light, rpell, rpett-Ha, to burn, to warm, 'IYxaM,
'IYK-Ha, to hammer, pound, knock.
T here are some verbs in -Ha that are imperfective. E.g.
6pi.cHa, to brush, racHa, to extinguish, rHHa, to perish, riHa, to
fold , Mp;':JHa, to freeze, riHa, to drown, TpenHa, to start, be startled, rnenHa , to whisper.
There are some verbs whose si mple form never occurs uncompounded. E.g. -eMa is not found except in such compounds
as noeMa, npHeMa, 3aeMa, B3eMa, oTHeMa, etc.; -npa is found only
in AOnpa, cnpa, onpa, etc.; -.... y'la, only in nOAy.u, YAylla ; and
-AO)Ka only in CAO)Ka, noo)Ka, npHA6)Ka, U3AO)Ka, etc.

Aa and

'Ie

Since Bulgarian has no infinitive (see Lesson 6) Aa plus the

present is used in its place to express a complementary verbal
idea. MHCAJI Aa HAa, [ intend (think) to go; "CUM Aa KynJl,
I want to buy; M6ra Aa OHN!, I can see, etc.
On the other hand , 'Ie is used where in English we would
expect "that" rather than a complementary infinitive. MHCAH,
'Ie Bue CTe YMOpeH, H e thinks that you are tired; Tott K3.30a, 'I e
Ta3H Aeo6ttKa e uerOoa eeeTpa, H e says that this gi rl is his sister.
In other words, after M6ra and verbs of wishing, intending
and the like, one uses Aa; after verbs of thinking, saying, noting,
believing, and the like, one uses 'Ie.

The endings of the imperfect a re added to the present stem of

the verb, which is found by dropping the -ern, -lIrn, or -Jlrn from
the second person singular of the present tense.
Verbs of the 1st and 2nd conj ugations with the accent on the
final syllable of the 1St person singular of the present use the
forms which are not in parentheses in the first and second
columns above. All other verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugations
use the forms in parentheses in the firs t and second columns
above.
Verbs of the 1St and 2nd conjugations whose present stems
end in -lI, -)K, -rn, or a vowel can have their imperfects in either
-ex or -ax, if the final syllable is accented in the 1st person
singular of the present tense ; but there seems to be a preference
for -ax. The accent of the imperfect is the same as the accent
of the present.
Examples: mn-aM
mirna
ped

H6u
A'M
npoQCTa
AOOeAa
A'bP)Ka
HanpaOH
n03HaH
n0300a
oi.pHa

mt.Tax
nHrnex
pe'lax (pe'lex)
Hocex

A'NIx
npo'ledx
AOBeAlX
A'bP)Kax (Anp)Kex)
Hanpaoex
n03HaeX
n0300lix
oi.pHex

I asked
I wrote
I said
1 carried
I gave
I read

I led
I held
I did
I recognized
I called
I turned

The imperfect of the verb " to be" is perfectly regular:

6""

The I:m.perfect (MUHMO HeCO'bprneno opeMe)

<Jewe

The endings of the imperfect are as follows:

Verbs of the 1St and 2nd Conj.
Sing.
P I.

-n (-ex)

-AxMe (-exMe)
2 -erne (-erne) -IIXTe (-exTe)
3 -ewe (-erne) -Jlxa (-exa)
I

54

6erne

Verbs of the 3d Conj.

Sing.
PI.
-ax (-n)
-arne (-.11llle)
-arne (-Hrne)

-aXMe (-JlXMe)
-aXTe (-.IIXTe)
-axa (-Jlu)

6H:xMe
6liXTe
6Jixa

EXERCISE 7 A
CyrplfHTa OltHar" oml 'Ian. H 11M eAHo sapello diue. YTpe a3 q(e
OUAJI K'bM AecCT 'Iaea, 3a Aa MO)KeM Aa npoA'bMKUM Halll aTa

Bll

55

paron. Eww. Ka:Ja, 'Ie BHAJI ApexH':. Cera 'Iera nHCMOTO. BHe
npo'lerOXTe P<UKa:Ja Ha CraHeB. H CKaTe AH Aa 3aMHHere 3a
IlAOBAHB? K3.JKH Ha KeAHepa Aa HaIThAHH TalH 'Iawa. AHec 6ax
B JJYM B CoT"JI; UYM 3Ha'l" UeftTpaAeH YHHBepcaAeH MaraaHH.
T aM Kynux p'hKaBHU" 3a MaiiKa (MH), nOAa H 'IopanH 3a JKeHa
(10tH) "eAlla pU3a 3a 6paT (BH). KOI'aTO 06epa KpywaTa, ~e HAa
Ha naaapa, 3a Aa npoAaJol KpywHTe. KaTO OKOCHlU AllBaAaTa, TOn
lIIe pa30pe 3eMJITa H I,Ue 3aCaAH Kap-ro4lH HAM I,I!~ aacee nwe}mua.
npel BaKaHUHJITa TOft 6ewe B K'lol,l!an Ha npHHTeAKaTa Ha liBaH
H cera ce BJYhlJ.!awe, aa Aa npo,1t'l>AJltK yqeHHeTO. Toft ce B'1>pHa
B'Iepa. Y1'pe lye HAeM Ha BeqepJl Ha BHTowa. Ton ce 06'hpHa A3
BHAH "ABa AH MBaH. Ton ce 06p1>J,Ua HJlKOAXO m,TH, HO He BH.lVI
K'1>Ae ce KpHelUe AHMHn.p. nptAH Aa nOHcKaMe Aa HAeM, HHe
A"hAl'O CTOJIXMe cMyreHM . MOJKtTe AU Aa 'IeTere nO'lepKa Ha
EAena?

EXERCISE 7 B
The mao on the street saw the car and ran into the house. He
told J oho's brother that he wanted to buy {he land, but his
brother was not willing to sell the meadow. You will know even
the most distant parts of our land. Sit down, please! I shall tell
you a strange story. Twenty years ago the shepherd Delcho
found a child in a cave. When the child saw Delcho it began to
cry and Delcho picked up the baby. Then the baby was silent
and suddenl y it smi led. Delcho took the child - the son a of
great chorbadzhi - home and told his (CMfollowing the word for
"wife") wife to light a fire, to boil some water, and to make
some soup. The woman prepared the food and the child ate
greedily. Delcho told his (Cll following the word for "wife" )
wife that they would try to find the child's parents in the village.
Ddcho. the bandit who (Kolho) became a shepherd, went to the
village to ask in the lavern if the tavern keeper knew of the lost
child . The tavern was closed, and Delcho went to the (village)
council. The president of the council said that, if they wanted
to keep the baby, the chil~ could stay with Delcho.

56

VOCABULARY
6e6e, 6e6en, n., baby
.
aaptH, aapbla, ppp. of up_, -liw
boiled
BAiiraM (BAiirna -ew); B;'l.I1r.b: (BAlirmu), to lift, to raise
BliHam, ad v., always
Bmowa, f. , name of moun tain near

So"

8t1eUntlO, adv . suddenly

."epa, adv., yesterday
roAliHa, f., yea r
ro...n., ro ......a, rol'.hto, ro ...6.tH, adj.,
big, large
AJliLAecc:T, num., twenty
A~ ...'IO, m ., man's name
Aett, Ae\'p', n . child
,l\HNlinp, m., man's name
AOPH, adv., even
Aptxa. f. garment, frequently in the
plural for clothes.
AiAro, adv., long, ror a long time
EA~Ha, f., woman's name
EMiu., m., man's name
aa All, in orde r to
3aA"iop*a.. (3aA"I>p:IKa; _liw) ; 3aAi.plKh), impcrf. to hold. to keep
3aHacn" (3altcca, -tw) ; 3aH'cn (33.HecOX), to carry
3ana.Ml3101 (3anw, -HW) ; 3anaNiax
(aanaMlx), impcrf. , to light, to set
fin: to
3an ...axUM (3aflAli"a, -ew) ; 3lIfIAlixBaX (3an.... bax). impcrf., to cry
:J3,ca>I\Aa.. (3ac.a, -HW) ; 3lIca)KAalt
(aacllA",,), imperf., to plant
3lICDaloi ( 3lIC~.. 3.aC&:w) ; 3lIcDax
(3lIdx or 3lIc~n ) , imperf., to $Ow
aaT1l6peH, 3aT1l6peHa, ppp. of 3aTs6PII, _" W, closed
3aTH'IU" ce (3aTIi'laM ce), imperr.
to run, to rush (1t'bM) towards
3Ha'la. -IIW ; 3Ha"ti;x. impcrf., to mean
K36llpaJo,l (H36cpa, -~w ); Jl36HpaX
(Jl36ph), impcrf. to choose
H36.ra.aM (H36.raM), impcrf., to flee
H3ry-6eIl, 113..y6eHa, ppp. of Haryoll,
-IIW Jost
IICT6plIJI, f., history, story

xap1"6ctt, m., potato

xtAHcp. m., waiter
KMc:T, KMmT. laoIerose, m. , kmet,
head of a village
KoraTo, conj ., when
xplill, Xp HeW j KPIlX, imperf. , to hide
Xpi.'IIoia, f., tavern
KJl"I>'IloIAp, Kp-1>'IMapfl", m.. tavern
kpC'

prep., towards
...aXOIolO, adv., greedily
Mam3liH, m., store
Ml'.iKBaM (M....i lma, ew); l'>V<i.KBAx
(MI'."ioXHax), imperf. to be silent
HanpaBll10i (Harrpau, -IIW) ; Hanpun
(HanpaB"x), irnperf., to make, to
do
tlan~ (tlani.Juu:, -l1w) ; tlarri..ABaX (tlani.MtKx). imperf., to fulfi ll
06ifpaM (o6epa, -tw); 06{lpax (~
6pax). impcrf., to gather
oC>yBxa, f., usually in plural ; shoes,
whatever is worn on feet
06JW1Ha, f., administration or a town
or community
06pi.l,ijaJol (o6i.plla, -ew) j 06pi.JMAX
(o6i.pltax), imperf., to turn
OB'Iap. o&"apn, m. , shepherd
orHlil,ije, n., hearth
oxocReaM or OXOCBaM (oxod, _liw);
oxocia.ax or ox6cBax (oxoc",,),
impcrf. to mow
On03" aBaIoi (On03HM, on03l1aew) j
0I103Haaax (on'ltIax), imperf., to
become well acquainted with
OC"l"isaw (ocriHa, -em) ; ocriBax
(ocriuax), impcrf., to remain
nalAp, m., market
nelDepa, r., cave
n...alJ!aM (" "ad, -HW) ; "",,,"ax (nAanix). imperf., to pay
n . . 6aAHa. m., name of city
nor....~*All1oi (nor... tAHa, -ew); nor.... e>I\Aax ( nor,,~ax) , imperf. to
look at, to take a look inlo
nOHcxsaM (noHCKalol), imperf., to express desire, to want
no"",, r., skirt
KWf,

57

nopi.q'aM (nop'haw ), imperf., to

order
nOCTapUaM cc (nOCTapi. ce, nocrapaew ee) ; nOCTapuax ce '(nOCTapax ce), impezf., to endeavor, to
do one', beIIt
Jl6q;epK , m ., handwriling, pl., n6qepU H
nptAH, prep., before, flpeAH oU, COnj.,
befon:
npeAteAaTII~", npeAceAiTCAn. m.,
president
npHrOnr.DI (npllr6Tu, ' IIW); npll.
r6-nax (npH rOnr.HX), imperf., to
prepare
nweHHUa, r., grain, wheat
pa6oTa, f., work
pa366RKKK, pa366AH Hu.K, m., robber,
bandit
pa3Kbmu (pa3Kb(.a, .ew); pa3Kb
sax (pa3tta3ax), imperf., to relate,
to tell a story, to recount
pa30pasaM (pa30pa, -~UI); pa30pa.
sax (pa30pax), imperf., to plough
completely
pH3a, f., shirt
POAHTCA, VOC . POAHTeAlO, m., parent
p"'kaBHUa, f., glove
crpibaM (C~II, -crptew) ; crpnax
(crpn), imperf., to heat, warm
CI,4aIol (ceAlla, -cw) ; c4.cAx (Ct.\lIax ),

imperf., to sit, to take a sitting

position
C~"C'b!ICT, m., village council
CW)'T~H , tM}'TClla, ppp. of CW)'Ti, 'HW,
conrused, embarasst.:
crallaN (craKa, -ew); craw (CTa
"ax), imperf., to rise, to stand, to take
a standing position; to become
CriHCII, m., name of contemporary
writer, EW~1i GriHes
CToi, CTOliw ; CTOix, imperf., to be
!landing
eYrpllH, f., morning
roriBa, adv., then
Ylilleepca...eli, YHHBCpd.,,"a, adj.,
uni venal
youtX&aJ.i ce (ycwlixHa ce, YC WHX'
Hew ce); YCMHxsax ce (YO'... XHax
cc), imperf., to smile
Y"'eHHe, n. , study, studies
u.eHYpa"eK, ueIlYpa"na, adj., central
'IaA, 'IallT m., tea
'IaWa, f., glass
'Iopan, m., stocking
'Iop6a, f. , soup, stew
'IOp6i\oVKHII, m., rich landowner
"YACH, "YAlla, adj., wondrous,
strange
lAeHe, n., food, meal
IIAU~, n., egg

K'bAe e BarOH-peCTOpaHThT?
CnUHHItT BaroH?

KaK ce K3.3aa TaR rapa?

K6..uco l,Qe n~CToHM?
Aa 3aTB6pHM (0TB6pHM) .....it npoa6~"a?

K'hAe Aa

Cit HaA6i

BOAa?

RNa Alf 'Iewwa Ha Ta!m rapa?

Where is the dining car?

the sleeper?
What's the name of this
station ?
How lon g will we stop?
Shall we close ( o~n) the
window?
Where can one get some water?
Is there a fountain in this
station?

CONVERSATION
e '1ad.AHRTa?
6101J1tn.T?
rapAep66'hT?
M3BltKathe eA"H HOCa'i. MW.
J.-hnpaTtte T6R 6arbt AO
c mpslul (sT6pH.Il) BAaK.
K'bAe e M6.1lT BaroH?
MMa AH CBo66AHO MACTO?
3a K'hAC n'hTYBaTe?
TOBa Kyne 3a nyma'lll All e?

'K'hA e

Where is the waiting room?

the buffet ?
the baggage room?
Please call a porter.
Fo rward this baggage to ....
with the first (second) train.
Where is my car (train )?
Is there an empty seat?
Where are you travelling to?
Is this compartment for
smokers?

59

LESSON

Possessive Adjecdves
1St Pers. Sing.

MO'

Possessive Adjectives -

Pe rsonal PronoUDS

M6e

M6.

Ham

Hallia

Ha We

HalliH

TWA

",6.

",6e

",6"

8arna

8arne

8arnH

3d Pers. M asc. a nd Neut. HeroS

Fern.
HeHH
PI.
TeXeH

Hcro8a
HeAHa
TiotHa

HCroBO
HcAHO
T{VtHO

HCro8H
HcAHH
TOtHH

Refl exive

coo.

co6c

CB6H

PI.

Personal Pronouns Adjectives

M6H

2nd Pers. Sing.

PI.

Ba m

CBOA

SIN G UL A R

.,

Nom.
Dat. (NeHe)

M"
Acc.

T"
(TMe)

TOn
(HeMY)

TH

My

Mene,Me Te6e, Te Hero, ro

(HeA)

HeX, II

TO
(H<My) (e/6e)
en
MY
Hero, ro ce6e, ce

PL U RAL

Nom.
Dat.
Acc.

nue
(HaM) 11H
HaC, ""

Bile
(BaM) BH
Bac, Blf

Te
(T1IM) 11M
TJlX, rll

The long forms of the accusative are used a lways after preposi.
tions. The short forms are sometimes used together with the
long forms at the beginning of a sentence, in which cases they
follow the long forms. T he long form is also used when there is a
logical emphasis on the pronoun.
T he long form of the dative is rare (except for Mene Mil and
TOOe TIl). In its place one uses Ha plus the long form of the ac.
cusative. E.g. Ha Hac, to us, Ha Bac, to you, Ha TJlX, to them.
The short form of the dative is widely used as a dative of pos_
session instead of the possessive adjectives, e.g. KHuraTa MH e TaM,
my book is there. The short forms are unaccented enclitics;
but after He they ta ke an accent. The accent on H above is
merely orthographic. The refl exive refers back to the subject of
its clause, whatever person, gender, or number that subj ect
may be.

60

The articula ted forms are:

M6J1T, M6J1
Ts6J1T, rn611
HeroSIIJIT, HCreBHJI
HcAHIIJIT, HC~HH"
HaWIIJlT, HaWIIJI
BaWHJIT. BaWHlI
TCXHHJlT, Tt XHHJI

M6J1Ta
noOna
Hel'OSaTa
HcAHaTa
HalliaTa
BawaTa
TRxHaTa

M6eTO
noOeTO

HCroBOTO
HcAnOTO
HameTO
Ba WeTO
TRXHOTO

M6HTr.
TB6uTe
HcroBIITe
lIcARl-fTe
HaIUHTe
SaWIITe
TCXHHTe

Adj ectives in Bulgarian distinguish three genders in the singula r,

but there is only one fo rm for all three genders in the plural.
Example: xy6as, xy6a8a, xy6a80, xy6a8u
The masculine singula r of the adjective has a vocative in H, e.g.
MHAH cUHe, dear son ; AparH np" frreAlO, dear friend. .
Attributive adjectives, rather than the nouns which they
modify, take the article. T his article has the same form as for
nouns, except for the masculine singular, which inserts If.
Examples:
Masc.
Basic
Long
Form
Mn'A dear MKAIIJIT
CIIH blue CUIIUJIT
Heros his
neI'OBHJIT

MMe.
Shon
MUAHJI
cunul!
HeroBHH

Fern.
MHAaTa
CHHJlTa
HerOBaTa

Neuter
MUAOTO
CI'lIIhOTO
HeroSOTO

Plural
MUAIfTe
CU" "Te
HcroBuTe

6,

Comparison of Adjectives
The comparative is formed by prefixing the particle no- to the
positive. The superlative is formed by prefixing the particle
HaA- to the positive. These particles are joined to the adjective
by a hyphen. The primary accent of the word falls on the
particle.
Examples:
more beautiful
better

Haii-xy6aB most beautiful

HMi-A06-i.p best

The preposition used after both the comparative and the superlative is "OT". ITi.neW"bT e no-xy6as OT AHHHTa, The melon is
better than the watermelon. With verbs "OTKOAKOTO" is used
instead of "aT". no 06H'IaM n-i.newa, OTKOAKOTO AHHRTa, I prefer
the melon to the watermelon (rather than the watermelon).

Irregular comparison. MHOro, noselle, HaA-se'le much, more,

Note 2. W ord Ordtr

The short forms of the personal pronouns have no accent of
their own and are enclitic. They cannot, therefore, stand first
in a sentence. They usually precede the verb in the sentence.
Verbal enclitics precede pronominal enclitics except "e", which
follows. If there is both a dative and an accusative pronoun,
the dative precedes the accusative. If the verb begins the sentence, the pronouns, of course, follow it.
Examples: Hue ro nOOHaaaMe A06pe, We know him welL n03HasaMe ro A06pe, We know him well. TH Mn ro AaAe, She gave it
to me.
In the future tense the pronouns may come between the particle Il!e and the present form, or between HliMa Aa and the
present in the case of the negative. In the future tense the interrogative enclitic AH follows the verb, not the particle IJ!e.
Examples: ll!e K<l)l{a Ai-I?
Toli I,Ue TIl TO AaAe
HliMa Aa Bu KaJKa

not ll!e An K:UKa?

He will give it to you.
I shall not tell you.

most.
The comparative particles may also be prefixed to nouns, verbs,
or prepositional phrases.
Examples: TH Cll nOIOHaK01' MeHe, You are more ofa h ero than I.
HaA 06H'IaM fUTKo, I like Petko best. EAa no K"bM MeHe, Come
more towards me!

Formation of Adverbs from Adjectives

The neuter singular of the adjective is frequently used adverbially.
Examples: Tofi rooopewe 6-i.P30, He was speaking rapidly. Te
AO'AAoxa K-i.CHO, They came late.
Note r. When a noun is followed by the "dative of possession",
the noun must be articulated, unless the relationship expressed
is that of immediate family.
E.g. JKeHa MH, my wife, 6aI,Ua MH, my father, but KHHrara MH,
my book, wanKaTa MH, my hat, etc.

6,

EXERCISE 8 A
HawaTa 'lepHa A"bCKa e nOCTaBeHa AO CTeHaTa, c A"Ue IC'hM Y'leHHUHTe. TJ1 e CAOJKeHa Ha TpnHO)l{HHK. Ha AOA"Hll Kpa'A IDola
CaHA'h'le. 8 Hero Typ}lMe 6i>pCaAKaTa n Te6eWHpa. gepH3T3 A'hClCa
e qeTB"hPTHTa n C ABe Anua. TJ1 e HanpaseHa OT .<li>CK", eAenCHH
eAHa c Apyra. gepHaTa A'i>CKa e y'lHAH1,IlHa nOTpe6a. Y'IHTeJIJrT
H HHe, yqeHHuHTe, nHweM, CMHTaMe HAH 'Iep-raeM Ha HeJ1 c
Te6eUHlp.
HanpaBHxa CH KyM'1O Bi>AlIO ~ KYMa AHca K'l.I,UH'IKa. 3a)l("s_'(a 3aeAHo. Kynuxa cn n.pHe MeA. "Aa ro H3J(AeM, AMCKe!" pe'le
B'l.A'IO. " He 6KBa, 8i>.... <l0!" OTTOBOpH AMcKa." "ll!e ro cKpHeM
3a rocnt." "Aa ro cKpHeM, ceCTPH<lKe!"
Pe'leHO, CTOpeHO. CKpHBaT MeAa B xpMynaTa. AAa KyMa AHca
qeCTO-'IeCTO ce HaSi>PTa OKOJ\.O xpMynaTa H ce 06AH3Ba. AM"
lije OCTaHe MeAeu 3a TOCrn - KO'A 3Hae?
EAHa Be'lep 33MO.... HX NlAO CH Aa MH pa3KaJKe HeIMO. AHAo .ce
n03aMHCAH MaAKO H pe'le:

"He Mora Aa cn CnOMHJI HUIUO HOBO!"

"MHoro AU ca CHAHR HaWHTe KOHe?" "HaHCTHHa, CJlJ\.HU ca,"
OTI'OBOpUX aa.
"A Koe e nO-CHARO OT KORJI?" 3anHTa AJlAO. "81>AK'LT," Ka3ax
83 .

"A Kae e no-cHJ\.HO OT qOBeKa?" "CTapDCTTa." "A OT erapocrra?" "CM'Lpna." "A OT cM'Lpna?"
"nO-CHAHO OT CM'LpTl'a C xy6aBOTo U qCCTHO HMe. KoraTO
qOBCK YMpe, norpe6aaT ro, HO HeroBuTc A06pH AeAa A'bAro ce
cnoMeHaoaT .. \JOBeK 3arnaa, HO 3a qeCTHHR A'LAro BpeMe xopal"a
roaopRT. Ero )Cae e nO-CHAHO OT CM'LpTl'a."

EXERCISE 8 B
The blind man is reading the blue boob in the grttn school.
Our valley is green in summer. Their schools are better than
ours. The man's face is black, but his hands are white. His
answer is good. What did he s~y to Peter? His mother sees him,
but his friend is his guest and does not like the honey on the
table. I put (past tense) the book on the table. In the room
there is a blackboard. The teacher writes on the blackboard
with chalk. I write with a pencil. What are you looking for?
I shall look for him in school.

m., honey
NCAtu, no plural, dim. of MCA, honey
H&Bi.praN ce, -aw ce (HaB'Iopd ce,
'HW ce); HariPTax ce (llalnoprix.ce), imperf., to stay around, to
"hang" around
HanpABot:, HanpiBena, ppp. of lIa
npulI, -HW made, oomtructed
He 6Ha.a, it is impossible
Hoa, 116Ba, adj., new
06Mi:3BaM <;e (06Mi:lKa ce, -ew ee);
-ax 'ce (06"li3ax ce), imperf., to
lick one's li ps
6tto,,0, prep. around
oTroa6plI, -HW; OTroa6pnx, perf., to
answer
norpe6BaM (norpe6a, -t w ) ; norpt6BaX (norpe6ax), imperf., to bury
n033MHCNl ce, -HW ce; n03aMHc.MlX
ee, perf., to think a little
nocraaeH, nocTiSClla, ppp. of nocriaR, -HW, to place
n0Tpt6a, f., need
pttIell, pt'leHa, ppp. of pella, pe'ltw,
ptttOX TO say
caIlAi'le, canAi'lera, n., box (dim.
of canAitt, -i.UH)
CHAeH, CH"Ha, adj., strong, powerful
CllpilBaM (CKPm.:, cllpilcw); CllpHaiX
(CttPIIX), imperf., to hide
NeA, MeAioT,

CAelICH. CAeucHa, ppp. of cM'!mi, -HW,

glued, stuck
CA6lKen, CA6lKena, ppp. of CA611(3.,
-HW, put together
CNtIl, CNina. CNiuo, CAtnH, adj., blind
Clorbyr, f., death
cnOMenUa.M ee (cuoMena ce, -t w ce);
cnOMeHaBaX ce (cnoMeHax ee), imperf., to mention
cn6MHJlM (c n6MHII. -w); -xx (cn6MHilx), imperf., to remi nd
crapocr, f. old age
CTeHa. f., wall
CT6peH, cr6peHa, ppp. of cr6PII, -HW,
done
Te6ewHP, m., chalk
TPIfH6lKnHK, 1"pliH6>KHHUH, m., tripod
TYPIiM (ryPII, -lIw); rypb: (ryplix.),
imperf., to put, to place
)'NilpaM (YMp3., -t w; YMHpax (YMpb:), imperf., to die
)"Iw"Hl,Ilell, )"IH" l11,/,lna, adj., of the
school, belonging to the school
xpa"yna, f. , a hollow, den
'1epet H, 'I.epatlla, adj., red
'1Ccren, 'I.CcrHa, adj., honcst
'1tpen, '1tpna, adj., black
'lepra., --ew; '1ePTax, impf., to draw
'I.eTB"'PTHT, 'I.eTB...pnha, adj., rectangular

VOCABULARY
aM. conj., but
6 ... pc:I."lIa, f.. eraser
6*,\, 6.....a. 6HAo, 6b.u, adj., white
.e..ep, f., evening
nxT, r6cn.T, m., guest
npllt, n.pntTa, n.,jug, earthenware
vessel, pot
Abo, Ae,,!\., n . deed, act, work
,d.,o.... r. AiM'a, adj., long
AO, prep., to
A6Aett, .46,,"a, adj., lower
,n.cKi, f. , board
3arH:eaN, (3antlla, --ew); -ax (3arHHax), imperf., to perish, to be
killed
aaUHo, adv., together

3alKKBaaaM (3alKHstll, --ew); -ax (3alKHwlx), imperf. to live, to begin

to Jive
3aM6"1I, -IfW; 3aM6"lfx, perf., to
beseech, to ask, to pray
:le"CH, 3eAtHa, adj., green
")'N, "YN1.T. KYMoae, m., godfather
"YMa, r., godmother
K)'Ma-Mi:ca, f., children's name for a

r""

"YM'IO, m., dim. of tt)'N, K}'MiT. "YMOse godfather

KYM'Io-a"hA'IO, m., children'$ name
for a wolf
ril,l!H'IKa, f., dim. of riJ,ija house
"fro, "era, n., summer

CONVERSATION
Do you have air connection
with .... ?
Kora n3JI.HTa caMOAt!n.T aa .... ? When does the plane depart
for .... ?
BCeKlI AeH c lI3KJ1.IO<leHHe Ha He- Every day except Sunday.
I1MaTe

"VI

caMo"erHa Bpi.3Ka

c .... ?

AW.
3a Yrpe HRMaMe, "MaMe 3a a
Apyrn AeH.
Kora Tp.46aa Aa 6i.Aa ryK?
He paa6pax.

We don't have any for tomorrow, we have for day

after tomorrow.
When do I have to be here?
I did not understand.

At what time does the plane

depart?
lJJe nOA Y'lHM AH 3aKycKa B ca- Will we have a snack on the
MOAMa?
plane?
K'bAe Aa npeAaM 6ara)f{a CH?
Where do I check m my
baggage?
Kora Tp'iI'Ba napaXOA'bT 3a .... ? When does the boat for
depart?
KaKBO Aa B3eMa npoTltB MOp- What do I take for seasickcKaTa 60AeCT?
ness?
H amHiTe eAMH KOHHK, eAHa "'"- Take some cognac, a glass of
MOHMa.
lemonade.
He MH e Ao6pe.
I don't feel well.
C"L6YAeTe Me, KaTO Ha6AH)f{HM. Wake me when we are getting
near.

LESSON

Formation of the Imperfective Aspect The Perfect

Perfective verbs can be made into imperfective verbs by adding

one of the suffixes: -aM (-JIM), -BaM, -asaM (-ilBaM). E.g. Koi)f{a,
d.3BaM, to say; H3roPJ1, H3nipllM, to burn; Kynll, KynysaM (the
only verb in -ysaM), to buy; CKPHII, cKpHBaM, to hide. These
suffixes change only the aspect, not the basic meaning of the verb.
f.
The suffix -BaM is the most common of those given above
and is added to verbs of all (hree conjugations. We have seen
already KoUKa, Kcl3BaM, to say, and CKPMH, cKpHBaM, to hide. Other
examples are: nOAnHwa, nOAnHcsaM, to sign, Tp'irHa, Tpi.I'BaM,
to go, HaKapaM, HaKapBaM, to drive.

2. The suffix -ilBaM (-asaM after)f{, 'I, w, l,l!, and )f{A) is added to
verbs of the 2nd conjugation which have the accent on the last
syllable. E.g. npe6pos, npe6poRBaM, to count over, Harpw,
Harpalf\AaBaM, to reward.
3. The suffix -aM is added to a few verbs in the I st conjugation.
E.g. H3nAeTa, H3nAHTaM, to weave, H3peKa, H3pH'IaM, to express,
to speak, yMpa, yMHpaM, to die, B3eMa, B3eMaM, to take, HaMepll,
HaMHpaM, to find, HanpeAa, HanpHAaM, to progress.
Note: The root vowels "e" and "0" of the perfective become
u" and "a" in the imperfective. E.g. (in addition to the above)
u3CeKa, U3CH'IaM, to cut out, nOMorHa, nOMaraM, to h elp, CAO)f{a,
cAaraM, to place together. (B3eMaM is an exception, but the form
B3HMaM is not uncommon. ) When there is no vowel in the root
of the perfective, an -H- is inserted in the imperfective. E.g.
(in addition to YMpa, YMHpaM above) npocTpa, npocTHpaM, to
spread, cnpa, CmtpaM, to stop, c'bapa, C'b3HpaM, to see, perceive.
U

66

4. The suffix -JIM is added chiefly to verbs of the 2nd conjugation. E.g. H3roPR, H3rapJlM, to burn up, nOBT6pJl, n08TapJIM,
to repeat, H3MeHi, H3MeH11M, to exchange, IlAad, IlAaij!aM, to pay,
YAOB.tl, YA3.e11M, to hunt for, to find, H3rpaAJi, H3rpilKAaM, to build.

Examples:

mlTaM
mlllla

ped,

H6u
Noles: a) An -0- in the root ofthe' perftctive frequently becomes
-a- in the imperfective. Examples above, and also OTp6S.II,
OTpiBJlM to poison. But e.g. pacx6AJ1 (ce), paCX6JKAaM (ce) to
take a walk.
b ) Before -JIM the consonants "T and "Au are changed, to
"J,I!" and "JKA" respectively, after which -11M becomes -aM. In
addition to examples above, cf. npaTJI, npaij!aM, to send, POAR,
p3JK.AaM, to bear, give binh to, sHAR. BHJKAaM, to see.
U

5 Perfectives in -Ha sometimes change the root vowel -e- to -Jlin the imperfective. E.g. 6AecHa, 6,MCKaM, to glisten, AerHa,
AAraM, to lie, cMbHa, cMRTaM, to count, CeAHa, cliAaM, to seat
oneself, TpecHa, TpAcKaM, to shake.

6.

Foreign borrowings in -HpaM are regularly both perfective

and imperfective. E.g. TCAecpoHHpaM, to telephone.

It seems clear that -a- and to a less extent

-1I-

are characteristic
-0- a re

root vowels for the imperfective; whereas -e- and

AM
npoqeni.
AoseAa
A'bp)Ka
Hanp3.e11
n03HM
n030sa
sipHa

mtTaX
nRcax
peKOX
HOCHX
A3.AOX

npoqaox
AostAox
A'bP}Kax
HanpasHx
n03Hax
n0lOsax
S'bpHaX

m1:T3.A C'hM
nRc3.A C'hM
peK'bA C'hM
HOCHA C'hM
AaA C'bM
opoqe.... C'hM
AOSe.... C'hM
A'bP}K3.A C'hM
HanpasHA C'hM
Il03H3.A C'hM
n030S3.A C'hM
SiPH3.A C'hM

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

asked
wrote
said
carried
gave
read
led
held
did
recognized
called
returned

Note that -ft- in the participial ending is replaced by -e- before the -H of the plural. E.g. }KHSeJl, }KHBAX, }KRSflA, }KHBeAR.
The perfect presents a complcted past action as a present
accepted fact and is less definite, or less specific, and more general
than the aorist. It frequently h as the sense of the English present
perfect, presenting an event without references to context.
Example: KyoHA C'bM CH H6so n aAT6 I h ave bought a new
coat (simply a general statement, referring rather to the possession of the coat than to the buying of it). Kynux C lf H6so oaAT6
I bought a new coat (a specific act of buying a coat).

characteristic for the perfective.

The perfect is a compound tense made up of the aorist past

particle of the verb plus the present tense of "to be". The aorist
past participle is formed on the aorist stem by dropping the -x
of the first person singular of the aorist and adding the participial
endings -A, -Aa, -AO, -All. Aorist stems ending in -0 change the
-0- to 1> before the participial endings; verbal roots ending in -A
or -T drop the - A or -T before the -A- of the participle.

68

Note. Word Order

If the verb form is compounded the pronouns may come
between the auxiliary and the participle. In cases when the
com pound verb begins the sentence with the participle the
pronoun is inserted between the participle and the a uxiliary only
if the verb is in the 3d person singular.
Examples:
T" Mll ro e AaAa
A3 C1>M TlI ro AaA.
TlI C ll Mil ro AaA.

She gave it to me.

I gave it to you.
You gave it to me.

To~ Mil ro e AaA.

Te ce HII ro AM II.
n ooH<lBaAH cMe ro A06pe.
n03H<lBaAll ca ro A06pe.
n ooH.iBaA ro e A06pe.
AaA Mil ro e oTAaaHa.

He gave it to me.
They gave it to us.
W e knew him well.
They knew him well.
He knew him well.
H e gave it to me a long time ago.

EXERCISE 9 A
KaK ce K<l38are BHe? A3 ce K<l3BaM CrollH, a BHe? A3 ce Ka3BaM
M a pHSI. Mapltl'l roSOpll Ha CroIlH, lie Mai1:KaTa Ha MBaH Ka3Ba,
"Ie TO~ Allec e B CcxJ>HM. A3 He Mora Aa KaJKa, HO TaKa K<l3Ba ToA.
3Haere An , "Ie cera H!>IaMe HOBil pH3H H n aHTaAOHIl B Ma r a3HHa?
MCKaM Aa KynR poKAR 3a )l(eHa Mil. KOAKO CTpysa OHMII poKAR
TaM Ha BHTpnHaTa? ToA Kynysa lIaCOBHHK 3a np"JITeAKaTa Ha
ceCTpaTa Ha Y'lHTeAKa Ta. 6 YAIIAHHIC'bT CTOII Ha MacaTa npH
AerAOTO. B.IIpBa M, lie He e AaAeli AO CeAOTO. MO)l(eTe All Aa Ka)f{eTe K'bAe ce Ha MHpa cTaHUIIRTa? Til Ka3Baw, lie BH:lK,AaW wanKaTa Ha CTeHaTa. HaMepHx .II B KIIHOTO. BmKAaA C'bM .II H.IIKora.
BII:lK,A3.A1I All CTe ro Ha YAHUaTa? GrOIIH Mil .II e AaA oTAaBlIa.
ToA M'b'lHO ro HaKapBawe Aa 1I3Nl3aT 3aeAHo, HO HaKapawe All
ro BeAH'b)l(, CTOMH TplorBaWe II xOAew e 6'bP30. KapaTe All KOAa?
KapaM, pa3611pa ce, KaK lie! KaK Aa He KapaM! KaTO CRAawe Ha
CTOAa, ToA Ka3a, lie He HCKa Aa ceAHe, 3al,l!oro 6'bp3a. Hlle
CCAIIM Belle A'bAro BpeMe T}'Ka Ha CAHO MJlCTO. HHe B"bpBUMe
ner KHAOMeTpa, a nOCAe Aern axMe Aa noqllHeM. TaKa Ae)f{aXMe
UJlA 'lac B CRHKaTa Ha B'bp6I1Te KpaA peKaTa. Til Bce ol,l!e He
H3Kawe Aa AJlra it CToewe np aBa.

EXERCISE 9 B
As Enyo walks across the ploughed fields in the Spring he feels
the stre ngth of the la nd. In the middle of the field. o n a small
hill. stands a huge oak tree. Next to Enyo's field is his brother
I van's fin e m eadow. Iva n did not want to sell the m eadow to
Enyo, a nd Enyo was very troubled. The farmers make fun of
Enyo fo r his greed for land . One day Ivan goes to the field to cut
down the huge oak tree o n his m eadow, and Enyo sets out for
the ci ty. At lunc h (time) I van rests under the partly cut oak tree

70

and after eating h e falls asleep . Enyo returns across the fields
and past the oak tree where his bro ther is sleeping. Enyo lifts
up a big rock from a n earby pile and strikes his brother, but he
does no t kill him. After this h e cuts down the oak so tha t it
crashes ove r the body of his brother.

VOCABULARY
&A'fHOCT. f. greed (:)8,) for
fiy"ulAHHK. 6YAIiMrnWl, n um. form
6yA.KMtHKa, m . ala rm d ock
Mp3aM ; Mpaax, imperf., to walk or
go fast. to hurry
Mp30. adv . fast, quickly
aeAH'iolK, adv., once. one time
8l1TptlHa, f. show window (of a stOr!i)
.... p6A. f. willow
.... pxy. prep. on top of, onto
dpll&Mj dPBb:., imperf., to believe
A'I>6, A"1>MT, A'b6A. Ai.6oBe, num.
form , Ai.6a. m . oak tree
HIoO, man's name ; character in
story "300" by E..u!:H I1eAHH
3Ilcec.eH, 3aC~eHa, ppp. of 3aceKi,
3aCe'Itw, to cut part way through
to begin to cut, partly' cut through
33cnHa.uc (33cns. -HW) ; 3aCnH&aX
(3aCnb:.) , imperf., to fall asleep

( Hv.A3a, H3A6eW)

H3AH3aX

(H3Abox). imperf., to go out

d.a:aaw ce (n . . ce, -ew ce) ; Khaax
ce (d.3Ax ee), imperf. to be called
u.n.K, Uw-t.H H, m . stone
d.paw j d pax, imperf.. to d ri ve
(cattle or a ca r)
JUlAOloOlenp, KHAOloOltTpK, num. form
1OI-'01oOltrpa., kilomc:ter KKAOMenP'JoT, IUiAOMenpa, (articulated
forms)
KMO, XIIHa, n . kino. movie theat re,
movie
.pall:, prep. beside. next to
lIrPa'la, -IIW; Kpa'lHx. imperf. to wal k.
to stride
Kfn'lHHa, f. pile, heap
K"I>,lItro, conj., where
AcrA6, AerAa, n., bed
...eltlA, -Hw; ACJKliX, imperf., to be

lying down, to lie. to be in a lyi rig

position
... iraloOl (Atma. -ew) ;
(Al!rnax).
imperf. to lie down. to take a lyi ng
position (aorisl imperf. also ...erax)
MV.... K. MV.Ka. adj .. small, lillie
MapHI. woman 's name. Mary
MKHaaaM (IoIHlla. -ew) ; Mllubalt (MH.
lIaX), imperf., to go p asl, to pass
M'l>'1HO. adv., wilh difficu lty
Micro. Mec-ra, n., place
HadpUN (HaKipalol); HaKApsax (HaKipax), imperf., to force (d rive)
someone to do somel hi ng
66eA, m. , lunch. lunch time
OTMIIHa, ad v. , long ago. since a long
time
OTCH'!alol (OTCeKa, OTCe'ltW); OTCH'IaX
(OTdKOX), imperf., to eut down
naHTaA6l1K, m. pI. (li ng. rare).
IrOUJC:n
IlAiAHe. n . noon, lu nch time
nOA.Hrpa uloOI ce; nOAllrpaaax ee (Ita
It'KOro 3a H6,ijo), to mak e fun (of
somebody for something)
nOKpaA, p rep. next to. beside
n6cAc:. adv., arlerward.!
nO'lHB8M (nO'ililla, -ew); nO'!Hllalt
(nO'l Hltax). imperf. , to rest
npall, npaaa, adj . st ra ight. upright
n p6AeT, f., Spring
pa36Hpa ce, of coune
pa.36lipaloOl (Pa36epa. -I!w); pa36H pU
(pa36pax) , il1lperf., to und entand
pa3Opall, pa3opaHa. ppp. of pa30p!,
puopl!w, perf. 10 plough
p6KNI, f., dress
ce.d, -HW ; cwx, imperf., to be in a
silling posicion , to sit, 10 be sining
cli ... a, f. slrength

"".-ax

7'

cpe.a, prep., in the middle of, amidst

cri.aa wi.'1HO (Ha H'KOro or Hb:OJ,l)') ,
to be very troubled. I mpersonal

with dati ve or Ha plus the: noun.

craHWU, f., station
croaapaaw: cc (croe.aPJl ce, -HW eel;
croaJ.paax ce (cro.aPKX ee), to fa ll
with force, to crash (Ha) on
cbuca, ceHIUf, f., shadow
TJri.raaw (-rpi.nta, -em); TPiI'llh
(T'p'i.ntax), impc:rf., to set ou t, to
go

TOO, TeM, n., body

y6HBaw. (y6iU, y6Hem ) ; y6Maax
(y6Ibt) , impc:rf., to kill
YAPIM, -JlW (yAAp., -HW); YAPO:
(YAapKX) , impc:rf., to strike
X101.M, lCi.II.Ml>T, riAwOBC, m., hill
tl.U, Ilh-a, Ub.H, adj., whole
",ac68HKK, '1ac6e.HKUK, num.
'1ac6eIiHKa, clock, walch
"Yac'rBy&~u'; ~y&alC,

form ,

LESSO N

Demonstrative, I nterrogative,. Relative and

Indefinite Pronouns

impc:rf., 10

r~1

maruca, f., hal

DclDoastrad ve Prona.ms

CO NVERSATION

PLURAL

51NG lJLAR

Kora (l,IJe) 3a~IHH aBaTe ?

TIon'hAHere T63J.f cJloPMYAAp.
Ho i:J He M6ra.
AMiTe, a3 lYe BH ro non'i.AlUI.
KaK ce K3.3BaTe?
K'bAe J.f Kora cre poAeH (a) ?

Or KOA: crpaHa HABaTe?

flp" KOrO " 3a,,"6?
np" n03H3.TH (poAHHHH).
Aa ce AeKYBaM. H a nonlaKa.
H a eKcKYp3HR.
H 6Mep Ha nacn6pTa?
KaKB6 H6c~tTe ChC ce6e cn?
flpeHacsmeTo Ha Te3" Hel,l!a e
3a6paHeHo.
OcraBeTe aApeca. H~ie l,IJe rn
H3npan1M.

10

What is the purpose of you r

trip? (On w hat occasion a re
yo~ h ere?)
When will you depart?
Fill ~u t this questionnaire.
But I cannot.
Give it to m e, I shall fi ll it out
for you.
Wha t is your nam e?
Where and when were you
born?
From what country do you
come?
Whom are you going to visit
and w hy?
With frie nds (family).
For my health. O n a vacation.
O n an excursion.
The number of your p assport?
What do you have with you?
The carrying of these things is
forbidden.
Leave yOUI' address. W e shall
send them .

M ....

T<xm, T6R, this

Fern.

Ta:m, TaR

Neuter

TOBa

(all gendel"8)

6H3H, 611R., that

oHa:Hl:, oHaA
oHoBa

Te3H, THR
oHe3n, mUIR

Of t hese demonstrative pronouns only the m asculine and n euter

singular are susceptible of inflection, as follows:
Dat.
Ace.

TOMfaa
rorOBa

TOrOOU

OHorO:m

OHOMYBa
oHorOBa

T h ese declined forms are, however, used only as pronouns referring to definite persons, and even this use is becoming rarer.
I nstead of TOMysa and oHoMysa one uses lI a TOrOsa and Ha
oHOI'Osa.

Iaterrogatjve Pronouns
PLUR AL

SI NGULAR

who
M asc. KO'
Fern. KO'
Neut er KOe

whose

,u"
'IHS
'Iue

w hat sort
KariB
KaKBa
KaKfU)

w ho
KO"

(all genders)

whose
'IU"

w hat sort
KaKBH

Only the masculine singular of the interrogative Kofi is inflected :

d ative, KOMY; accusative, Kom.

72

73

Relative

AaBawe npHJITHa CJlMeTpHfI Ha AHUeTO

ProDOUll.

The r elative pronouns are form ed from the interrogative b y

adding -TO, which i s indeclinable: K6'ho, ~6To.
As in the case o f the interrogative, the relative KOmO is inflected as follows: KOMjro, KOroTO.

MY...

KoraTo >KCHa

My

rn.paaTa HOilJ 3a Dp-bB ITbT ro DHAlI. HaCTpDXHa H Tp1l6BaWe Aa

JI

romIT n o YAKUHTe, 3a Aa fI B'bpHaT ...

3aH.llTlteTO Ha ASIAO lisaH 6ewe A03apcrBO , HO TOA: ce 3aHHMasawe II C aABOKaTCTBO II C DQAHT"Ka. ToA: OT HaH-Han peA 6e wc
MI6ePaA, HO KaTO He My AaAoxa CAYJK6a, "M e HUQ AA'b>KHOCTTa,

IDdefiDite

a certain
anyon e
of some sort
such and such a

all
each, every
of all sorts
nobody
of no sort
of no body

KO.RTO aaeMaw e npuJlTeNIT MY, ToA MURa B KOHcepBaTHBHllll harep

ProDOUllS

HRKOA
KoA Aa e
HRKaK'hB
eAH-KoA
BCUlIKHwr
BceKH
BdKaKOB
HHKoA
HHKaKOB
HH<mA

EXERCISE

10

HiKOJl
KOH Aa e
HHKaKBa
eAH-KoH
BCU'IKaTa
BCHKa
sdKaKBa
HHKOJI
HHKaKsa
HH'I"JI

HiKoe
Koe Aa e
HHKaxao
eAH-Koe
BCH<lKOTO
BciKo
BdKaKBO
HHKoe
HHKaKBO
HH'IHe

HHKOH
KOII Aa ca
HRKaKBH
eAH-Kou
BCH'IKH
BCU'IKH
BcHKaKBH
HHKOR
HHKaKB"
HH'IHH

A,aKHTO HMawe eAHH BepeH npHRTeA. BHKaxa ro AJlAO MBaH.

BHKaxa ro 0ll\e TIecor AaBejJ'hT. Ho n OHOKe Ta3H 3a6eAe.lftHTeAHa
AHQHOCT ~e Hrpae Sa.lftHa POI\JI B p a3Kaaa MH, TO a3 lJ!e Ha06pa3J1
no-eApHTe My 'IepTH. npHRTeAJIT Ha A,aKHTO, UpH BCH<lKO <Ie ro
Ha30BaBaxa AJlAO, 6ew e OJ,Ue MAaA, Ha TPH~\ceT H TpH roAnHH.
A ereHAaTa K<\3Ba, <Ie ToA nJY!>B uyCHa 6P3Aa B TOJI rpaA H OT Tosa
BCH'IKHTe rpa.>KAaHH, MaAO H roARMO, 3axBaHaxa Aa MY Xa3BaT
A,IIAO l'baH .. J.iCTHHCkOTO My HMe, rocnoAHH I1:BaH A cn a3HeBH<I
AOPMHAOACKH, 6ew e H3BeCTHO caMO Ha Hero. EpaAaTa Ha 4l1AO
I1:saH .. nOKpltBaWe URAOTO My AHUe, C H3KA1O'IeHHe Ha se.lftAHTe,
O'lHTe " rpaM<l,4HHfI My HOC. YCTaTa MY ce nOKpHBaxa OT My CTaUHTe, C'hB'hpWeHO CAeHH " OTO>KAeCTBeHH c 6p3AaTa ... Eo>Ke
NoA, xaKBa 6p<lAa! f'hCTa, A'bAra, CnA'bCTeHa, HenpoHHUaeMa, T.II
These fornu are used only with the article. Examples: Toft wnM: acflqKal'll 110M II 'laWal'll. H e drank all the water in the glass. (or TOft K3nM:
uiAaTa 'dwa). Toft KanH IJCK-orKI{ dwu H e drank all the water in all the
glaues. (Which abo means " he drank every glass" because one cannot say
TOft HWI\: aciKa '1awa.) One can also say TOft ImnH BCH'IKK_ 'Iaft or IIC",,KOTO Ka~ II 'Iawan. H e drank a ll the tea, or aU the coffee in the glass.

II ce 06KBH CM'bpTe H Bpar H a A U 6ePaAHOTO npUHTeACTBO ...

1'lsaH Ba30B

adapted from
EXERCISE
I.

2.

S.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
g.
10.

u.
12 .

10

" MtlT~aH II ......OPMHAOACKII

..

I see your (both sing. a nd pl. ) house. (Two ways!)

His father is stronger than mine.
I love my father.
My sister sees her brother.
The good man is here.
I see the good man.
My house is beautiful.
Is that house yours or his?
This book is mine and not yours.
Whose book is this?
What book are you reading?
Whom do you l ove?
What sort of man i s h e?
I love the good worker whom the workers love.
The man whose village I see i s in this room .

V O CABULARY
6paAa, f., chin , beard
."b(eH, lILKHa, adj., imporlant
K)K.Aa, f., eyebrow
.epeH, tuipHa, aipHo, atpHM , adj.,
loyal, true
aKJUlM j BHKaK, imperi., 10 call
apar, voc. apa)f{e, IJparoBt, m., enemy (articulalcd forms, s panr,
opara)
.
.
roHJI, -HW, rol'utx, imperi., to driVe

rpa~MeH,

rpaw.!AKa, adj., huge.

"ery large
r"I>CT, ri.cTa, adj., thic k
w~:i.)KHOCT. f., duty
~A"'P' CApa, adj ., big, large
3a6eAe)f{l'iTeAeH, aa6eAC)l( M:TCAHa,
adj., remarkable, noteworthy
3a~Malol (3abla, -ew) j 3a~MaX (3a~x),
imperf., to take
3aIlH""baM ce (aaHHMb ce, 3aHI{-

75

uaem ce); 3aKHMi.Bax ce (uKKNAx

ee), imperf., to occupy oneself, to
do
uKiTlle, n., occupation
saxNJ,WUI (aaxUHa, -ew); 3axUJ,WlX
(~Hax) , imperf., to begin
~, K3Kema, adj., known
K3KAJ(1'1eHHe, n., exception
H306puDa.u (HmpuI, -HW) ; H306pa3Da.x (m06pa3Jtx) , imperio to
express
li.w:eKHo, adv., that is, n amely, thus
HCTKHCXH, tiCTKKcKa, adj., real
-'li.rep, m ., camp
.o.M'IHOCT, r., person, personality
...03i.pcreo, n., vine growing, vi ticulture
wyCTi.x, wycrau.H, m., moustache
Ha:sosaUM (Ha3Qlli., - ~w ) ; Ha30saaax
(Ha30sax), imperf., to call
Hacrpi.nalol (Hacrpi.xHa, -em) ; Hac!p1.XlIax (lIacrp'i.xllax), imperf.,
to be frightened
HenpoHlluaelol, lIertpoHIlu.aeMa, adj. ,

impenetrable

MaTe AH TeAe4>6H, acaHcb6p,

6aHJI?
npoBepbe no TeAe$6Ha BAPYnlTe XOTCAH.
H a kOA eTa>K?
Aa BII AaM AH nacnopTa CH?
KOAKO Bp<:Me I.u<: OCT:llleTe ryk?
Il!e Aot\Ae All HlikOA Aa MH nok3.>Ke CTfuITa?
Il!e AOiiAe All HllKoii Aa Mit noMome 3a 6ar;i>Ka?
A.Hhe Mil KAlO'I.
I1Ma AH TonAa nOAa?
CB066Alla All e 6alUITa?
Cl.6YAeTe MC B .... qaca.

II

060nax ee (06Ill1Jtx ee) , imperf.,

to announce oneself, to d eclare

onoelf
OT'OJIO:AecnsClIa, adj.,
identified, identical
n ecorAi..eell, m., "Dog's Head"
nOfCpliBaM (nofCpli_, nOKpHem); noKp.max (noxpJtx), imperf., to cover
nOH~JKe, conj. , because
npa1l~, n., gOveTllment, administration
nyCKaw or ny~ (nyCHa, -em) ;
nycUx or nylJ,!ax (nycHax), imperf., to loose:, 10 let
pOAK, f., role
CUH, WHa, CMHO, o.~HH , ppp. of
o.~", o.eew , to pour together
CMi.preH, CMi.pn!a, adj., mortal
CIIA~H, CIIA'loCTi:lla, adj., tangled
C'bB'1opm~IIO, adv., completely
'1epri., r., line, 'feature
pbKa3, m., story
OTOlI(Accreell,

CO NVER SATI O N
IbtaTe AU cdJl C CAHO AerAO?

LESSON

06ABiaaw:: ee (0601 ee, -Hw ee);

Do you have a room with a

single bed?
Do you have a telephone, elevator, bath?
Try the other hotels by telephone.
On what floor?
Shall I give you my passport?
H ow long will you stay here?
Will someone come to show me
thc room?
Will someone come to help me
with the baggage?
Give me the key.
Is there hot water?
Is the bath unoccupied?
Wake me at .... o'clock.

Numerals

ORDINAl

CAR DIN A L

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

eARH,eAHa, eAHO, eAHR

ABa, ABe
TpH
'1erHpn
neT
UleCT

n-bpBU
BT6pH
Tpern
'ICTB-bPTH
nenl
WeeTH

c~eM

C~M U

oceM

OCM H

AeBeT
Aecer
eAlm aikeT (eAHHiAeCeT)
12 ABaHaiiceT (ABaHMeceT)
13 TpHHMl:ceT (TpIIHiAeCeT)
14 'IeTlfpuHaAceT ('IeTUPUHMeCeT)
15 neTHaAceT (neTHiAeCeT)
16 w eCTHaiiCeT (weCTHMcCeTH)
17 CC,AeMHaiiceT (cC,AeMHaAeCeT)
18 oceMHaitCeT (oceM H3.Ae-

ACBerll
Aecern
eAHHaiiceTlI (eAlfHiAcCeTlI)
ABaHaficeTlI (ABaHiAeCeTH)
TplIH anCeTH (TpHH3.ACCeTH)
'1eTllPHlIMiceTH ('IeTHpIlHiACCeTu)
neTHaficeTu (neTliiAcCeT11 )
WCCTHaAceTlI (wCCTH3.ACCeTH)

CeTH)

19 AeBCTUaiiceT (AeBeTHaAeCeT)
20 ABaitCeT (AB3.AeCeT)
21 ABaficeT If eAllH (AB<lAeceT H eARH)

ABaAceTH (ABaAeceTII)
ABaAccT " ni.pBu (.~BaAeceT u
ni.pBu)

77

r
go TPHACeT (TpHAeCeT)
40 qempHAceT (qenipHAeca)
50 neTAecet'
60 weAcet' ( weCTAec~)
70 ceAeWAecer
80 oceMAecer
go AeBeTAecb
100CTO
101 CTO H CAnH
200 ABecTe (ABeCTa)
300 TpHCTa
400 qbHPHCTontH
500 nrcroTHH
600 weCTCTOTHH
700 ciAeMCTOTHH
800 6ceMCTOTHII
900 MBeTCTOTHH
1000 xHAJi:Aa
2000 ABe XIiAR.AH
I million, MHAlI6H
I billion, MHAHaPA, 6HAH6H

TPHAcern (TPHAecern)
'IenipHAcern (qeTHpHAecem)
neTAecbH
weAcem (wecTAeceTH)
ceAeMAecet'H
oceM,Aecem
AeBeTAecbH
cTCrreH, -Ha
CTO II n1.pBH
ABycTOTeH, -Ha
TpHcToTeH, -Ha
lIbU:PHCTOTeH, -Ha
ntrcroTeH, -Ha
weCTCTOTeH, -Ha
ce.a:eMCTOTeH, -Ha
6ceMcTOTeH, -Ha
AeBeTCToTeH, -Ha
xliAxAeH, -Ha
ABrxHAJl,<'t eH, -Ha
MHAH6HeH, -Ha
MHAHaPAeH, 6HAH6HeH, -Ha

Notes:
I. " One" has different forms for the mase., fern., and neuter
singular, and a form for the plural which is used with all three
xenders. "Two" has a form for the masc., a nd a form which is
used for the fern. and neute~r. All the other cardinal numerals
are indeclinable.
2. Note theshift in the accent of"thousand" from the singular
to the plural.
3 After the cardinal numerals the feminine nouns use the
common plural in -H ; masculine nouns use the second plural in
-a or -Jl ; and neuter nouns which can have a plural in -eTa use
that plural.
4 After compound numerals ending in " one" the singular of
the noun is used. The cardinal CAHH takes the article like an
adjective : eAHHH.IIT, eAHHH.II, eAHha, eAH6TO, CAHHTe.

1
5. The cardinals ABa, ABicra, and TPHCTa, and the persona l
collective numerals (see below) use the postpositive article -Tot.
T he other cardinals use the postpositive article -Te. Except for
"ABa", " ABe", and "TpH", the articulated forms of the cardinal
numerals have the accent on the article.
Examples : lIentpHTe, nem, meCTTI!. XHAiAa, MH.AH6H and
NHAHaPA are a rticulated as nouns.

6. Note that in compound numbers the conjunction "H" is

always used before the last numeral.
7. The ordinals follow the same rules as adjectives.
Collective NwneraJs

,
\

T he collective numerals are as follows:

2
ABaMa
(ABaMHHa)
3 TpHMa
(TpHMHHa)
4 lIeTHp (lf)Ma
('leTHpMHHa)
5 nenhta
(nentHHa)
Notes:
I. Similar collectives are used for 6-g inclusive, but they are
much less common. The forms in -MHHa are not frequent.
2. For 2, 3, and 4 there are also forms: ABOHUa, TPOHUa ,
'IeTB6pHua, which a re also rare.
All these collective numnals are UJed only jor tnilSculiru: persons. They
are followed by the regula r plural fo rm. E. g. ABaMa M'Jo)f(e,
TPHMa pa66THHUH.

E XE RCISE

II

8 y'lHAHt,geTO HMa ABcueCeT (.~l'Iat\ceT) H eAHH Y'leHHK. YqeHHUHTe OT HaWeTO ytlHAHt,ge "MaT no ABe KHHrR. KOAJ(O MaCH HMa
B Taau craJl? 8 Ta3" CTaJI. HMa 'IeTHpUH3AeceT (lIeTHpHHaikeT)
MaCH. KOAKO BOAa HMa KpaA TBoeTO CCAO? He 3HaJi TO'IHO KOAKO
HMa, HO M"CAJI lie HMa AeceT BOAa B nOAeTO H ABaHa,AeCeT (ABaHaActT) B ropH'IKaTa. ,4BaAeceT (ABaAceT) VI neT Y'leHHKa OTHsaT
B Co<pIUI. T oA BHAJI cecTpa CH VI ABaMa pa60THu",H. ,4BaMaTa
pa60rnnult ca HaA-A06pHTe NOMUH B Ham"JI rpaA.
79

VOCABULARY
1ICA.lIli.lK, adv., once, once upon a
BeAHa:lK

Aaaap

.un,

nooma CooJl }"lUTe>..: "YqHTeAIO, KaK Aa ce

'pi.!pM (rlpHa, -ew); api,JWix (np.

!fix), imperf., to return, to give
bad<
ropiAxa, r., grove
Aoxhaaw (AOKUta, -ew) ; AOd38ax
(Aox.i3ax), imperf., to prove
:saripUlllaW (3arlpma, -HW) ; 3a.i.puaax (3arlpWHX), imperf., to
finish
3aIlO~ (3alloaiAaw) ; 3alloa.Aox (3an08Max), imperf., to order
Aaaap, ma n's name, Lazarus
"ttHO, adv., ~i1y
~po, adv., wisely
HarlH, adv., outside
HI.3iA, adv., backwards, back

Hay<la Aa rosopJl M'hAPO?" "Muoro ....ecHO. Aaaape," OTrOBOpH

Y"HTeNIT.

"n OCTaBIf

B yCTaTa en 'TpHMa n3:)a"W, KaKTQ npaBJIT

M'hApUTe xopa. HhpSUJIT OT TJIX l,I&e 3anHTBa BClIKa AYNa, KOJITO

Hexa Aa H3.Ae:Je OT YCTaTa TH: 'flpaBAHBa AU CM?' - l.I!e mtTa roA.

AKa AYMaTa He MO)l{t A3 AOKruKe, 'Ie e "pUAHSa, n aaa'l'hT I!!e

BP'bI,ija Ha3aA. B TOplfAT Daaa'll,lJe

JI

$I

nma : ' H e06xOAHMa Aif C~I?'

Aka AYMaTa He AOKa)l(e, <U: HaHCTHHa e no"Ipe6Ha, na33.<I'hT lUe It

aanOBJIABa Aa ce B"hpHe. AKa AYMan PAHHe lllaCTAHBO Kpafi THJI
ABa n aaa<m, OTHB3 0P" TpeTH1I.

ToA

IJ!C R 3anHTBa;

'E,

AYNO,

T" y'ITHBa A U CM?' AKO T.II MQ)f(e Aa OlTOBOpH C'hPAC'lHO;

y<lTH8a C1>M,' CaMO Torasa Da3a"l"bT Q!C "

'Aa,

DOOBOAKBa Aa H3.ACae

HaRDH OT YCTaTa. ETO, Aa3ape, xaKBO Tp.ll6Ba Aa "paBUlll, 3a Aa

ce HaY'lHw MDAPO Aa roBOpHW!" aaB'I>plUH y<l"TeAJlT.

EXERCISE

II

I. Every year I go to Sofia. 2 . I have two apples and five pears.

3. There are two soldiers in my village and five workers in your
city. 4. H e said: I saw fifteen men in each room. 5. Write a
letter to Stojan! 6. Do you know what this is? 7. I have fiftyone books in my house; how many do you have? 8. How many
of (aT) those books are green? g. There a re twenty-six green
books that are good . 10. You can see eighteen soldiers and
cighty women workers every day. J I. I can do what you wish .
12. He gives her a good book to read. 13. Can you say that ?
14 How are you today? Fine, thank you. 15. M y sister knows
what to say to him. 16. I am going to the theater with a friend
of mine. 17. One book is not enough. We must have two. 18.
Where is your good hat? Ig . .My black hat is still good.. 20.
Fifty-five men cannot lift that big stone. 21. Read the twentythird book. 22. Do you know to whom I sha ll give my answer?
23 The best man and the best woman a re better than all others.
24 Do you see tha t table? There is nothing on it that you can
take. 25. He will write nineteen books every year.

80

I
I

He06xoAHM, He06xOAHua, adj., necessary, indispensable

fJa3.i", m., guard, sentinel
n038OA.b.aM (1I03&O-U, 'Kw); 1103IIOWax (n()3Jl()Alix), impcri., to
allow
nocra.xM (noeriu:, -HW); nocrie/IX.
(nOCT"iISIIX), imperf., to put, to
place
narpC6cH, norpefiHa, adj., necessary
np~, npaa,.uiaa, adj., just
np!u:, npUKW ; npAlHx, imperf., to)
do, to make
npAe..Ko, ad v., hea rtily
ycra, f., mouth
)"ITHIS, Y'fTKIIa, adj., polite, courteous
ll!aCTAKBO, adv., happily, rortunately

CONVERSATION

I
)

HCKaMAa J.tanp3.TJI rosa mlCwo.

Ta:lH KapTH'IKa.
KaK J,Qe ru lfanpaTlITe?
C o6lfKHos(:Ha nOl:l!a liAR C B"h3AywHa nOl,l!a?
npenOp-l.'IaHO liAR 06HKHoBeHo?
HMaTe Alf OARKoBe H MapKH?

K"bAe e nOl,l!eHCKaTa KynlJI?

K"bAe e ruwe-ro 3a KOAe-rH?
HCKaM Aa H3npaTJI TOO" KOAe-r.
MMaTe AH paapeweHHe OT Mlh HH\laTa?
Eea paapellleliHe aT MHTHHuaTa
He MOJKe.
H a Moll aApec uMa KOAe-r.

I want to send this letter.

this postcard.
How will you send them?
By regula r mail or by airmail?
R egistered or regular?
Do you have envelopes and
stamps?
Where is the window for foreign
mail?
Where is the post box?
Where is the window for
packages?
I want to send this package.
Do you have a permit from the
customs?
You cannot (send it) without a
permit from the customs.
There is a package fo r me.

8,

ltauul

,4a

ro nOAfqa.

A06pe AaJiT. C"W61116<.ero

nacn6pTa CM.

I want to pick it up.

All right. Give me the notice
and your passport.

LE SSON

12

The Pluperfect - The Future Perfect

The Pluperfect (MHHaAO npeABapHTeAHo BpeMe)

The pluperfect is a compound tense formed by the imperfect of
"to be" plus the aorist past participle of the verb.
Examples: 6HX nHTftA
6HX OHCftA
6HX peK"}'A
6HX H6cHA
6JlX AaA.
6xx npoqeA
6JlX AOBeA
6HX A'bP}l(ftA
6HX HanpaBHA
6xx n03HiA
6HX n030B::iA
6HX Bi.pHiA

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

had asked
had written
had said
h ad carned
had given
h ad read
had led
had held
had done
had recognized
had call ed
h ad returned

As in other languages the pluperfcct expresses action in the

past which took place before other action in the past. Example:
MY:JHKaTa 6ellle npeCTaHaAa, a lllyMi.T 6ellle )'THXH<lA, KOraTO
BH.ltRX AeB6tiKaTa. The music had stopped and the noisc had
ceased, when I saw the girl.

The Future Perfect

(6i.Ac~e

npeABapHTeAHo BpeMc)

The future perfcct is formed by l,I!e plus the perfect tensc of the
verb.

8.

Examples: l,1!e C"hW

l,1!e C"hM
l,1!e C"hM
l,1!e CbM
l,1!e CDM
l,1!e CDM

mhiA
n"ciA
pCK'hA
HOCHA
AaA
npoqiA

I
I
I
I
[
I

shall
shall
shall
shall
shall
shall

have
have
have
have
have
have

asked
wrtiten
said
carried
given
read

The future perfect is used to express an action in the future

which will be completed before some other action in the future.
Example: WBaH I,l!e e H30pa.... H"BaTa, KOraTO MY AOHecaT 66eAa.
J ohn will have fini shed ploughing the field, when they bring
him his lunch.
The negative is HA:Ma Aa plus the perfect tense of the verb.
Example: HiMa Aa C'bM npoqb,

[ shall not have read.

Hay<na, qe e 3aMHllaA 3a Cot".. MHCAHX, qe ca craHaAR

no-y"olH. KoraTo cmmax B ~HJI, npeACTaBAeHHJITa Ha one-paTa 611Xa npHIUI.IOQHAH. oitx Hay<uu.. CTHXOTBOpeHHeTO, HO Beqe
He co nO).lHJI. KoraTO HAa naK B O'hArapHJI, a3 l,1!e CDM HanHCaA
KHHraTa 3a )KiIBOTa H TBopqeCTBOTO Ha MeaH Ba30B. KoraTo
AoAAew y AOloia (8K'h,,"H). a3 l,1!e C'bM ce BDpHaA OT ~3AeT Ha
BHTowa, KDAeTO CMJlTaM Aa npeKapaM npa3HUXa, T.e. HeAeNlTa.
npeAH H:mecrHO BpeMe )KHBeeJC. y eAM" MoA crap npHJlTeJ\,
rHMH33HaAHHJIT yqHTeA X . B KDl,ijaTa 611XMe qereopul.la: npHR-

TeNIT MH. )KeHa MY, no-MaAKHJIT My 6paT, KoAro )KHBeeWe B

eAHa TRCHa CTaHua Ha MaHcapAaTa - H 33. CKOPO, 06a'le, 6paTbT
3aMHHa B npoBHHuwrra H npHJlTeNIT MH CAO)KH 06J1BAeHHe B
BeCl1fHu,HTe: AaBa ce DOA HaeM Mo6eAnpaHa CTaR 33 BD3paCTeH
THX rocnoAHH. A ABa AeHa CAeA TOBa " BD3paCTHHJIT THX rocnoAHH" 6ewe ce JtBHA, xapecaA H HaCA CTaJITa.

EXERCISE A
EXERCISE B
Koft He e CAyWaA 3a 3HaMeHHTHJI 6pDCHa p OT rp3A ConOT?
BeeKH, Ko~ho e MH.HaA OTraM HAll npocTO ce e p33COeapJIA. B
np33HlITe CH '1acoee npH eeCeAO HaCTpoeHHe C HJlKOft )KHTeA OT
ConOT, HenpeMeHHO e '1yA Hel,1!o 3a X3A)KH AxHA (33 Tbft ,,"e
co HapH'IaM) .
BpeA. OTAeTO e MIUlaBaA CAenHRT neCHonoeu H apTlICT KOA'IO,
OCTaBHA e HJllCaKBa npHK33Ka HAH aHeKAOT 3a MOR repoA.
A KOA'Io e IThyYe3,A HaBCJlK"'hAe.
KOAKO BeceAH CD6paHHJI e 33HUMaBaAa AH'IH0CTf3 H CTpaHHOCTHTe Ha X 3,4)K1t AXHA!
KOAKO AyXOBHTH H3peqeHHJI Ha XaA)KH AXHA 06HK3AJIT H3
06l,l!ecTBoTo!
OGUK3AJIT 11 ce J.13ry6BaT Ge3 CAeAa.
3allJOTO X3AJI<.H AxliA e eAHH 6eAeH 6pDCHap. eAuH BHA nOAyrpaMOTeH ~Hr3 PO, KOitrO e 'leA caMO C'bHOTbAKOBaTeAJI, MapnrH
33AeKa, H 6u6AHJlTa, He 3anHCBa TOea, KOeTO pa>KAa O.aeaTa MY.
H He 'I)'BCTB)'Ba CHAHO )KeAaHHe 3a 6e3CM'bpYHOCT npH 8CH'IKOTO
Cn y6e)f(AeHHe, 'Ie e roARM 'IOBeK.
1/lDaH B330e - 1t3 "X3AJKH AXHA"

I. When my friend's brother had moved to the province, an

unknown ma n hired his room. 2. It was a.little room in Peter's
house. 3. His brother had risen before sunrise. 4. Fifteen days
after this I met him in the corridor and greeted him. 5. When
I had greeted him, [ asked him how he was. 6. It seemed to
him that everything was well. 7. He told Stoyan that his
sister's fri end had appeared some time ago. 8. [was living with
my sister. 9. He had already talked with J ohn when [ saw him.
10. Can you tell me where the station is located? II. If we
meet on Thursday, 1 shall return the book to you, because I
shall already have read it. 12. Will you appear on Wednesday
for examination? [ don't know whether I shall have prepared
myself well. 13. At one o'clock [ shall not yet have had lunch ;
10 come later.

VOCABULARY
6tAeH, 6eAHa, adj., poor, wretched,
ffiUeuble

r. t immortali ty
6J1l>CHap. 6P'loCHapn, voc. 6P'1>cmiplO,
m., barber
Btce.o., stce.o.a, adj., merry, happy
.&;nmK, BtcrHHIlH, m., newspaper
lilIA, BH"ri.T, nurn. form IlitAa, m.,
sort, kind ; aspect, appearance
BpeA. adv., everywhere
ri.3paCttH, Iri.3paCTHa, adj., grown
up, adult
6e3cvi.pntOCT,

rep6A, repOlIT, repOlI, m ., hero

nDOIa31'IlU CH, nlMHaallma, adj. , of

t he gymnasium
rAau, r.t head
A)'XOIIHT, Ayxo8lha, adj., witty
e.U, eA.hc, imperativcs; come
""WH HC, n., wish , d esire
~, 'IUITeAfl, m., inhabitant
3aHHMaBaM

(aaHHMb , 3aIIHMaclu) ;

3aHllloIbax (3aHHMax). irnpcrf. 10

occupy, to entertai n
saml:cBaM (aarlltWa, 3amlwew); 330nHCBax (3anHcax), imperf., to
write in (a book), to register
3HaMeJIIIT,
3HalolcllI",a, adj., well
known
Ibrpell CAl.HUC:,

sunrise

H3ry6!1aM (H3rY6.11, -HW) ; " 3ry6aax

(H3rj6I1X) , imperf., to lose H3ry&

ce, to be lost
Ha.>.er, m ., excursion
lf3nHT, m. , examination
1t3C'1bm e, n ., a se:ntence:
1(0PKA6p, m ., corridor
waHdpAB, f. a uie
wo&:...HpaH. wo&:...HpaKa. a dj ., furnuhed
"UcAKloAC, ad v., everywhere
...aew, m ., rent nOA m!.OoI, for rent
..aewaw (Haewa, -ew) ; lIa t ..ax (Haa.
aor. pl. Ha6\), to take, to hire
Hapll'law (Haped, HaC'l t ru) ; Hapll'lax (HaptKOX, Hapt .. e). imperf.,
to call. to name
ltaC"l"pOtHHe, n ., mood
..CAe......, f., Sunday
&aM

86

apUutOCT. f., peculiarity

~HIft:, n., gathering
HenO:IH:h, Henoomha. adj . unknoWJ"l
lIenpeMeHllo, adv . unquestionably
06HK:i.N!M (06Hl(o ..... -HW) ; 06HKUn
(06HI(OAHx) , imperf., to ci rculate.
to encircl e
06I,lJCCTIIO, n. , society
06lD1Ab me, n ., advertisement, notice:,
announce:ment
06iAaaM; 06~, imperf. . to eat
lunch
0CTiuw (ocriu, -HW) ; ocrian
(0C"I""6.8IfX), imperf., to leave (tr.)
OTAtTo. conj . where. whence
0TJ"l!.M, adv., from there. thence
necHOn6e~, llCCIIon6AuH, m ., singer
n03,4pa8iBaw (nooapaBJi, -lIW) ; nooApaaieax (nOOApaJIHx ), imperf., to
greet
nOAyrpaw6TCH, nOAYl1lllMOrna, adj.,
ha lf literate
npA3H HK, np3.3HHUH, m . h oliday
nptACTaBAeHHe. n.. representation,
show. performan ce
npedpBaM; npeclpllM, imperf., to
spend (time)
npHJ(a3Ka, f. , short story, anecdote
npHKA!O'IBaM (npHKA!O .. a, -HW) ; npH_
KA.o ..aax (npHKA.o .. HX ), imperf.,
to close
npolIIDtwu", f. , province. provinces
np6cro, adv., simply
pa*Aaw (po, -IIW) ; P&*Aax (poAiIx), imperf., to give birth to, to

b""
pa3r0a3.plDC ce (Pa3l"066p.. ce, _HW
ce) ; paaI"OBli.pllX ce: (Pa3ros6PIIX
ce), imperf., to converse with
CAW, f. consc:quence
oJ. raw (u.6)1(3, -HW) ; oJ.rax (CAO)J(I\x), imperf., to place
CAi.Hue. n ., sun
C6nOT, m., name oftown in Bulgaria.
birthplace of Ivan Vazov
cpiAa, f., Wednesday
cral1 ua, f., little room
craaaw (ernHa, -ew) ; criBax (craHaX) , imperf., to stand. to become
cnnC:OTBopeHHe, n ., VCrlICII. poetry

_lIT. VOC. -10. m.,

interpre ter of dreaID5
TtceH, d Clta, TtiCHO. TtcHH. adj. ,
narrow
n6p'lCCTBO, n., work, worn
TlIX, TKxa, adj., quiet
nil, adv., thus
CWtOTloJl.Ka.aTU,

y6eM.AbtHe, n ., idea, thought, conviction

)'weH, YwHa, adj., se:nsible. wise:
xapta.aw (upecaw:), xapl:aax (uptcax). imperf., to like
'1enri.pnoK, m., Thursday
'1yaa.. (qya, -ew) ; '1jB:b (")'X, '1)') ,
imperf., to hear

CONVERSATION
OrK"bAe M6ra Aa OOAJI TeAe~
HeH pi3roBOp c ... . ?
MCKaM Aa rooopll C .. .. B ....
qaca.
Ka)Kae Tplhe CH "MeHa, aApeca H AO Kor6 Aa ce H3npaTlI
nQKaHaTa.
H CKaM p.broSOP"hT Aa I51.Ae
06HKHoBCH .

In.P3.
CBeTK.3.BHqeH.
uaTe neTH a~keT MHHpH npeAK pi3roBopa.
K"JoAe ca TeAeHHHTe Ka6uHH ?
AAo, KOro ripcHTe?
AAO, KoA e Hacpe'1!a?
r OBOpere n6-BHooKo ("6-HIICKO).
MH6ro ce pwa", 'Ie Il!e ce
BKAHM.
K"hAe MU nOAaBaT TeAer-p.3.MH?
AaATe M" 6AaHKa.
H CKaM Aa "3np.3.TJI 06HKHoBeHa
(6i.p3a, CBeTKaBHQHa ) TeAerpaMa.

Where can I make a telephone

call to .... ?
I want to ta lk with ... al . .. .
o'clock.
Tell me your three names, your
address and with whom you
wish to speak.
I want the call to be
regular.
rapid.
express.
Come fifteen minutes before the
call.
Where are the telephone
boxes?
Hello, with whom d o you wish
to speak?
H ello, who is speaking?
Speak more loudly (more

softly).
I am very happy that we shall
see one another .
Where does one send telegrams?
Give me a blank.
I want to send a regular (rapid,
express) telegram.

LESSON

13

The Future in Past Time The Conditional - Conditions

posed of the imperfect ofl,Qa plus Aa plus the perfect of the verb.
E.g. IJ!n: Aa C'hM qeA. I would have read. This tense is also very
rare.
The Coaditioa.al Mood (YCA08HO HaKAOHCHHe)
The Conditional Mood. is made up of the following forms of
"to be" plus the aorist past participle of the verb.
6tbcMe
6HXTe
6Hxa

6""

6.
The Future in Pa.t Time (lii.Ael,ije 8peMe 8 MHHaAOTO)
The Future in Past Time is formed from the imperfect of the
verb lJ!a plas Aa and the present tense of the verb. The imperfect
of!!!a is:

6.

The Conditional of "to write" is then:

6ax nHcM
6" nHcM
6H \Ul:cM

6HxMe nHcAA"
6HXTe nHcMH
6Hxa nHcMu

The enclitics may be inserted between 6HX and the participle.

The future in Past Time of "to write" is then:
Aa nHwa
lJ!eWe Aa nHwew
I1!twe Aa nHwe
J,WlX

Example: lime MY
qybc:Me Aa nHweM
I,IJJ[XTe Aa nHWeTe
qybc:a Aa nHwaT

The Future in Past Time indicates an action which is future to

some past action or some past point in time.
Example: IlYoc Aa OTifAa Ha TeaTbp CHO!!!H, HO BaAeWe A"hllCA.
I was about to go (I would have gone) to the theatre last night,
but it rained.
The negative of the Future in Past Time is composed of the indeclinable HRMa we plus Aa plus the present tense of the verb.
Example: HliMawe Aa qed. I would not have read.
Gram,marians also recognize a form of this tense (Future in
Past Time) which is composed of the indeclinable particle l,ije
plus the imperfect of the verb. E.g. lI!e qedx I shall have read.
This form of the tense is rare.
There exists also a Future Perfect in Past Time which is com-

88

1'0

AaA. I would give it to him.

The Conditional occurs chiefly in hypothetical conditional clauses

(see below) and in some polite circumlocutions.
Exa mple: AKo CH HaMep. (6HX HaMepHA) Apynip, 6HX ontW'loA
c YAoBoAcnme AOBeqepa Ha Te3.Tbp.
If I find (should find) a companion, I would gladly go to the
thea tre this evening.
The U.e oflm.perCectives ia -BaM to Indicate Hypothetical
Future
Imperfectives in -BaM will occasionally be found with the sense
of future possibility, if certain conditions are met. Such usage
is half ~ay between a future and a conditional. It is rare.
Examples: Op3.BAM, aKO He BaAR.
I shall be glad to plough, if it does not rain.
JlABaw AU nelleHo npace? JlABaM, aKO HMaw xy6aoo BRHue.

Would you eat some rout pork? I would, if you have some
good wine. (Examples from Beaulieu.)
Conditions

The subordinating conjunction indicating condition is aK6, "jf".

I. In simple conditions the conjunction is all that is need to
indicate the condition. With it are used the relevant tenses of
the indicative, namely, present, aorist, perfe(:t, fu ture, in either
the "if-clause" (protuis) or in the main clause (apodosis), according to the time and type of action described.
Note that in simple future conditions the present tense is regula rly used in the " if:.cla use" and the future in the main clause.
AK6 A6AAe, 33 l,I!e Tpi.l'Ha. If he comes, I shall go. Ax6
Ch6ephe napH, l,I!e onlACTe s E'hAnipIIJl. If you coUect the
money, you will go to Bulgaria.
2. The Conditional Mood may be used in either the "if-clause"
or the main clause to express doubt or some degree of the hypothctical.
Example : AK6 nOArra (6HX nOA)'quA) napH, 6HX cn KynHA KHHraTa Ha ..uiH ilCAHH . If I receive (should re(:eive) money, I
would buy the book of Elin Pelino

3 Unreal conditions in the present arc expressed by the

imperfect j unreal conditions in the past are expressed by the
pluperfect.
Example: AK6 ToA 6ewe AOuriA, 33 t,WIX Aa Tpi.l'Ha. If he had
come, I would have gone. Ax6 HMax napH, I,I!liIX Aa KynJl
KHHraTa. If I had money, I would buy the book.

EXERCISE '3 A
HOBltHT Cb:lKHTCA 6ewe, cnopeA AyMHTe Ha npH.lITeNI MH, qOSeK
AeACTBuTCAHO TlIX, npHAlIqeH U 6AaroB'L3nUTaH. Aopu He TUX,
a - 6e3wYMeH: npH6Hpawe ce BnHarn B onpeACAeH 'lac, OTKAJOqsame nOAeKa BXOAHaTa BpaTa, OO3ApaBuawe MDAqaAHBO, aKa
cpelJ.!He HJlKoro B KopHAopa, n 6e3wYMHo ce H3KaqBaWe Harope,
no TJlCHaTa cT'hA6Hua. YTpHH CTaBawe MHOro paHO II Bce TaKa
HeyceTHO HanyJ,J!awe CTana, npeAH H3rpe CA"bHue.

B "poA"bNKeHHe Ha ABe CCAMHUH He ce CAY"H HTO BCAHalK Aa

cpeQ!Ha H BHAJ( T03M qOeeK. Kolt 6ewe ToA ? HHTO a3, HTO "PHJITCNIT MH 611XMe q}'BaAH HJlKora nOA06Ho liMe. B aApeCHlIJI My
AHCT HMawe TB"bpAe OCK'bAHH H He3HaqUTeAHlt cBeAeHMJI: poAeH
B MaA'bX npoBHU,UHaAeH rpaA, '1CTHpHACceT H ABe roAHweH,
CneWlaAHO TeXH"qeCKO 06paaoBaHHe. B rpacpaTa 3a 3aHJlTHeTO
CTOCme - CB06oAeH; IKHBIlA AO cera B rpaAa ; Mecrewe ce OT CAlIa
CbBceM Heno:maTa yAKUa.
KaKTo BH>K.AaTe, 6CAC3H, KOHTO MOlKexa Aa ce nOA03paT B'bB
SCeK" CpeQ!HaT Ha YAHUaTa 'IOBeK. Bnpo'leM H"TO a3, HHTO npHJITeAn MH 6J1XMe oc06eHo 3auHTepeC}'BaHu OT Hero. CBeAeHHIITa
y3HaxMe OT AOMaKHHRTa, KOJITO c BCHqKH CpeACTBa (a Te He 6J1xa
MUOro) IfCKame Aa HH }'Beplf, 'Ie roA e HRXaK'bB oco6eH qOBeK,
AOpH BeAHalK He Ha mera ce p33CbPAH, 'Ie HHe ce OTHaC1IXMe
CbsceM AeKO K'bM HeitHTe nOA03peHUR. Ha npoTHB, AOMaKHH'bT,
qOBeX npaKTH'IeH " paaYMeH, 6eme npeA08OJl.eH, ACTO My ce
CAyq" T'hKMO TaK'bB YA06eH KBapr"paHT.

EXERCISE '3 B
I. I shall write a letter to the unknown man in my friend's house.
2. I shall buy the book, when you return. 3. H e will probably see
you at the station. 4. Stoyan will have read the books, when his
friends ask him about them. 5. Where will you go when vacation
comes? 6. They will write us two letters every day during the
summer. 7. Shall we all ta ke little rooms at our friends' houses?
8. Neither you nor their brothers had been there before the
Turks a rrived. 9. Will you be able to come to dinner tomorrow
night? 10. The sons of the Bulgarian farmers have learned to
read and write. II. If you want to go to Bulgaria, you must
learn to speak Bulgarian. 12. If you wanted to go to Bulgaria ,
you must have learned to speak Bulgarian. 13. If you had wanted
to go to Bulgaria, you would have learned to speak Bulgarian.
14. Would you have seen Ivan Vazov's house if you had not gone
to Sofia ? 15. They would have done it belter, if they had stayed
at home.

9'

VOCABULARY
&ApettH, 8.Aptc_, adj., address, of
the address
6e3wyueH', 6e3u.rj1.o1a, adj ., noiseless
IitAer, 6tAe3lt, m., note
6AaroIn.3n1haH, 'WI'08'1103nKn.Ha,
adj., well educated

KAJb<uax (OTJt.'<JO..ItX) , imperf., to

unlock
nOA66eH, nOA66Ita, adj., similar
nOA03Hpav (noA03pi, -em) ; nGA_pax (nOAoopix), imperf., to 1Ufi>'
nOA03J)6Ine, n., luspicion

lIZlpOoIe.. , adv., besides

a:6AetI, u6AKa, adj., entra nce, of the

lJOAbca, ad v., slowly, MJltty

~, adv., onte
IlliHam, adv., al~ys

entrance
I'O,A.Hll.IeH, I'OAHWlfa, adj., annual,
years old
rpa4l', f., entry. written question
Adi:cnuheMfo, adv., reall y, actually
33.HHTepeCYuI( , 3~UUrtepccfaa H a,

adj., interested
38Hirue , n., trade, profession
H:UcaomaM (wKad . -HW) ; H3d...:aax
(IQKa'ubl:), imperf., 10 mount
"'1(1'0, conj., as
Ml:CT, ,uiCT1>T, AI1CT08e, num. form
AHCTa, m ., sheet, list, page
wtcr. ce, .. &TRW Cc ; loiter"", ee, im _
perf., to move
N'JoA'IllAJiBO, ad v., quietly, silently
HarOpe adv., upwards
HanY..ua.. (HanyCKa, -em) ; Hanyl,ijaX
(KanYCHax) , imperf., to leave
He3Ha,ufieAcH, He:ma.uh~Ha , adj .,
insignifican t
HeYcemo, adv., impercepti bly
06pa30eaHHC. n ., ed ucation
onpc.ACACH, onpeAeAbta, adj ., definite
OCIII:iACH, ocriAHa, adj ., scanty
oc06eHO, ad v., especia lly
OT1UIlb'laa... (orKAJO'Ia, oltw); OT-

nptI,4H Aa, conj., before

npH6Hpaw ce (npJt6epi ce, -tar cel ;

npH6Kpax ce (npH6pax ee), imperf., to go home, to return homc
npKAlAeK, nplfAMqHa, adj., decent,
proper, neat
npollKHUHiAcu, npoBltHWla..uta, adj.,
provincial
n~bI.HC, n ., continuation ,
npoA"loNKo!HHC Ha in thc course of
paNO, adv., early
POACH, poAo!Ha, adj., born
CB~CHlfC, n., information
cao66ACIt, cao66AHa, adj., free
CAf'!BaM cc (CAf-la cc -HW cc) ; CAj-'Iaix cc (CAy..:mr. cc), imperf. , to
happen
cnCIlHLo.HO, adv., especially
cnopCA, prep., a ccording to
cri.A.6HIJ3., f. , a little staircase
C'1>BCe..., adv., complctdy
n llUfieA, C'loJtUheAn, m ., fcllowboardcr
-ni.PAC, adv., very

What kind of cold hors d'oeuvres do you have?

Please give me some "tarator"
soup (cold cucumbers, onion,
and yogurt).
AoHectre !>1M OMAtl c cnpeHe. Bri ng me a cheese omlette.
Kaou roTBeHH $lCTuli C Meco What kind of ready to serve
dishes with meat do you have?
HwaTe?
W
e have chicken with n ee.
"waMe nHAe c oplb.
No,
I don't like any of that, I
He, BCH'lKO TOBa He MU xapecwa nt something roasted.
sa, HCKaw n e~o nelleno.
What
do you have broiled?
KaKB6 HMaTe Ha CJ<apa?
Give
me
" kebapteta" (someAaih e MH Ke6anlleTa.
thing like ha mburger!).

TOtHu..CCKH, TOtHH..ccxa, adj ., tech

n ical
yrp_, adv., in the morning
...oa... (m , u.Hw ) ; oiaax (on),
ce, rdI.., imperf., to a ppear

CONVERSATION
HMaTe .... u cB066AHa tdca ?
Aa 3anoBMaihe.
KaKBo 06n'laTe?
AafiTe MH AnCTa.
XM6DT D}>tcen .... H e?

Do you have a table free?

Yes, please.
What do you like?
Give me the menu.
Is the bread fresh?

93

LE SSON

14

Indirect Narration - The Indirect Imperfect The Indirect .Fonn for the Aorist

Direct and Indirect Narratioll

Bulgarian distinguishes between a statement of fact which is
vouched for on the empirical authority of the speaker (direct
n arration) and a statement which the speaker makes not on his
own empirical authority (indirect narration ).
All the forms of the verb presented so far are used for direct
n arration. For each of them there is a corresponding form used
in indirect na rration, although there are some forms which are
w ed in two different ways or correspond to two different tenses
of direct narration . The first such form is the " Indirect Imper.
feet" .

Indirect hnperfect
The Indirect Imperfect is a compound tense made up of the
present tense of the verb " to be" plus the imperfect past participle
of the verb. The imperfect past participle is formed by dropping
the x of the first person singular of the imperfect tense and
adding the participial endings -A, -Aa, -AO, -AM. The auxiliary
is omitted in the 3d person both singular and plural.

A'loplKa

A'>p",Ax(tx) A'bPJK8.A(b) OM I was (am ) holding

npU'

npasex
n0311aex
n030BAx
Bi.pHex

n03HM
n030Ba
ripHa

npueA CDM
n03HaeA C'bM
n030B..... CDM
Bi.pHeA CDM

I
I
I
I

was
was
was
was

(am)
(am)
(am)
(am )

doing
recognizing
calling
returning

The I ndirect Imperfect form is used in indirect narration for

both the present (cerawHo BpeNe) and the imperfect (NUHaAO
HecB'bpWeHO BpeMe).
Examples : 11 BH)K K3J(BO HelJ!O ca H3MUCAHAH: KO/tTO ce 3aOUWeA
(for KoAro ce 3anHwe) 3a qAeH, He TpA6BaAO (for He TJ>A6Ba) Aa
XOAH AO Kpi.qMHTe. And see what kind of thing they thought up:
whoever registered as a member, did not have to go around to
the tavem s.
Tux AHH B eAHo A03e 6HAa 3a6w3aHa B'bAqHua CDC ce6me
B'bAtH~Ta, J(oriTo ru y..eAa (fo r y..ewe) K3K Aa HaniAaT. Those
days in one vineyard there were noted a she-wolf with her wolf
cubs, as she was teaching them how to attack.
The form of the perfect (t.UtHaAO HeonpeAbeHo speMe) is used
in indirect narration to represent the aorist (MUHaAO cBipweHo
BpeMe). In this usage the auxiliary (e, cal is omitted in the third
penon singula r and plural.
Examples:
T oA Kaaa, "Ie CDM TH AaA napuTe B'Iepa. He said that I gave
you money yesterday.
lfyx, "Ie ToA My AaA n apHTe. I heard that he gave him the
money.

EXERC ISE '4 A

Examples :
mhaM
OJlwa

mhax
nHwex

peqAx (tx)
Hocex
""asax

mlTaA C"bM
",'WeA C"bM
pe'l1A (b) C'bM
HoceA C'bM
""asaA C"bM.

I
I
I
I
I

was
was
was
was
was

(am)
(am)
(am )
(am)
(am)

asking
writing
saying
carrying
giving

EAuH 6all!a HMah TpHMa CHHOBe. EAHH AeH rH nOBHKaA H HM

K<l3a.A : " ll!e AaM Ha TpHMa BH no eAHa KeCHJI )K'bATHUH. B'bpBeTe
no CBeTa II T'bpceTe Aa KynllTe H3it-CK'bnOUeHHHJI DAOA. KoATo
..
OT Bac MH ro AOHece, Il!e My AaM nOAoBHHaTa OT 60 raTcTBoTO cn .
B3eAn TpnMaTa cHHoBe KeCH"Te II Tp'brHaAH Ha TpH CTpaHH no
ceeTa Aa Thpcn HaA-cK'bnHX DAOA

95

CAeA TpH I'OAIIHH TpHMaTa ce B'hpHaAH npH 6al,l&a CH. "E,"

peK'hA ron-, Karo ce 06'LpHaA K'bM HaA ~I'OAeMtUI CII CHH, "AoHece
AH MH l{aA-CK'hnOueIIlfHJI DAOA?" A ToA My Kil3aA: " H aA~cK'hOO
UeHHHJIT DAOA, TaTe, TpJl6Ba ,4a e T03R, KOmO e HaA~Ch<lA'LK.
H a3 Til KyO"" tAliH rpo3A. OT SCII'IKH IIAOAos e, KOHTO pa)K,4a
HamaTa 3eMJI, rpo3AeTO e H aA~CA3AK"JIT DAOA." "Xy6aso CH
HanpaslIA, CHHKO," OTl'OBOpHA 6alj!aTa. "Xy6as MOA CII MH
AOHecDA. AMH Til KaK'hB nAOA CH Mil AOHeC"bA?" 06'hpHaA ce roA
K'bM CptAHIIJI CII CIlH .
"Tanco, a3 MIICNI, 'Ie H aA~cK'bnOUeHHUJlT DAOA e TOOII, Kotho
HaA~PJlAKO ce HaMlIpa. 3aTOBa OTHAOX B IOJKHHTe crpaHH II Til
KyOIlX OT peAKHTe DAOAOSe, KOUTO He paCTaT y Hac. K youx Tn no
WaAKO OT SCII'lKn peAKn nAOAose. Ero fU ; H36epll CII, Koiho TH
11 _ .:'
xa r~c
- a.I" " ......vvpe
Of lIanpaBUA, CUHKO; xy 6 a Bn nAoAose c n MH
AOHeC'hh.. Il!e c n lI36epa eAIIH OT TJlX," Ka3aA 6a'1!a My.
n OCAe ce 06DpllaA K'LM na-tt~MaAKnJl c n CHII: "A Tit, ClIHKO,
KaKBO loln AOHece? 3al,l&0 ce Bp'hl,lJaw C n paaHIl ?Due?" "SJlPHO
e, TaTe, 'Ie a3 ce Bp1>lllaM C npa3HII p'LUe. Ho nap"Te, KOHTO MH
A3Ae, II a3 noxap""x 3a CK'hnll nAOAoBe. A3 nOCTbOIlX, TaTe, e
eAIIO y<lIlAIIl,I&e. 11 TaM Y""TeAIITe II KHHfUTe Me yqHXa UeAII Tpn
0004111111. flAOAOBtTe, KOIlTO Ha6pax, He ce BHlKAaT, 3al,l&OTO Te ca
s npUeTO II YMa MH .... MIIChJl, TaTKO, 'Ie H Te ca C'LlllO CK'L noueH~
"H IlAOAose ......
KaTO qyA Te31f AyMH, 6alllaTa ce 33.p3,4BaA II Ka3aA: "TH CH
MH AOHeC'LA HaA-CK'bmITe f1AOAOSe , CHHKO! TH 3aCAYJKaSam Ha~
rpllAaTa. 3alJ!OTO HJlMa nO~CK'bnll nAOAOBe OT TIIJI, KORTO 3H a~
"KeTO AaBa Ha q08eKa."

EXERCISE '4 B
I . H e said to m e that he saw me on th e street yesterday. 2. The
black horse passed the village. (Indirect.) 3. H e did not have
everything that he needed. 4. I asked him, but he did not kno w.
5. T o whom did Aesop say: "Move!"? 6. When you said that,
I m oved. 7. I h ad a hundred words to read. 8. W e re you able
to do what he wished? g. They said : " We knew them, but w e
have forgotten them. " 10. Where did you look for it? J I. We
looked for them in your room . 12. Did you have that when I

g6

asked you for it? 13. He thought that I would be in the hotel,
but I was in the institute. 14. (He said that) you (pl.) thought
that Velic kov's story was in tha t book, but I cannot find it.

VOCABULARY
awH, conj., but
6oriTenlO, n., wealth
rpo3A, rp6MT, rpOO.4OJ1C:, m., a bunch
of gnpes
rp6;.:AAe, n., grapes (collective)
AOHacnr (AOHeca, ...ew) ; AOltaco:
(AOHttOX.), im perf., to bring
)fC'loJ\.nlua, r., a gold coin
3aPa.uaw ce; 3apitAaax. ce, imperf.,
to rejoice
3IlCAy.a.aW (3aCAylka, -KW); 38CAY~
""-'ax (3aCAY)KJf)(), imperf., to
doerve
3aroP, adv., for that n::ason , hence
3HaH He, n., knowledge
HHCTKTjT, m., in, titute
Kecw.:, f., pune ,
MKCU, . HW ; M H ChHX, imperi., to
th ink
Ha6M:pAIoI (lta6epa, ...ew) j Ha6M:pax
(Ha6p!x), imperi., to gather
HllpAAa, f., reward
nap", p l. on ly, f., money
IlAOA, n,o,QA;'T, nAOA*, m., fTUit

JlO8HI(UW (nOBHxaw) i nOllHKAlf. (no18HlCax), imperf., to summon

nocri.naaw: (nocn.ru, -HW)i nocrin aax (nocri.nHlf.), imperf., to enter
nod.P'l18lUC (noUP'la, _HW) i noxAP'laax (noxiP'lHlf.) , imperi., to ,pend
npUeu, npUHa, adj., empty
pacTi, ew; pacrox., aor. past part.
pac..,o" paCl\a, imperi., to grow
piA"IoIC, p4AICa, piAICo, pCAK.H, adj.,
rare
CIIIrl', CaeriT, CBeTOaC, num. fOITTl
CIIm, m., world
crinou.cHelt, CK1>nou,cHHa, adj., pre~
cioU5, valuable
WA'I>K, GAMICa , adj., ,weet
cpCAeH, cpCA.Ha, adj., middle
cypatla, r., country, direction
C'Iopu,c, n., heart
nO, pI. T61, Tis, TOIIoi, pron., these,
, uch
yw., ywh, ywoe.t, m., mind
IOlICeH, IOlKHa, adj., ~uthern
x.0TiA, m., hotel

CONVERSATION
OC8eH rosa. 611x UCKaA CaAaTa
aT AOMaTH.
3a AeCePT HCKaM KHCeAO MAiiKO.

Besides this I would like som e

tomato salad.
For d esert I should like some
yogu rt.
To drink, bring m e a beer.

AOHecbe Mil 3a mieHe eAHa

6Hpa.
Ao K6AKO '1aca e OTlWpeH pec~ Until what time is the reslaur a nt open?
TOpaHnT?
When
d oes the orchestra begin
Korn 3an6'1Ba Aa CBUP"
to
play?
OPKeCnP'hT?

97

TYK TaHyysa AU ce?

M6*e AU Aa MU nOKa*eTe HHKoii Mara3tt" 3a 06AeKA6?
Ha K6ii eTa* ce npoAasaT 06ysKU?
M6*eTe AU Aa MY nOKa*eTe
Apyr MOAeA (Apyr pa3Mep)?
M6*e AU Aa npeMCPJl KOCTtOMa?
I1:MaTe AU rpaM0$6HHU nA6'1l!
c 6i.ArapcKu Hap6AHU neCHU ?
npoAasaTe AU xapTttJl 3a KOOttpaHe?
I1:MaTe AU Ape6HH naptt?

Is there dancing here?

Can you show me some store
for clothing?
On what floor do they sell
shoes?
Can you show me another
model (another size)?
May I try on the suit?
Do you have any gramophone
records with Bulgarian folk
songs?
Do you sell copy paper?
Do you have any change?

15

LESSON

The Indirect Plupenect - The Indirect Future The Indirect Future Penect

The Indirect Pluperfect

The indirect pluperfect is a compound tense composed of the
perfect of the verb "to be" plus the aorist past participle.
Examples:
6HA
6IIA
6IIA
6HA
6HA
GIlA
6IIA
6UA
6"A
611A

C"hM
C"hM
C"bM
C'bM
C"bM
C'hM
C'hM
C"hM
C"hM
C'bM

nttTiA
OttCM
peK'hA
HOCHA
AaA
A"hP*M
HaOpaS"A
U03UM
n030BiA
Bi.pUiA

I
I
I
I
]
]
I
I
I
I

had
had
had
had
had
had
had
had
had
had

asked
written
said
carried
given
held
done
recognized
called
returned

The indirect pluperfect is used in indirect narration and corresponds to both the perfect and the pluperfect in direct narration. As in all other indirect narration forms, the auxiliary (e, ca)
in the third person singular and plural is omitted.
Examples:
Direct: CAeA KaT6 TH 6J1x AaA naptt, OTttAOX B C6cpHJI When
had given you money, I departed for Sofia.
Indirect: ToA My Ka33.A, 'I.e ITmp OTllllEbA, CAeA KaT6 C"hM My
6IIA AaA oaptt He told him that Peter departed when I had given
him money.

98

99

Direct: KaJKH Ae! KaJKH ! H a KOro CDM HW HeJ,ijO, a? Tell

me t Tell me ! Whose things have I eaten?
Indirect: X6AaH, 6aA B'hA'I:Ute! HHKOM)" HUIl!;O He CU6HA H3M..
Ah, brother Wolfie! You haven't eaten anything of anybody's.

The Indirect Future

The indirect future is composed of the perfect tense of J,ija plus
"da" and the present of the verb.

JWIA CDM Aa DmaM

J,ij1lA C'bM Aa ped

1J!.AA CD>K Aa HOCJl
1J!.AA C'bJK Aa 'led.
1J!.AA CDM Aa AOBeA3.
Il!;IIA CDM Aa AaM
IJYlA CDM Aa A'hPJK3.
1J!.AA CDM Aa HanpuK
IJYlA CDM Aa n03Hu
J,ij1lA C'bM Aa n00083.

C'bM Aa
C'bM Aa
C'bM Aa
CDM ,1I.a
C'bM Aa

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

would
would
would
would
would
would
would
would
would
would
would

ask
write
say
carry
read
bring
give
hold
do
recognize
call

The indirect future corresponds to the simple future and also to

the Future in Past Time of direct narration.
Example:
BjPHO AM e, 'Ie CM IJYlA Aa 3aMMHuaw? Is it true that you
would go (or will go)?

The Indirect: Future Perfect

present
nHwa
imperfect
nHwex
aorist
nHcAx

pluperfect
610( mlc3.A

100

have
h ave
have
have
h ave

given
held
done
recognized
called

Indirttt

Direct

Examples:

1J!.AA C'bM Aa C'bM piK"bA

J,WlA C'bM Aa CDM HOCHA

would
would
would
would
would

A stronger form of all indirect narration tenses may b e made by

adding 6HA to the normal indirect narration tense. For example,
instead of C'bM npaeeA of the indirect imperfect one can say 6HA
CDM npaseA; instead of the JWIA C'bM Aa npuJI of the indirect
futu re, on e can say JWIA C'bM 6HA ,1I.a npasK ; instead of the J,ijllA
CDM Aa CDM DpasHA of the indirect fut~re perfect one ca.n use
J,ijJIA C'hM 6HA Aa C'bM npaeHA. Where there is a lready a 6HA m the
tense, it is not repeated.
H owever, these forms are very rarely used.
The following table of direct tenses of the verb with the
corresponding indirect tenses may be useful:

~rtW
oHcM C'bM \

JWIA CDM Aa C'bM rnIT3A

I
I
I
I
I

This tense corresponds both to the future perfect and to the

future perfect in past time of direct n arration.

The indirect future perfect is composed of the perfect tense of

J,Qa plus uda" and the perfect of the verb.

IJYlA C'bM Aa C'bM "uciA

C'ltM AaA
C'bM A"bP>KiA
C'bM HanpilutA
C'bM n03HiA
C'bM n0308iA

The 6HA Forma

Examples:
1J!.AA CDM Aa Duwa

JWlA
JWIA
JWlA
JWIA
IJYlA

I
I
I
I

would
would
would
would

have
h ave
have
have

asked
written
said
carned

[utu,.
\
J,ije oHwa
future in p~t time
J,WIX A3 nHwa

indirect imperfect
nHWeA C'bM
indirect aorist
nHciA C"bM
indirect pluperfect
6MA CDM mfciA

indirect futurt:
WJlA C"bM ,1I.a oHwa
101

future perfect
I!!e C'hM micM
future perfect in past time
J,WlX Aa C'hM mi:clA

indirect future perfect

I!!M ChM Aa C'hM oHcM

EXERCISE '5 A
TpJl6Ba Aa Ka)f(a, MaKap 'Ie TOBa HJlMa HHKaKBO OTHorneHHe K"hM
MOil paaKa3 - a3 )f(HBeeX Ha naHCHOH. >KHBeexMe CII BecCAO H
enOKoJiHO. CAeA aceKH OOeA, H OCo6eHO Beqep, 06HQaXMe Aa
OHeM qait, Aa oyrnHM H Aa BOAHM WyMHO GeeCAH, KOHTO nOHJlKora
6HBaxa MHOro pa3ropeI.UeHH, HO BHHaru ee CB"hprnBa'fa TB"hpAe
MHPOAJ06HBO.

IJpe3 eAlla TaKaBa AJlTHa Beqep. nOM"JI, B C'htKrra, HHe TOKy

I!!O 611XMe AOB"hprnHAH BeqepKTa H ce roTBeXMe Aa nHeM qaA,
KoraTO HaB"hH, OT BXOAHHTe BpaTa ce p<l3AaAoxa TUXH CThOKU.
AOMaKHHKTa ce eeoHa, BCAyrna ee 11 npoM'hABU: "ToA e!" a
npHKTCNIT MH CKOQH HeHaAeAHO H H3THqa HaB"'H, KaT\) 3aRBH :
"IJo<l<u(aATe - I!!e ro nOKaHJI Ha qaA."

A3 oille yenOKooax paaB"hAHysaHaTa OT nocn.nKaTa Ha C'hopyra ell AOMaKIIHJl, KoraTO BpaTaTa ce OTBOP" " npHJrTeAJrT MH
B'h8eAe TOO" qY>KA qOBeK. CTaHaXMe, 3an03HaXMe ceo ti HJlKOAKO
MHR)'TH CACA TOBa a3 Be"le 6J1X y6eAeH, 'Ie TOA e CA"H TB"hpAe
06H1(HOBeH 'wBeK, caMO 1fe MaAKO CBIIT H epaMe)f(AHB. Ho 06I.UHTCAHHJIT H BecCA Hpas Ha npl1l1TeAJI MH CKOPO ro ycnoKOH, " ToA
CTaHa pa3roBOpAHD, AOP" pa3nycHaT. Jil3BHHH ce, 'Ie ThA CBoeHpaBHO ce e A'hP)f(aA npea nOCAeAHHTe AHH, MaKap 1fe HHKOit HHQ!O
nOA06Ho He 6erne My CnOMeHaA, n06AaroAapli 3a nOKaHaTa "
OTKpH CKP'h6ra CH, "Ie B Co$IIJI xopaTa )t(HBeJIT 11J"hpAe OTAeAeHH
H OT1fY>KAeHII eAIIH OT APyru.
HHe n06'hp3aXMe Aa ce C'hrAaCHM C Hero, nOThAKYBaXMe, 110M"hApysaxMe.
AO)'IaKHHJlTa CAy<lH MOMeHT H My npeAAO>klf BTOpH 1fait; TOit
no6AaroAapH II npue "IaJl lf3BeAHa>K, 6ea Aa OTKa)f(e. TpJl68a Aa
cnOMeHa, "Ie Bce 0l!!e He npeCTaDax Aa ro CAeAll BHHMaTeAHO. H
HallCTUHa, OT norAeAa MH He Orollrna HIITO eAHO HerODO AIHf)f(eHHe. TaKa, HanpHMep, 3afieAJI3aX, 1fe KoraTO Toli pa3roBapllwe,
06P'hl!!awe ce K'hM Hac, ABaMaTa M"h)f(e.
lO.

KoraTO TOn My 33.HeC'hA 61IAeTIITe, MBaH 6HA H3AJl3'hA Be"le.

Toit 6nA My Ka3aA Aa He KynyBa 611AeTU, HO tiBal! 611A 3afipaBI1A
H 611A KyOlIA 3a BTOpHHK. TJI My 6HAa Ka3aAa Aa HC lI,l1,Ba B oceM
"Iaca, 3al.J!OTO lA!Ma Aa e 113AIl3Aa.

EXERCISE '5 B
I. Peter's son said to his father: "Father, you have much moncy."
2. H is fath er said th at he had m uch money, but he did not give
any thing to his son. 3. I gave books to workers every day. 4. I
told him that I gave bread to the peasants in my village. He told
him that I gave bread to the peasants in my village. 5. Yesterday
I knew what he was doing, but today I do not know where he i s.
6. Where did you see him? I saw him in your v illage and I talked
with him. 7. Give me what you have in your hand. 8. One day
my father came to my house with two friends. 9. I told my
friend that my father came to my house yesterday. 10. Did I tell
you that he said that he saw you?

VOCABULARY
6ecl:Aa, f., speech, conversation
6KaaM, imperf., to be
6H.Al:T, m., ti cket
.ece..o, ad v., merrily, happil y
. HMm;reAHO, adv., carefully
aOAJI, .,oAHWj .,oAJix, imperf. , to lead
ao.YWllaM ce (lICAy waM ee) j &<:"ywIWr. ee (8CAywaX cel, imperf., to
lilIten
U6PHHJ(, m., Tuesday
..!l6KAaw (n8eAa, l:w) j nal:Jt(Aax
(nal:Aox), aor. part. nab, imperf., to bring in
rOnll, roTlII'IW; romHX, imperf., to
prepare
AIoH*ome, n., movement
AOrlpw::aaloi (Aoe;,pwa, -HW) j ACtrlpWBaX (Aoei,pWUX), imperf., to
finillh
AOlolaJ(HHII, f., mistress of the house
,.6eMi3I13.M (3a6eAl:lKa, -HW) j 3a6e.U:max

(3a6eA~lKHX

3ax), imperf., to note

H :sa6eMi-

3a.dBaloi (:saliBi, -HW) j 3al[BDaX

(3a.II Hx ), imperf., to announce

HlTHqBaNj (u3THqaN); imperi., to

run out
Al:Tc:H, AUHa, Airno, "tnm, adj., of
the summer
",adp 'Ie, conj., although
"'"POAl061i110, adv., peacefully
He"aA~ft ll o, adv., suddenly, unellpectedly
HpaII, Hpall'loT, Hpaa... , m., d illposilion,
character
06ll kHoal: ll, 06HkHoaeHa, adj., ordi-

ouy
061,ijlin:"eH,
able

06~Ha ,

adj., soci-

~ (oTld.~, -e11l); orxaall3.ll

(~) , imperi., to refU$C

OTAe...eH, OTAbtta, adj., separated

OTliowl:IUle, n., connection
OT'ly)l(.4~H, oT'ly)l(.4~lIa,
adj., estranged, separated
[lH.II, n1tew j [l1IX, imperf., to dri nk

,
no6i.p;saaw (no6i.puw), imperf., to
hastcn
nOKiKa, r., invitation
nOKiKaaw (nod.u, -HW) ; (nociHKX), imperf., to invitc
n6!oOU, -HW; n6MKRx, impe.rf., to remember
nOIlAAPYnM, imperf., to speak wisely
ROKu:ora, adv., sometimes
IIOCA~CH, nOCl\.t..tHa, adj., last, re-

"'''

noc:ri.nka, f., behaviour

n~, imperf., to interprct, to
explain
nodK6aM (nO'lbaM), imperf., towait
npc..v.Ara.. (npe..v.6JKa, _HW); (npc-..v.6l1UOt), imperf., to offer
npecri.aaw (npecri.Ha, -ew) ; (npecriHax), imperf., to cease
npo~DaM (n~, -RW) ;
(nptnoABKx), imperf., to muller,
to mumble
nywa, _HW; nywRx, imperf., to smoke

pa3A.but (Pa3Aaw,

pa3.AM~w);

(paa..sA.Aox), impen., to dutribute

refl. (of a sound) to be heard in
succe.sion
p~, pa3~Ha, adj.,
excited
paaroaopAliB, pa3roBOpAliBa, adj.,
talkative
pa3f"(lptl,ij~H,
pa3ropel,ij~Ha,
adj.,
heated

pa:IIlYCKaT, punYauTa, adj., released, free, uninhibited

CBKT, CIIKn., adj. , timid, bashful
CBOeHPbHO, adv., capricious, wilful,
wayward
CBl,pWMN (Clli.pwa -lUU); (cllipwrur.), imperf., to finuh
CCneaw: ce (coma ce, -ew ee) ; (cenHax ce), imperf., to start, to be
ltartled
CKiqaM (cx6-<la, -HW) ; (exo.lix), imperf., to jump
CkpW, CkJl'lt6nl., Crlp6H, f., sorrow
CACAi, -Hw; CACAHx, impcn., to
follow
CAj'laaw (CArra, -HW) ; (CArrRX), imperf., to find, to choose
cnox6AHo, adv., peacefully
cpaweJKAlis, cpaMeJKAHaa, adj., shy
mnn, r., step
cf.6on, r., Saturday
C"ltfAaCDa" ee (C"ltrAad cc, -RW ce);
(fbrAaclix ee), impen., to agree
C"ltnpyra, r., wifc, spouse
TOKY 1,ij0, conj., had just
y6cAbt, y6c..lbta, adj., convinced
ycnoxoOaw (ycnoxoj, -RW) ; (ycnoKOrur.), imperf., to quiet, to make
comfortable
'1YlKA, '1 ylk,4a, adj., strange, belonging to someonc else
wjMCH, wjMHa, adj., noisy

B KOj roAMHa e nOCTpObla W

In what year was that notable

3at>eAeJtO.tTeAHa u-i.pKBa?
Or Kori AaTHpaT CTeHona CHTe?

church built?
From what year do the frescoes
date?
How many inhabita nts does t he
capital have?
We would like very much to
attend the premiere of some
classical play.
Which of the classical dramas
has the greatest success?
I am very interested in the Bulgarian authon.

MHoro 6HxMe HCKaAU Aa npuciCTB)'Bawe Ha npelofHepa Ha

HlUC.OR Kll.aCHlieCKa RUeCa.
KOR OT KAaCH'IeCKlfTe ApaMlf
HMa HaAroMM ycnex?
MH6ro ce lfHTepeCYBaM OT 6""
rapcKHTe iBTOpH.

CONVERSATION
HCKaTe AU Aa Bu 3an03HieM c
rpa,d?
Aa. K6AJc6 Bpbte J,Ue HU OTHeMe pa3rll.6KAalieTO Ha rpMi?
Il!e Bu 33nOOHieM C"bC 336e11.e.lfOITeAHOCTHTe Ha C6ctmR.
Il!e nOCeTlhlll.H rp66a Ha fiBiH
BhoB?
H CKaMe Aa nOCeTHM lioRHCKaTa
u-i.pKBa.
10 4

Would you like us to acquaint

you with the city?
Yes. How much time will the
tour of the city take?
We shall acquaint you with the
notable sights of Sofia.
Shall we visit the grave oflvan
Vazov?
W e want to visit the church at
Bojana.

105

LESSON

.6

2. Aorist active participle (MHHaAO cripweHo AeACTBHTeAHO

npHd.cTHe).
a.

The Participles - The Gerund

Examples:

I
Bulgarian has five participles, as follows:
J. Present active participle
d.CTJfe).

reading
flowing
looking
a rriving

b. It ends in -el,l! for verbs of the first and second conjugations

whose accent is on any syllable except the end ing.
Examples: ros6PJl
)kHBeJl

HOC'

- roB6pelJ!
- )ttHBeelA!
- H6celJ!

speaking
living
carrying

The present active participle is rare in the spoken language,

although two such participles at least have become regular adjectives: ropbJ! hot, and BOHel!! smelly. Both of these illustrate
the fact that verbs of the first and second conjugations with the
accent on the ending may also end in -elll as well as in -alll (-III,l!).
Another example is in the following sentence: Cenle, xor.iTo
n.pMRJ,yaTa MawliHa Ha6AJl)KH np6\e3a, TOft H3TH'la AO p6\cHTe.
<06

- "HCM
- H6cHA
- rAcAL.

written
carried
looked

b. Verbs that form the aorist with -ox drop a "A" or "T" before
the "A" of the participle.

(cerauIHo AelkTBHT(:AHO npH.

- '1eTJllj!
"'T'
Ted.
- Te'lI<\11!
rAeAaM
- rA~aJ,y
npHcrnraM - npHCTHral,l!

micax
H6cHX
rA~ax

Examples:

a. It ends in -aJ,y (-Slll!), and sometimes in elj!, for verbs of the

first and second conjugations which have the accent on the
ending, and in all third conjugation verbs.
Examples:

It is formed by adding -A to the aorist stem.

read
pierced

'1CToX
66AOX

c. Verbs tha t form the aorist with -ox that have roots ending
in a consonant other than "A" o r "T" a dd a " movea hie ""~ "
between the root and the "A" of the participle in the mascu line
singular.
- peK1>A
spoken
Examples: peKOX
brought
- AOHCC"bA
AOHCCOX
We have already met this participle as it is used in the formation
of compound tenses: perfect, pluperfect, indirect pluperfect,
future perfect, indirect future perfect; and also in the conditional
mood . It can also be used as a participle independently of these
tenses.
Examples : Toli ce pwawe Ha nX:TeHlma, AOwb. OT AaAC'IeH
Kpatt. H e was pleased with the guest come (who had come) from
a distant region.
It is frozen in a few phrases like MHHaAaTa roAHHa last year.

3. Imperfect active participle (MHHaAO HeCB1>pWeHO AeAcTBHTeAliO npH'IaCTJfe).

It is also formed by adding an -A, but this time to the imperfect
stem.

Examples:

'1erlix
rAcAax
x6Aex

- 'leTHA
- rACAllA
- X6ACA

read
looked
walked
.0)

Examples :

In some verbs, where the aorist and the imperfect stems have the
same form, the imperfect active participle and the aorist active
participle also have the same form.
Examples:

r.M~Aax

not to be found
(YMsA, YAOSHW) HeYAOSw.
(no6eAi, no6eAHw) HenOOeAHM unconquerable, invincible
(06x6AA'. 06x6AHw) HeOOxOAHM indispensible

looked
endured

npaix

5. P t pa ..ive participle (""IHaAO CTPaAareAHO npH'IaCTHe)

In some usages there is a difference in accent; in other words,

some people make a difference between these two participles (as
they do between the two tenses also) by using one accent in the
imperfect 'and another in the aorist, even when the verb has a
prefix.
Examples: pasfAe:lKAax
P:UfAe:lKAU
rAeiax
rAe,dx

The past passive participle is formed on the aorist stem.

a. Verbs in -Ha and monosyllabic verbs with roots ending
vowel form the participle with -T .

- pa3rAe:lKAaA surveyed (imperfect)

- pasrAe:lKAiA surveyed (aorist)
- fA~aA
- rAeAM

In principle the accent on the final syllable for a verb whose

accent in the present is on the root is dialectical.
This participle we have seen in the formation of the indirect
imperfect. It has no other use.
Verbs with an imperfect active participle in -M in the singular,
change -11- to -e- in the plural.
Examples: 'letHA, 'lerha, 'leTAAO, 'IeTCAH read.
But verbs of the third conjugation keep -H- in the plural also.

4. PreHnt pa ive participle (cerawHo CTpaAaTeAHO npHdCTHe)

Examples : SARma, BAHmu

'1'1 11, 'Iyx
n03Hu. nooHu
h.

- ' YT
- nOOH3.T

raised
heard
known

All . other verbs use the ending -H.

Examples:

- 8AuI'HaT

In

nucax, oucax
rAeAaM, fA~a.x

written
seen (looked at)

- mt:caH
- rA~aH

I.
Verbs of the first conjugation with aorists in -ox and verbs
of the second conjugation in -HX, use the ending -eH.

Examples: 'led., 'Ibox

AOHeca, AOHecox
ped., p6tox
HOcH, H6cHX
roTB1I, r6TBHX

'laeH
AOHeceH
pe'leH
HOceH
rOTBeH

read
brought
said
carried
prepared

This is now a regular adjective rather than a participle. It is

form ed by the ending -HM or -eM.

c. Verbs in -ell with a monosyllabis.,root can have participles

both in - H and -T, with a preference for -T.

Examples:

Examples: nOAell, noAh

H3n6l. H3m
Harpell, Harpflx

AI06H, AI06HW
S6AH, S6AHW
ros6p1l, ros6PHW

- A,ooHM
- SOAHM
- roSOpHM

being loved (beloved)

leadable
being spoken (spoken )

It is often found in the negative to indicate impossibility.

008

- nom. nom poured

sung
- H3nh, H3 niH
- Harpkr, HarpKu warmed

d. Participles of verbs with an aorist in

the participle to -e- in the plural.

-JIX

change the

-Ji-

log

of

Exa mples : nOAtR, nOAJlx -

Bnpo'l.eM, He 38aM, )'(o)l(e 6u, SCH'IKO TOsa caMO MH ce e cropKAO

TaKa, MO>Ke 6 He 6eme ce CAY'lHJ\.O HHI,I!O noseqe OT HJlKOAKO
C;'bSCeM CAY'laAHo pa3MeHeHU AYMH. Ho npu311 asaM CU, MOUTt'
HepsH C'bl1!0 6na seqe M3AI<O 06TerHaTH, a3 C'b,!!o " ysCTB}'Bax ,
'I e C'bM roTOS Aa npeyseAHqaSaM AeACTBHTeAHoccra. A S Tosa
npeMe rocnOAHH'bT HaneAe rAaBa U nOAeKa npoH3Hece - cera Be'le
C'bSCeM cnoKoAIlO H 6e3crpaCTHo:
_ H a3 06u'laM T03" nUCaTeA; roA e eAHH OT MaA~OTO JlCHDBHAUM KOUTO ca HM cnoxOJK,AaAH AO AHec ...
_ JlCHOBHAUH?! _ npeK'bCHa 1"0 npnJITeNl Mn, aaCerHaT He Ha
lUera. A3 H3Tp'bnHaX; 3Haex ynopHTHIIT H cnpHxaB "paB Ha npHI1TeAl1 cn, OCOOeMo KoraTO cTaHeme pe'l 33 AlfTeparypa H HJlKOA
ce OA'bp3OCTeWe ,!I,a He ce C'brAaCH H3BeAHa}f( C Hero. A TpM6Ba
,!I,a Bn Ka)Ka, npHKTCAI1 MH ce ,!I,'bp)f{ellle, c ynopHTaTa caMoyBepeuOCT aa CTap npenO,!l,aoaTeA no AHTepaT)'pa, 0 HJlKOAKO
H3TbpKaHH nOAylicTHHH, KOHTO OT HeaanOMHeHH BpeMeHa KpaCJlT
BCHtum YQe6HHUH no CAOBeCHOCT.

nOARH, nOAtHH.

All of the above participles can have articulated forms and

change in gender and number.

The Ger1llld
This is an indeclinable verbal form not very frequently found and
restricted to the written language. It is possible only for imperfective verbs. It ends in -eAKH in the first and second conjugations
and -aAKH (-JlAKH) in the third.
Exam ples:

'1m, 'Ie-rem
XOAJI, XOAHW

'IeTtibm
TeqeAKH
nteitKH
xOAeAKlI

r.M~AaM,

rA~aAKH

TeKa, Te'lem
n6J, ntew
rAtAalU
CTpb.ni, crpb.RW

crpbRAKH

reading
flowing
singing
walking
looking
shooting

Example of use: M rynaAKH c TOR}f(KaTa, l'OAOrAaB HMeac.

EXE R CISE , 6 B

EX E R CISE ,6 A
If eTO 'Ie AOAeTO OIA!e ce ry6ex H AOra,ltKlI, I'OCThT Aonu 'IaJ( CH,
CAO}f(H 'IamaTa H , KaTO DOCTOR HRKOAKO MHra, OTBAHa}f( pR3KO
: H3BDpHa B KpeCAOTO, n p<>CTpJl p1>Ka IC1>M 6AH3KaTa eTa}f(epKa
H noe OT TaM CAO}f(eHaTa CB060AHO KHHra. T 33H KHHra 6eme
eAlIff MaA'bK TOM OT p3.3K3.3HTe Ha MonacaH, Koiho AOMaKUHJrra
" cyeme. Ton XIrhpAH 6p1>3 norACA 8'bpxy ITl>pSHTe CTpaHHI.lH,
H3npasH rAasa, npHKosa O 'llt S AOMaI<ItHJlTa It DonHTa HRKaI<
nOAHrpaoaTeAHo:
- Bile AH 'IeTeTe T3.3H Kllllra, rocnO}f(O?
npH Tosa 8'bpxy YCTHHTe My TpenHa MHnlO8eHa yCtomSI<a.
6eAHaTa )KeHa np1l6AeAHlI OIye nose'le; TJI MeTRa DOCJI.CAo8aTeAHO ABa 6e3nOMOIJ.!.HH norAeAa Ty K'br.( MeHe, T)' I\hM C'bnpyra
CH " OTB'bpHa C OTn<l,/tHaA rAac, C'bIA!O 8nHAa norACA S HenooHaTHR :
- Aa, a3.

"

1. If you will read the stories of Maupassant, I will give yo~ a

book by Ivan Vazov. 2. Vazov is the best known of all Bulg~nan
writers. 3. My friend 's wife said that they would come to ~lOner
tomorrow ifVazov would be there. 4. The poor woman dld not
know what to say. 5. If she had seen her brother earlier, she
would have been prepared to answcr the question. 6. I would
have written you last night, but something happened. 7 He
heard that the teacher would go to Sofia the following week.
8. My father would have gone to Sofia yesterday, but my mother

fell ill.

VO CABULARY
6i.\eK, 6tAKa,
6e:m 6MOl,ijeK,
hel pless
6c::3cTpaCTKO,
pauioniessly
allluoaM (BIlI1.,

adj., poor, WTetehed

6e3n6MOI,ijI,a, adj.,

indifferently,
.
Bo.tew); (_notx), Imad v.,

perf., to press into, to fix (of eyes

or glance)
ry6J1, ry61'1W ; ry6Kx, im~rf. , to lose
AeACTBH-reAKOCT, f., reality
AoraAxa, f. , a guess, surmise
AOAero, conj., while, until
"I

11 0

A1opd, A'l>p,.ut.u ; A1opa&x. imv.,

AP'WK, Api*"'C, imperf., to hold.
refl., to behave
eTa.lItepKa, f., shelf
Mdnu. (33.ccnta, -em); (33.cernax),
ppp. 33.CCnlaT, imperf., to touch,
to a ffect
I1311CcreH, H3Bttnia, adj., known
I13'Tpi.naaM (H.npi.nHa, -em) ; (H3Tpi.nHax), imperf., 10 shudder
H3rlPUIi, H3n.pxaHa, adj., worn
out, rubbed off"
kJ>'lCJi, xpacHm; xpaCJix, imperf., to
decorate
1lpeCA6, n., easy-chair, arm-chair
MHr, MIn-l,T, MHrosC, num. form
wHTa, m ., moment
MHmOaCH, MHmOllCHa. adj., momentary
Heaan6NHeH, He3aI16NHeHa, adj.,
. beyond the reach of memory, unknown
06"rcmaT. 06TCntaTa, adj., strained
O.4"l>p3OCTDaM ce (OA-'p3OCTJi ce, -Hill
ce); (O.4"l>P3OCTJbc ce), imperf. , to
dare
OTKAHa., adv., suddenly
nOAl"6nteH, nOAr6neHa, adj., pre-

P"'''

nOAHrpaa.heAHO, adv., mockingly

nobw.i (noCMa, -em) ; (no6c.), im _
perf., to take up
nOAYttCTHHa, r., half-truth
nOC,\CAOUTeMlO, adv., successively,
in succession
nOOBOldaaM CH (nooBOM CH, -um Cli) ;
(n03I1OAHx CH), imperf., to alIow
oneself
npericBaM (npericHa, -ew) ; (opexi.(:HU), imperf., 10 inlenupl, to
cut short

npenoAaMTeA., npenOAaJl..i~, m.,

teacher, instructor, lecturer
npeyae.>.H'lbaw: (npeyBe.\H"la, -liw) ;
(npeYIle...wn"O.:), imperf., to exaggerate
npH6.0.CADaM, imperf., to become
pale
npHxoaaaaM (nplixoaJ., -cw); (npHf(oux), imperf., to fix on
npoH3H!i.(IM (npoH3Heca, -cm); (npo1f3HecOX), imperf., to pronounce,
to uller
n pocrnpaw (1IJ)OC1"p8., -cw) ; (npocrpJix) aor. part. npoctpu, npocrptu, npocrph.o, rrpocrpC.\H,
imperf., to lIPread
pa3M.eH6t, pa.:!WCHcHa, adj., exchanged
~ , ~,~If,f.,WOro

pi:JKO, adv., briskly

caMO}'IICpeHOCT, f., self-confidence
o.cAlla!,ij, o.CAoal,ija, adj., following
CM)BecHOCT, o.OBeCHOCTTlI., f., literature
cnox6~ (CI1ox6~, -liW) ; (cnoX6AIIX), imperi., to visit
cnplixu, CI1pHxatla, adj ., irritable,
quarrelsome
crpiHHua, f., page
TOM, T6.n.T, roMOBe, m., volume
-rpCraaM (tp6rna, -ew); (",cnHu),
imperf., to start, to wince, to
flinch, to flicker
ynopih, ynoptha, adj., persistent
YCMHBf(a, f., smile
YCTHa, f., lip
yq.C6HHX, yq.C6HlfW'l, m., textbook
wera, f., joke; He Ha wera, seriously
"CH08HAC\I, "CH~, m., prophet,
forecaster, clairvoyant; short art!culaled form ..CHOliHAeua

npeACTaBhCHHeTO J.,1!e aan6qHe

cK6po.
OT
ce BH>K,Aa A06pC.
CheA Tpe-rHK CiiTHM He nYCKaT
B 3v.aTa.

KaKBU q,UAMH AasaT Ta3H ce,.,.MHua?

EuxMe UCKaAH Aa rAc!AaMe
TeH xYA6*ecTBeH q,HAM.
KacJtTe ca OTB6peHH npea yeAHK AeH.
Aa cmt.AeM S HapOAHaTa (YHHsepc"mcKaTa) 6H6AHOTeKa.
HHTepec9BaM ce OT npoH3BeACHl-urra Ha 6i.ArapcKHTe nHCaTeA" KAaCUUH.
KOM OT SaWHTe C'bspCMeHHH
aSTOPH MH npenop-bqSaTe Aa
qeT!?
OT K6r6 TpA:6Ba Aa nOAjquM
paapeWCHHeTO Aa u3n6A3Y8aMe apXHsHJI .p6HA?
AasaTe AH KHHrn 3a H3B-bH-6H6AUOTCqHO H3n6A3)'BaHe?
K6AKO SpCMe M6ra Aa 3(lA"bp*a
KHUraTa?
KHHrara we 3(lA'bP)Ka. 6J.,1!e HRKOAKO ACHa.
EH6AHOTedpHTt ca MH6ro Y"-

use-

The performance will begin

soon.
One can see well from here.
After the third signal they don't
let anyone into the auditorium.
What films a re they giving this
week?
We would like to see a color

film.
The box offices are open all
day.
Let us go to the National (the
University) Library.
I am interested in the works of
Bulgarian classical writers .
Which of your contemporary
authors do you recommend
that [ read?
From whom must we get permission to we the archives?
Do you give out books for outside library use?
How long may I keep the book?
I will keep the book several
days longer.
The libraria ns are very polite.

rnSH.

CO NVE RSATIO N
KaK-bS e HHTepeCbT K"bM TeaTbpa y sac?
TYK TeaTpiAHuTe npeAcTaBACHHII ce nOCeJ.,1!3.BaT A06pe.
II.

How great is the interest in the

theatre in your country?
Theatrical performa nces are
well attended here.

"3

Xy6asa HOIlJ -

Kaaax a3, 3arAeAaH B A'hA60KOTo, '1epHO,

aBl)'crOBCKO He6e, ocno C eApH 3Be3AH, KORTO np)KeCTBeHO MMraxa B nMHHJl KynoA.
EMlL\H.IIH CraHeB

X y6asa, HO 6t3AYHHa -

OTrOBOpM Apyr apn MH. -

nD-

xytiasH ca JOHCKHTe HOIJ!H.

T oA n OM1>A'Ia H A06asH.

Cl\EA AOBA

IOHCKHTe HOIlJH, KoraTO BD3AyX"hT e HaCHTeH C apoMaTa Ha

yapeAH 'TptBH H Ha MA<lAa 3eAeHHHa.

-

BcH'IKH HOIJ!H pa3Ht)t(BaT '10BeKa - 3a6tA.II3ax a3.

HHe M'hA'IaxMe A'hAI'O BpeMe. H OlJ!Ta 6asHO 06qn.~a w e BCH'ICAeA eAHH AOB Ha In,An 'hA'hUH HHe TaKa ce U3MopHXMe, "Ie HJlKOA-

KO. HawHn CAa6 OIDH 06pa3ysaw e MaAI(O qepBeHO n eTHO,

KDTO KlL\OMeTpa n 'hT AO 6AH3KOTO CeAO, KoeTO HanYCHaxMe paHO

OTBpeA npHTHCHaTO C nMHHHa. OKOAHHTe KyKypy3H 6e3M'hABHO

CYTPHHTa, HU ce cropH 6e3KpaeH.

ce H3AHraxa KaTO Mpa'lHH H CTpawHH peAHUH Ha H.IIKaKBH nOA-

ABrycroBaTa HO~ lUi 3aBap" 6A" 30 AO p eKaTa. TaM " 3 6yAHO

H3paCHaAHTe UapeoHUH HaMepHxMe AocTa n"hAITbA'hUH. Ho BUCDKHTe cn6Aa H CAOl'OBe npe'le"a Ha CTpeA6aTa.

Y AapeHHTe nTHUII

MD'IHO ce HaMHpaxa. KyqeTaTa HH, o6oApcHH OT BeqepHaTa

KOBe, cnpeAH CBO!! nOXOAeH Maplll BcpeA paSHHHaTa.

B TOnAn!!

BAa)KeH B"h3Ayx IJ!YPUHTe ce'06aJKAaxa KaTO AYAH, a Kp.llKaHeTO

Ha )Ka6HTe pe)Kewe HOIl!Ta.
-

CAY'lBaAO AH BU ce e Aa nOIJ!<tAHTe AUBe'la, Ko raTO H.IIMa

XAaAuHa U p alApa3HeHH OT 'IeCTHTe U3CTpeAH, TH"laXa KaTO AYAH

DOllTH HHKaKBH BHAHMH npH"HHH 3a TOBa H KoraTO ToA caM ce e

H He CAym axa HamUTe 3an OBeAH .

HasHpaA Ha nymKaTa BH? - OOOHTa HeO'laKBaHO MO.llT Apyrap.

Aa npeKpa THM AOBa - npeAAO)KH ApyrapJlT MH. - YTpe '}fa

paH~Ha ,

MeCTa.
-

AOKaro pocaTa He ce e A HrHaAa, II!e 3anO"HeM OT TH.II

cera xaAAe B CtAo.

3al1&0 Aa He npeHOI,yYBaMe T)'K? - Kaaax aa. - HMaMe

}I

CTp}'Ba IdH ce, 'Ie He ..

XM, TOrasa He n OOHaBaTe oc06eHOTO YAOBOACTBHe, KoeTO

AOBeU'bT H3nHTBa np" nOAOOeH CAY'laA.

MY-

waMH. Te ~e HH 3ana3.11T OT BAaran H pocaTa. I1!e HaKA<l,AeM

OIDH

llJe CH Hanp aBHM OTAH"HH Aer Aa B OHaa Ky n a ceHO.

KaKTo HCKaTe - C'hrAaCH c e MO.IIT APyrap.

HHe HaKA<l,AOXMe OIDH, H3neKOXMe HJlKOAKO y6HTH nTHU" H

Karo ce HaBeqepJlXMe 6oraro, npHl'OTBUXMe AerA aTa c u. H aTer-

Ilop <tAH? ..

IIopaA" HAena 3a Be'lHOCT, aKO lJ!eTe! - HanpTH Apyrapn

N" H Me n orAeAMa C TOil OpAHTD-HaCTOA'IHB norAeA, C KoAro

'IOBet<. rAeAa o6eceAMHKa CH, KoraTO ce 6oA, 'Ie n OCAeAHHn
npHeMa A}'MHTe My C HaCMeWKa. IlOCAe,
AaAH ~e

MY

6e3

Aa ce HHTepeC}'Ba

OTI'OBOpll, roA MH p aaKa3a Tall Hcrop n.ll.

HaTH KpaA TAee lJ!ll .ll OIDII , M'hA"laAUBO ce HaCAa;KAaDaxMe Ha

" IlpeAH AeCeTHH.a l'OAHnH Y"HTeACTB}'Bax H3 OKOAHHTe ceAa,

n O<IHBKaTa. AOB'hT C nTH"ap e yMOpHTtAHO 3a"HMaHHe, HO nOllHB-

AOKaro HaA-ceme ycnJIX Aa n OAY'la M.IICTO B POAMOTO CH CeAO.

KaTa CAeA AOBa e BTOpa YAOBOACTBUe.

Orrorasa HacaM )KHBe.ll T)'K. Me'lTaTa MH 6eme Aa ce 3aB"hpHa

n OA MeTHaTiITe B"hpXy ceHOTO My m aMH ol!!e ce ycelJ!am e TOIlAH-

H yCTaHo B.II B 6a~HHaTa CI1 K"hlJ!a, KO.IITO Bl1e Be'le BHAJlXTC n oopa-

HaTa Ha 3eM.IITa, Han e'leHa npe3 AeH.II OT )KapKOTO CA'hHUe.

BeHa H nOAMOBeHa. AOBHaTa crpaCT 6em e Me 06XBaHaAa o~e OT

Mltp1l3MaTa Ha ceHO It np'hCT cTaBawe n O-OCTpa " on}lBaIl!a B'hB

Aert. B HamH.II POA T.II e HaCAeACTBeHa 'lepTa. AopH T.II Me

BAa)KHU.II B'h3Ayx KpaA p eKaTa. H a mltTe Ky qeTa, AerHMIt KpaA

3aCTaBH Aa CTaHa CeACKH y 'lHTeA H Aa )KHBell B ceAO. '-loBeK ce

OrbHJI, AeHHBO n OMaXBaxa K'h CHTe Cit onaWKIt It KaTO HH r A(:Aaxa

npHB"hpB3Ba ClL\HO K'hM MeCTaTa, H3 KOHTO A'hAl'O BpeMe e XOAHA

KOt!: 3Hae 3al.l&0 BHHOBHO, BCAYIUBaxa ce B r aCHe!J.!;HTe 3BYU" Ha

nOAtTO.

Ha AOB, " rn 06uKBa KaTO CBoA HMOT ..

"4

eAuH JOHCKH AeH, KaTO AOB.IIX pH6a 6AU3O AO CeAOTO B rOAe-

",

.a

Ita BOAeHHUaTa, 3a6eA.3ax 00 MeKH. n.CbK Ha 6pera

qe e MA3,AO, CHARO U 1fe )l{lfBee. 3eMJlTa H He6eTo ce CAHBaT B tAKo

CAeAH OT BHApa. OCTaT'bUHTe OT AIOCOH H KOCTH OKOHqaTeAHO we

6HTHe H CaMHTe BHe nOT'bBaTe U ce 3a6paene 8 Hero. P3,AOCT

ysepHXa, 'Ie 8HApaTa A08H pH6a Ha6AH30.

H3IThA8a URAOTO lIH CbT,ijecno. J.icKa eH ce Aa rA"hTHeTe OT AK>60e

Oll1e Cbl,Qara 8eQep peWHX Aa YCTpo.ll 3aC:tAa 8 ropHH.II Kpait

Ha BHpa, n OA caMH. &bp3elt

CBeTa

MH.

I-h6pax CH M.IICTO, MHOro YA06HO 33. TaJI UeA. TaM pe!<aTa

A:J

OCTaeux nywKaTa HaCTpa Ha, Aemax B1>PXY TOnAUJI kaM1>k

H BAaAeH B xy6aBU p33MHWAeHUiI, rAtAax 'IYAecHOTO IOHCKO He6e.

npaBH MaA1>K 3a80ii. B AeeHH. 6p.llr HMa CKaAH - CHItH, AeCKOBH.

Ii

rIOA TH.II eKaAlf et HaMHpa Hel,QO KaTO nAoI,Q3AKa, KO.IITQ ce BAaBa

EAHH

IrhB 8OAaTa. EAHa 3ary6eHa B wyw:aTa rn.Te'lKa H38(:JKAa Ha HeJl.

On:PHTO M.IICTO H KpaCH80. 3Ha.IIT ro MaAUHHa, KOUTO MHHaBaT
OTTaM H ee orouBaT Aa nun OT 6HCTpaTa H CTyAeHa BOAa Ha

eTO, T'bKMO KoraTO 6.IIX 3a6paBHA 3a BHApan, TJl ce nOKaaa.

HeoqaKBail IlAJICDK,

CAtA KoATO )l{a6HTe H3BeAH"h)l{

WA'hKHaxa, Me HaKapa Aa norAeAHa B'hB BHpa.

r AaBaTa

Ha BKApaTa ce BH)l(Aarue KaK UenH BOAaTa cpell1Y

H:tA AeCKHTe KaTO

tt'leHHeTO.
rI"hpeara MH MHCDA 6ewe Aa rpaOHa n YWKaTa. H o a3 c:w6pa-

xpaCTH Ha AIOA.IIk ce H:tABeCBaT HlA peKaTa H.llKOAkO Ape6HH

3HX BeAHara, 'Ie MoeTO ABH)I{eHHe ll1e H3A3At "PHCDCTBHeTO MH.

AHnH. ToraBa Te 6.IIXa Oll1e nO-HUCKH, HO HMaxa usn U TOKY-1l10

6xxa U1>THaAH.

'/\'YHaTa 6ewe ce H3AUl'1IaAa H orp.IIAa OAOIAJaAKaTa, Ha KO.llTO

KA:tAeH'IeTO, KOCTO H3BHpa OT CkaAHTe.

BeqepTa C nYWKa B p1>Ka a3 ce npHTaHX Ha TOBa MIICTO.

OrHa'laAO ce B3upax B1>B BOAaTa" T'bpneAHBO OqaKBax BHApaTa
Aa ce nO.llBH. IjRAOTO MH BHHMaHHe 6ewe HaCOqeHO K'hM npe-

CTO.llX, T'bit 'Ie no UeBHTe Ha nywKaTa ee otpa)l{aearue CHHKaBaTa

CBeTAUHa Ha 3Be3AHTe.
Tp.ll6Bawe Aa OCTaHa HenOABH)I{eH H Aa 1faKaM YA06HaTa MHHyra.

B CBoeTO Hen.pneHHe H CTpacr nOH.llKora MH ce

BHApaTa AocntI'Ha 6"hp3e.ll. T.II ce 030Ba Ha n.llC"h'lHHII HOC H

crpysawe, 'Ie BH)l(AaM rAaBaTa Ha nAysall1aTa BHApa. ETO .II,

A'heHa TaM KaTO qepHa KOTKa. CAeA TOBa H3A3Ae TUX, HeonpeAe-

pa3uenBa 80AaTa H 'hrAOBaTa 6pa3Aa OT ABere H cTpaHH 06pa3YBa

AeH 3B)'K H Aerna.

ACTO.llIl\H.II AOB.

WHpoKH KJ>'hroBe, KOlfTO 6'hp 30 TpenKaT H 6srraT KDM 6pera ..

K'hM He. ce HaCO'lHXa 1'pH '1epHH ceHKH. Te .II 3a06HkOAHXa H

n. n

B3HpaM ce nO-A06pe, r AeAaM, nAYBa >Ka6a H H30YCHa C B'h3AHWKa

33.nO'lHaxa Aa AywaT MYUYHaTa

Ha6paHHJI A1>X B n.pAHTe CH ...

'Ient:pHTe H3THqaxa AO KpM Ha Hoca, AeTO 3a MHHyrKa OTH080

c.....eA 'lac ce yMOpHX Aa 'IUaM H n OCTeoeHHO H3ry6HX H:tAeJKAa,

'Ie BHApaTa T,ije ce nOKa>Ke. EABa TOraDa 33.6eNl3aX KOAKO e KpaCHBa IOHCKaTa HOIl1.
Til 6e w e THxa, C8eTAa H WenTJlll1a. rIoA A"hqme Ha AYHaTa
peKaTa A1>l,Qe w e KaTO HJlkaKBO 3AaTHO TeqeHHe. Or BpeNe Ha

OCAe KaTO n o AaAeH 3HaK H

ce c npllXa. M3.AKO no-K'hCHO Te ce HapeAHxa Ha 6"hp3e.ll H 3ano'lHaxa Aa 6HJr1' 80AaTa C onaruKHTe CH .

CTapaTa Y'lewe NaAKHTe cu Aa Aoe.IIT pH6a. C 'IeCTH H CHAHH
YAapH Ha onaWkaTa CH TJI npHHYJKA3BaWe plf6aTa Aa ce CKpHe
B nOAMOAHT(:. MaAKHTe nOAp<UKaBaXa Ha Maiika cn.

BpeMe C AeK nAJlCbk nOACKa'lawe pH6a H 6AJ1CBarue HilA BOAaTa.

KoraTO Ha H.llKoe OT T.IIX ce YA3Ba We Aa XBaHe flA.IIqKaTa CH, TO

)Ka6HTe HaAaBaxa A1>Anrre CH kypKaHH.II, CJfKaW ce MOo'I.exa.

6.11r3.we C rn.pxaT,ijaTa 8 YCTaTa My plf6a Ha n.llC'hqHH.II HOC H TaM

AHmfTe HaA MeH AeKO nOMaxBaxa WHpoKHTe CH AHCTa U TexHHTe

R 1f3RJKAawe.

ceHKH eABa 3a6eAe)l{HMO Tperrr.llXa B r A3AJ{HTe BOAU Ha BHpa.

Toea 3aHHMaHHe npoA'bJ\}t{H URA 'lac. 1.{eTHpHTe "';IfBOTHIf T)'

A B KAaAeH'IeTO, YAaBeH H, ce nOAIOMlBaxa H.llKOAKO 3Be3AH, KaTO

8H(:3anHO H3'1e3Baxa, . T)' ce nO.IIBJlBaxa Ha nOB"hpXHOCTTa KaTO

Ape6HU )l{1>ATHUH, naAHaAH Ha A"hHOTO My. H e BU AH ce e CAY'I-

qeTHpH 6-hp3lf ceHKH.

BaAO Aa CTOHTe HenOAl!H)I{HO H Aa ce BCAyllIBaTe B TakaBa HOIl\?

THXHOTO YC"hpAHe Aa AOBHT pH6a nOCTeneHHO oTcAa6Bawe.

CTpysa BH ce, 'Ie 'IYBaTe Kak paCTaT TpeBUTe, KaK KHOH MA3.AH.IIT

BRxa ce HaxpaHHAH H cera 3anO'lHaXa Aa Hrpa.IIT. KOTeruKHTe

>KHBOT HaOKOAO, KaK HCH'IKO C.IIKaW HU roBOpU 3a CHO.IITa PilAOCT,

HM TeAa ce Hocexa CeeTKaBlf'lHO 6"hp30 1{3 BO,!I,aTa. Tc ce ronexa,

,,6

"7


k'bA60.

6o1lT Aa He rH 06BHHJIT B caHTHMCHTaJl.HOCT ToraBa, Koraro Hlf

HHpBaxa Ct CDC CAa6 llAJICl>K H OTHOBO Ct nOKa3BaXa, nOBAeQtHH

ce CAYllBa Aa nOCTbnJIT KaTO HCTHHCKH 'lose,," - OTl'OSOPH Mon

06p'bl,l!axa ct: no rpo6, CIlAHTaxa ce B I'OAJlMO lIepHO

OT TtqtHHero Ha peKaTa. IlOHJlKOra ce 'IYBaWt KaK MAaARTe ce

Apyrap. -

xamrr H AaBJIT C Jl.eJ(o, XpHflJl.HBO X'bpKaHt, HanOMHJUI,!O KOTellll(O

ClI. He6eTo e, KOeTO HH B'b3AHra .

M'bpKaHt.

HOI,JJTa He pa3H e>KBa. HOJ,ijTa nOTIICKa C T'bMHHHaTa

Ha ApyrnR AeH RHe RanpaBHXMe lIYACCCH AOB.

KaTo H3Ae6Hax NHHYTaTa, B KOJITQ ce rMypHaxa BDB BOAaTa, a3

IJla6Hax nywKaTa, onpJlX npHK.II.lUa 0 paMOTO CH H C npKT Ha
cnyC'bxa 3a'laKaX TJlXHOTO n ooOaHt.

eTO, AO caMaTa nAol,I!a.AJ(a, Ha KOJITO

6JlX

nOKa3a I1JI.OCKaTa rAaBa Ha crapaTa BHApa. TH

KOAtHHlIHJI., ce

6twt

T'bA 6AH30,

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'1ertwt HtlJ!O lIOBtWKO.
MmKt 6H

6twt

3a6e.M13aAa CRHKaTa MH HJI.H n'bK

MOeTO npHC'bCTBHt.

TR

6e

nOAywHJl.a

Me rAtAaWt BTpeH'IeHO H Ma.AI(O Y'lYAeHO,

CJU(aw He 6ewe MHoro CHrypHa, 'Ie BHJKAa lIOBeK.

HJlKOAl<O ceKyHAH ce npH"eABaX B rAaBaTa

H,

6ea Aa "OCMeR

Aa rp'bMHa. DAH3OC1Ta Ha HdtHnR norAeA CKOBaBawe DOMITa MH.

IlpeA MeH CToewe eAHO >KHBO C'bl,l!ecTBO, B O'lHTe Ha KoeTO BH>KA ax Aa CBeTH C'bIJ!HJIT BDTpemeH n AaM'bK Ha AywaTa, KaK'bDTO HlIIa
H B QlIuT<: Ha Hac, xopaTa.
AOKaro ce npH"eABaX, 33 He AHwax H cera yCentx, 'Ie He lJ!e
Nora Aa CA'bp>KaM nODe'le Ha6paHHR D'b3Ayx B " n.pAHTe MH.

Bea

A3 uCKaM, B'b3A'bXHax H >KlUHO noex npeCtH B'b3AYX. TOBa 6ewe

AOCTan'lHO BUApaTa Aa ce cKpHe B'bB BOAaTa.

MHr DHp1>T

OnyCTJI. MAlUHTe U3'1e3Haxa C'b1J!0 TaKa, KaKTO 6J1Xa ce nOOHAH.

OcraHax Ha OJI.OI,I!3.AKaTa H3HtHaAaH OT cwe CH H MaAKO
CK)'TeH. IlOCJl.e, Koraro JKa6HTe OTHODO aanO'lHaxa Aa H3,AaBaT

NeAaHXQAH'IHHTe CH KypkaHH_, OTBeAH'b>K nOllYSCTByaax Heo6HKHOBeHO cnQKoRCTBHe H MMp B AymaTa CH, TaKORa, KaKBOTO
'IOBeK ycelJ!a caMO KoraTO e l,JJaCTAlfB H 06H'Ia. no O'bTJI aa B

IO>IJ!.H

33 ce nOACMHB~ B ce6e CH, nOAcBHpBax CH DecCAO H

rAtAaX MlI.3AHR Mtee" . . "

ApyrapJIT MH ce 3a8H c "'ywaMaTa H Aerna. HawnTe Ky'leTa
cmDca MHpHO KpaA 3araCHaAHR On.H. PeKaTa n'bAHeWe C ycnoKOHTeJl.eH wenOT HOl,ijTa. AaJl.ell e H3 nOAeTO ee lIYBawe AaRT Ha
eeACKHTe KY'leTa H Ap'bH'lCHeTO Ha 3aK'bCHllAa KOAa.
-

Aa, H0J,UTa pa3He)f(Ba - Ka3ax a3.

HHMa e TOAKOBa AOWO TOBa? Pa3He>KBa?! XopaTa lIeCTO ce

"s

"9

OpeACTaBHTe - TOB<l BH Ka3BaM B CelCpeT, - 'lfe Be'lep, Kayo ce

CTbMHH. TOft B3eMa CTOMHaTa nOA naATOTO H OnlBa Ha 'IeWMaTa
Aa HaAee BOAa? EAHH Ha'laAHuK Ha OTAeAeHHe! H eroBHRT P33HBaH Ba30B

CHAeH TOBa He B'bPWH .. n eT IT'hTH Aocera ropKutt e XOAHA Ha

<JlypHaTa Aa B3eMe noDe'lfa. Bue 3HaeTe? . HHe nOBeq e noDeq c n
npaaHM: Hape)I{H MP'bBKH, X8'bpAH HM ....'b'I(HUa MaCAO, na xaA

CAYfllHJI

Ha cIlYPHaTa, Ta APyro H He 3HaM. KoA My e "'MCAHA H"Kora,

'Ie IRe H3n3AHa AO TaKaBa HHCKa TO'lKa - Aa &bAa npHHYAeua
a3 Aa cn 'IUH" XH3MeTJI .. Ta H M'b}l{'bT MH ICOAKO ce B'b3MYlI&aBa!
E, 'IyAO ....H ce e nOA06Ho HelYaCTHe?"

CrORH PaXOB 6ewe OCTaHaA 6ea CAymHR nOCptA 3UMa. nC>C..\CAHaTa My ro HanYCHa npeAH TpH HeAeAn, 6e3 HHKaKlla BHAnMa
npH'lIma. 3a eAHO c04mlkxo ceMeiiCTBO TaKaaa CA)"IKa e tVlAa
6eAa. eroRH PaKOB 6ewe Ha'laAHHK Ha OTAeAeHHe B eAHO MHHHCTepcno, )KeHa My - MA~a H nO'lHTaeMa rOCOO)Ka, Aa)Ke 0004npeAceAaTeAKa Ha ABe )KeHCKH APY)KeCTBa; HO THJI CBeroBHH
6Aara H nO'leCTH He 6J1Xa c n oc06HH Aa rn HanpaBJiT l,l!aCTAHBH;
B TJlXHOTO Hroe HMallIe CAHa 'IepHa TO'lKa: HRMaxa CAyrHHR. TOBa
6ewe )KH3HeH B'bnpoc 3a nO'lTeHHTe ChnpY3H, TOii 3aHHMaBaw e
YMOBeTe HM, Toli AaBawe xpaHa Ha P33roBOpHTe HM, Toii 06rp'hI,l!awe BCH'IKJITe AaMTeHHR Ha AYlllHTe HM.
PaKOBH HJlMaXa CAyrHHR.

11 rocno>tCa PaKoBa B 'lfepKBa, H Ha rocTH. H B APy"'ecTBa - Bce

TUJI rop'lHBH OOAaKllaHUJiC
- I1peACTaBeTe CU, rocno>tCa (CO$"iiCKHTe 6AaropoAHH A3MH
ce THTyAysaT TbA, BMeCTO "rocno}KO" - 33 OTAH'IHe OT kaAyrep-

PaKOS" HJlMaxa CAyruHiI.

CrOilH PaKoB " TOil neThK ce Bp'bl,\!awe OT na3apa C BKHCHaro
AHue.
)ReHa My BCAHara paa6pa, 'Ie Tbpcem!TO My e 6HAO 6e3ycnewHO. TOBa Hel!!aCTHe npocro II: OTpasRwe c'blYecnYBaHHeTO.
PaKoB H3M'bpMOpa meSHO:
.
- T'bpcHx, npeA,harax AYAH 3an .... aTH. HHKoA He HCKa Aa CAyryaa. HilKOH CeAJ!HKH AaJKe, KaTO 'Ie ce nOAHrpaBaxa, r ....eAaxa we
noqTH c npe3peHHe, KaraTO rn n"Tax .. CRKaw He AHBH wonKHHH. a JKeliH Ha HcnaHCKH rpaHAOBe ..
- TH TOBa He K33BaW cepu03HO. UHaK lYe 61>Ae rAY03BO OTB'bpHa }l{eHa My .. CAyrnuH BClDCora ce HaMHpaT - KaK rn
HMaT xopaTa! - HO patXrraTa e, KaTO iI HMaw. Aa 3Haew AaR npHBAe'lew ... Ero U nOCACAllaTa IIH CAyrnHR. CTOHAa: He l,ijil Aa we
n<>CAywa U HU HanyCHa. Cera ce ry6HM KaronaTKH H3M'br.... a ..

xHTe), npeACTaBeTe CH, rocn o>tCa, HJlMaMe CAyntmd

- Ta xaKBQ nose'le Aa II: AaM? - O1TOBOpH p33ApaaHeH PaKos.

- MaAKO All 6JlXa TOAKOSa napH MeCe'lHo. H xpaHa, If 06....eKAo.

A B THR opocrn AyM" ce aaKAlO'IaBaWe WlAa illeKcnnpoBa

TpareAHR 3a MAaAaTa If nO'INTaeMaTa rocno}Ka PaKoBa ; Te HCKaxa

H 06Yl,IJa? QCTasaIUe caMO CAHO: Aa II: AaM nOAOSHHaTa CH

33OAaTa. 3a Aa.ce He ChIlA3.3HJlBa Aa 6J11ra, KoraTO R MaMRT Apyrn.

Aa Ka)KaT: "npeACTaBeTe CU, rocno)Ka. TOBa Y}I{aCHO Ch6HTHe

TH no-A06pe. rocnO}l{o. KpHBH ce6e CH. TH S JlAa CH R rpy6ewe

nOHJlKora: eAHaJK Te qyx, 'Ie II: K333 "CDHHbO". KaraTO Til CTJ>OWH

040 KaKBII CKaHAaAH HH AoseAe; 33, KaXTO CAIIO BpeMe 6a6a MH H MaAKa Mil, ol,l!e AlIec - caMa CH nepa ApexnTe n ce YMHpHCBaM
s KyxHJiTa Karo HilKOil . 11 HilMaM 'lac cso6oAHH'I'bK Aa nOCBCTR

Ha no-B'b3SHWeHa H 6AaropoAHa rpn}l{a .. IIpeACTaBeTe CH: Aa}l{e

He MH OCTaBa BpeMe Aa }fAa Aa cn Kpoil HOBaTa poKMI Empire,
a nAaThT CTOilH'IO e KynHA OT TOAKOBa BpeMe . CTOHH'lfO, H TOit,
6eAIIHRT. OT SUCO'l}fllaTa Ha CBOiI Ha'lilAIIH'IeCKH CTOA. e npHIIYAeH
Aa CAaaR AO 3aHJlTIfilTa Ha npocTaTa T'bAna . MO}l{eTe AH Aa CH

1.0

4tap$QPOBHJI CyOHUK. B AHeWHaTa KpU3a OT CAyrH TaKOBa OTHow eHlfe K'bM TJlX e onacllo He rH MHCAH C'hl,l!ecna 6e3 caMO.... J06He.
PaKosH HllMaxa CAyrHHJI.
Be'lepTa. TOH ChI,l!HR AeH. KoraTO C'bnpy3HTe CilAaxa npH H3CTUHaAHR U 3aMHpHCaA Ha AHM noseq - aAcflaTa Ii OMeraTa Ha
BCHQKaTa roTBapcKa M'bAPOCT Ha MAa..,aTa H nO"UTaeMa rocno>tCa

I"

PHOBa - BpaTa ce 6}'THa, 6e3 Aa ce nOllYKa, H oP"4aHaTa rAaaa

KaTO m cHa6AHXa H C TOllAa nOCTeAKa, :JaBH8Ka H B'b3rAaBHHua,

Ha CAH" won ce nOKa3a TaM.

Q'lTerAHXa ce s cnaAHRTa CH, CACA KaTO HM nO)KeA.axa y 'lTHBO

- A 06pa 8H BellepR, n poJ,UaBame! - Kaaa ToA rp'I>MorAacHo.

Karo CBaAH w anKaTa CH. - '-IeTe AH Aa BH CAywa
HAH OHO, He BU Tpe6U CAymHR?

Ii

e roBa AeBoAlIe,

ToA H3TerAH npeA ce6e CU e.4H0 C llAax norACA WONH'Ie.

n pea HO'lP"a PaKoB H IKeHa MY HMax a no eAMO CHAHO ccnBaHe

H cepalJluMOOI rAaCOBe CTlfraxa AO YWKTe HM !

"TpR6Ba All HM CAymHR! It . . Khoce, >KeA.aew AU MyCTaUH?

H o npeAH Aa CH Acm c, rocnO)Ka PaKOBa CAe3c AOAY, Ta AaAe

HRKaKBH HaCTaBACHHR Ha CAyruH'I eTQ H cc B'hpHa B c naAHRTa.

npeA TUR AyMH Chnp Y31ITe n OMHCAHXa, 'Ie He6ero ce OTBOpH

HCKa AH AYMa? T OR won ro npa,,"a caMOro npoBHAeHHe. foc-

AeKa HOI,!!.
B TaR KpH3a OT CAyrn y'lTHBOClTa K'I:oM T1lX C 30l,!1;'hA)KHTeAHa .

BCRKoft: Hero ro np06YAH BH(!3anHa MHChA, '1C TOft AaIKe He no-

nHTa 3a HMeTa Ha MOMH'IeTO H Ha CeA.OTO My - onYlMeHHC BaJKHO ;

HcA H ce np"CTOp". 'Ie ce KAona ABOpcKaTa noyra. 3a Aa ce

nO>Ka P alCosa ce 60ew e Aa He fuAe BCH'IKO roBa ChH A'hJt<AKB.

ycnOKoH, TR 3CMa cscl,ijTa H OTHAe Aa Ha,!I;HHKHC B

H e, He e ChH . CeARK'hT CTOH C BCIt'lKOTO Cit wonCKO SeAH'IHe,

onHRT OIUC ropeWC H OCBClUaBawe WHPOKOpa33HHaAHTe YCTa Ha

C ocKOTeHaTa CH lJIH3HOHOMHR, C ApHnHTC cu, TR Aa>Ke 'IYSCTBy-

wona, KOftTO X'hpKaWC KaTO UHKAon; ACSOft'leTa cncwe ChI,l,!O.

KyxH~Ta;

Bawe He6AaroyxaHHaTa an,foc4>epa OT KHp H AyK, KORTO WOJl'hT

Torasa TR cc S'hpHa ycn oKoeHa.

HOCH HaspeA C'!tC ce6c CH ; H l,I!onKHH'IeTa TaM C >KHBO, C'hB'hpWeHO

CyrpHHTa C C1)'A. PalCOB cc c'h6Y>KAa, rAeAa, '1C IKeHa My R

","so H, KaKTO n OA06asa : napUaAHBO, l'HltAaSO, rypeAHBo H C

TeA.eWKH Y'lYACH n orACA.

HRMa s CTaRTa.
- OTHUlAa C Aa HaroAH CAyrHH'ICTO, 3a Aa HaKAa,!I;e onHR.

HaKoHeu, 6AaronoAY'lHcTO SAe3Ha s K'hl,l!aTa.

P aKoB npcAAara H3SeAH'h>K ABaftCeT H nCT Acsa 3allAaTa H, 3a
roARMO YllYABaHe, 6al,ijaTa ce He Thprysa H BeAHKOAYWHO CC
ChrAaCHBa.
nH"raT roraaa aa 3HaHHRTa Ha MOMHlIeTO. MOMHlIero HC 3Hae
HHI,I!O, He e CAyrySaAO HHK'hAC, HO rosa WaAKO 3HallH.

~ H a xapH3aHO Marape neTaAaTa ce HC rAeAaT - w YWH e c

Thp)KeCTBysalU SHA P aKOS Ha )KeHa cu .
-

J.l!a ro A'hp)Ka rosa CSHH'Ie 6ape BOAa Aa MH HOCH, AOKaT

CAaBa 6ory, CAaBa 6oAY.

11 ToA cc yaRBa C YAOBOACTSHC B IOpraH_, 3aIMOTO '1ysa, 'Ie
HaB'hH nHIWi ct>P1)'HaTa.
BAMR IKeHa MY. AHUeTO H e H3MCHCHO, YllAaWCHO.
_ lUOIThT H MOMHlIero rH HRMa - Ka3a '1'_ - H3Ae3AH, KaKTO ce
BHAH, olUe NROro paRO.
PaxOB CKOKHa OT AcrAOTO CH.
-

n OAUUHR! AP'bIKTC! - H3BuKa ToA.

cc cnycHa no 6eAu rail!" HanH; HO KaTO ce AOCeTH, 'Ie TOBa

CH HaMepa n o-cBJlCHa CAyntHR, n a IUc MY AaM Jl'hTR - MHCAH CH

e AYAOCT, nonpHa ce. H RKOAKO ceKYHAIf H ABaMaTa CTon a C

AYKaBO rocn O)Ka P aKosa: - HAH BRpBa TOR rAaMaB won, 'Ie TQA-

P'bue CKonqeHIf If HCnOABUIKHIf Karo CTaryH.

KOBa napH ce AasaT Ha CAHO AHSO roseAue, Ha KOeTO lUe TpR6sa

Aa CAyrysaM?

Ha IKeHa CH. - Tu "nc YMeew Aa n pTlfw CAymHII KPOTI<.O, '1ose w-

Ho, Aa COIl Kylle n OA KaM'bK. Cera WOn'hT H A:hlUepR My ca

KH. n OHC cera He MO)KeM MCHe Aa KpUBUW j a3 Aa,!I;OX TpoAHO

npReTli KaTO BUCOKonOCTaBCIIH I'OCTH. EAllaM HaRAcHHHT noBC'I

nOBC'IC, OTKQAKOTO 6al,!!aTa MO)l(CWe Aa nOIiCKa.

r ocnoIKa PaKOBa He npue '1'03 yKOp. HanpoTUB, BCH'IKaTa SllHa

( npH S'hAUCHHR OT roAnia PllAOCT OXOTaTa CC ry6H), npHrOTBcH

naK HCIJ!O CIf m OCK'hp6llAa CHOIUIf - Kaaa OrORH HanOCAC

H; 3alJ!0

OT ACARKaTHHTe p'hUe Ha nOAnpeACCAaTCAKaTa Ha ABCTC )KeHCKH

e Ha MO.)Ka

APY)KCCTBa s CTOAuuaTa, MUHyaa B pa3nOAO)KeHUC Ha roCTHTC.

3a Aa MOIKC Aa R ThpcH, aKO n06cme,

EAuH roARM onH B Ky xlIRTa C npa3HH'ICH CSCTAHK ocBclUaBa

OT IThTHaTa nopra, 3a Aa He MO)l(e Aa n06em e? liaauMHuTe

nHpwcCTSOTO HM. f acnoARH P aKOB H roc nO)Ka PaKosa rH rAtAaT

H HC MO)KaT Aa HM ce napllABaT.

OKpUSHBaHHII H HaTRKBaHHR MClttAy C'hnpy3HTe ce npoA'hA)Ka SaXa

<22

He C nUTaA 3a HMeTO
11:

I-{

ceAOTO lIa CAyrHHRTa ,

3al,l!O He e 3CMaA KAIO'Ia

6e3 HHKaKBa nOA3a.

12 3

Ho HHKOIt He ce Cent Aa pe'le AOWO 3a n06ll1'HaAHTe

PaKOSH HlIMaXa CJI. yrHHII.

Appendix'

CAeA HIIKOAKO MeceUa I'OCnO>Ka PaKosa. eAHH na:JapeH AeR.

ChrAtAa n0611nIaAOTO WODlutH'Ie npH tAHH Apyrn CeNIHKH. KOHTO
npoAasaxa KOKOWKH .
TlI ro YAOSH CbPAHTO 3a AaK'bTlI.
- 3al!!O 6era Torasa. MapH MOMH"e?
MOMH'IeTO ce YIL\aWH H xsana Aa ce A'hpna. Ho eAlla OT
~eNl HKHTe . AeNI

I.

Ii. 06l1CHH 3araAKaTa Ha rocno}l{a PaKosa: 6a-

lI&aTa Ha MOMH'IeTQ HSMaA HaMepeHHe Aa 11 Aasa 3a CJl.yrHHlI. HO

KaTO 3aMp'hKHaA Hero AeH B Co$UlI H He JWl" Aa npeHOI,I!}'Ba B
xaHa. 3a Aa He Xap'lH - MHOro CTHnua 6H/\ '10BeK'hT - H3npo<:H/\
rocnmpHeMcTBO OT PaKOB" no pa:JnpaseHHlI no-rope "a'llHH!
THfr rAynasH wonH, a?

,
f

The Verbal Stems

In predicting the present and aorist tenses of Bulgarian verbs

from the verbal stem, one must begin by distinguishing the
following verbal stems:
I.
stems in -i, stressed and unstressed
krivt- doi-, nOsi-, nezill.
stems e~ding in stressed -a after a palatal or palatalized
consonant or -J
t'rpja-. leza-. stoja.
stems ending in stressed -a not after a palatal or palatahzed
3
consonant or -J
kova-, pomena.
stems
in
unstressed
-a
except
those
In -na
4
Hzastems
in unstressed -na
5
digna6. stems in -0

neso7 stems in -ij

PIJ-

8. stems in -aj (or -j aj)

igraj I am indebted to Dr. J oseph Van Campen, Assistent P~fts$()r of Sla~ic
Languages and Literatures at Harvard University for thlS system, which
represenu an application to the Bulgarian verb of ~roressor Roman Jako~
son'. conception of the R ussian conjugation. It 15 treated more fully . m
Dr. Van Campen', doctoral dissertation. Cerlain changes have been m
troduced ror pedagogical purposes.

9.
10.
J 1.

stems in -uj (or -juj)

t':uj-stems in -ej
pejstems in -aj (or -jaj)
vikajII.

Step One.

The Present Tense

Rules for Desinence in the present.

Stems in -i, stressed and unstressed (no. r) or in stressed.a

after a palatal consonant or -j (except for monosyllabic stems
ending in COIllJOnant plus -r plus -ja, no. 2) have the second
person singular in -i.
J.

2.
Stems ending in unstressed -aj have the present in -m, _
added directly to the stem, which ends in -a.

g.

All others have the second person singular in -d.

Step Two.

Stem Changes.

A verbal stem ending in a vowel (nos. 1- 6 above) drops that

\!'owel before the endings of the present.

A.

Stems in -i, stressed or unstressed, use the palatalized correspondent for the preceding phoneme, if one exists, before the
ending -a of the first person singular of the present. The ending
of the second person is -i, which is added to the stem without
palatalization of the final consonant.
krivi-, kriv- plus -ja, krivja, krivi
n6si-, nos- plus -j a, n6sja, n6si
nefi-, neta, ne!i
If the phoneme before -i is a vowel, a -j- is inserted before the
ending -a.
doi-, do- plus -j- plus -a, doja, doi
I.

2.
Stems in -a, stressed or unstressed, are identical, except for
pronunciation (see Introduction, p. 13), with the fint penon
126

,
f
1
t
I

singular of the present. The second penon singular haa the

ending -d, except as noted below under a) .
kova-, kava, kovB
pomemi-, pomena, pomenB
digna-, digna, dignd
a) Stems in stressed -a after a palatal or palatalized consonant
or -j, except for monosyllabic stems ending in consonant plus -r
plus -ja, have the ending -i in the second person singular.
Note that the final -j of the stem is dropped before this ending;
or a final palatalized consonant is depalatalized.
t'rpja-, t'rpja, t'rpi
leM-, leM, leZi
stoja-, stoja, stoi
b) Monosyllabic stems ending in consonant plus r plus -ja lose
the palatal or palatalized consonant before the -a (pronounced ')
of the present endings, and have the ending -B in the second
person singular.
umr'a-, umra, umre
c) Stems in -a change an immediately preceding k (g, h) to t':
(f, ) respectively before the -e endings of the present. (Cf. below 3)
t'ka-, t'ka, t't':B
(This is the only verb affected .)
d) Stems in unstressed -a change an immediately preceding
s, z, k, g, sk, and zg into , f, c, f, t' (t before -e) and :!d' (:!d
before -e) before the present endings, and in the case of other
consonants use their palatalized correspondent, if there is one,
before the -a endings of the present.
opasa-, opah, op:ie!
Hza-, kaza, Htd
plaka-, placa, place!
I"ga-, I"fa, I"ie!
draska-, dr:itja, drMtd
glozga-, gloidja (mod. gloZda), glM.dd
kapa-, kapja, kapd
drja.ma-, dremja, dn!md

3. Stems in -<> normally shift the accent to the endings. The

ending of the second person singular is -d. An immediately
preceding k, g, and h, is changed to e, z, and respectively before
the -e endings of the present. (Cf. above 2C)
neso-, nesa, nesB
reker, reki, reCB
mog6--, m6ga, m6zB
v'rh6--, v'rha, v'riB
B. Verbal stems ending in -j (nos. 7-11 above), except for those
in unstressed -aj (no. I I above), add the present endings directly
to the stem. The second person singular is in -d. Note that the
final -j of the stem is dropped before the -e ending-of the present.
pij-, pija, pid
igraj-, igraja, igrad
euj-, euja, CUd
pej-, peja, peeS

B. Verbal stems ending in -j (nos. 7-11 above), except those

in -ej (no. 10), drop the -j and add the aorist endings.
pij-, pih
t uh cuh
igraj-, igrah
vikaj-, vikah

f
,

a) Stems ending in unstressed -aj drop the -j and add the

present personal endings -m, -, -, -me, -te, -t.
vikaj-, vikam, vika, etc.

III.

The Aorist Tense

A. Verbal stems ending in a vowel (nos. 1-6) are identical with

the aorist stem. The endings -h, -, -, -hme, -hte, -ha are added
directly to the stem.
pomena-, pomenah
krivi, krivih
t' rpja-, t'rpjah
doi-, doih
kaza-, kizah
Id'-, Id.h
n6si-, n6sih
digna-, dignah
stoja-, stojah
neE-, nezih
kova-, kovah
neso-, nboh
I.
Stems in - 0 replace -<> by -e in the 2nd and 3d person singular
with the same consonant changes as in the present, i.e. an immediately preceding k; g, and h is changed to e, z, andrespectively.
reko-, rekoh" reee

uS

I.
Stems in -ej replace -e by -a and palatalize the preceding
consonant, if possible.
pej-, pjah
gr~i-. grjah
zivej -, zivjah

comrade, .4pynP, APynP-T, APY-

n.po,m.

corricLoI', KOpIlA6p. m.
council, ~. m.; cb.cKH CJ>atr,
c~,m.

cow,~. f.

English-Bulgarian Glossary

atMe, be, ~ w6.em,

rlA, uorAA, imp(,
about, 3a, prep.

crou, ll)J'C:'.

113,

~. NO-

prep.

after, CAeA, prep. c:IooeA "TO, conj.

ago, npcAli:, adv.
all, acKo.:JUDT, liICNoIan, adj., lie!:
Leaon Ten
already, .e.tc, adv.
also, ci.I,\IO, adv.
and, " . conj.
amwet, 6Tr0e0p, m.
aniwa, ~. -!tW, -ttX (orroup...), pf. (impf.)
apple, iiIh.Mta, f.
April, &npKA, m.
arrive, A6R.Aa. A6iAew, A6AAOli: (N)JlOac.Aaw), pf. (impf.)
iU, uro, prep. and conj.

body. riAo, TeA!, n.

boil, ttpb, ap'om, "P'" (""'"""),

pC. (impf.)
book, XHKra, f .
Botton, G6cr0H, m.
boy, wo_e, KOIAaa, n.
bread, llNI6. x.o.i6t.T, ~. m.
bridge, MOCT, ..6c:n.T. MOCT6ee, m.
broad, ump6x. adj.
brother, 6paT, 6pATIoT. 6piTJI, m.
Bulgarian, 6i.MaplUl. 6iMaPK, m.
MAraplUl, f.
Bulgarian, 6i..vapcltH, adj.
btu, _, HO, ooa<lC, W, :ud., axH,
conj.
buy, xYn-, -Hm, -KX (kfIl'Yaaw), pi:
(impf.)
by, a book by, OT, prep.

ut, n-.lTaw, imp(,

at,

RaJ I ,

prep., rlp. at lMNnc

baby. 6t6e, ~. n.
t.dly. A6mo. adv.
bandit, pu66jbntx, m.
be, nx. imp(.
beautiful. xj6u. adj.
bc:cau.e, _Po. conj.
become, crba (criuw), pr. (impf.)
before. npe..vi, prep., RpCAJt AA, conj.
best. HiI'AoMp, H&A-AOOpa, adj.
better, no.A06't.p, nO-A06pa, adj.
big, roMw. ro.o.6.m, adj.
black, 'IItpeK, 'I(~., adj.
blackboard, '14m. ,4"loCd. f.
bUnd, CAMI, CAenK, adj.
blue, emi, aUu, CKHJ.o, ClOtH, adj.

croeapNW ee (c::ro.ap- ee,

-MW, -KX), impf. (pf.). _, onto
cry, begin to, ~ (unUqa.
-em, ~) , imp{. (pC.)
cultivated 6dd, tuiBa, r.
cut down, ~ (0TCCd, OTeeq~IU, OTcUOX), impf. (pf.)
cut through partly, 3ace.ctI, ppp.
aaeed, ~ aacmwl(, pf.
erath,

calf, TCM!, ~, n.
can, ..on, ...&.ew.
..,..Af., impC.

door, lipan, r.
Dragoj, A,parOA, m.
during, npc3, prep.
early, pauo, adv.

eat, DII, 11,46u, uOJC, impf.

end, KpaA, kpin, kpaulW', m.
enough, ,46cTa, Aocnin.tOIo. ad v.

w6ah.

wori..\,

car, .oAf., r.
cat, .Onta, r.
cave, nel,i!CP&. f.

chair, CTOA, cr6A..T, CTOII.6ee, m .

challr., Te6ewHp. m.
cheap, ~, adj.
child, Aert
n.
chorbedzhi, qop6a,.vtuU, m .
city, rpa.A, rpa,ai.T, rpaAoet, m.
cao.e, __ po. (3aT86pa:, -Hm, -KX),
imp(, (pr.)
cold, C'f}'AtH, adj.
comc, li.IaaM, impf., iterative; A6w,
A6JtAe1U, A0A.46x, pC.

.aeua,

daughter, ,a"""epi, r.
day, Acn, Acuh, AHH, m.
Dclcho>, AtAqo
dairc, .cW, .eA!em, .eA!x, impf.
dinner, Be'I~, f.
dil tant, ,4aA~qeH, ,4aA~Ha, adj.
do, npan, -Hm, -HX, impf., H31ri.pmeaw (Hsai.pma, -Hm, -mt), impf.
(pf.)
dog, ~e, .,.y..:era, n.

Enyo, &u.o, m.
adKH, DCixa, adj., sec Lesson

field, ~, nOAb"a, n .
find, Hau:MpaM ("-4'11,

- HW ,

-10:),

impf. (pf.)
fine, xYfiaa, adj.
fire, 6nH, 6r1.Jt.aT, 01"11..-, m. 3&nw ol"1l"""e, (n .) to light a fire
tUh, p.roa, f.
following, cMAaaJ,U, participle
food, j,otcne, n.
for, u, prep.
foreigner, qy*AOltv., .ylll(,4eHuH, m.
forget,3a6pauu (u5pW, -ItW, -HX),
impf. (pf.)
four, . enrplt, numeral
friend, npKirell., npldre.uT, npHiTeJOO, m. np..m.ua, f.
frpm, "3, or, prep.

George, rc6prH, m.
girl, MOM!, f. YOtoUi.e, "'o..m..era, n.
give, ,4&aa.w (AIIII. AaA~ W , AiAOll),
imp(. (pf.)
go, 0THBau: (O'T1iAa, -ew, OTKA611),
impf: (pf.)
goat, .,.03A, f.
good, Ao6i.p, Ao6pa, adj.
grandpa, A!Ao, AAAOIIUK, m.
gt"CIIl. ro.o.i:w, roAe_ , adj.
p-eed, "'."OCT, f.
p-eedily ...aKOWO, adv.
green, 3Cl\.6t:, adj.
greet, n03.ApaaDau (nOOApW, 'HW,
-li:x), impf. (pf.)
guard, nUa, ohKw , nUlix, impf.
guest, rocr, r6cn.T, r6crK, m.

CVU)',

Tm.
everything, IoC:11uO, pron.
examination, H3nHT, m .
eye, 0,"" O"IH, n.
face, II.H!.Ie. n .
factory, +'6PHIt3., f.
fall asleep, aaCllHBaw (aaen.i, -Hm.
Menu), impf. (pf.)
fall ill, pa360ADaN (paa6oAi, -Hm,
-h), impf. (pf.)
farmer, e~HH, eWHH, m .

father, 6aI,KA, m.
feel ,

"Yacn}'BaIl, impf.

hand, '"'ItA, '""'~, f.

hat, wino, f.
have, HW&W, imp!.
have not, H ....... impf.
he. ToA, pron.
hear, 'Iy..tot (qy. , 'Iyem, 'I}'l'), impf.
(pf.)
here, TYI(. -rYl(a, adv.
hill, nAM. Xi.All'JoT, xi..l.woee, m.
hi re, Kaa..aw (Haa..a, -ew, Ha~ll,
Ha~A). impf. (pf.)
his, H ~roB, caoA, cll6_, adj. often ellpressed by "'y or CK after the noun.
Sec Lesson Eight.
13 1

home, at, to, II ri~

honey, "'eA, MeAi.T, m .
hone::, KOH, KOIUT, KOHe, m .
hotel, XOTell, m .
house, riWa, f.
How are you? KaK CTe
how many, KOIIKO, adv. (p lus the
numerical form )
how much, KGAKO, adv. (plus the
numerical form )
huge, ro,uw, mAeMH, adj.
hundred, CTO, numeral

I, a3, pron.
if, uo, conj.
in, into, II, 1I'1oB, prep.
inkwell, _CT'lI.UlHua, f.
institute, KH~, rn.
it, TO, pron . .
Ivan, HsaH, m .
J ohn, HBAH, m .
keep,

3a.d,pJt(3M (DA"'PIKa, -HW,

UA... plKix), impf. (pf.)
key, KAIO'II, XMb.",T, KAJOorOllC. m .
kill, y6Keaw (y6.u.:, y6Hew, y6.o:),
impf. (pf.)
know, 3nb. 3Haew, impf. 3Hb 38.,
to know about
known. H3B1!CTeH, H3KcTHa, adj.
lamb, arne, anteTa. n .
land, 3eN1Ii, f.
la te, K'i.cHO, adv.
learn, y..a, -HW, -HX, impf.
leave (for ), crrHBaM (OTHAa. oniAew.
OTHAOX), II. impf. (pf.) 3aMHHbaM
(3a~lihla ) .la, impf. (pf.)
leiter , nHCMo. n .
liar. A... IKe!.!, A"'lIqIH, m .
library, &roAHOTiJta. f.
lift up, IWiraM (BAllma), impf. (pf.)
light, 3amUIlaM (33.nW, -HW, -HX),
impf. (p f.) 3anw omMWe, to light
a fire
like, 06H'IaM, impf.
lillie, Ma...... K, MhKa, adj.
live, ~I, lKHlu~ew, IttHdx, impf.
located, to be. HaMlipu.c ce (HaMep_
ce, -HW, -1tX), impf. (pf.)

13'

London, A OHAOH, m .
look a t. rAelKAaN (rlleAaM). impf.
(pf. )
look for , rlp<:JI, -Hill, -.0:), impf.
IOS t', H3rY6eH, ppp. H3rj(iI , -Hill, -RX,

p.
lot, a many, MHoro
loud, IIIlCOK, adj.
loud ly. IIHooIIO, rp'IoMOrllacHo, ad v.
love, 06H'IaN, impf.
Lozanka, A63aHlla, f.
lu nch, 06t,uaM, impf.
lun ch time, MeA, Ha 06eA, at lunch
tim e
make, prepare, npHr6nIM (npHr6nI. -Hill, -HX), impf. (pf.)
make fun of, nOAHrpaaaM ce (noAHrph ce, -aew. -b), impf. (pl.)
man, 'IOBtK, m.
man y, ~Ulom, adj. or pron.
me, Melle, Me. pron.
meadow, AHBliAa, f.
meat, MOCO, n .
meet, cpel,QaM (cpe~a ) , im pf. (P( )
middle, eptAa, f. epeA, prep. midst
mine, MOIrr. Mona, pron.
M itko, Mtinco, m .
money, napH, f. pI.
mother, MaAKa, f.
move, 3allUUlallaM (3aMMua, -ew,
-ax), (38), impf. (pf.)
much , WHom
must. -rp-'6aa, impf. imper$Onal
my, MOlt, MOI, M6e, MOIf. adj. mH.
following the noun possessed is
often used, See Lesson Eight
nea rby, 6111't:n.K, 6I1H:3Ka, adj.
necessary. to be, -rplli6Baw, impf.
need, -rpmaa, impf. , impenonal
"'YlKA&' .ce, -aew, (OT), imp(.
ntither, nor. HKro ... H.no, eonj.
never, HltkOra, ad v.
next to, 1Cpalt, AO, prep.
Nikola, HHKOJl.a, m.
night, HOI,ij, f. ue'lep, f. eve ning ;
elfol,Wl, last night yYPe ~ep,
tomorrow night
no, He

nor, M.nO, conj.

not, He
not yet, OWe He
notebook. ~. f.
nothing, HHWO, pran.
now, cera, adv.
oak tree, AW, AWloT, ..rt,6oee, m.
o'dod::, '1aca
on, Ha, prep.
one, eAHH, tAKa, numeral
only, caMO, adv.
open, onapIM (am6PI, -Hill, -.0:),
impf. (pf. )
others, APyrH, OCTinIlAH, p l.
our, Haw, adj. HH, is often used a fter
the noun possessed. See Les.son
Eight
ox, 1IOlI, ..6A'loT, 1IOlI0se, m.
parent, POAmv., poAJheAlO, m .
part (of country) , KpaA, Kpa.,.,
Kp3.Hl,ija, m.
pus, ","lfbaM: (..rnna, -CIII, -ax),
(npt3), impf. (pf.)
p ast, nOKp3.A, prep.
peace, IoUlP, MHpi.T. m .

pear, J(PYwa, f.
pea38nt, CWHHH. CU.HH , m.
Pencho, n elf'lO, m.
pencil, !<oIGAlfa, m.
people, lIapOA, m.
Peter, ntn.p
pick up, BAHraM (BAlin la ), impf.
(pf.)
pile. KYn"lflfa, f.
please. M6M, M6..u B1I ce
ploughed, pa30pan, ppp. pa30pa,
ew. -.ix. pf.
poor, miserable, 6t,.!;en, 6eA...a , adj.
prepare, npHrOmnt (npor6Tu. -HW,
-1Dt), impf. (pt. ) ; nplfrOTllaM ce
(npHr6Tu ce), impf. (pf.), to prepare oneself; nOArOmeK, participle,
prepared.
president, npeACCAATtlI, npeAceAllTAIl', m . KMeT, KMmT, KNerol!e,
m . head of village in form er times
pretty, x-ytiaa, adj .
probably, lfadpHo, sepo.rn.o, adv.

property, HNOr
province, npoeHnWtI. f.
put, rYPlDf (rYPI, -HW. -HX ). imp(.
(pr.)
question, .... n p6c, m.
Radoj. Pa.A6A, m .
read, 'fera, ~w, '1erox, imp(.
recogni:u:, n03HUa... (OO3I<&., 'ew,
n03lfu), impf. (pf.)
rest. IlO'fHuM (nO'lMna ), impf. (pf.)
return, v. trans., Bpi.t,Uaw (n.pHa ),
impf. (pf.)
return, v. intrans., 1lpi.l,UaM ce (ripHa ttl, imp(. (pf.)
rise, cr!aaw (criMa.) , impf. (pf.)
river. pen, f.
rock, dJ.n.K, JUi..... _ . rn.
room, cnU, f.
ron, 1f36iraaM (MW_raN), (II), impf.
(pf.) to run (Aee) into (the hOllle)
33.nf'lIIaM ce, 3aTlNaw ce (33.Tek'
ce, 3aTe'leW, 33.,-tKOX) (100M). impf.
(pf. )

-HX.

say, rOB6p_. -IfW,

impf. iliu.M
(KalKa. -CWo Kbix), impf. (pf.)
school, }"iMlIlfl,Ue, n .
see, BHlKAaM (1l1iA-, -Hill, IIHAIix ),
impf. (pf.)
set:m, cypyu., impf. (im per$Onal)
sell, npoAiaau (n poAht, ' npoAAAew,
npoAiAox), imp(. (pr.)
Serb , dp6HH, dp6H, m .
set out for , T])'1oI"UJoC (TJTl>ma), impf.
(pr. )
several, HAxOAKO, pron. plus the
numerieal form.
she, TI, pron.
shepherd, OII'1ap, OR'I'p.,.. m .
shoemaker, 06yw:\p, 06Yl,QaplO, m .
silen t, to be, MAi. KlIaN (MAi.KHa ),
imp(. (pf.)
sing, n eI, neew, nIX, impf.
sister , cecrp!, f.
sit d own, cliAaw: (ctAlfa), impf. (p(.)
six. llleeT, numeral
sleep, cn_, cnHw, cnax. impf.
small, Ma...... k, ..a...Ka, adj.

133

to. Tad, adv.

Sofia, C64Hu, r.
solditt, -oAHIix, IIOAHKuH, m.
~e. HiKOAKO, ~n .
lOtnething, HeWO, Hewa, n.
ton. CHH. CJDri.T, CKHOBt, m .
lOD8", ntceH.nt.-cHH,r.
IOUp. cYna, r. ..op6*, r. (usually with
meat in it)
.peak, roe6p., KW, -HX, impr.
Spring, np6AcT, f. npe3 rtpO.o\C"1"T.i, in
the Spring
Itand,
MW, Ax, impf.
. . tion. C"TiHWU. f. rapa. f.
"y, 0C"1"baM (CICT&Ha), impf. (pf.)
still. Owe, KC 6We, ad v.
Stojan, CroiH, m.
Stojanov. CroiH08, m .
"OM. abnlC. 1dl.rwIH, m.
tory. HCT6pH., f. pUKa3, m.
trange. "YACH, "YAMa, adj .
treet. YAHIPo, f.
tTcngth. c ...... f.
strike, YApDI (yAip., HW, .HX),
impf. (pf.)
Itrong. CKAcH, cKAKa, adj.
.tudent. CTYAeKT. m . (univenity)
CT)'AtKTlCa, f . (univenity) )"IoUnr:,
~'n'UM, m . (vade and high
school) )"tCH"'u, r. (gr-ade and

no"

high school)
suddenly, BHe:S.inHo. adv.
IWIlmcr, AJ-ro, 1oC"ri. n .
sunrite. tUrpca CA;'Hge. m .
Svoctana, c.traHa, f .

table, waca, f.
take, a3b&aM (B3twa, -ew .xx), imp(.
(pf.)
ta"e a room, Hat.waw (Nabla, -ew,
Hah. HatA) impr. (pf.)
talk, ro.6p., -MW. -KlI). impf.
tavern, xpi'lMa. f.
tavern keeper. ICJn.nd.p, ICJn.uuipn-,

en..

m.
teacher, Y"MTCA, rn. )"IKTcAxa., f.
tell, xAuaw (Jdw.a, -ew, llisAx),
impf. (pf.) pullina.. (pudw.a,
-ew. paaltbax), impf. (pf.) to relate
than, OT, prep.

'34

thank you. 6.0.ar0AaP' (_, Te)

that, omH, 0KiM, <loIK*&, OIIbR
that.
,4a (See I..e.on 5eYCn)
theater, Tdn.p, Td."tpII, m.
their, Tt.xetr. rixHa. adj.; _ .. often
used after the noun posscs.ed.. See
Lc:uon Eight.
them, TU, nI. pron. a cc.

"e.

then. TOI'""iu.. adv.

there, TaW. adv.
there is, theTe iU"C. Mwa
they. Te, pron. nom.
think. JootKCM. HW. KX, imp(.
this, T63M, ri.3H, -raU, TbH, pron.
three, -rpH. numeral
Thursday, qc:nri.pnlC, m.
time. apewe, lllpeweHi, n . moT. rri..raT,
rri..rn, m. in one time. twice, three
times, etc.
to, III, Ha, 1C"WoII, prep.
today, AKCC. adv .
tomorrow, y,pe, adv .
troubled, to be, crUa (cnI.Ha) wi.'IHO,
impf. (pf.)
Turk, TfpqHN, TYPUH, m.
twenty, AN-AeceT, numeral
two, ABa, m. AIIC, f. and n.

uncle, aylAo, a~OIIUH, m. (~

ther', brother) .m..o, .....08UH, m .
father's brother)
under, noA, prep.
unknown, He:n63HaT, adj.
vaca tion, rtO'IKaka, f. ukiHqJu:, f.
valley, AOAJltf3. f.
very, WH6ro. mpAe. adv.
village. ciAo, n .
villager.
ciADtH. m .
voice, rAaC, r .....ci.T, rAacoet.. m.

ct..uH_.

wagon, 1Ccv.i. f.
walk, XOA.l. -KW. -KX, impf.
want, HCxaw, impf. lIlv.&., -aew,
lKeUx, impf.
water, BOA!, f.
we, HHC, pron.

Wednaday. cpw,
week, ct.~ua. f.
well, AOOpe, adv.

r.

what. nu6, IjQO, mttt. pron..

wbat son of........ X&IIBi. adj. QIO

when. 1Wd. conj. adv.

when:, 1noAt., adv.
whether, A&Ai, inta". particle
which. a6ITo, lCo6ro, aotJo, XOIkro,
reI. pron.
white. 6aA, ~. adj.
who. aoI:, lCoro, xowY, inter. prtJI)
1C6A, 1C66, IC<X. ~ inter. pron. adj.
whom. xor6. peon. ace.
whole.......... ..e...... inter.

pron. adj .
wilY. _W6, mler.
wile. *CHi. f. CWlPYn, f.
willing, to be. MexaM. impl.
wirKiow, npoI6peu, npo36pcpf, rn.
wiIh. HCJt&M. imp(. RO:aeAUaw (no.e.W., .'em. Roae.Wi:). imp{. (pl.)
with. e. n.c, pnp.

wolf.

w.AX, ~T.

rlAuM, m.

woman, JUHi, f.
word, Atwa. f.
work, p&6ar:., -lUll, _KX. imp(. pl6on.,f.
worktt, pa66n&.a. pa6Onncp, m.
paCi6........ f.
write, ninua, n*mcm, mida. impl.
writer. mccaTeA, m.

year.

I"O.4Ii:Ra. f.

y .....

yesterday, ...ep.. adv.

YOU. nI. aKe. pron.
young. IIIA&A, adj.
young man. ~t.... m.

......t..

~era.n .

YOU'"', TII6fI(T), ~, n6c-r0, -06

Te, AlIDUI(T), Awan, Umno
UW>n<

6p1.cHap, 6pbCHapJIT, 6p'l>CJuiplO, m.,

barber
6pllr, 6peri.T, 6perolle, m., bank of
river or of any body of water, including a ditch
6yA)tAHHK, 6YAHAHHIPi, m., alarm
clock
6yw, 6YAHa, adj., turbulent
fiYAuo, adv., turbulen\ly
fiYua, f., leller of the alphabet
6YntaM (6Ynta) , impf., to push, to
push open
fiYnta (6fTaaM), pf., to push, to push

Bulgarian-English Glossary

at conj., and, but

UryCT08, adj., of Augwt
bryCTOBCKH, adj., of August

arNe, al1lna, n., lamb

aApCcCH, M~cHa, adj.,

d_

of the ad.

ax6, conj., if

....a. conj., but

....+a. r., alpha

....... HOCT,

r., greed, 3a, for

awH, conj., but

anpiU, m., April
apOiciT, m., fragrance
ancocPa, (., atmosphere

6a6a,

r., old woman, grandmother

6iaHO, adv., slowly

6ape, 6apeM, adv., at least

6acH.I(, r., fable
6aw', m., father
Oa'WIH3, adj., of falher,
father's
6e6e, 6ffiera, n., baby
6eA:i, r., misfortune. misery
6t4CH, fitAHa, adj., poor, wretched,
miserable
6e:J, prep., without
6e3l(paCH, 6e3KpaAH3, adj., endless
6e:iA91lcH, 6e3Aj'Hlla, adj., without a
moon, moonless
6e:uri..,w CH. 6e3Mi.AaHa, adj., silent
6e:n.ri.AoHO, adv., silently
6e:m6MOI1!CII, 6e3n6MOlJJlla, adj.,
helpless
6e:JCwi.PTHOCT, r., immortality
6e3crpaCTHo, adv., indifferently, pas.
.ionlessly
6alJ,IHJ!,

6e3ycn~UleH.

&:3ycnewna, adj., unsuccessful

6c::I.wyMeH, 6e:nuYMHa, adj., noiselCSl
~,66AC3Jf, m., note, mark
6e.:tAa, i., speech, conversation
6tt6AHOTexa, f., library
6H&aM, impf., to be
6KAh, 01., ticket
6HCTbp, 6HCTpa, adj., clear
6HTHe, 6HTl1i, n., being
6iU, 6Hew, 61ll(, impf., to strike
6Ali.ro, n., treasure
6MI'OIn.3J1Hratl,
6AaI'08'lonlhaHa,
adj., well educated
6MroAApi, -HW, -me, impr., 10 thank
6Aa.ronOAy.me, n ., bliss, blessedness,
prosperity
6Aarop6AeH, 6Aarop6AHa, adj., noble
6AeCHa, -ew, 6A~Hax (6NiCBaM), pf.,
to shine
6.Mbo, adv., near
6AH3OCT, 6Nt3ocrra, f., nurness
6A1i3'1.x, 6AH3xa, adj., near, nearby
6MC;lIaM (6A~Ha ) impf., to shine
6or, 66",T, 66lKe, 6orose, 01., god
6onb, adj., rich
6oraTCTlIO, n., wealth
6OAH, 6oAlIT, 6oM, 6oAb,a, impf., 3d
pen. only, to pain, to ache, plus
dirttt objttt of person hurt
60Ji ce, 60Hw ee, 60Jix ee, impf., to
r~,

6paAA, r., chin, beard

6paua, f., furrow
6paT, 6paTloT, 6p!TlI, m., brother
6poi, 6POHW, 6poUx, impf., to count
6pw (6l>P3), adj., fan, rapid

op<n
~,

6i.Aew, 611A0x, 6HAe, m.AH,

611J\, pr., to be
6i.AraPIUI, 6i.Arapn, m., a Bulgarian
6i..>u'apKa, f., a Bulgarian
lhArapHll, f., Bulgaria
6i.AraPCXH, adj., Bulgarian
m.p3 (6pou), adj., fast, rapid
6i.p38M, impf., to walk or go fast, to

hurry
6i.p3eA, 6ip3en, 6i.p3CH, m., a rapid
6i.p30, adv., fast, quickly
&l.pcAAxa, f., eraser
6iraM, impf., to run away fast, t~ flee
6J1A, 6b.H, adj., white

a, !I'WI, prep., in, into

BLti:w, d._Ha, adj., important
aad.H"HlI, f., vacation
.apeH, uapeHa, ppp. uapJi, -Hw, -Ux,
boiled
&AauaM ce, (BA8M ce) impf., to give
on, to lead into '
BAiAeH, &AiAeHa, ppp. IlAiBaM
MaM ce, BA8Aew ce, BAaAOx ee (IIAABaM ee) pr., to lead into
~raM (&AHma), impf" to raise, to
lift
&AHnea (8AHraM) , pf., to raise, to lift
BeA.Hara, ad v., immediately
BC:,.1Ha}K (BC:,.1Hi}K), adv., once, .once
upqn a time
8e)f(Aa, f., eyebrow
BeAHXOAYWHO, adv., magnanimously
BeAU'me, n ., grandeur
sepeH, BRpHa, adj . loyal, true
stceA, adj., merry, happy

KceAO. adv . merrily, happily

&ecn!HK, Kcnt.HWI, m., nc'WSpaper
sbie, adv., already
sbiep, f., evening
Be-lepeH, BtoIeptta, adj., of the evening
Be"lepB, f., dinner
abt HOCT, Be'lHOC"TTi, f., eternity
83aHMeJt, 83aKMHa, adj., mutual
B3bla, B3i..eUl, B3CX (II3bIBlI), pl., to
take
B3bfaM (B:lI!"a), impf., to take
B3iu.ta.., alternate fonn of NiNa"', to
take, imp(.
B3flpaM ce (B3plt ee, -eUl), impl., to
Slare, fO peer
fl3pa ee, 83pCW ee, eapp ce (.aifpaw
ce), pr., fO StaTe, to peer
.
BHA, BJlAi,T, sMAose, m., :IOrt, kind,
upect, appearance
B~, adj., which ean be JeeR, evident, visible
sHApa, f., otter
IIH.AA:, oHAHW, BKAix (BK*AAN) , pf.,

BH:..AaM (BH.4Jt, -HW) , imp., 10 see

BKxaM, impf., 10 shout, to call out
BHAH"a, f., fork
BHHa, f. , fault, blame
BHnam, adv., al ways
II"HO. n., wine
BHHOII(:H, BUHOBHa, adj., guilty
IIHHOBHO, adv., guiltily
IIUP, BHpiT, 8HpoBe, m., pool, deep
place in river or stream
BHooK, adj., high, loud (of voiee)
IIHCOXO, adv., loudly, high
8HCOKon0CT3BeH, BHCOKonOCTasella,
adj., highly placed
BlICO'HlHa, r., height
BHTOwa, f. , name of mountain near

Sofi,
BlITpKHa, f., show window (of a store)
BluicHaT, adj., rour
llAara, f., moisture, dampnC55
W}KeH, 8~)KHa, adj., moist, damp
W31!M, see llAK3aM, impf., to ente r
BAH38M (IlAba, B,,6eW), impf., to
enter
BAiaa, 1I...6ew, IlAJi30X, llAe3C. SAO.......
llAma (-..ut38N), pf., to enter

'37

aA.6aaaw (a.UaHa .....6Hew). impf. to

m.~

aAbHa ..... ~3Hew. -...i:utax and MbHAX (~ ) . pf. to enter

_CerO. prep . instead of
_eMneH, IIHmnHa. adj.. . udden.
unexpected
IIHmnHo. adv . sUddenJy
INOUd.Hl1e. n . attention
alDlNlheANo. adv . carefully
BOM. f . water
lIOAeHtrua. f.. mill
a6A.c, -I1W. B6AKx, ompf., to lead
BOSbuh:. BOAHtrUH. m . soldier
BOAcd. f . army
BOA.II6JI"IoT.

BOA6ee. m . ox

.6.u. f.. will

amb.aM (emu. IInHew), impf.. to
praI into. to fix (of glance)
aDHew. IIDHX (anDaM). pC. to
press into. to fix (glanee)
anp6otew. adv., besides

.a,

apar, apanT.

'-y

apa.ae.

BpAn::-t, m.,

apari. f. . dOOI"
adv . evttywher-e
apbIe. apeMeHi. n ., time
api.Q,J&W (.n.p.ca). impC. trans., to
return. to give back
api..pw ce. (ripKa ee) impC.. intra"' . to return. to gQ back
lICe. adv . ever. a lways .
lICe owe, adv., still
IICJf..JtK. pro., everybody, all (lee
Leuon Ten)
eanKKn. IICHttJtaTa, pro., the whole
(ICe I..eMon Ten)
JlCirqxo, pro., everything
IlCAj-waM ee (1ICAfwe.a.w ee), pf.. to
listen
KAYuma.w ee (IIC.\YWAM ce), impf., to
IUten
agJCA, prep . in the middle of, midst
dxora, adv., always
mpH, aropa. ord. num . teCOnd
IIT6pKHI(, m., Tuesday
.-rptH'IeH, lITpbNeHa, ppp. .-rptK'I.,
-HW, a-rptHdx (IITpbNBIUof), pf.
Bpe.ol.

(impf.), fixed (ol gaze), concentrated on (a)

aYi"o. aj1t'lOBWl. m . uncle (mother's
bro<hu)
u6Aea.lIXoAHA, adj., en trance, oftbe
entrance
1I'1~. adv., yesterday
....e.P. -bu. naCAOX, II'Ub.. (....~)K
AAW ). pf.. to bring in
....elkAAN (n.Be.Aoi, -~J.IJ). impf.. 10
bring in
n3IIHweJt, adj., lofty, noble
Jno3rWHHua, f., pillow
B'Io:lAIirau: (II'103AJi:ma). impf., to rade
II'103AIima (lI"l>3.AJlrau:). pf., to raite
1I'WAIi1UJCa. f . sigh. breath
IIioMYX. m . aU
1I"Io3,4i.xaaw (Jno3.ri.xHa). impf., to take
a breath
lI"Io3,4i.xHa (1I103Ai..xBaM), pf., to take
a breath
W103kAl'tICllaM (B'103X.UilO'la). impf., to
call out, to shout
B'103X.UiKKa (n3v.MxaaJ.I ). pf., to call
out, to shout
II'IolMyTj ee.
-Jix (lno3M)'wUaw
ee), pf., to be indignant
~ ce (JJWMYri ee. -tiw),
impf., to be indignant
aWpaCTeK, ri.3pacnta, adj., grown
up. adult
.......... In.AXi,.T, ai...\wI, m . wolf
II"Io.AJI~KKe, D., wave, a.gitation. excite-

ri.pe., f., ltation (French, pre)

rM:ReI,l,J" pres. active paM. riata,
(impf.) going out (of a fire). bec;orRing (:1ltinguished. dying d own
or out.
ral,lH, pl. only. pang, 6b.K ril,lpl,
underpanu
Te6pnI, m . man's name (George)
repOA, tq)6n, repOH, m . hero
nnntaMlAAOI, ~, adj., of
the 8')'mnuium

r.....a, f., head

r...&.4"1ox, rA4Alta, adj., smooth
r~, adj., dull_witted, stupid
rMC, rAadT. rAaco.e, m., voice
r~. impf., to look at

r"Ynu,

-"w.

mm.
1nonp6c, m . question
.... p68, f . willow
Inopd. -Hw. ix, imp(.; to move, to go
ripKa ( 1Ipi.~), pf., to return
(transitive)
ripHa ce (api.Q!aw ee), pf., to return
(intransitive)
Inopd. -Hm, -n, impl., to tum, to
whirl, to handle
....pxy, prep. on top of, onto
ripwa, -HW. ripwMx, impf., to do.
to accompli.!h
rlTJl'CweH, riYpCWHa, adj., inner,
inside
dpaaw, impf. to believe

adj . stupid

r,,"TUM. (rA-ioma). impf.. to swallow

I
I

rhnc.a (rAi.naw) , pf., to swallow

I"MjpeAM ce (rw)'pJla ee), impf., to
dive, to plunge in
rwfpKa ee (rMfpaaM ce). pf. to dive,
to plunge in
nlCKK, rHtaHa. adj . angry
....61110, adv., angrily
nulAIUI, adj . lousy
~e, n . dim. of roatAo, n ., cow.
bull, ox
roe6p., -HW. roaOpHX. impC.. to speak
fOAMHa, f., year
roAIi:weH, fOA.Ii:UDI.3, adj., annual,
yean old
J"OADa, fOAe..K, adj . big, large
rON., -HW, rowi:x, impf. to drive, to
,h",

ropa. f., woods. forest

rOpe, adv., up, above. upstain
rOpeH, rOpKa, adj., upper
~w. adj., hot
ropHqJta, f., grove
ropxHJrr. m ., the poor wretch
roP'uCa, adj . bittu
ropj. -Hw, -Hx, impf., to bum
rocnOAHK, rocnoAi, 01. gentleman,

M,.
rocnon, f., lady, Mn.
rocr. r6cTIoT, r6cTH. m., guest
I"OCTOnpK ~MC"J1IO, n., hospitality
ron.ipekK, adj., cooking

....

..on.. ~, r6nIb, impf. to prerpa6e.aM

(rpAfiHa), impf. to grup.

'" .ott(rpa6aaM) , pf.,

rpa6Ma

to gt"asp, to
leize
r-pa,A, rpaAioT. rpaAoM:, 01., city
rpaMiAeK, rpawiAHa, adj.. huge,
very large
rpaHA, rpa~T, rpaHA08C, m .
Spani.!h grandee
rpa~. f.o entry, written question
rplUxa, r., concl!tfll, care
rpo3A. rp6:u-.T, rpOAOIIe, m. , a
bunch of grapes
rp6aAe. n., grapes (collective)
rpt&r, -HW, rpYVIix. pr., to xold. to
speak rougJily to
rp""M), n.p6i.T. npOO.e, m . back
rpi.MBa.w: (rpioMHa). impf., to thun
der, to fire (a rifle)
rpi,wKa (rpi.~M) . pf., to thundcl",
to fire (a rifle)
I""Jl'IoWOrMCflO, adv., loudly
rY6-. -HW, ry6Jix. impf., to !ole
rype.uUo. adj., rheumy- eyed
nopAif. r. pl., chest, breast
n.pH~, npHha. n., jug. earthenware
veuel, pot
n.cr. adj., thid:
no.eor. m., (Turkish) dWl of meat,
greeN, rice, etc.

AAaaw (AlUI

AM~W) ,

impf., to give

....., _Hm, ,UIIKx, impf., to pwh

lower in the water, to drown
(trans.)
WeH, AiAeJta, ppp. ,4a.M, Autw,

g;"'--e, adv . even

.AIIAbI (AIoAe.e). adv., fu
.AaAJ4:, conj., whether
AIIW, AAAew, MAO"", A&A (Aha.w ), pl.,
to give
4iMa, f., lady
AlIA, m., ABC. f. and n . IWO
AU.AeceT, numtTal, twenty
.4JIAAcer. numeral, twenty
A.B4..a, .coll. Dum. two
AIIKlItou.e, n . moveme nt

'39

AB6pc:aK, adj . of the COUrtyard

AbeT. numeral, nine
",eaOAIo:a. r. girl
AeaOihe. AeBOihera, n . dim . girl
ACAcnnrrc.AHO. adv., really. actually
AeAcmKre..utOCT. f . real ity
Ac.A.nmttH. AeAHd,nla. adj . delica te
Aboo, D., deed, act, work
Ae.-."o. m. , man's name
AnI. Aeair, AJIIt, m ., d a y, no U.-.A
AaI, all day long
Aftat, ,AiCHa, adj . right (side)
ACCeTKHa, r. numeral, about len
Acre, Aeua, n. , child
Aero (rAtro), conj ., where
AMB, adj., wild, barbaric. uncivilized
~, m., (coli.). wild animal or
bird being hunted, game
AMI'aIf (Alima ). impf. to Iirt, to raise
AKnta (.vI:raw), pr., to lirt, to raise
AMW, AII.n.T, m . lIlloke, steam
A"MKnP, m., man's name
AI\:WAM, impr., to breathe
AAiolKHOCT, r. d uty
Allee, adv . today
AIIeweH, AHeUlHa. adj., today's
,010 , prep., to
A06au, Hur, KX (Ao6ieaM). pr., to
add, to supplement
A06!uM (",o6aBa, .HW), impr., to add,
to supplement
A06pl:, adv., well
Ao6i.p, A06pa, adj., good '
AORe.d., -cw, AoatAox (AOa6KAaN) ,
pr., to lead, to bring
AOB6It.4IlM (AoBCAi, -cw), impr. to
lead. 10 bring
AOR~aHe, au revoir
Aoei.pura, ~H ur, -HX (AoBipWBaM),
pr., to fiOish
AOBi.PWllaM (Aoripwa, .Hur), im pr. ,
to finish
AortAn, r., guess, surmise
AOAtto, conj., while, until
",oAAa, A6ft.Aew, A6ftAox, AOwi.A,
AOlUA3 (A0Jt6"'AAW). pr.. to come
AodJlla, -ew, AOxUax (AOXa.,BaM),
pr., to prove
AOXa.,saM (AOxl.JIIa, -cw), impr., to
prove

'40

xw:u, f. board.
AU, ,.n.r...T. m., breath, .pirit

AoUT (AOUT6), conj., until, while,

ulong ..
AOx-rop, m., doctor
Aw"eH, A6.vu., adj., lower
A~m\.

~Q,lcpi,

AlAo, AMOBUJI. m., grandfat her,

r., valley

ACAR, anceston
AiCHO, adv., right (direct) Ha ,AiCHO,
on the right

AO"y. adv., down. below, downstain

AOWaXHtu, f., mistreu 01 the house
AOHaCDi (AOHed, -cw), impf.. to
bring
AOHcea, ~. AOHttox (A0K8CDi),
pf., to bnng
AOpl\:, adv., even
AOCera, adv., to the present, until

e..THH, adj., cheap, inexpensive

~T1IHO, IId v., cheaply
eAIIA (c.u.aM), adv . ICarcely. with
difficulty
eAMH, CAlfa, numeral. one i (indefi.
nite article)
cAMiJel; (CAJRlK), same &I 8C,Utalll),
adv . once
e.np, t4pa, adj., big, large

now

Aoctra ce, -HW, HX (AOCel,ijaM ce),

pr., to remember, to think again
Aocet,UaM ce (Aoem ce, -Hur), impf.,
to remember, to think again
A6cra, ad v., enough
AOC'T'ln.'lHO, adv., enough
AOCT'iIra~ (Aocni:ma) , impr., to reach,
to arriVe at
AOCTHm~ (AOCT'iIraw), pf.. to reach,
to arrive at
AOJt~ (A6AAa, -cur), impf., to

F..6n, m ., Aesop

Wtt, imv., come! c.o.a ryxa,

come ben!
E..ltHa, f., woman's name (Helen)
ENH", m ., ma n'. name
tH.a. m., man's name
enllItepu, f . shelf
tro, particle, there, lo !
~,

-,

Apt6c:H, Apl:6Ha, adj., small, little

Apexa, r., garment, rrequently in the
p lu ral ror clothes
ApHna, r., rag, tatter
Apyr, adj., other
APyrap, -J!T, APyriplO, m., fri~nd,
comrade
APYlIIeen.o. n., sociely
ApiH';jeHe, n., tinkling, rattling,
clanking
Ay.ca ; r., word
AYXOIIHT, adj., witty
Ayma, r., soul, spirit
AW, A'Io6i,T, Ai,6oec, m., oak tree
A'Io,,66x, adj., deep
Ai.Mo, ad v., long. for a Jong time
A .......
Ai.Ara, adj . long
AioHO, n., bottom , depths
A'IopB6, A'IopBtra, n., tree A'Iope.a, n.,
wood
A'b.p.a, Hw, -ax, Ap1>Jit, ApiJICTC,
Impr., to hold , reR. to behave
Aip naM ce, impf. to draw back, to
pull oneself away

"r.

A"we, f., daughter

AieoA, m., devil

Jd6a, f., frog

Jd,ACH, lKi,4Ha, adj., Ihinty
lKi,4Ho, adv., thirstily
JdJl'1oK, .apKa, adj ., hOI, burning
lKW HHe, n., wish, desire
.w., ~ew, Jl(CIo.aX, impr., to
wish, to desire
lKCHA, f.. woman , wife
.e..cXH, adj ., woman'., ladies'
*D, adj., ali ve
~, lKH!lteW, lJCIIBix, impr., to live
*lfB6T, m., life
lIUIII6THo, :lKHB6nIH, n., living being,
living creature
..M3HeH, adj. , vital, lively
lKIiTeA., lKJhe.,uy, m ., inhabitant
..no, n., grain
.......THlolB, r.. gold coin

33, prep., ror, about

3a AB, in order to
3a6eAellillMo,
adv.,
noticably

perceptibly,

U.6eA~CH,

U.6c:AcllliUe.AMa,
adj., remarkable, noteworthy
336eAellCa., -HW, u.6eA6KHx or sa
6e.U3ax (33.6eAi:maM ), pf., 10 note
336c.U3aaM (336eAeJlla, -HW), impf.,
to note
336pt._, . HW, -ID( (336paBaM). pf.,
to forget
aa6pi.uM (3a6pUa, -HW), impf., to

r""".

3aBipBaM (aaeap., -HW), im pf., to

find , to Clilch, to come upon
3aBipx, -HW, -KX (3a!dpAN), pr., to
find , catch , come upon
laBHBaN ce (3aBHa: ee, -Hew) , imp.,
to cover oneselr, to wrap onClCU'
(e.g. in a b lanket)
33!lHeJ(3. f.,
blanket.
covering,
wrapping
33!lHa: ce, -Hew, 3a!IHx cc (3a!lNaaM
ce), pr., to cover oneself, 10 wrap
oneselr (e.g. in a blanket)
33116,., 33.B6Jrr, m., bend, curve
3aBpiol,ij&M ee (3a&ipHa ce), impf., to
tum back, to tum aside
MripHa cc (3aBpioJWU( ce) , pf., to
tum back, to tum aside
3aripwa, -HW, ilX (3aB'i.Pll.lUM), pr.,
10 finish
3aJri,pUIBaM (33Bipwa, -HW), impr.,
10 finish
3araAKa, r., riddle
3araCBaM (3araCHa) , impr. , to extinguish
3araeHa (3a..aCBal>l), pr., to cxtinguish
aanmaw (3anfHa), impf., to perish,
to be killed
:JaniHa (3anfNM), pr., to perish, to
be killed
3ar"eAaH ppp. 3ar"tAaw, imp(. intent upon, (one who is gazing inlenity a t)
3arf6eH, ppp. 3ary6., .HW, -H" (33rf6Nw), pr., lost
3aA~H , ~a , adj.,
obIiglitOf)', compubory
3aA'bP-a, .MI,U, -ix, (3a,AiopltlaM) , pf.,
to hold, to keep
3aAioplKAM (3aA"pJidl, .Hw), impf., to
hold , to keep

Mc.AHO, adv., lofrether

_0.., -em, _be (aaOtax), pl., to
..k,
uo..w (",0.., -eru), tmpl., to take
~, -e1U, -b. (3alIUfdaaM), pl.,
to live, to begin to Jive
_Daw: (33o~, -em), impf., to
live, to being to live
saKHTepecfaaH, adj., interested
sa"a"a, -Hill, -HX (saJ(allaw), pf., to
catch, to suspend, to hang up, to
hook on
_o'!a .. (33oKa"!, -Hili), impf., to
catch, to suspend, to hang up, to
hook on
33oltModaaw ce, impf., to be included
3atrJoCKU, --elll, -ix (saJn.CHiaaw), pl.,
to be late
salnoCKiaaw (33oJn.CHU, -ew) , impf.,
to be late
sawHHa, -em, -ax (sa_H_W), pl.,
to leave, to depart for
sallUtK3.aaW (sawHHa, -ew), impf., to
leave, to depart for
3aWHPHCUW (aa_pHUIa, -elll), impf.,
to smell, to be fragrant j Ha, to
ameli of, _ _ PHeBa lta AIOf, to
be steaming
3aWMpKIlI.A, --em, 3aloIltPKcaJl (sawHpHcuw) , pf., to smell
:saw6.uaw (_MW, -HJU), impl., to
beteech, to ask, to pray
aaM6.u, -Hili, -KX (3aJ:'6J..aaw), pf., to
beteech, to ask, to 'pray
_Wp"'JtBaW (saMpiotula), impf., to
overtake by darIme.
:taWpi.J(lta (saMphaaw), pf., to overtake by darknes.
3&IIa,0I (ulteea, -ew), impf., to
"'''Y
_lted,

.tw, 3aHttox

(3&IIaCDIl, pl.,

to any

. H_baW (3301lllMib, -em), impf., 10

occupy, to entertain
3AHHwAaaw ce (aaHKYU ce, -em),
impf., to be occupied, to do
3Alt_aHKe, n., occupation
_KMAI, -ew, -ax (3altHw!Ba...), pf.,
to occupy, to entertain

3a~

ce, -eru, 4x (aaHKMUaw

ce) , pl., to be occupied, to do
3aHbHe, n ., occupalion, profCllion,

sao60L.0t (33oo6Hxo,.o.J:, -Mml , impl.,

to surround, to go around
33006f1)(0...., -"Ill, -Ibr. (33006HJCi.uIc),

pl., to dexrw
.u.piaaM (aACAY.a. -1lUI), imp.,

pf., to surround, go around

aanau.a.M (aanaa., -IfW), impf. , to
keep, to pre.erve
aanW, -HW, -KX (33onhaaM), pf., to
keep to preserve
aan3.Aaaw (33onW, -HI1I, -KX), impf.,
to light, to set fire to
aanliAa, -Km, -KX (33oniAaaM), pf., to
light, to set fire to
330nKCBaW (3aUMUJa, -ew) , impf., to
write in (a book), to regislCT
aan.naw, pf., to ask
aanKwa, -ew, aanMcaJl (unKcaaw),
pf., to write in (a book), to tegittCT
33onM.1CIIaM (aanM.'!a, em), impf., to

....:mbaw (_cnJ, -Jiw), impf., to fall

,<>d,

"y
aanM.n., f., pay, salary
33oRAari, -HW, -Ibr. (33onMwaM), pf.,
.. pay
33onM.. ., -em. 3&f1Aiux (33onM)(a&II) , pf., to cry
sanM.J,I!&M. (_nAari, -HW) , impf., to

p.y
slino.eA,

."'"

3~UlteATi,

sanoeUaw

."'u
."'u

f., command,

(3An~M ),

pf.,

to

33onOlli..uaw (aanod.4aw;), impf., to

3AJIOIIa&II (Mf16.nu.), impf., to begin
33R00ma (3An6omaM), pf., to begin
3ap/lAaaM ce, impf., to rejoice
33ocW, f., ambush, trap
3aCaAA, -Hm. -m (33~) , pl., to

plan,
3A~

(3aCaAi, -Iiw) , impf., to

plant
3Aced., 33Cf:11bD, :sac:HoX, 33cb1:e,
3aCnn....., 33ctxJuc (:sacli'l:_) , pC.,
to cut part way through, to being
to cut
3ace..:C'H, ~CKa, ppp. 3Ace",a, 33ceocCw, partly cut through

(uced. ~) . UDpl., to
cut part way through, to being to

.-cAt
""..,

-)lUI,

-IIX

.. ......,.,

(_CA.,.......).

uk<p
saenJ, -Hill, -Ax (_COHeaw), pf., to
f.1I asleep
~, -HW, -MX (saTMmi), pf., to

_"" (acra....
_""

aacri.Pw

-HW), impf., to

aacUHa (sadraM), pl., to touch, to

.ffect
MCbI, -w, -0: (33ciaaw), pf., to
lOW (.ecds)
MCDaM (_ct., -6ew). impf., to sow
(-'0)
3adraw (sadrHa), impf., to louch,
to affect
sa-nAPaw (:saTB6pI- -HW) , impf., to
clooe
sa,.opI,
-..x (:saTNPJIM), pl., to
cl""
3111"....101 ce (33nrua... eel , pC., to run,
~, lowards
saTWmaw ce (:saniuw ee), impf., to
run, to rush
..'f08Ii, adv., for that reason, hence
saxalitta (saualJPW) , pf., to begin
-mW- (~Ha) , impf., to begin
3111,1,16, intC1"., why
.r,u6r0, conj., because:
saaj, -Hw, -m (3UaDaW), pf., to
announce
(3&Di, -HW) , impf., to an-

-H..,

"'.D....

~,f.,.tar
:.yK, :saj1n.T, Dy.o.e,

m ., sound
pp. Xwa, -eW,3CX (XwaM) , taken
XAbI, adj., green
XACHflHi, f., foliage, verdure
XMa, -ew, 3CX, XA (;,bJa... ), pf.,
Nbca, to take
3I!ata... (3bta, -ew), see ~ ... , impf.,
.. "k<
3e1d, f., land, country

:teA,

sKwa, f. , winteT
sMTeR, NTHa, adj., golden
3M, adv., badly
SHU, ~T, SIiA)(oee, m., sign, mark
3HaweHKr, adj., well known
3KAHHe, n., knowledge
3Hiu, -IUJI, -KX, impf., to mean
SHU, 3iliw, impf., to know
3pCI, 3ph;W, 3P1X. impf., to ripen
H , oonj., and
lbiH, m., man's name (John)
HaiH BiloB_famous Bulgarian writeT
IfrpMl, -!em, Hrpax, impf. , to play
HAa, HAew, impf., to go
K.Aaaw, impf., to come
IlAU, f., idea
H3, prep., from , out oi, along, over

_ , -Cw, .,.,... (. " " " '), pC.,

to choose:

H36Hpaw

,h_

(H36epIi,

-ew), impf.,

1f36jraw (lf36jru.M),

pf.,

10

10

Ree

K361:n!.aM (fl36firaM), impf., to Ree

-em, ~ox (~...) ,

pf., to lead out
H38C.AHa))(, (Jl3l1e,AKi.))() adv., all .t
once, suddenly
1f*))(IIaW (H38CAa, -em), impf., 10
lead OUI
1UIICcTal, loI3ICcTHa, adj., known,
certain
_-KdW (~), pf. to call out
fl3IIJilUl&M (H38iIIUUoI), impf., to call

1f:aBe.Ali,

~,

H3IIHpaM (_p4i, -HW), impf. , to

issue, to Row out, to spring
_pili, -Mw, H3IIpb. (K3eKpaw). pf.,
to issue, Row out, spring
ti3rpea CA.1.tqle, sunrise:
~ (fl3rj6a:, -Hili), impf., to 10M:
~ ce (K3rj6a: ce, -HW ), impf.,
to be losl
IUrf6eH, ppp. H3rj6a:, -HW, 100t

1UIrf6i, -HW, -HX (H3rj61.a"'),

"'"
pr.,

1f3rtfiI

pr.,

to

ee, _Hill, -fiX (H3r)r6u... ce),

to be 1051
lQAiaaw (K3A8w, KSAMew ), impf., to

'43

give out, 10 produee, to utter, to

rcvea1,
~,

10

beuay

JQ.AMtw, IIa.U.AOIl (113M-

aaw), pf., to give out, to produce,

to utter, .0 reveal, to betray
UAHiBaw (1dA~ ) , imp{., to sur_
priJe, to catch 'unawares
JOAMJla (M3At6eaw), pf., to , urprise,
to catch unawares
Jll.4KraN ee (II3AMnta ce), impf., to
rite, to be lifted up
KlAHnta ce (K3Al\;raN cel, pf., to rix,
10 be lifted up
113M""', -Jhq, -I1ll (1I3"a'l8aW), pf., to
mount
I13Uuaw (lilInd, -Kill), impf., to
mount '
Ma.o.eT, m., excursion
HV.Ii3aM (JUAha, I13Abew) , impf., to
go out
KJAt,a, Jf.1AOeIll, Jf3A.i3ox (1t3.A1b.a,.),
pf., to go out
IQU~HeH, ppp. H3MeKi, -HIU, pf. ,
changed, altered
lQUoU, -JiUl, _0 (II3M6tn.), pf., to
change
_bow: (ilaMeHi , -Kill), impf., to
change
KUIOpi, -HIU, -0 (ilaMOpnaw), pf.,
to give out, to exhaust (refl ., to be
exhausted)
1CIMOpiaa.K (MSWopi, -Kill), impf., to
give out, to exhaust, (reft., to be
exhausted)
~ (MlW'Iopw6p_, -Hm),
impf., to muttcr
~, -lim, -Il]( ()f.3),n,pw6plIAM), p{., to mutter
~ (K3I1ella.uau), pf., to
...uprise
(1I~lIell~aw) , irnpf., to

- ......
..'Pri><

~, -li:w, -Ji!.:

p ., to exprc:u

(1I306pa:n.aN),

Mi06paUNN (II306pW, -Hm), impf.,

to express
KXJUaM (M:m!Alla), impf., to fall
down, to topple off
"WAHa (H3mi.Aaw), pf., to fall down,
to topple off

1130ed, 5C3lJc:q~w, H:un!"ox (lima"aw), pl., to roast, to bake

H:mJIT, m., examination
H30.Hnw (1I3nHTBa.w ), pf., to expe~ence, to feel , to investigate, to
Interrogate
H3n.maw (II3nKnu.c), impf., to expe-..
~u!.:nce, to feel, to investigate, to
mterrogate
H3nK'IaM (H3nexa, "3ne,,~w ) , impf.,
to roasl, to bake
H3flpOC.aw (H3np6c., -HIU), impf., to
beg, to entreat
H3np6c., -!flU, -Ill( (H3npOe8aN), pf.,
10 beg, to entreat
I13nycxaw (H3nycHa), impf., to le t
drop, to emit, to leave out
H3nYCHa (lt3oycxaw, 113rrYij,jaw), pf.,
to let drop, emit, leave out
H3~ (w.mYCHa), impf., to let
drop, to ernil, 10 leave oul
It3rriAeaw (H3rri.....U, -Hm), impf., to

fill
H3rri..AH_, -Hm, -KX (K3rrl.AJtaM, 113O"ItAHieaw), pf., 10 fi ll
H3m...utiBaw (H3rri...uu, -11m), impf.,
to fill
I13pacHa (1I3p3cnaw), pf., 10 grow up
H3p3cnlaM (H3pacHa), impf., 10 grow
up
I13peoil!lIlIe, n., 5CIltence
I13cnlHa...uu, f. , arbor, shaded terraee (?)
H3C"1'pCA, m., shot
H3Tl!rAJI, -HW, -KX (H3Tl!rJl.Dt), pf., 10
draw, to pull oul
I13TirJl.Dt (It3TirAJI, -HW), impf., to
draw, to pull out
K3Tima (HlTjraN), pf., 10 streich, to
slrain
H3Tef(a, H3Te'll!w, HmI(OX, H3TiJn.A,
H3TI!KAa (H3TH'IaM), pf., to run oul
H3TH'Iaw (H:rrH'IBaM, Huen, K3"Te'Il!m), pr., to run out
lI3TIi:'Ieaw (H:rrH'Iaw), impf., 10 run
~,

H3Tpi.nuw (H3Tpi.oHa), impf., 10

shudder
H:rrpi.nHa (H:rrpi.mr.aM),
pf., to
shudder

H3Ti.PKaH, adj., worn out, rubbed off

H3'1 t3BaM (Ha'lt3Ha), impf., to disappear
U3'1t3Ha (H3"t3saW), pf., to disappear
Hd*A&W (1I3n.:, H3I1Al!m), impf., 10
devour, to eat up
H3_M, HUAl!m, HUAOX (lt3!VttAaM),
pf., to devour, to eat up
H"'H, conj., or
HMa, Ihere is, Ihere are
HNaN, imp., to have
Hwe, n., name, HweHa.
Hwet-(I( O, ad v., thai is, namel y, thu.
HN6T, m., property
HHax, adv., otherwix
HHCTHTYr, m., institute
HHTepecjB.aw ce, impf., to be inter-

a 'od

HCKa all ce, you feel compelled to,

you long 10
HCltaN, impf., to wanl, to require, 10
be willing
HCKAlO"I!HHe, n., exception
Hcna.HCIGI, adj., Spanish
HcnmCKII, adr, lrue, real, actual
HCT6pKJI, f., history, siory
AOPAU, m., man's name (Jordan )
x33aaM (xalKa, -ew), impf., to say
"'.3MM ce (nlKa ce, -ew), impf., to
be called; xaua ce, impersonal, it
is said, one says
kalK.3., -eIU, xmx (I(baaw), p.,lo say
'talKa ce, -em, xbax ce (KhllaM ce),
pf., to be called
UK, inter. , ad v., how?
uKB6, interr. p ro., what?
nKTO, oonj., as
Ka riB, xaxu, adj., of what $Orl, what
Itaritrro, xaxuTo, reI. pro. , such as,
whatever, which
K....HHa, f., woman's name
It....yrepKa, f., nun
n ....x, K!vJ,HH, m., n one
Kipau, irnpf., to d ri ve (cattle or a
"")
"apr6lfi, m., potato
KaT6, eonj., as, since
Kb.llep, m., waiter
ltecl\;lI, f. , purse

"IV.OWmp, "H"'OMmj>"bT, XH"'oMapll, " H"'OMapa, m., kilometer

XHHO, n., kino, movie theat re, movie
xHn_. -lim, -ix, impf., 10 seelhe, to
boil, to bubble
XHP, f., grime
KAaAell'le, n., well, spring
JU.aC, KAaci.T, KAaco8l!, m. , class
KA1O'I, KA.oon.T, KA.o"OIlC, m., key
lUter, xMmT, XMtrOBC, m., kmel,
head of a village
KHHra, f., book
KOra, inlerr. ad v., when
JeOraTO, oonj., when
X0:J3, f., goat
xoll.:, inter. pro., who
x6m-o, Itom, Jeae-ro, 1t0HTO, reI. pro.,
who, which
ltox6wKa, f., hen
1t0Ni, f., wagon, cart, car
KOACHH"', -HW, -KX, impf., to kneel
K6AXO, interr., adv., how many, how
much
XOH, ItQHI!, m., hone
"OPIlA6p, m., corridor
ItOCT, f., bone
it6TewxH, adj., cat-like, feline
x6TKa, f. , cat
xpasa, f., eow
"pall.:, prep., beside, next to
"pall.:, Kp3.u, KpaHJ,Wl, m., end,
region
xpaJe, JeparlT, JCpan, m ., leg
Xp.... , KpaA.U, KpV.C, m., king
xpaeliB, adj., beautiful
xpad, -Iiw, -0, impf., to d ecorale
xpa.. a, -Hm, _HX, imp., to walk, to
stride
"pa"u, f., a step
xpecA6, n., easy-chair, arm-chair
KpHB, adj., crooked, guilty, to blame
xpllaj, -Hm, ->ix, impf., 10 twisl, If)
blame
"PUla, f., crisis
JepH., xpHem, XPHX, impf., 10 hide
tq>6Txo, adv., gently
xpoi, -H1I.I, -lI:x, impf., to make OIl'
have made by tailoring
xpyma, f., pear, also a pea r tfee

145

Kp-1or, Kp-1oriT, Kpl.I'OIIC, m., circle,

ring
JePi.'1wa, f., tavern
KP'W'ap, KJl"q!oliPIIT, m ., tavern
keeper
KpiKaHe. -11_, n., cawing, croaking
KYKYPy3, m., com
K)'M , K)'Mi.T, Ky,.oec. m., godfather
Kywa. f. godmother
Kywa-"lica , f., children's name for a
fox
KfM'iO. n., dim. of K)'N. godfather
Ky,.qo-ri."qO, m., children's name
for a wolf
Kyn, Kyn'l>T, Kyn08e, KYmU.L!a, m.,
heap, pile, a lot of
Kyna efHo, hay stack
KfnOA, m.. cupola, vault. " e&:!ceH
trYnOA, the heavens
Kynyaaw (k}'fIi. _liw ), impf., to buy
KYn'lHH a, f., pile. heap
Kyni, -Kw. -Kx (KynruM ), pf., to buy
KyPKaHe , -HII, n., rumbling
K:YJuu , f., kitchen
Ky..e, Ky..era, n., dog
K'1o.Ae. adv., where
K'1o.Atro, conj., where
1OoA60, n ., ban
nw, prcp., towa rds
fC"loC. KioC'loT, ricoac, m ., a piece (of
some thing)
m HO, adv . late
riwa f., house
ri""""qxa , f. dim . .of Ki.~
KloOCe, KloOCha, n., beardless man
A.i3ap, m., man's name (Laaarus)
"-'rep, m., tamp
..... A, ...au, "aeee, m., a bark
"-'fCOMO, adv., greedil y
"-'K1>T. "aIOTIIT, "aK1'H, m., elbow
~He, _"II, n., longing, cra ving
...a., ""'ew, illx, impr., to bark
"ce, "en.T, "taose, m., lev (money) ,
the unit of Bulgarian currency
"er"O, n ., bed
"tma ("ira",), pf., to lie down, to
takc a lying position
"e-a, -HW, -ix, impf., to be lyi ng
down, to lie

"eK, adj., light. not heavy

aunt
M:HKBO, adv . laaily
M:c:.:u, f., hazel bush or tree
"ccK611, adj., hazel
M~CIIO, ad v., easily
"mH, "*nio, adj., of th e summer
Mt, interrogative particle
MlJI..iAa, r., meadow
Mtna, r.. lincten
MtCT, " HCTloT, "KeTOlIe, m., sheet,
list, page
Mlue. n., face
AIl'l.HOCT, f., person, personality
A06, AOI!I'I,T, m ., hunt, hunting
,,6.eeH. ,,06Ha, adj., of the hunt, hunt ing; ...6nHa crpaCT, passion for hunt-

"w, f.,

;ng
AoeeU, I\OBUIl, m ., hunter
"od, _HW, -lix, impr., to hunt
AooaHKa, r., girl's name
"ooApcrBO, n., vine gTOwing, viticultu re
,,6w~. adv., badly
"y,ll.., ....yAKU, "y,ll..K, m., a crazy person
AY,lI..OCT, r., madness, stupidity
AyK, AYIOoT, m ., onion
AYKUo, adv . slyly, craftily
AYHa, f., moon
"'I>ltIeu, A"ltIUH, m., liar
"'I>ltIKUa, r. spoon
"'I>JKAK6, adj., deceptive, false
"i.ellaw ("i.eHa), impr., to shine
Ai.ella, ("i.eeaM), pf., 10 shine
A'I>'1, ",,<ri.T, "'I>'I.H, m ., ray, beam
A'I>~, 'HW, -ix, impf., to shine, to
gleam
Ai0666, f., love
A'O ..... K, ".oMUII, m., lilac:.:
AtOena, f., hus k, peel, scale (ofa fish )
AiraM ("ema) , impf., to lie down , to
take a lying positio n
AiTo, "CTa, n. , summ er
Wara3HK, m ., store
Mani- pe, Mani-pera, n., donkey
MARKa, f., mother
Mad.p 'I.e, conj ., although
Mmo, adv., a little
MaA'I> K, Ma" Ka , adj., small , little

Ma.AUKHa,

r.,

a few (ofpenons)

M:Uu, _HW, -IIX, impf., to deceive, to

entice
MaHCapM, f., allic:.:
MapH, particle, u$Cd in addressing a
woman or girl
MapK., f., woman's name (Mary )
M>lPW, waplUltT, WapWOIlC, m., march,
procession
Mica. f. table
MiCAO, n ., butter
MaC"l"H.NtIl"", f., inkwell
MacrH..\O, n ., ink
MaWlIla, f. , engine, train
MCA, MCA"T, m ., honey
we,ll..eu.. dim. or MCA, honey
MClKAY, prep., between
weK, adj., soft
MCAaHXOMt'lOl, WeAaHXOAHtlHa, adj.,
melanc:.: holic
M~ceU, m ., month
Mfc:.:e'l.lto, adv., monthly
Mcc6, n., meat
w&:ur ce, _KW, '!lX , impr., to move
Mema (w.tnaw), pr., to plac:.:e
Me'lTa, f., dream
MHr, MKri.T, MHrellt, m ., moment
Mifraw, impf., 10 wink, to blink
MKT06eK, adj ., momentary
MKHa (MKHaeaM) , pf. , to go past, to

"'"

MKII.i8aw

(MHlta). im pf. , to go past,

to pass

MKIIKcrtpcTao, n .,

ministry
to go past. 10

MltHYaaw see MIIH:baM,

p~

MKHYra, r., minute

MKlfYrKa, f., instant, minute, moment
"'"p, MKpi.T, m., peace
MflpeH, MHPlla, adj ., peac:.:eful, calm
MKPH3Mi. r., odor, smell
"';:PHO, adv., peacefull y
Mllp<Mi06,ia, adj., peaceru l, peace
loving
MKpoM06HBO, adv., peacefully
MK CA.l, ' HW, -KX, impf. , to think
MKC"bA, WHCAH, r. thought
MHTKO, m., a man.s name, dim. of

.t'\HM'ITIIP
MAa,ll... adj . young

~6K, m ., young man

MAi.KAM (MAi.KHa), impf., to be silent
MAi.KKa (MAi.KBaM) , pf., to be silent
MIIOI'O, adv. , muc:.:h. very
Mo6eAHpall, adj., furnished
M6ra, MOltleW, MO"'ax, MOri.A, MorAa,
impf., to be able
W6"H6, m., pencil
)016 ...... -HW, - ItX, impf., to ask, to beg.
to implore, to pray
woMA, f. , girl
MOMH'!e, MOMH'l.CTa, n ., gi rl
!>IOM'l.e, MOWlera, n., boy
!>I6M"hK, MOMU.K, m., young man,
youth
!>lOpe, MOptra, Mopi, n. , sea
MocKd, f., M oscow
!>IOCT, MocrlT, wOCT6ae, m., bridge
Mpa'l.eH, Mpa'!Ha, adj., dark
!>Ipl.BKa, f., a piece of meat
MYcri.x, wycrau,H, m., mousta che
MYllyHa, f., muzzle
M)'WaMa, f. oilskin, waterproof, ra in-

.... r....a, f.,

m isl, fog
wi.,lI..po, adv., wisely
wiApocr, f.. wisdom
M"hltl, "",,,,i.T. ...."'e, m . man, hus
band
M"hA'!a, .MW, -ax, impf., to be silen t
l>noA'!aI\KBO, adv., silently
Mi.'1110, adv., with diffic:.:ulty
Mi.pKaHe, .1tlI, n ., purring (of a cal )
Micro, wccri., n ., place
MhaM, MiTuw (Mtnta). impf., to
place
Ha, prep., on ; widely used to cxprc,.,
possession and also indirec:.:t objet t
Ha6epa, -ew, lIa6pA.x (Ha6HpaM ), pf..
to gather
Ha6HpaM (lIa6epi, _ew ), imrf.. \..
gather
Ha6..w30. adv., nearby
Ha6paH, ppp. Ha6epa, .em, .I (alhrrroi.
c:.:ollccled
IIase'l.epB3.M c:.:e (HaBe'lfp.M n ). ;"'111"
to dine, to sup (to satisfaction ) .
HaBe'leplI'" c:.:e (Hase'l.ep";)M ,,1' ), J11 .,
to dinc, 10 sup (10 satisf" .. ti ..,, )

'47

HaBHpaM ce ( H~pa ce, -em), impr.,

(d rive) someone to do somethi ng
to intrude, to push one's way in
Hal<AaAa, -em, HaKAaAOX (IIaKA3.JKHaBpa ce, -em, llaBpaX ce (HaJnipaM
AaM ), pr. , to build (a fi re)
ce), pr., to intrude, to push one's naKA.3.)K.4aM (HaKAaAli, -ew ), impr.,
way in
to build (a fire)
lIaBptA, adv., everywhere
Hal<Olleu, adv., finally
IlaBClI:l(""hAe, adv., everywhere
lIaAell, HaAec:w, lIaAKx, IIMM, lIaA6uc
HaBi.H, adv., ouuide
(HaAHBaM), pr., to pour, to get a
HaBi.pTaM ce (lIaB"hpTlI: ce, -Hw),
liquid in a vessel
impr., to Slay around, to "hang"
HMHBaM (lIaAell, lIaAl~ew ), impr., to
around
pour, to ge t a liquid in a vessel
llaB"hpTlI: ce, -Hw, -lI:X (liarip-raM ce),
HeMeptillle, n., inten tion
pr., to stay around, to "hang" HaMep", -HW, -!'IX (lIaMHpaM), pf., to
around
fi nd, refl. to find oneselr, to be
Hara*AaM (HaroM, -Hw), impr., to lIaMtipaM (llaMeplI, -HW), impr., to
instruct
find, refl., to find oneselr, to be
HaroAx, -Hw, -Hx (HaraJKAaMl, pr.,
lIa61<0AO, adv., arou nd, about
to instruct
nanel<a, Hane'leW, lIanel<Ox (Ha nHHar6pe, adv., upwards
'laM), pr., to bake
HarpiAa, r., reward
Hane..eH, ppp. Hanel<a, lIanC'leUl,
H3.A, prep., over, above
baked
HaA3.BaM (1I3A:I.M, HuaAew ), impr.,
HanH'IaM (llanel<a, lIanC'lem), impf.,
to emit, to give (a sound or cry)
to bake
lIaAll.M, HuaAew, lIaAaAOX (H3.AalIan6MHII, -Hill, -HX (lIan6MIIIIM ), pf.,
BaM), pr. , to emit, to gh'e (a sound
10 rem ind of
or cry)
Han6MHIIM (Han6MHJI, -HW), impr., to
HllABecBaM ce (HaAsecll ce, -llW),
remind of
impr., to bend over
HanpaBJI,
-HW, -UX (!tanpaIlllM), pf.,
HaABtcB: ce, -llW, -!'IX (HaA.BttBaM cel,
10 make, to do
pf., to bend over
lianpallllM (lianpaBJI, -HUI), impf., to
Hue*Aa, r., hope
make, to d o
H3A.HHI<Ha (lIaAHH'IaM ), pr., to peek
lIanp(rmB, adv., on the conlrary
into, to look
Hanycl<aM (HanycHa), impf., to let
H3A.HK'IaM (HaA.lflll<lIa), impr., 10
go, to abandon, to give up, to lea ve
peek into, to look
lIanycHa
(HanYCl<aM, .IlanYJ,WlM ), pf.,
HaeM, m., rent, nOA HlieM, ror rent
to let go, to abandon, to give up,
HaeMa, -ew, Haa, naeA (HatMaM),
10 leave
pt:, to take, 10 h ire
lIaeMaM (HaeMa, -em), impr., to take, Ilany!J&aM (HanyCHa), impf., to let go,
to aba ndon, to give up, to leave
to hire
Hani.AoaM (Hani.AHII, -HW), impf., to
lIa3aA, adv., backwards, back
fulfill
lIa30Ba, -ew, -ax (Ha30aauaM), pr., 10
Hani.AHJI, -IIW, -HK (lIani.ABaM), pf.,
call
to fulfill
lIa30BaaaM (IIa30BA, -ew), impr., to
Hapil.A.BaM ce, impf. , to have comcall
plete joy, to have one's fill of joy
lIaHCT!'IlIa, adv., in truth
liapeM, -HW, -tix (lIapt)KAaM), pt:,
IIaA-n6cAC, adv., fi nally
to arrange, 10 set in order
lIaKlipaM (liaKlipBaM), pr., to rorce
(drive) someone to do something
HapeJKa, -em, HaPX3aX (lIapX3BaM ),
Hal<apBaM (llaKlipaM), impr., to force
pf. , to cut up, to slice

148

HaptJKAalol (Hape, -Hw), impf., to

a rrange, to 5(:t in order
Hapel<a, Hape'lew, naptl<ox, Hape'le
(HapH'Ialol) , pf. , to call, to name
HapH'IaM (Hapel<a, Hape'lew), impf.,
to call, to name
Hap6A, m., people, nation
HapX3BaM (Hap6Ka, -ew), impf., to
cut up, to slice
Hacalol. adv., hither, this way
HacKTeH, ppp. HactITJI, -!tw, satisfied
HacHTII, -HW, -HK (HaCHl,IJaM), pf., to
ilatisfy
HaCHl,Yalol (HacH'TII, -Hlli), impf., to
satisfy
HaCAaAJI ce, -tiw, -Hx (HaCAaJK..USaM
ce). pf., to enjoy, to take delight in
HaCAaJKAasalol ce (llaCAaM Cl::, -HW),
impf., to enjoy, to take del ight in
HaCAeACTBeH, adj., inherited
HaCMellll<a, f., ridicule
liac6'1a ce, -11m, -I1X (Hac6'lBaM ce),
pf., to point at, to turn to, to direc t
one$Clf towards
Hac6'1BaM ce (lIac6'1a ce, -lIW), impf.,
to point at, to turn to, to direct
oneself towards
HacraBAeHHe, n., advice, instruction
HacrpotHlle, n., mood
nacroH'IHB, adj., stubborn, insistent,
persistent
HacTpalfa, adv., Mide, at on~ side
Hacrpi.XfIalol (HaCTpi.XHa), impf., to
be frightened
liacTpi.xHa (HaCTpi.xsalol). pf., to be
frightened
HaripTBaM (narip-rJl), impf., to
stress, to emphasize
HaripTll, -HW, - HX (lIaripTBaM), pf.,
to stress, to emphMize
HaTlI:l<Salle, -1111, n., reproach
Hay..a, -lilli, -llX (Ha)"lbaM), pf., to
learn, to have learned
Hay..a ce, -11m, -IIX (HaY'lilaaM ce),
pf.. to learn, to have learned
Ha)"lbaM (HaY'Ia, -HW), impf., to
learn
HaY"ilaaM ce (Haj'la ce, -IfW), impf.,
to learn

HaXpallBaM (HaxpaHJI, -HW, -HX).

impf. to feed, to nourish
lIaXpaHJI, -Hill, -If X (llaxpaHBaM), pf.,
to feed, to nour ish
Ha'la....IIHI<. m., chief. director
Ha'laAH H'IeCI<H, adj., of the chief or
director
lIa'lHH, m., way, manner, met hod
lIaliAeH, ppp. HaxM, lIaUew, HaliAox,
consumed
He, particle, no, not
He 6tiBa, it is impossible
He6t, (He66), n., sky, heaven
ne6AaroyxaHeH, HWAaroyxaHHa. adj.
not sweet smelling, not fragra nt
HeAeAJII, f., Sunday, wcek
He3an6MHell, adj., beyond the reach
of memory, unk nown
HC3Ha'ltITe....ell, 1iC3l1a'"ITeAHa, adj.,
insignificant
HeKa, particle with the impera tive,
"let"
lIe"d, inter., particle, is it not so?
lIeHaAeAHo, ad v., suddc:nly, unexpectedly
He06IiKHoBtIi, adj., unusual
lie06xoAHM, adj., necessary, indispensable:
Hl::onpeAe....eH, adj., indefinite
HeO'laI<BaH, adj., unexpected
Heo'laI<BaHO, adv., unexpectedly
HenOABHJKeH, HenOABHJKJla, adj.,
motionless, immobile
HenOABH1KHO, adv., without movi ng
Hen03l1aT, adj., unknown
lIenpeMeHllo, adv., unquestionably
lIenpollHuae ...., adj., impenetrable
lIen.pneHHe, n., impatience
Heychllo, ad\., imperceptibly
neJ,lJlicrl1e, n., misfortune, u nhappiness
lIel,ijO, n ., thing, something
HHBa, f. , cultivated field
lIHKaI(""hB, IIHl<aKBa, adj., pro., of no
sor t, no kind of
HHl<ora, adv., never
HHl<oii, pro., nobody
HllI<6Aa, m., man's name (Ni kola)
HHl<"hAe, ad v. nowhere

149

HHloIa, partide in quesuons; indeed,

really (indicating surpriiM:)
HHpBaloi ce (HHpHa ce), impf., to dive,
to plunge
HHpHa ce (HHpsaloi ce), pf., 10 dive,
to plunge
HHCltK, HHCKa, adj., low
HHTo, conj., nor
HHWO, pro. , nothing
HO, conj., but
HOB, adj., now
Hora, Hoot, f., leg
HO)t(, H6lK"bT, 116)t(6ue, m., knife
IIOC, HochT, HOCOue, m., nose
HOCll, -Hill, -lD[, impr., to carry
HOCll ce, -m.u, -HX, impf., to be carried, to float, to behave
HOij/;, f., night
Hpas, IlpiB"hT, IIpaBH, m., disposition,
character
Hi KaK"bB, KliKaKHa, pro., of som e sorl,
some kind of
wIKora, adv., sometime
HliKOA, HiKoll, HiKCIe, KliKoH, indef.
pro., some
HiKo.l\Ko, pro., iM:veral
HiMalol, impf., to have not
0, prep., on, onto
ce, -HW. -HX (06altlAaM ce),
pf., 10 announce oneself, to appear,
to call out, to speak up
06i)l(AaM ce (o6W ce, -HW), impf.,
to announce oneself, 10 appear. to
call out, 10 speak up
06a'le, conj., but
06I1HHi, -Hill, -Ii:x (06BHHliBaM), pf.,
to accuse
06rpi.WaM (06riplla) , impf., to encircle, to grasp, to indude
06ri.pHa (06rpi.l,ij3.td) , pf., to encirele, to grasp, to inelude
.:..tkA. m., lunch, lunch time
06epi, -tlu, 06pax (06HpaM), pf., to
gather
06HKWM (06HKoAi, -.tw ). impf., to
circulate, to encirele
06HKHaM (06HI(Ha), impf., to take a
liking to, to become fond of, to
come to love

06w

OOHKHa (06HKBaM) , pf., to take a

liking to, to become fond of, to
come to love
06HKIIOueH, adj., ordinary
ooHI(OAi, -HW, -Ii:x (06HKa.......w:). pf.,
to circula te. to encircle
06HpaM (o&:pa, -t w ) , impf., to gather
66If'1, f., affection, fondness, love
06H'IaM, impf., to love
66.1\acreH, 66J\acrHa, adj., diala::tal,
regional
06"eKJ\6, n., dothing
06.1\H3BaM ce (06"H)I(a ce, -em), impf.,
to lick onc's lips
06.1\HlKa cc, -em, 06.1\H3ax ce (06.w3BaM ce), pf., to lick one's lips
o6oAP", -Hm, -HX (o6oApJiBaM) , pf.,
to cncourage
o6oApJiBalol. (o6oApi, -Hill), impf., to
encourage
06paaosiHHe, n., education
06paay.,aM, impf., to shape, to form,
10 make, to organize
06pi,waM (o6i.PJla) , impf. to turn
06pi,waM ce (o6ipna ce) , impf., to
turn, turn around
06TtrnaT. adj . strained
06YIIKa, f. , usually in plural; shOOl,
whatever is worn on feet
06YI,ij3., pl., no sing., footware, shOOl
06y!,ij:l.p, 06ywa.pJIT, 06YW;iplO, m.,
shoemaker
06XB3.lIa (06XB3.ij/;aM), pf., to clasp,
to embrace
06XB3.lJAaM (06XB3.Ha), impf., to elasp,
to cmbrace
06WCC"TlI6, n., society
06J,W1Ha, f., administration ofa town
or community
06ij/;HTeJ\elt, 06IJAl1Te"lta, adj., sociabl'
6fu...., 66.1\a, adj., rounded
06ipHa (06pi,!JAaM) , pf., to turn
06ipHa ce (06pi.!JAaM cel, pf. , to turn,
to turn around
06.uv.t HHe, n., advertiiM:ment, notice,
announcement
06n" ce, -Hw, -Ii:x (061lBiBaM ce), pf.,
to announce oneself, to da::lare
oneself

06l1BiBaM ce (06I1B. ce, _Hw), impf.,

10 announce oneself, to da::lare
oneself
06Ii.1{BaM, impf. , to cat lunch
06I1CHli, -Hill, -Hx (oo.cHiBaM), pf., to
explain
oo.cllmM (06RcHN, -Hw), impf., to
explain
oll'lap, OB'IapJIT, m., shepherd
ornHlJAc n. , hearth
Orpell, -te w, orpix (orpuaM), pf., to
shinc on, to warm up
orpUaM (OrpeR, -eew ), impf., to shine
on , 10 warm up
6n.1t, 6n.HRT, orn6ue, m., fire
OA"Lp3OCTi ce, -Hw, -HX (OA"Lp;iOCTliBaM cc), pf., to dare
OA"Lp30crliBaM ce (oA"Lp;iOCTli ceo
-Hw), impr. , to dare
O3QJIa ce. -t w, 006BaX ce (03osisaM
ce), pf., to find onl:SC': lf
O3OBauaM ce (oooea ce, -t ill), impf.,
to find onl:SC': lf
01(6, O'lH, n., eye
6K6"eH, 6K6.1\Ha, adj., surrounding,
neighboring
6KO"0, prep., around
OKOH'IaTe" eH, OI(OIl'laTeJ\lIa, adj. ,
final
OKOH'IaTeMlO, adv. , finally
oK6cBaM (oKocli, -HW), impf. to mow
OKOcK, -Hw, -H" (01(6oUsaN, oK6cuaM),
pf., to mow
OKocJiBaM (oKocR, -Hw). impf., to m ow
Ol(pHmallC, -HlI, n., blaming, comp laint
oMt ra, f. , omega
onacell, onaClia. adj., dangerous
onawKa, f. , tail
Olll1BaM (OIlH oIlHew), impf., to
intoxicate
Olll1paM (onpA. -t Ol), impf., to lean
aga inst, to touch
onl1., onHew, OIlH" (onHBaM), pf., to
intoxicate
OITJ\llI(BaM (olT.I\a'la, -ew ), impf. to
lament
OIl"al(BaHe, -Ifll, n., lament
onJ\ll'l.a, -ew, OnAaKax (OnMKBaM) ,
pf., to lament

oll03HasaM (on03nill, -aew), impf.,

to becom e well acquainted with
OIl03H.u, _aew, 01l03Hax (on03HaBalol)
pf., to become well acquainted
with
ollpa. -t w, ollpix (OIlHpaM) , pr. , to
lean against, to touch
onpe.ilO!J\tH, adj., d efinite
Ouycrt ll, -tew, onycrli" (onYCTliBaM),
pf., to be deser ted
onycrRsaM (onycrtll, -t ew), impf. , to
be d eserted
onyweHlie. n., omission
opi,(jIan, adj ., frayed , ragged
OCJl.eTi, -Hw, -HX (OCBewaaaM) , pf., to
sanctify
ocuelJAUaM (OCBeTN, _w), impf. , to
sanctify
OCeM, numeral, eight
OCKOTi, -HW, _HX (ocI(OTliBaM), pr., to
make brutish
OCI(OTUaM (OCKOTN, _HW ), impf. , to
make brutish
ocriAeH, ocriAHa, adj., scanty
OCI("Lp6R, -HW, -H" (OCI("Lp6maN), pf.
to insult. to offend
OCI("LpOiBaM (ocl("Lp6li, -HW), impf.,
to insult, to offend
OC66eH, adj., special
OC6&HO, ad v., especially
ocriBaM (ocraHa), impf., to remain
ocn:all, _IiW, -lD[ (ocraBlIN) , pr., to
leave (transitive)
occl&lIM (ocrasll, -HW) , impf., to
leave (transitive)
ocrana (ocrauaM), pf., to remain
ocriT"LI(, ocraT"LUH, m., remainder
6crt.p, 6CTpa, adj. , sharp
OCRT, ppp. ocell, -tew, ocix, OCt liX
(ocefiBalol.), sown
OT. prep., from, b y
OT6HsaM ce (0T6l1l1 ce, -Hew), impf.,
10 turn aside, diverge, to drop in
(of a visitor)
oroHlI ce, _Hew , OroHX ce (0T6HBaM
ce), pf., to turn aside, to diverge,
to drop in
OTBiplllof (OTBOplI, -liW), impf., to
opeo

'5'

OT8e,4Hbo: (oneAri*), adv., suddenly

0T1I6p., -HW, KX (on.apDI), pr., 10
"",n

onpCA, ad v., on all sides, everywhere

onpi.\I,IUI (O'11ri.pHa), impf., to return, to reciprocate, to answer
O'11ri.plla (onpi.i,WlN), pf., to return
to reciprocate, to answer
orrod.pnc (orroJKiPll, _.. m), impf., to
answer
orr0e6PII. -J.lW, -J.lX (OTI"08liPlllol), pf.,
to answer
OTAa.aHa, ad v., long ago, sinee a long
time
OTAb.eH, OTA~a, adj., separated
OTAeACHJ.le, n ., di vision, grade
oTAm , conj., where, whenee
OTJIBa'" (crtH.Aa, onI:Aew), impf., to
go, to depart
tmi.Aa, OTKAeW, 0'rnA6x (cmi:Ba"'l ,
pf., to go, to depart
0TKA3aaw (ord~. --ew), impf., to
<ef~

ontLKa, --ew, 0"T1ti3ax (OTd3BlUC),

pf., to refuse
OTXAJo-U, -HW, _!IX (O'I'KAJO'fBaJol) , pf.,
to unlock
antAJOqaa", (O'I'X.AIO'fa, -HW), impf.,
to un lock
OT1I;6AJ(OTO, conj., than (in compari_

"'ni

_HW, -!IX (orpw",), pf., to

poison
oreed , <m::e'I:cw , OTc.ixOX (oreH"a",),
pf., to cut down
orc"'l'" (oreexa, <m::e'I:CllJ), impf.,
to cut down
OTCJla6Ba'" (OTCAlin.. -HW), impf., to
grow weak
orcAa611, -HW, _Ill' (orcAli6aaNl, pf.,
to grow weak
OTTa"" adv., from there, thence
OTrcrAll ce, -HW, -J.IX (orretAllIol ce),
pf., to withdraw, to relire
OT'Tl!rJI.DI ee (OTJ'CrAll ee, -KW), impf.,
to withdraw, to retire
orrori.aa, adv., sinee that time
OT'Iy)It.ACH, adj., estranged, separated
oxirra, f., appetite, relish
O'I'aKBaW, impf. to expect
61,ije, adv., still
na, adv., (:onj., then, and
naAa'" (n!.AHa) , impf., to fall
n!AHa (n!Aalol). pf., to faU
nwp, m., market
nuapeH, nuapHa, adj., market
naU'I, m ., guard, sentinel
nau, -KW, -HX, impf., to guard
nax, ad v., again
n ....r6, n ., coat, overcoat
naHTaA6HH, m . pI. (sing. rare),
lro~

OT1I;pm-, adj., open

OTA""eH. orA""Ha, adj., excellent,
outstanding
orA"'fHe, n ., distinguishing mark.
differenee
OTHa'la...o, ad v., from the beginning,
at fint
oru6eo, ad v., again, anew
ontowclIHe, n ., conntion
OTO)lt.AecmtH. adj., identified, iden_
tical
OTPWIol (o-rp6e.lI, -HW). impf., to
poison
otpa*uaM cc, impf., to be refited
orpa.d ce, -"w,
(orpa..:uiBa", ce),
pf., to be refited
otpa3Da", ee (orpm ee, -Hw), impf.,
to be reftted

-m,

'5'

0TJ>6u.

nap", pI. only, f., money

napUv.HB. adj., tattered, ragged
naT1(8, f., duck
neKa, ne'lcw, nCKOx, nble, impr., to

bak,
fi cINo, m., man's name
nepa, nepew, npax, impf., to wash
nc:p6, n ., pen
neceH, necHK, f. , song
n Hon6eu, nCCH on6ftUH, m ., singer
flecor...a..cv., m., "Dog's Head"
nCT, numeral. five
ne-ra...o, n., hone-shoe
nent6, n ., spot
nen.K, m., Friday
fitn.p, m., man's name (Peter)
newK6M, new, newa, adverbs, on foot
newepa, f., cave

nb, n6em, 1lB, impf., to sing

mipmc:cno, n., feut

n., letter
impl, to uk
tJ:Iima, -em. miclx, imp., to wri te
mnP. -Hm, -n., impf., to whittle
D1I(;M6.

~,

no, n"ew, nHX. impf., to drink

rv-iAHe, n ., noon, lunch time

rv.A){'loI(, nAliM"loWt, m., flame
T1AaT, n .... nT. n ....TOBt, m., cloth
nAax, adj., frightened, timid
rv.ad, _Hw , -Hx (ItA.i.J,WlN), pf., to pay
rv.A~1oI (rv.ani, -Hw), impf., to pay
fu6eAHB, m ., name of city
TIAOA, nAOAi.T, TIAOAoM:, m., fruit
DA6e-.I(, T1A6cKa, adj., flat
1lMtA!AAxa, f., landing
nAy".a"" impf., to swim
n.UCIoI(, n.UCloUJ.I, m., splash
~ .. a, f. , p rey, booty, catch, spoils
no, prep., along, on, by, no uv- AeH,
all day long
n06l,paaN (no6i.p3BaJo1), pf. to haJten
no61.p38AN (no6i.paalol), impf.. to
hasten
no6.iraaM (n06.ima), impf., to run
away, to flee
n06.inta (no6.iraaw), pr.. to run away,
10 flee
n6ae<le, adv., more
nOllHKaM (nOllHK8aM), pf., to summon
nOllHJ<aa'" (nOllHKaw ), impf., to summon
nOllAeKa, nOIlAC'lew, noWKOX ( n~
IlAH"alol), to draw, to carry forward
nOIlAC'lCH, ppp., drawn, carried for-

w,rn

nOllAH"', -jew, nOllAHix (n08AH.iaaw), pf., to inAuenee

~.iaaw (~ -jew), impf.,
to inAuenee
noapi.1,ij8M (n"'pH&), impf., to return (transitive)
noei.pHa (noap-i.l,WUC), pf., to return
(transitive)
noriplUlOCT, f., surface
nOBjpBa",. impf., to believe
n6rAeA. m., glance, gaze
nOrACAHa (norAb KAalol ), pf., to look
al. t ~ take a look into

nor~

(oar... ~), im.v:,

10

look at, to take a look into

n....... -Cw. -b
10 bury
norpe&taM (1IOq)C6a, -bu), impl, to
bury
nClA, prep., under
nOAKrpUut: ee (nOAHrpU ce, . iew),
impf., to make fun of somebody
nOAJ.lrpaB.areAHO, adv., mockingly
nOAHrpa. ee, -aew, nOAHrpax t t
(noAKrpiaaw eel , pf., to make fun
of somebody
n6ANOJ\, m ., hollow under the bank
of a stream
nOAH6aeH, ppp. nOAHoU, -HW, -Ib
(nOAHodBaM), renewed, renovated
nOAo6iaaw, impr., to be fining, to be
propu
nOA66eH. nQA66Ka, adj ., si milar,
such , like
nOA03Kpuc (nOA03p&, -cw), impf., to

<_i.....

~uspect

nQAoopa, -CW, -n (nOA03M-p.",), pr. ,

to IUSpect
nOAOOpCHHe, n., ,uspicion
nOAI1pe.a;ceA!TCAxa, f., viceprafdent
(fem.)
nOApadaa.., impf., to imitate
nOACBHpBaw (nOACBJipHa), impf., to
whistle softly
nOACBHpHa (nOACB"pB3M ), pf. , to
wh inle softly
nOAcKi'laM (nOACK6'1a, -KW). impr.,
to jump, to leap up
nOACK6'la, -HW, -HX (noACKa'la M).
pf., to jump, to leap up
nOAcwilnaw (noAcloll\)Ula), impf., to
Imile, to laugh at
IlOACWKxHa (nOAcwHxaalol l . pr.. 10
Iffiilc, to laugh at
llOAywa, _IIW, -HX (nOAywaaN ), pr..
to get the Kent
nOAYWBaM (nOAYwa, -Jlw) , impr. tn
get the scent of
notwa, --ew, nob: (n06 18M), pr., t"
take up
not"'a'" (notMa, -ew), impr., tu take

or

up

nOJKeA!aaw (noJICeAi.tI. -aew ), impf.,

to wish
no.CAU, _aew , noJIC~ (nOJKeAiaaw), pf., 10 wish
n03aMHCAJI ce. -Hm, -HX, pf., to think
a lillie
n~, -li:w, -Iix (no:JllO...maw), pf.,
to allow
n~ (no:JllO .... , .li:w ), impf.,
to allow
n03Apad, _Hw, -li:x (noaAPaaiBaw).
pf., to greet
n03ApadBaW (n03Apasi,-Hw) ,impf.,
to greet
n03H~ (noaHu, -aem), impf. , to
recognIze
nOOHa., -aew, n03Hax (n03wiBa.M ),
pf., 10 recognite
"OUCUM (noli:cKllaM) , pf., to express
desire. 10 want
noli:CKBaM (noHcKaM). im pf. , to expr~ desire. to want
nOd3BaM, (noKhta, -ew ), impf., to
",ow

nod.38aM ce (nodlKa ce, -ew), impf.,

to show oneself, to appear
noKi-a, -ew, noKi3ax (noJ<i.38aN:),
pf., to show
noxAlKa ce, -ew, noKhax ce (noJ<UBaIoI ce), pf., to 5how oneself, 10
>PI""
nonHa, f., invitation
noQIflI.&W (nOQH_, -HW), impf., 10
in vite
,
noKim, -HW, -HX ( noxaHl~aw), pf., to
invite
nolCpliA, prep., next to, beside
noKpHsaw. (noxpm., -uew ), impf., to

,=

nOJ<pn., -Hew, nOKpux (noJ<puJI.aM) ,

pf., to coYer
noAA, f., skirt
nOM~, no"ba, n., field
nClA~Ka, adv., slowly, soft ly
n6A3a, f., advantage, p rofit, use
nOAHWl_, f., police
nOI\)(, n6"KloT, n6AJ<ollC, m., regiment
nOAOBHHa, f., half
nClAyrpaMOreH, nClAyrpaMMlla, adj .,
half literate

'54

nO"YHCTIma, f., half-truth

nClAy..a, -HW, -It)( (nClA}"I'baM), pf.,
to receive, to obtain
nOA}"I'a..aaw (no"y..a, -HlU) , impf., to
receive, to obtain
nONO"~. ee, eew, n OAJO....o: ce (noNO....n.a.. ce), pf., to sway, to rock
back and forth
n~M&aw ce (nOA1O"~. ce, -tew),
tmpf., to sway, to rock back and
forth
nowAxru.c (noMixBa.",), pf. , to wave
nowAxsaw (nowbaloC), impf., to wave
nOMHCAJI, -HW, - It)(, pf., 10 think
n6MJU, -Hill, -HX, impf., to remember
noM'1>ApjsaM, impf., to speak wisely
noMi."'1a, -HIll, -ax (n~d.aaw)
pf., to be silent a bit
nOM'l>AdaaM (n()J.n,Ad, -Hw), impf.,
to be silent a bit
nOH~, adv., at le811t
nOilbte, conj., becaw;e
nOHixora, ad v., sometimes
nomITaw (nonHTBru.c), pf., to ask, to
inqui re
nonKnaM (nonWraw), impf., to ask,
to inqui re
nonpiu, -HW, -It)( (nonpruw..), pf.
to repair
nonp!8.Ol (nonpaa., -ilW) . impf. to
repair
nopaAli, p rep., on account of, because

0'

n6pra, f., ga te
nopi.'liUI: (nopi.'l8aW), pf., to order
nopi.'lBalol (nopi.qru.c), impf., to order
noclle-d, -Hw, -Ibt (nOCll(:~ ), pf.,
to devote
noael,ijiaaN (nOCllCTJi, -Hw), impf.,
to d evote
n6c"e, adv., aftcrwarth
nQC,\tAeH, nQC,\~a, adj., last, final,
rece nt
nQC,\eAolI~hCAHO, adv., succCSllivciy,
in succession
nQC,\ywaM (nQC,\yumaM ), pf., to listen
to, to heed, to. obey
nQC,\yumaM (nQC,\ywllM) , impf., to
listen to, to heed, to obey

nOCMea, -ttw, nOCMJix (nocw.l:aalo$) ,

pf., 10 dare
nocwiBul (nocwea, -ttw), impf., to
dare
nOCpeA, p rep., in me middle of,
amidst
nOCTiu, -HW, -JtX (nocr.lwrw ), pr., to
place
nClC'l'iasw (nOC'l'liH, -HW), impf., to
put, to place
nocrapiIIaN ce (nocrapa.. ce, -aem).
impf., to endeavor, to do one's best
nocrapa.. ce, -aew, nocrapax ce
(nocrapbaM ee), pf., to endeavor,
to d o one's best
nQCTe..u:a, f., bed, bedding
nOCTen~H Ho, adv., gradually
nocrI.llII8M (nocrim:, -HW), impf., to
enter
nOCTi.m(.a, f. , behavior
nocri.n_, -HW, -It)( (nocrinBaM), pf.,
to enter
nOTJtCKaM (nomcHa), impf., to press
down, to press in upon
nOnteHa (nOTHcKaM ), pf., to p ress
down, to press in upon
ncnpetia, f., need
UOTpe6cH, narpe6Ha. adj., necessary
norleaw (noriHa), impf., to sink
nO'rloAkY-M, impf., to interpret, to
explain
nori.Ha (noriBaM), pf., lo.sink
noxap ...a, -HW, -iIX (noxipq.BaIoI) , pf.,
to spend
noxaJ>'l8aM (noxip'la, -IIW), impf.,
to spend
n6xoAeH, n6xoA.Ha, adj., of the campaign
noqaxaM (noqaJCBa)l), pf., to wait
noqaKB8W (nod.KaM), impf., to wait
n6'lepK, m., handwriting
n6'1CCT, f., honor
no'lHaaw (no'lHHa), impf., to rest
nO'litSKa, f., rest, vacation
n()'l.HHa, (nO'lWaM), pf., to rest
n()'l.HTaeM, adj., respected
n()'l.T~H , adj., respected
n()'l.TIi:, adv., almost
n()'l.jBcnIyaaw, impf., to feel
nO'lYKaM (nO'lYKaaM), pf., to knock

n()'l.Yk8aM (no'lYKaM), impf., to knock

nol,ijUi, -HUI, -Iix (nOW8AbaM), pi,
to . pare, to preserve
no\ij.MiBaM (nol.,ijaAJi, -Hw) , impf., to
spare, to preserve
now ce, -Hw, _Ibt (nouQaw cel , pf.,
to a nnounce oneself, to appear
no.abaM ce (no.ri ce, -Hw) , impf.,
to a nnounce oneself, to appear
nOleiBaHe, -JU, n., an appeari ng,
appearance
npas, adj., straight, upright
npauHB, adj., just
npasHTe>.cno, n., government, administration
npaal, -HW, -HX, impr., to d o, to make
nphc:H, npuHa, adj., empty
npbHHK, np33HHIIH, m., holiday
npb HH'IeH, npb HH'lHa, adj., holiday,
festi ve
npau, -HW, -HX (npal,l,law) , pf., to
~nd

npal,l,l8M (npau, -HW) , impf., 10 send

npeAH, prep., before
npc.MJ\raM (npe..v.6J1Ca, -HW), impf.,
to suggest, to propose, to offer
npe..v.6>Ka, _HW, _HX (npcAAAraw),
pf., to suggest, to propose, to offer
npeAce"UTeA, n peAe<:AiTeUT, m .
president
npeACTaBAc.me, n. , representation,
show, performance
npeArn.,., -HW, _JtX (npcACTa8wM),
to represent to oneself, to imagine
npeAC'raII'saw (npeAcri.a.l, -HW),
impf., to represent to oneself, to
imagine
npeAC'roiy'!, adj ., forthcoming
npe3, prep. through, du ring
npc3ptHHe, n., disgust, d isdain
npedpaw (npedptlaM) , pf., to spend
(time)
npedpaaM (upcKipaw), impf., In
spend (time)
npeKpaTi, -Hw, _lix (npellpaTJi"a w).
pr., to stop, to call off, to make: an
end to
npeKpaTisaM(npeKpaTi, _lim ), illll'f.
to stop, to ca ll off, to make an ('nd
'0

nperi.caaw (npeNH.), impf., to intcn'\Ipt, to cut l hort

nperi.cHa (nperlcaaw) , pf., to interrupt, to cut short
npeHO~M , impf., to spend the
night
npenoAWTeA, npenoAWTe.uT, m .,
teacher, ins tructor, leeturer
nptceK, npllata, adj., fresh
npecrieaw (npeed.lla), impf., 10
~

npecciHa (npecciBaIol), pI'. , to Cea5C

npeyBC.AH'Ia, -"w, _HX (npcyaeAK'Iaeaw), pf., to exaggerate
npeyKAH'lbaw (n peyBCAH'Ia, ' HW),
impl'., to exaggerate
npbla, -KW, -KX, impf., 10 stand in
the way, 10 block, to hinder
RpK, prep., by, nea r, with
RpH6epa ce, -tw, npK6pax ce (npH.
6HpaM ce), pf., to go home, to return home
HpK6HpaM ce (npll6epa ce, em),
impf., to go hom e, to return home
npK6"CAhaw, impf., to become pale
"pHlMeKa, npKIMC"Itw, npKIM'KOX,
nPHIMt 'le (npHJMH'Iaw ), pf., to
draw, to attract, to get
npKBJ'oH'IaM (npKlMui, npHlMe'lew),
impf., to d raw, to attract, to get
upKnp3BaM ce (npu.i.plKa ee, -cw),
impl'., 10 be tied to, 10 be anached

'0

npWli.p*a ce, -eUl, npH.i.p38X ce

(npKBi.p:aaM ce), pr., to be lied to,
to be attached to
npKrOr8JI, .HW, 'KX (upHrm....) , pf.,
to prepare
npHr61MM (npur6TM, 'HW), impf.,
10 p repare
npuelol, m ., reception, wel come
npHelola, -em, npKb::, npKtT (npK t1.18101), pr., to receive
npHwaM (np Ht ... , -em), impr., to
receive
npHKa:lKa, f., short stor y, a necdote
npHKMA, m ., butt (of a riRe)
npMlU..o'la, 'lUU, ' Kle (lIpKIU..o'leaw),
pr., 10 close

IIPKKI\.o-w (npKKI\.oqa, 'KW),

impf., to close
(npKKoeUaw), pf.,
npKKoea, -eut;
10 fix on
npKKoUBaM (npKKoN, -ew) , impf.,
to fix on
upW.HqW, npw.wlHa, adj., dea:nl,
Propel', neat
npKHY,aa, .KW, .10( ( npKH)'~ ) ,
pf., to compel, to force
npKKyJKA!1IilW (npKH Y,aa, ' HW),
impf., to compel, to force
npHCTOpBa. WH ce (npKCT6pH _ ce),
it seems to me
nPHci.cnlKe, n ., presence
npHd.ABaw: ce (npKTaJi ce, -aMID),
impf., to stay quiet, to be qutet
npllTai ceo -aHw, aiDr. (npHTaANM
ce), pf. , to nay quiet, to be quiet
nplfTHCIl3.M (npKTlfCHa ), impf., to
press, to squeeze
npHTlicKa (npKTlfCIl3.M ), pf., to Prell,
to squeexe
np .... liHa, f., cause, reuon
npKU6\aaw: ce (npHUw ce, 'HW).
impf., to take aim
npKJ,lW ce, -KW, HX (npHUb.aaM
ce), pf. , to take aim
npKlhe..o.. np KiTeNrr, n pHJiTe,uo, m ..
frie nd
np06y:, -HW, 'KX ( np06y~ ),
pr., to awaken
np06Y"'AaM (npo6y:, -HW), impf.,
to awaken
npoaMAeKItC, n ., providence
npoaKHUKwH, npoBHHUHiAHa, adj.,

-ax.

provinci~l'

n poaMHUIfJI, r., province, provinces

(coli.)
npoAiaaM (npoAiw, npo.uAew),
impf., to sell
np!)Aiu, npoABAew, npoAMox (npoAbaw), pf., to sell
npo~, -MW, -iDr. (npoA~M),
pf., 10 prolong, to continue
npoA'loNIIblHe, n., continuation
B nPOA'l>NIteKHe Ha, in Ihe coune
of
np006peu, np006PUH, m., window

rtpOK3!IC.Ai, -ew, npoH38tAOX (npoH37

.e*ADf), pf., to p roduce
npoll3B6KAaw (npoH3BC.AA, .em),
impf., to produce
npommac.loI (npoH3Heci., ew) , impf.,
to pronoun ce, to utter
npoH3Heca, tw, npoKlHtcox (npoK3Kic.w) , pf., to pronounce, to utter
np6MT, f., Spring
npoACTapK,b, m ., proletariate
~,-Hw, -iDr. (np~ ),
pf., to mutler, to mumble
npot.n.ABfBaw (npo........u, 'Hw), impr., to mutter, to mumble
npocr, adj., limple
npoc:n\:paw (npocrpa, . ew), impf.,
to spread
np6ero, adv., simply
npocrpa, em, npocrpix (npocrHpaw), pf., to spread
npOCI'lIi, 'HW, .iDr. (npowbaM ), pf.,
to forgi ve
npol,l,lbaM (npocrJi, -liw), impf., to
forgive
np-bCT, f., soil, cultivated earth
rqn.cr, npi.CTl>T, npi.CTK, m., finger
lITH'lap, npK'Iapn-, rinNaplO, m .,
bird. hunter, birdman
f., bird
n ycKaw (nYCHa ), impf., to 100M:, to let
nYCHa (nycKaw, nYIJ!8M) , pf., to loose,
to le t
nylJ!8.lol (nycKa ), impf., to loose, to let
n yma, _HW, 'IIX, impf., to smoke
rrYwxa, f., riRe
nWeHHua, f., grain, wheat
m..vn..4i.k, I'noAfI'l>Ai.UH, m ., quail
In", however, yet
1I'lIo.o\tU, -HW, -Hk, impf., to fill
Inpa (1lp'Io8), ord inal numeral, first
tripxaw, impf., to flutter, to Rap, to
wriggle
InT, triTfl', ni.TH, m., time; CAMH InT,
once
rn.T, ni.TlIT, ni.TKl,ija, m ., road
triTCH, rn.THa, adj., pertaining to the

rrmua,

~d

triTC'lKa, r. , path '

ni.THHK, Irl.THHUH,
traveller

niTHHKO,

m. ,

rn.ryaaw, impf., to travel

n ' C1oK, n'C1oUH, m., sand
n 'C1o'leH, niC1o'lHa, adj., sa ndy
pa6oTa, f., work
pa66TttKK, pa66THKUH, m ., worker
pa66THH'I Ka, f., worker
-KW, -HX, impf., to work
paBHHKa, r., plain
P&A6A, m ., man's name
PMocr, f., joy
pll36epa, ..ew , pa36pax (pa36H palol),
pf., to understand
p&36lipaM (p836epA, ..ew), impf., to
understand ; pa36lipa ce, of course
pa366AHHK, pa366AHH\P'I, m ., robber,
bandit
pa3n.MYaaH, a dj., excited
pa3roeapllM ce (pa3ro!l6p. ce, ' HW),
impf., to con verse with
pt3rollOp, m ., conversation
pa3roaop"HB, adj., talkative
pa3r0B6pa ce, -HW, -HX (pa:lroBapJlM
ce) , pf., to con verse with
pa3ropel,l,ltH, adj., heated
p"1'l;4aalol (pa3Aaw, palAaAew ), tm
pf., to d istribu te
pa3Aaw, palAaAtw, pa3AAAOX (pa3Aieaw), pf., to distribute
PI.3APa:lHtH, adj., irritated, exa
sperated
pAlK83, m., story
pa:ld3aalol (pa3dlKa, -em) , impf.,
relate, to tell a story, to recollm
pa:lidlKa, -ew, pa3d.38k (pa:tKlh
eaw) , pf., to relate, to tell a stury.
to recount
pa3WeHeH, adj., exch anged
pa3MKl1L\eHKe, n ., t houg ht. m... lu.
tion, refl ection
pa3l1elKa, -HW, -HX (pu,u<", .." .. l. 1"
to make soft, tender
pa:mtJKllalol (pa3Ht)l(a, ,"", 1, 111'1" .
to m ake soft, tend er
pa3Opi, -ew , pa30pal< (,",:,"1" ..... . ,
pf., to p lough curoplrlrl)'
pa30paBaw (pa30pa . I'UIO . lII'I". ,..
plough c9mpielrl y
pa3 no.o,OJ.u!KHr. II., cli."."""",

pac;o;..,

'n

pa311pa-, -KW, _KX (pa3l1paBJIM), pf.,

to relate, to describe
pa3l1pbn' (pa3l1paBJI, _KW), impf.,
to relate, to describe
pa:m'SettaT, adj ., released, free, uninhibi ted
pa3OV.eK, m. , serva nt in an office,
office boy
pa3\1enaa.M (pu\len., -KW) , impf., to
cleave
pa.:J\len., -KW, -KX (P&3Uem.a.M), pf.,
to cleave
pa~ (po"';, -Hw) , impf., to give
b irth to, to bear
pAwo, paMellli, n ., shoulder
paKKHa, f. , early morning
paHO, adv., early
paCTa, -ew , pacrox, paC1>A, paCAa,
impf., to grow
peAK\la, f., row, series
peJllU\, -em, pi3ax, pe3ax, impf., to

cu,

PC"', f., river

peKa, pe'iem, peKOX, pel('h", pelU.a,

p f. , to say, to speak
pe'l, r., word
peqeH, adj., said, utte red
pewa; ....tw._-m: (pewbaM) , pf., to
decide, to make up one's mind
pewbaM (pema, -Hw), impf., 10 decide, to make up one's mind
p H6a, f. , ruh
pKn, r., shirt
POA, POA'bT, poAOIIe, m ., family,
tribe, origin
poAeH, poAeHa, adj., born, from birth
p6AeH, p6Atta, adj., native
poAme..>., po~, poAJheNo, m.,
parent
poAJi, -Hw, -Hx (pa*AaM), pf., to give
birlh to, to bea r
. p6KNI, f. , dress
p6N11, r., r61e
pod, f., dew
pycHaK, pycHaUH, m ., Ru" ian
JYbKa, JYb\l~, f. , hand
JYbKaBHua, f., glove
pliADK, pAAKa, peAK", adj., ra re
pi3KO, adv., b riskly

c,

OC, prep., with

caM, cawa, pro. !!elf
c&wo, adv., only
caMOAJ06Ke, n. , ambition
CaMOyKpettOCT, f., self-confidence
caHAi.x, caHAi.UH, m ., box, chest
caHAi.'Ie, caH.,4i.'IeT8, n., box
callTHMeHTiNtOCT, f., sentimentality
CUAi, -Hw, -Ih: (~) , pf., to doff
CBaA.O( (CBaAi, -Hw), impf. to doff
tae.AeHHe, n . information
CBb::TeH, caiCTHa (caiCHa) , adj.,
seruible
ClIeT, adj . holy, sacred
caencaaH'l HO, adv., fast as lightn ing
CBeT"KK, caeT~, m., ligh t
CBeT.MIHa, f., light
CBCTOBCH, cBCT6BHa, adj., word ly
aten.A, CBb-"a, adj., light, b rig ht
C!l'kx, -HW, _HX, impf., to ligh t, to
give light, to shine
CBcI,ij, f., candle
CB HII'l.e, n . pig
CBHlIJi, f., pig, swine
CBHT, adj., timid , bashful
cB060,.;!, f., freedom
CB066AeH, cB060AHa, adj., frcc
CB06oAHH'lDI(, m ., a bil of frcc lime
cao66Atto, adv., freely
CBOCHpiBHO, adv., capricious, wilfull,
wayward
cBOA, cabx, CB6e, ca6H, rdl.exivc: ~
noun, own
CBn , C1ICTi.T, ~. m., world
cripwa, -Hm, -KX (cai.pWBaM) , pf.,
to finish
cri.pWBaM (cripwa. _HW), impf., 10
finish
crpb, crp&:w. crpxx (CrpWM), pf.,
to heat, to warm.
CrpiBaM (crpe., crp&:w), impf. to
heat, to warm
CADp*a, -MW, -ax (CAi.p*aM), p f. !O
restrain, to hold back, to co ntain
c..rlp)J(aM (CADpJKi, _Hw), impf., to
restrain, to hold back, to con tai n
cera, adv., now
c~eM, n umeral, seven
ceAMHua, f., wcek
C~MH'! HO, adv., weekl y

e~a (c.l,4aM),
cCAli, -I\:m, ceAix, impf., to be in a
silting position, to Sil, to be silting
ceKptr, m. , secret
ceKfHAa, f., second, moment
ce...o, n., village
ceAclOl, adj., of the village
teAC'loaer, m ., village council
Ce.Uk, CeMUH, m., peasant, farmer
ee....uHII. ce.......H, m., peasant, fa rmer
ctMill xa, peasa'nt woman
ceweACTIMl, n., family
cen6, n., hay
cenaa.. ce (cemla ee), impf., to start,
to be startled
CenaaHe, -HX, n ., a start
CenHa ce (cell8aM ce), pf., to start,
to be startled
cepac(lftCI(H, adj., of seraph, seraphic
CepHOOeH, cepHooHa, adj., seri ous
ceCTpa, f., sis ter
ctreH, cbHa, adj. , last, final
UTX ce, -HW, -HX (cel,ijaM ce), pf., to
to remembe r, to think of
celJ!au ce (ctrJl ce, -HUI), impf., 10
remember, to th ink of
CHryp<:H, CHrypHa, adj., sure, certain,
posilive
c.u.a. f., strength
CHAeH, cHMfa, adj., Slrong, powerful
C"MiO, adv., strongly
am, CHlii-T, CHliO~, m., son
CHH, CItHI, cH",.o, CMHH, adj., dark
blue
cMHKaB, adj., bluish
CloIpololh, cHpolcicK, m., poor man
CHPOloiaUl, f., only articu lated, no pl. ,
the poor (coil.)
CIUl"a, f., cliff
cxaJtAA,>., m., scandal
CXa'll( (cK6'1a, -HW), impf., to jump
CXOBa, ..em, -ax (CI(OBiBaIoC), pf., 10
make rigid, to freeze, to thi nk up
Cl(oaaaa.. (cxoali, -em). impr., to
make rigid, to freeze, to thi nk up
cx61(Baw (cK6KHa ), impf., 10 jump
Cl(61(Ha (cK6J<BaJ.f), pf., to j ump
cK6n'ia, -HW, -HX (cK6n'! BaM), pf., to
clasp

cx6n'laau (cx6n'la, -HW), im pf., 10

clasp
CK6po, adv., q uickly, lOOn
cx6pocT. f., speed
cx6'la, -lW, -K)( (cx4"a.. ), pf., to
jump
Cl<PWM (CKpU, cKplieUl) , impf., to
hide
CX PMX, cKpMew, CKPIfX (cxpl\::xaw),
pf., to hide
cxp1>6, f., sorrow
CK'lonoueHeH, CK'lono"eHHa, adj., precious, valuable
CAa6, adj., weak
CAW. f., praise
c,,:!. rlUl; (CA6JK8, -HW), impf., to p lace
CAM_X, o.aAXa, adj., sweet
CAbxw (W3a, c"t3cm) , impf., 10
descend
CACA, prep., after
o.eA KaT6, conj., after
CAeAi, f., consequence
c"wal,l,l, adj., following
c"tAM, -KuI, -Kx. impf., to follow
o.en-', -Kw, _Iix (CAen...), pf., to
glue, to stick
o.enXM (o.enl:, -Hw), impf., to glue
to stick
c"ell ce, o.ttW, CAIX (o.Haa.. ce), pf.,
to unite, 10 fusc
CAKaaM ce (o.e. ce, CAeew), impr., to
u nite, to fuse
CAM:)a.. (CAba, CAt3cIl.l). impf. , 10
descend
CAOBttHOCT, f., literature
CAor, o.6nT, o.6roae, m., bounda ry,
mound
CA6JK8, -HW, _HX (CAara..) , pr., to
place
o.yra, m., servant
CAyrnH'Ie, n., dim., serva nt girl
CAyrHHX, f., servant girl. maid servant
CAYrY8lU1;, impf., 10 serve, to be a
servant, to do service
CAy...a, -HW, _HX (o.Y'I8aM), pr., 10
find, to choose
CAy'!a ceo -KW, - HX (o.Y'iBaM ce), pf.,
to happen
c"Y'iaA, c"Y'ian, m., inatance, case,
occasion

'59

CAy.ceaw (CAy..a Hm). impf., 10 find,

to chClCl$e
CAy..eaw ce (CAy..a ce, .HW). impf.,
to happen
CAy.cU, f., event, happening
CAYwaw, f., to listen. to hear
CAi.Hue, n . sun
CAba, CAOc:W. ~, CAQe (CAhII,
CAM3aW), pf., to descend
CAiH. CAeKH, ppp. CAb, CAeew , CAD.,
poured together, fUKd
CAml, CAenN, adj . blind
cwtrHa (o.dTaw). pf., to reckon, to
coun t, to consider
c:wyn!K, cwyt'6ta. ppp. cwyri, .Hw,
Iix (cwyTillaw). confused, em

ba.-.-l
on.pr, f., death
cwi.pttK, CNi.p-rna. adj., mortal
odTaw (cMma ). impf. to reckon,
to count, to consider
OIa6~, Hw. Iix (cKa6ma",) , pf.
to provide
CHa6AieaM (cKa6~ Hw ). impf. to
provide
CHOI,I,Pf, adv., last night
C6nOT, 11'1 name of town in Bulgaria,
birthplace of I van Varov
C04lKACJtH. adj., of Sofia
~H., f., Sofia, capital of Bulgaria
COUHaAJtCT, 11'1 socialist
cn1v.tu:. f., sleeping room , bedroom
cneuuwo. adv . especia lly
cnifpaw: (cnp., cnpew), impf., to Itop
cnAe'ri ceo ..ew, crv..trox ce (cn..Wn.w
ce). pf. to twine oneself, to weave
oneself
cn.uhaw ce (cn.o.eU. ceo ..ew). impf.
to twine oneself. to weave oneself
crv..'IoCT6t:, CIl.o\'loCU:Ha, adj ., tangled
cnOK6ftHO. adv . peacefully
cnoKOftC11lHe, n. , quiet. tranquility
cnoMeHa ce, ew . b (cnoMeuaaaM
ce). pf., to mention
cnoMeHaaaM ee (CnOMeKa ce, . ew) ,
impf., to mention
cnoMJUl, HW, lIX (cn6MHs",), pf., to
remind
cnoMHJIM (cn6MHS, .HW), impf. to

remind

CDopb, prep., aa:ording to

cnoc66tM. OI1OC'6&ra, adj., capable,

c:1'OAKua. f., c.pital, metropolis

CT6Mua, f., pitcner

able
cnox6, HW,HX (cnOX6*AaM), p ..
to visit
cnox6JKAaw (cnoxOM )Cw), .impl.,
to vi$i t
cnpb.H, from cnP*-'. cnpCAM, aOil'.
past pari., CDJlIf, cnpew, CDpq.
halted, stopped
cnpHxail, adj . irritable. quarrebomc
cnpa, cnpew, cnpn (cnMpaM), pf.,
10 stop
cnyckalol ce (cnYCHa ee), impf.. to

cr6paaM ce (crops ce, .HW, .KlI),

impf., to seem
crOpsaM (crOps, .101) , impf., to do,
10 make
CT6peu. ppp. CT6ptI HW, IIlt, done,
made
CT6pII ce, lIW. KlI (crOpBaM ce). pf..

~h

cnycHa ce (cnYcUM ce), pf., to rush

cnYC1oK, cnyC1oUH, 11'1 ., trigger
CrIll. cnHIII, cnax, pr., to sleep
cpaMeJI(.AlflJ, adj ., shy
cJ)eA, prep., in the middle of, amiml
c~eH. cpe,.wa, adj., middle
cpeWaM (cpel,l,Pfa ), impf., to meet
cpel,ijHa (cpeJ,1,lllM), pf. 10 meet
cpeq,ry, prep. against. opposite
cp4Aa, f., Wednesday
CThaN (ernHa), impf., 10 become. to
rise, to stand; criBa ",i'-'liIO (Ila
"'KO['O or HiKowy) to be very lrou
bll
cri.Hua, f., little room
m Ha (crieaw) , pf., to rise, to stand,
to take standing pos.ition
CriuCII, EMHAH.lJI:. name of contem
pontry Bulgarian writer
cri.HUKII, f., Slation
cn.p, adj., old
cri.peu, criPUK, m ., old man
cripoc::T, f. , old age
cri.rys. f. statue
rn., f . room
CTCHa, f., wall
emralol (emma), impf. to arrive
cnima (crnraN), pf., to arrive
cninua, f., miser
CTHXOTtIOpeHlIe, n . verses, fXlCtry
CTOaapaaM ce (CTOsaps ce, .HW),
impf., 10 fan wilh force, to crash
CTOsaPII ce, HW, HX (CToaapuM ee),
pf., to fan with force, 10 crash
C"I'O.A, CTOA ...T, CTOA6ac, m., chair

'o ~

crOII, HW.lIX (cr6pe.aM:). pf. to do.

to make
croi, Hw b: impf., to stand, to be
standing
CToiH, m ., man's name
CTpaKa, f., side. coun try, part y
crpAKHUa , f . page
CTpiHIIOCT, f., peculiarity
CTpaCT, f., passion
crpAweu, crpanrna, adj., terrible
CTpeA6a, f., shot
crpowa, Hw, Hx (crpomaeaN) , pf.,
to smash, to break
crpowauM (crpowa, .HUI), impf., 10
smash, to break
CTp)raa. W" ce, ....e. it seems to me that
CTpjaaM, impf., to C05I, to be worth
CTfA, CTfA;'T, CTfAoet, m ., cold
CTfAeH, adj . cold
CT)'AeuT, m., student
cri..o.6Hua, f., a little staircase
cn,6AO. n ., stalk
CT10MKi ee HUI, .ifx (~M ce),
pf., to grow dark
cnMHiIIaN ce (cnMHli ce, .HUI) ,
impf. to grow dark
cnniAo, n . foot (abo the tread on
stain)
CTi.nKa, r., step
cYnHHK, cYnHHUK, m., soup tureen
cfTpllH, f. morning
C106ece..tHHK, ~IIUH , 11'1 ., inter
loc utor
C106KrHe, n., evenl, circumstance
C'Io6NI3HI ce, .HUI, -ifx (C106Aa3Hliaaloi
ce), pf., to be tempted
C106Aa3Hliuloi ce (C106Aa3HIi ce, .HW).
impf., 10 be tempted
d.6OTa, f., Salurday
C106paHHe. n ., gathering

C106YM ee, IIUI, HX (C1t6YlKAIIN ee),

pr., to awake
C'IoISY*A&N ce (n6YAI ce,.Hw ), impf.,
to awake
C108Cac, adv., completc:i y
cwn.pwtKo, adv., complC:lc:iy
C10rAad ct, Hw,ifx (C1orAadllaMeel ,
pf., to age
C1orAac.i:aaw ce (C1orAacili ce, .Iiw),
imp., to agree
Clor.... ~ (CJ,r.... ~M , C1ot.... elK.AJl.W).
pf., to tee, to calch sight of
C1or.... e,4B3.N ( C1or~M ), impf., to SoCC,
to calch sight of
C1or.... tlKAaw (C1orA~) , impf., 10 $Ct,
to calch sight of
ClolKHTCA, C'WKiheAn, m., fellow.
boardc:r
C1oH, C1oHioT, m., lieep, dream
C1oHOTWIKOB:f..rcA, n, 10, m ., interpreler of dreams
n.o6pad, .Hw, .Iix (C1006pa3maw),
pf., 10 consider, to realize
C1006pa30aM (C1t06pa31i .1Iw), impf.,
to consider, 10 realize
C1onpynt, f., wife, spouse
d.p6MH, d.p6H, m., Serb
C1oPAe.tHO, adv., heartily
C1oPAHT, m ., angry
C1opij.e. n ., heart
C'bCtA, 11'1 ., nc:ighbor
C'bll,l, adj ., same
C1oI,l&CC'T86. n . c realure, being
C1oI.l,lCCT1lOBiHlle, C1or,uecT1ll)raa.lte. n ..
life, existe nce
cW.uo, adv . likewise:
cliAaw (cuHa ), impf., 10 sit , t" I.kr
a litting poIition
da w. if you will, as it wen'
ctNlla, celuCH, f., shad ow, ~ hadr
TAKa, adv., thw

TaN, Ta"'-..., Ta KOBa,

';11"'"", hI

that sort, such

TaM, adv., thc:re
Tino. m., father
T86p'leC'nlO, n ., work , w"r",
nioPAC:, ad v., very
TC6c:wHP, m ., chalk
TeAt, TC:AtTa, n ., r alr

TiAeWIUI, adj., of a calf

~eH , TliCHa, adj. , narrow
~I(a, f. notebook

TeXliW.CCI(H, adj., technical

Te<lOlHe, n . current
THTyAfttaW, impf. to address by tille
THX, adj., quiet
00, pI. TO ... , Ta .... TOBa, TfI., pron.,
these, such
Tflqaw, impf., 10 run
TAe., TAtt~ TAlIX, T ......... impf. 10
smolder
TOrasa. adv., then
TOOH (T03), d.3H, TOBa, T6H, pro.,
this, tha t
TO.y 1,\,10, conj., had jusl
TOAlIOoa, adv., so mu ch, very
TON, TOM'1oT, roMOBe, m . volume
TOlIAlfHa, f., heal
1'61l'1tA, TOrIAa, adj., warm, hot
T"6<Ixa, f.. poinl, Spol
1'6., riJl, T088, 00, a nother form of
T6;m , TbH, TORa, Tt311,
Ypare,.,;H., f., tragedy
Ypffill dial. for Ypi6aa, impers., to be

Tjp... (Tjp 'H11I), impf., to put, to

p lace
riA, thus
ri!(NO, adv., just, just now
T'lIoAmi, f., crowd
riMeH. riwtla, adj., dark
T'bMHlIHa, f., darknc:ss
T'bpryaaM, impf. , to bargain. to do
b usiness
T'bP)l(ea.c:If, adj., ceremonial,
solemn, festive, triumphant
T'bPllCecneHO, adv., triumphantly
solemnly, ceremoniall y
,
T'bPJKecTByaaw, impf., to be Irium.
phant
n.pneAKa, adj . patienl
n.pneA"'lIO. adv., patiently
Ti.pceHe, n ., search
riJl'C:ll. 'lIm, -HX, impf., 10 seek, to
look for
TiAO, TW, n., body

y6eA.!II, adj., convinced

~~lIlle, n., idea, Ihough t, con_

Vic tion
y6mM (y6li". y6Mem, y6"'x ), impf.,
to kill
yO"' y6Hew, y6Hx (y6"'BaM), pf. to
YpO!;nB3.M (Ypl!; nlla), impf., 10 Slarl to
kill
'
wince, to flinch, to fl icker
'
~a,
liw,
.Ii:x
()'BeAHdsaN),
pf.,
YpO!;nltaM, impf., 10 tremble. to
10 Increase, to magnify
flicker, 10 lwinkle
~q.isaM ()'BeAMd, -Hw) , impf.,
~~Ha (~nB3.M). pf. 10 slarl, to
to Increase, to mag nify
wince. to flinch, to flicker
yuepi,
-HlIJ, .Ii:x (yoepliB3.M), pf., to
YpClTTIi, ... m .oix, impf., 10 tr emble
assure, to convince, too persuade
10 vibrate

yuepioaw (yoep", lim, 'Hx), impf.,

YpH, numera l. Ihree
10 assure, too convince. to pel'lluade
YpHH6l1UIHK. YpHH6l1UfHUH, m., Iripod
ya"'B3.M. ce (yaH. ce, )'IIHeW ce, )'IIHx
YpOeH, Tp6nlla, adj., triple
.
ce), Impf., t~ wind oneself in, 10
Yp6A:HO, adv . thrice. three limes
wrap oneself In
YpYA, YpYAi.T, YpYA08e. m., labor
ya ..... ce, -e~, yam ce ()'IIHsa..u ee).
Ypi.raa.w: (Ypi.ma), impr., 10 set out.
pf., 10 Wind oneself in, to wrap
10 go
oneself in
Yp'i.Mia (Ypil1laM), pf. 10 sel 0\11. 10 yAABII ce, mu, lIX (yAiIl"'M ce), pf.,
go
to drown
YpIii6aa..w:, impf. to need; YpDa, im.
yAhDi ce (YAaH ce, 'HW), impf., to
penonal, it is nece:ssary
drO'wn
.
Ty1( , adv., here
Y.up , m., a blO'w
Tjp ..., H11I. ' HX (ryPIIM). pf., to put,
YAapell, ppp. YAapJl, -HW, HX (YAPto place
....., yAAplI3w) , struck

n=''''
1'peIIi, f., grass

yAip:ll, ' 11111 , -KX (yAiPJlw), pf., to

strike
YA66eH, YA66l1a, adj., convenient,
comfortable
YAoB6AC'nme, n ., satisfaction
YAput (YAiPJl, 'HW). impf., to strike
yapeauc (y3~., ecru, y3 pbt), impf"
to ripen
~p6I, -e1lJ. Y3pJbc. (y3pe&aW), pf., 10
ripen
YKOP, m., reproach, scolding
YAaallM (YAod, .... UI). impf., to calch
Y"'fua, f. street
y.wU, 'MUI, .Hx (y....aant), pf., 10'
catch
YW. )')l"b. ywoet, m., mind
YWCH, ~lHa, adj., sensible, wise
}'JoI~., ecw , ywliix, yMJiA, }'JoI~"''I, lm .
pf., to knO'w how, 10' be able
YWMpaM (ywpi, ..eUl). impf., to d ie
YMHPHcuM ce (ywup"'wa ee, -ew),
impf., too smell, to have fragrance
YM"pMwa ce. ew , YWUPHcax ce (YWH.
pli:CUM ce) , pf., 10 . mell, to have
fragrance
YMopHTe.o.eH, ywopHTe.o.Ha, adj .,
tiring, wcaritome
ywopi ce, -Mm, 'HX (ywopAoaN ce),
pf., to be tired.
ywopiBaM ee (}'Nopi ee, 'Hw), impf.,
to be lired
)'Mpi, 6u, ywpix (YWHpaM), pr., 10'
die
YHlDICpcL.eH, )'HHBCpcL..lfa, adj .,
uni versa1
yn.o..iwa, 'IIW , 'KX (yn....aWB3.M ), pf.,
to frig hten
yttAallIll3.M (yn....allJa, 'HM) , impf., too
frighten
ynAlillJeH, adj . frightened
ynopHr, adj., penistent
yC~TJI, em, -HX (ye.!""aM ), pf., too feel
yC.!l,ijaM (yeer., -Hm), impf., to feel
yO'llUsKa, f. , smile
yCMHxo.aM ce (ycwiocH:a ee) , impf., to
smile
yeMitxHa ce (yooi:xBaN ee), pf., to
sm,ile
),cne., yemxw, ycnix (ycnwM), pf. ,
10 su cceed

ycnOMOKTCAeH, ycno.oHTCAHa, adj.,

calming, smoothing
yc no!(ai, -liw, lix (ycno!(oReaM) pf.,
to quiet. 10 make comfortable ;
ycnoMoli ee (yenOKObaM ee), pr. ,
to be comforled
ycnol(olioaM (yc nol(oli, HW). impf.,
to qu iet, to make comfortable
ycniuM (ycna, ycnecw, ycno),
impf., to succeed
ycri, f., m outh
ycrallolllii, . Hw, _Hx (ycra HOBJlaaM),
pf., to es ta blish, to settle
yCTKa, f., lip
ycrpoi, . Hw,1bl (ycrpo.aaw, ycrp6A.
BaM), pl., to arrange, to organ i1:e,
to set up
ycrpoliiBaM (ycrpo', 'liw), impf., to
a rrange, 10 organiu, to act up
yci.PAHe; n., 1:1:8.1, c:nthwium
jTpe, adv., tomorrow
)-rplllf, adv., in the morn ing
yx6, ywli, n., ear
y...a, .lfW, -It:X, impf. , to lea rn, 10'
study
rt.!&lKlI, Y"I~HHUH, m., textbook
)"IbtMe, n., study, studies
)"IICHM., rtetfHUH, m ., pupil, schoolboy
rteH....... .a, f., pupil, schoolgirl
rtH...wl,ije, n., school
y.lluHl,ijeH, )"IHAHiJ,pla, adj., of the
school, belonging to the school
)"IHTeA, Y"HTeNrr, )"IKTeAJO, m .,
leacher
Y"KTv.xa, r., teacher
Y"HreACT8yaal>l, impf., 10 be a leacher
Y"THs, adj ., polite, courtcows
Y"TKBocr. f. politeness
Y"Y,4B3He. H., n., amaument, sur
p,"""

Y"YA.eHo, adv., surprisedly, in sur

prise
)"lyAll, 'HW, '1lX, impf., to be amazed

r., faclory

~6PH.a,
~pc(1opoe,

adj. , porcelain, china

4>H3110H6MII., f. , p hysionomy, face
",ypHa, f., baker 's shop
4n>pyYHa, f. , snowslO'rm, bli:r.zard

QA, exclamation, " there you are",

"come on", "get out", e1C.
uAAe, inlerf., come on!
QH, Utn.T, U"OIIe, m., inn
UI1lJaM (dnKa), impr., 10 take a
bite, to eat a little
ura, -ew, xamix, impr., to bite, 10
nip
xAra ce, -ew , -ax, impr., to nip one
another
xapttaw (xap&aaN), pr., to likc
xaptcaaw (xapkaN), im pr., to like
XIIPK:JaH, ppp. Xaplf)Ka, -ew , xaPHaax, given away; xapH:Jallo Marape,
n., "girt hone"
XIIpnla, r., paper
u p<fa, -HW, -JtX, impr., to spend
(money)
xea..a (WJ,ijaN), pr., to calch, 10
grasp, to begin, to undertake
xU""aM (wKa) , impr., to catch, to
grasp, 10 begin, to undertake
xei.pu, -mu, - JtX (XBi.PAaM), pr., to
throw, to add, to put
xei.PAnl (xrlp..u:, -"101) , impr., to
throw, to add, to pUI
XJQNtt, m., service, menial du ties
XAA,4JUla, r., coolness
lltAe6ap, m., baker (or bread)
XAOnaN ce, impf., to bang
x.u6, XA.6"J.T, x.UOOBe. m., bread
XOAIfAO, n., root (only ana tomical)
xw, -HW, -1tX, impr., to walk
x6pa, r., pl. only, men, people
xOTtA, m ., hotel
xpaAYna, r., hollow, den
xpaHa, r., rood, nour ishment
XpaCT, xpacn.T, XpACTH, m., bush
XPltnAHB, adj .,. hoarse
XPIfCTO EOTCa. name or poet ( 18471876)

xY6ae, m., pretty, fine, beautirul

lnoAN, Xi.un.T, xi.J\wOBe, m., hill
rlPK&N, impr., to snore
xi.pICaKe, n., snoring

GhT, peri.T . ~.

blo.om, color

m.,

bloom.

.
pipe, tube. bandJ.

uea and uc:N. r.,

(01" rifle)
\ieA, f., goal
ueHTpwK, u eHYp ........IIa, adj. , central
u6ta, -HW, -It:lt, impr., to cleave
UHKJ\On, m., cyclopa
U"'4'UM (ai4Ha) , impf.. to b lossom
IP4Ha (~), pr., to blossom
gv. , \i~J\K, adj . whole
'1aA, '1m, m., tea
'1aKaN, impf., to wait
'lac. 'IaCi.T, 'IaCOB~, m., ho ur
'1aC08HHK, '1ac6aHHUH. m ., clock,
watch
'IaUlA, f. , glass
'IepIltH, adj ., red
'I~peH , '1~pHa, adj., b lack
'1 ~PKlla, r., church
'Iepn., r., line, reature
'IepTt... -ew, '1epnU:, impr., to draw
'1CCT, adj., frequent
'11':CT, r., honour
'leaCH, '1 t:cnta. adj., honest
'1ecro, ad v., frequen tly
'1eri, -~w, "Ibox, impf., to r ead
'IeTB"1oYflrr, adj., rectangular
'1eTBiyrltK, m., Thunday
'1h HpH, numeral, four
'1eund., f., well, fountain, tap
'1HATo, .H.tro, 'lUho, '1"KTO, rei. pro.,
whose, of wh ich
.Htub, f., pla te
'1KH", -HW, -HX, impr., to do
'1""0, .H'IOBUH, m., un cle (father's
brother)
'108~K, AIOAe, x6pa ( 'Ioa~UH), m., man
'1O!1~WI(II , adj., human
'1opAn, m., stocking
'10p6a, f., soup, stew
'10~, m., rich landowner
'lYnN ('1Y", '1YcW, "yx), impf., to

adj., strange, belonging to

$OI1leoneeise
. Y*Aetttu, " YlKAeHwt, m., foreigner,
' t ranger
'1Y", " yew, 'Iyx (,,)'BaM), pf., to hear
'1Y*A,

adj., stupid, crazy, crackbrained

winl(a, f., hat
weri, f., joke; He Ha wera, seriousl y
wbJoT, m . whisper
IIECT, numeral. l ix
DDtp6k, adj., wide. broad
lDMPCIICopa33HllaA, adj., widel y gaping
mont WOn1.T, m., peuant from
western Bulgaria
mOI1JCKH'ft:. n., dim. of won, pea.tant
from western Bulgaria
wonK""', f., peasant woman from
western Bulgaria
mOnOCH, adj., of or pertaining to WOII
W)'IoI, Wywi.T, W~OBC, m ., noQe
uryueH, w~Ha, adj., noisy
myWHa, impf., to whisper
JlPCl"ANa.. adj., hapPy. lucky
WaIlTaB,

!pCTAK:ao, adv., happily, fonun.att:ly

'Mo, inlt:rT. pron., what
~", WYPwI, m., cricket

"IorAoa.aT, adj., a ngular

ioI"1>A, iorAH, m., corner, angle.
.oll(CH, .olKHa, adj. , southern
IOHalC, IOHaUH, voc. 10"'.0 . nd
IOHa. e, m ., hero
!OHH, rn., June
IOHCJL:H, adj., of June
IOpriH, m ., quilt, COmfortCT
i6"1oAKa, f., apple
It. . ce, -Ihu, -Mx (ahaM ce), pf., to

.""",.

aDa.. ce (u. ce, _HW), impf., tn

appea r
aA, aAiT, aAoee, m., anger
1.AeHt:, n., food, meal
I,Ii:n.T, Uoee, m., dam. pool behind
a dam
Dlyl:, n . egg

.....

IIA~W ,

liAox, impf., to eat

.CHOBHAev, JlCHOIlIiAuK, m., prophet,

forccutt:r, clairvoyant

h,,,

.~yaaM,

!laP, qAPIlT, qAplO, \iapt, m ., czar

\iapetlltua, r., com; maize
UKTiKa, r., woman'. name

impf., to feel
" YAeH, '1YAHa, adj ., wondrous,
strange
"YAeceH, "YAtctta, adj., wonderful

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