Chemical Reactions Year 12 Chemistry Students

Must Know
Posted on Sep 03, 2012 by DJ Kim 0 Comments
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COMBUSTION OF A CARBON COMPOUND

Hydrocarbon + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Gas + Liquid Water
E.g. 2C8H18(l) + 25O2(g) 16CO2(g) + 18H2O(l)
METALS WITH ACIDS
Metal + Acid Salt + Hydrogen gas
E.G. Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
CARBONATES WITH ACIDS
Carbonate + Acid Salt + Carbon Dioxide Gas + Liquid Water
E.g. Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
OXIDATION
Metal Metal Ion + Electron/s
E.g. Cu(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2eREDUCTION
Metal Ion + Electron/s Metal
E.g. Ag+(aq) + e- Ag(s)
REDOX (REDUCTION-OXIDATION REACTIONS)
This reaction involves the transfer of electron/s from one reactant to another. This thus
results in both a reduction and oxidation reaction occurring. To obtain the redox reaction,
you can either write the net ionic equation for a displacement reaction (option 1) or add
reduction and oxidation reactions together (option 2).
E.g. OPTION 1:
Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)
Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) + 2NO3- Cu2+(aq) + 2NO3- + 2Ag(s)
Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) + 2NO3- Cu2+(aq) + 2NO3- + 2Ag(s)
Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
E.g. OPTION 2
NOTE: BOTH THE CONSERVATION OF MASS AND CHARGE MUST BE SHOWN IN
YOUR EQUATION!
Cu(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2e+
+
2Ag (aq) + 2e 2Ag(s)
__________________
Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) + 2e- Cu2+(aq) + 2e- + 2Ag(s)
Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) + 2e- Cu2+(aq) + 2e- + 2Ag(s)

Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)

LIME WATER TEST (LIME WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE)
Calcium hydroxide + Gaseous carbon dioxide Solid calcium carbonate + liquid water
I.e. Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)

HYDROGENATION
Alkene + Hydrogen Alkane
E.g. C2H4(g) + H2(g) C2H6(g)

Catalyst is Pt(s)

BROMINATION
Alkene + Bromine Vicinal dibromide
E.g. C2H4(g) + Br2(g) CH2BrCH2Br(g)
CHLORINATION
Alkene + Chlorine Vicinal dichloride
E.g. C2H4(g) + H2(g) CH2ClCH2Cl(g)
HYDROHALOGENATION
Alkene + HX Alkyl halide
E.g. C2H4(g) + HBr(g) CH3CH2Br(g)
SUBSTITUTION WITH BROMINE
Alkene + Bromine Organobromine compound + Hydrogen bromide
E.g. C2H6(g) +Br2(l) C2H5Br(l) +HBr(g)
NOTE: This reaction requires the presence of UV light.
HYDRATION
Alkene + Water Alkanol
E.g. C2H4(g) + H2O(g) CH3CH2OH(g)

Catalyst is dilute H2SO4

DEHYDRATION
Alkanol Alkene + Water
E.g. CH3CH2OH(g) C2H4(g) + H2O(g)

Catalyst is concentrate H2SO4

FERMENTATION OF GLUCOSE
Aqueous Glucose Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide Gas
I.e. C6H12O6(aq) 2CH3CH2OH(aq) + 2CO2(g)
yeast)
ALPHA DECAY

BETA DECAY

Catalyst is zymase (found in

NEUTRALISATION
Acid + Base Salt + Liquid Water
E.g. HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER
Aqueous carbon dioxide + Liquid water Carbonic Acid
I.e. CO2(aq) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq)
FORMATION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE
Sulfur + Gaseous oxygen Sulfur Dioxide
I.e. S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g)
FORMATION OF SULFUROUS ACID
Gaseous sulfur dioxide + Liquid water Sulfurous acid
I.e. SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3(aq)
FORMATION OF SULFUR TRIOXIDE
Gaseous sulfur dioxide + Gaseous oxygen Sulfur trioxide
I.e. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
FORMATION OF SULFURIC ACID
Gaseous sulfuric acid + Liquid Water Sulfuric acid
I.e. SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)
FORMATION OF NITROGEN MONOXIDE
Gaseous oxygen + Gaseous nitrogen Gaseous nitrogen monoxide
I.e. O2(g) + N2(g) 2NO(g)
FORMATION OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE
Gaseous nitrogen monoxide + Gaseous oxygen Gaseous nitrogen dioxide
I.e. 2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)
FORMATION OF NITRIC ACID
Gaseous nitrogen dioxide + Liquid water Nitric acid + Gaseous nitrogen monoxide
I.e. 3NO2(g) + H2O(l) 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g)
IONISATION OF AN ACID IN WATER
Acid + Liquid Water Hydronium Ion + Anion
E.g. HCl(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
E.g. H2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + HSO4-(aq)

ESTERIFICATION

Ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid as a
catalyst to produce the ester, ethyl ethanoate. The reaction is slow and reversible. To
reduce the chances of the reverse reaction happening, the ester is distilled off as soon as it
is formed.
Alkanoic acid + Alcohol Alkyl alkanoate + Water
sulfuric acid)

(Catalyst: Concentrated

E.g. CH3COOH(aq) + CH3CH2OH(aq) CH3COOCH2CH3(aq) + H2O(l)

FORMATION OF OZONE
1. Gaseous oxygen + High energy UV Oxygen free radical
I.e. O2(g) + UV 2O.(g)
2. Gaseous oxygen + Oxygen free radical Gaseous ozone
I.e. O2(g) + O.(g) O3(g)
DESTRUCTION OF OZONE
1. Photodissociation of CFC
E.g. CF2Cl2(g) + UV CF2Cl + Cl.
2. Destruction of Ozone
I.e. O3(g) + Cl.(g) ClO.(g) + O2(g)
3. Regeneration of Chlorine
I.e. ClO.(g)+ O.(g) Cl.(g) + O2(g)