Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
GR.T.POPAIAI
FACULTATEA DE MEDICIN DENTAR
REZUMAT
STUDII PRIVIND METODE ACTUALE
DE DETECIE A LEZIUNILOR
CARIOASE N STADII INCIPIENTE
COORDONATOR TIINIFIC,
PROF. DR. SORIN ANDRIAN
DOCTORAND,
ANDREI GEORGESCU
2011
CUPRINS
PARTEA GENERAL.................................................1
CAP. I. CAPITOLUL I. DATE INTRODUCTIVE
PRIVIND DETECIA I DIAGNOSTICUL
LEZIUNILOR CARIOASE INCIPIENTE......................1
I.1.Sisteme moderne de detectie i evaluare ale
cariei (ICDAS)...................................................12
I.2. Tendine actuale n managementul clinic al
bolii carioase..................................................................13
I.3. Utilizari suplimentare ale sistemului
ICDAS...........................................................................15
CAP. II. ROLUL EXAMENULUI CLINIC N
DIAGNOSTICUL LEZIUNILOR CARIOASE
INCIPIENTE.................................................................17
II.1. Sisteme de evaluare vizual a leziunii
carioase..........................................................................17
II.2. Substratul tiinific al ICDAS....................18
II.3. Rolul sistemului ICDAS n detectarea
leziunilor carioase..........................................................20
II.4. Descrierea sistemului ICDAS ...................22
Cap III TEHNICI TRADIIONALE DE DETECIE A
LEZIUNILOR CARIOASE N STADII
INCIPIENTE.................................................................37
III.1. Palparea leziunilor carioase......................37
III.2. Metoda radiografic..................................42
III.3. Transiluminarea cu fibr optic.........pag.43
Cap IV. MIJLOACE ACTUALE DE DETECIE A
LEZIUNILOR CARIOASE INCIPIENTE....................46
IV.1. Fluorescena laser.....................................46
IV.2. Fluorescena cantitativ indus
luminos..........................................................................48
IV.3. Radiografia prin substracie......................50
1
7. medicina stomatologic
Pentru evaluarea tipurilor de leziuni carioase, s-au considerat
urmtoarele coduri:
1.1 = carie necavitar,
1.2 = carie cavitar n smal,
1.3 = carie cavitar n dentin,
1.4 = carie cavitar n dentin, cu implicare pulpar,
1.5 = carie de suprafaa radicular,
2 = dinte obturat i cariat,
3 = dinte oburat, necariat,
4 = dinte absent prin carie.
Rezultate
Lotul a cuprins 4073 de pacieni din mediul urban i 1057 din
mediul rural, 1946 brbai i 3214 femei. n cazul a 32 de pacieni nu
s-a precizat proveniena, iar pentru 2 dintre ei nu s-a precizat sexul.
38,08% dintre pacienii din mediul urban au fost brbai (1551
cazuri), restul de 2520 fiind femei, acestea reprezentnd i segmentul
cel mai bine reprezentat n studiu 48, 82% din totalul cazurilor
considerate, respectiv 61,87% dintre cazurile venite din mediul
urban. Numrul cel mai redus este cel al brbailor din mediul rural
376 de cazuri (figura 1).
Aceast repartiie relev adresabilitatea crescut a femeilor, n
special din mediul urban, pentru serviciile stomatologice, comparativ
cu cea a barbailor din mediul rural, justificat prin considerente
educaionale dar i estetice (tabelul 1). Se constat ns c aceast
distribuie pe sex i domiciliu a lotului nu este ns reprezentativ,
analiza frecvenelor ateptate relevnd un coeficient de ncredere
uor peste 0,05 (p= 0,055147).
10
11
Scor
1
scor 2
Scor
3
Nu
exist
modificri
de
transparen
a
smalului nici la
uscarea prelungit
Uoar
colorare
brun sau colorare
albicioas
a
smalului vizibil i
dup uscare cu aer
Coloraie
brun
sau
alb
a
smalului, distinct,
vizibil i
fr
uscarea cu aer
Distrugerea
smalului
cu
modificarea brun
sau albicioas a
Metoda
cu
laserfluorescen (LF)
0-13
14-19
20-29
Metoda histologic
(H)
Absena
demineralizrii sau
prezena unei zone
de opacitate extrem
de ngust
Demineralizarea
smalului localizat
n jumtatea extern
Demineralizarea
smalului localizat
n jumtatea intern
i treimea extern
dentinar
Demineralizare
prezent n treimea
medie dentinar
>30
14
scor 4
acestuia
sau
coloraie
cenuie
prin
alterarea
dentinei subiacente
Prezena cavitaiei
cu
expunerea
dentinei
Demineralizare
prezent n treimea
intern dentinar
15
Imaginea 2. Utilizarea
Diagnodentului n evaluarea
leziunilor carioase la acelai
dinte
16
Imaginea 6. Valorile
indicate de DIAGNOdent
pentru leziunea carioas
din foseta distal
17
D1
sensibilitatea 0,56
D2
0,57
laserfluorescen
(LF)
D1
D2
0,90
0,91
specificitatea 0,66
sensibilitatea 0,57
0,76
0,55
0,86
0,82
0,85
0,78
specificitatea 0,62
0,75
0,88
0,86
vizual(Vi)
in
vivo
in
vitro
19
sensibilitate in vivo
D12
vizual
LF
Test Statisticsb
D1
D12
5
5
19
21
D12
N
50
Exact Sig. (2- .07a
tailed)
a. Binomial distribution used.
b. McNemar Test
Tabelele 6,7. Rezultatele testului McNemar de comparare a
sensibilitii celor dou metode in vivo
specificitate in vivo
D12
vizual
LF
D1
D2
13
15
6
5
Vi
LF
in vivo
0,57
0,67
in vitro
0,64
0,74
Tabelul VIII.10. Reproductibilitatea inter-examinator n cazul
diferitelor metode de detecie in vivo i in vitro
Cnd s-a calculat reproductibilitatea dintre diferitele metode
de detecie n condiii diferite de examinare, att reproductibilitatea
inter- , ct i cea intra-examinator au fost mai mici n cazul metodei
vizuale (acord moderat) fa de metoda laserfluorescenei (acord
slab) (tabelul 11)
LF
Vi
intraexaminator
0,30
0,56
interexaminator
0,29
0,51
Tabelul 11. Reproductibilitatea intraexaminator n cazul celor dou
metode de detecie a leziunilor carioase n cele dou condiii de
examinare
Concluzii
1. Detecia prin laserfluorescen prezint performane semnificativ
mai bune fa de examenul clinic n detecia leziunilor carioase
incipiente ocluzale att in vivo, ct i in vitro
2. Examenul cu laserfluorescen a avut o sensibilitate mai mare
pentru leziunile incluse n D1, dar o specificitate mai mare pentru
cele incluse n D2, att in vivo, ct i in vitro.
3.Examenul vizual a avut pentru leziunile incluse n D2 o
specificitate mai mare fa de cele incluse n D1, att in vivo, ct i in
vitro.
4. Examinarea cu laserfluorescen in vitro a prezentat nivelul cel
mai ridicat de accord inter-examinator.
5. Metoda vizual a prezentat o reproductibilitate inter-examinator
mai mic n condiii clinice fa de examinarea in vitro.
6. Reproductibilitatea intra-examinator a fost mai mic n cazul
metodei vizuale fa de metoda laserfluorescenei n ambele condiii
de examinare
21
Scopul studiului
Scopul acestui studiu a fost s analizeze influena diferitelor
metode de curare a suprafeelor dentare ocluzale utilizate n
practica uzual asupra valorilor nregistrate de DIAGNOdent
Material i metod
Au fost alei pentru acesti studiu 42 de molari i premolari
care urmau s fie extrai din motive ortodontice sau parodontale i a
cror fee ocluzale nu prezentau leziuni cavitare evidente. Dinii au
fost periai cu ajutorul periei rotative nr. 9654 (Komet Brasseler,
Lemgo, Germania) montat n piesa contraunghi, sub rcire cu ap
timp de 20 de secunde. Dup aceasta dinii au fost splai cu ap timp
de 10 secunde cu spray-ul de ap de la unitul dentar i uscai cu aer
de la spray-ul unitului. Feele ocluzale au fost analizate prin metoda
vizual, alegndu-se un numr de 78 de fosete care s fie incluse n
studiu. Criteriile de includere n diferite categorii de scoruri n
funcie de aspectul la inspecie sunt prezentate n tabelul 12.
Metoda vizual (D)
Scor
0
Nu exist modificri
de transparen a
smalului nici la
uscarea prelungit
Scor
1
Uoar
colorare
brun sau colorare
albicioas
a
smalului vizibil i
dup uscare cu aer
Coloraie brun sau
alb a smalului,
distinct, vizibil i
fr uscarea cu aer
scor 2
Metoda
cu
laserfluorescen (LF)
0-13
14-19
20-29
Metoda
histologic
(H)
Absena
demineralizrii
sau
prezena unei zone de
opacitate extrem de
ngust
Demineralizarea
smalului localizat n
jumtatea extern
Demineralizarea
smalului localizat n
jumtatea intern i
treimea
extern
22
Scor
3
scor 4
Distrugerea
smalului
cu
modificarea brun
sau albicioas a
acestuia
sau
coloraie
cenuie
prin
alterarea
dentinei subiacente
Prezena cavitaiei
cu
expunerea
dentinei
dentinar
Demineralizare
prezent n treimea
medie dentinar
>30
Demineralizare
prezent n treimea
intern dentinar
24
0-13(23 cazuri)
dup
cu
biofilm ap/aer
abraziv
8,5
7,9
dup
periaj
14-19(17 cazuri)
cu
dup
biofilm ap/aer
abraziv
dup
periaj
21-30(29 cazuri)
cu
dup
biofilm ap/aer
abraziv
dup
periaj
9,2
14,6
17,5
22,8
25,6
15,8
24,6
tratament &
H12
H12
LF0
LF12
6
3
N
66
a
Chi-Square
17.633
Asymp. Sig.
.06
a. Continuity Corrected
b. McNemar Test
27
30
25
Test Statisticsb
tratament &
H12
H12
LF0
LF12
N
71
a
Chi-Square
19.862
Asymp. Sig.
.07
a. Continuity Corrected
Tabelele 16,17. Rezultatele testului b. McNemar Test
McNemar de comparare a sensibilitii metodei de detecie nainte i
dup ndeprtarea biofilmului cu ap/aer abraziv
Rezultatele comparrii specificitii metodei de detecie
nainte i dup periajul cu past profilactic nu au fost semnificative
din punct de vedere statistic cu un prag de semnificaie de
0,508>0,05.
biofilm
abraziv
6
2
27
36
Concluzii
1. Valorile nregistrrilor dispozitivului DIAGNOdent au fost
influenate semnificativ de utilizarea pastei de periaj i a pulberii
utilizat de dispozitivul ap/aer abraziv
2. Pastele de periaj au determinat cele mai mari diferene de
nregistrare pe suprafeele care prezint leziuni carioase incipiente n
smal
3. Sensibilitatea i specificitatea metodei de diagnostic cu
laserfluorescen nu au fost influenate de niciuna dintre metodele de
ndeprtare a depozitelor organice extrinseci
26
28
Calibrare standard
Calibrare
individual
5,5
8,9
LF0(18 situsuri)
17,8
13,7
LF1(16 situsuri)
22,4
26,5
LF2(11 situsuri)
Tabelul 18. Valorile nregistrate n cazul calibrrii standard i a
calibrrii individuale
Pentru c a existat o tendin de cretere a valorilor
nregistrate dup calibrarea standard fa de cele obinute dup
calibrarea individual, valorile au fost analizate statistic utiliznd
testul Wilcoxon. Scorul Z de -3,728 care are o probabilitate
bidirecional de 0,001<0,05 indic diferene semnificative ntre
valorile nregistrate n urma calibrrii standard i individuale n cazul
suprafeelor dentare sntoase. Scorul Z de -2,941 care are o
probabilitate bidirecional de 0,003<0,05 indic diferene
semnificative ntre valorile nregistrate n urma calibrrii standard i
individuale n cazul leziunilor carioase incluse n categoria LF2.
Concluzii
1. Calibrarea standard a dispozitivului de detecie cu
laserfluorescen conduce la obinerea unor valori semnificativ mai
mari ale nregistrrilor comparativ cu calibrarea individual
2. Sensibilitatea i specificitatea metodei nu au fost influenate de
maniera n care s-a efectuat calibrarea dispozitivului utilizat pentru
detecia leziunilor carioase incipiente
3. Diagnodentul trebuie utilizat ca o a doua opinie, alturi
de diagnosticul clinic, datorit diferiilor factori care pot afecta
valorile nregistrrilor n condiii clinice
29
32
CONCLUZII
1. Prin studiul epidemiologic am scosn eviden gradul de afectare
prin leziuni carioase incipiente a populaiei investigate, mrimea
lotului i amploarea studiului permindu-ne s tragem concluzia c
aceaste leziuni au locul lor bine conturat n sfera patologiei odontale.
2. Natura i rezultatele acestui studiu indic necesitatea orientrii
medicului dentist spre aplicarea metodelor profilactice i terapeutice
minim invazive.
3. Detecia prin laserfluorescen prezint performane semnificativ
mai bune fa de examenul clinic n detecia leziunilor carioase
incipiente ocluzale att in vivo, ct i in vitro. Examenul cu
laserfluorescen a avut o sensibilitate mai mare pentru leziunile
incluse n D1, dar o specifitate mai mare pentru cele incluse n D2,
att in vivo, ct i in vitro. Examenul vizual a avut pentru leziunile
incluse n D2 o specificitate mai mare fa de cele incluse n D1, att
in vivo, ct i in vitro.
4. Examinarea cu laserfluorescen in vitro a prezentat nivelul cel
mai ridicat de accord inter-examinator. Metoda vizual a prezentat o
reproductibilitate inter-examinator mai mic n condiii clinice fa
de examinarea in vitro. Reproductibilitatea intra-examinator a fost
mai mic n cazul metodei vizuale fa de metoda laserfluorescenei
n ambele condiii de examinare
5. Valorile nregistrrilor dispozitivului DIAGNOdent au fost
influenate semnificativ de utilizarea pastei de periaj i a pulberii
utilizat de dispozitivul ap/aer abraziv
6. Pastele de periaj au determinat cele mai mari diferene de
nregistrare pe suprafeele care prezint leziuni carioase incipiente n
smal
7. Sensibilitatea i specificitatea metodei de diagnostic cu
laserfluorescen nu au fost influenate de niciuna dintre metodele de
ndeprtare a depozitelor organice extrinseci
8. Calibrarea standard a dispozitivului de detecie cu
laserfluorescen conduce la obinerea unor valori semnificativ mai
mari ale nregistrrilor comparativ cu calibrarea individual
33
34
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