THEORY OF THE SYA ALITY OF LYOPHOBIC COLLOIDS ‘THE INTERACTION OF SOL PARTICLES HAVING AN ELECTRIC DOUBLE LAYER E. JW. VERWEY ayo J. TH. G. OVERBEEK Natarhadig Labeatoraat NY. Phe Olelanrejariehr K. VAN NES -~B-PREFACE ‘The present work i the rorule of theoretical investigations and calsolation® vehich were performed, with some inereuptions inthe years DM0—194h, Ae conditions doing the occupation of our country preventad earlier publication, and as a deseiption St the collected. sense seemed 9 exceed the limits set €0 Aitles im periodicals we decided Po present them in book form shee the wae "The science of colloids appears to be entcting upon a new sage. which is Test empirical and where the exparimonts) study OF beater defined objects will be guided rather by mare quan feative theories than by qualcative "rus" or “working BYO- Theses" ‘The theory of the stability of (yophobic collide. a5 {Sevsloped in this book. may serve as 30 example of this develop ment. This stability problem hat been placed am a firmer physial Fw by the introduction oF rhe concept af Van doe Waals Eandon dipersion forces together with the theory of he tlectroitic oF slectro~chemical_double lazer Ia" the. present Srork, too, chese theories Fors: che starting points Gt ou con ideration. ‘For the main port this book gives an. account, of our own. work on the ineeaction ‘of collokdl particles. Te hye nor been Written, however, of the assumption that the whole of the Felevant Inerature is known to the reader. Accordingly we have ded s number of chapters which may serve ae.am introduction to the main problem of the book These chapters contain, for Instance, a brief sutvey of some aspocts of Iyopbabie colloids. concise summary of the theory of the double layer. and a hort introduction to the “subyect of Van der Waals London forces ‘At the time of writing chis worl (1944/45) the literature whieh has apseated during the war in the countries Fishing on he side of the Allies was aot at our disposal. To safe of the CChaptes\a few paragraphs, wore added later on (1947) in order fo bring the text in accordance with recent dovalopments ‘We'esve to acknowledge the atsstance we received: in a considerable pare of the numerical cleulaions, from Me K. van Nes, chem 'docts, now once again of the laboratory of the Butaafiche ‘Petroleum Mastechappi) Amsterdam. to. whom ‘we ate alsa indebted for valuable coneribuions in the final presen= tation of the resules of the theory of Pare I Eindhoven, June 1947 EJ.W.Verwey, Th G Overbeck. * Preeat ae of the scoed sther: Van Half Labora, Ri iste ekeSUMMARY The rrp of. bk i to epi the sy of aoe shot edn" nape Sed ig erlop as ah athe Pact ay oft abi hele cp ff thoy ot he maa nln phe gel MPa’ hye Pantone vg der Waste ce he inci fat of sly cud be estoy SScthane sale 0s forename ee ng a gotta cin oh eof SS 54) Bn Eel’ Gous'chdeman egies forte tole ey The Sorgen of "Behye apd che hgeres a ‘Beans ot Salas apps to hive ony vem sips jell chem” NY * WP Eh The inodacon of tee fineneats min nceunty co exo rau dale Tg unpre agen be low ant ties, tak eltagor hee cl SRELSE aa Wary drow fe) made pecan eto Hel tet ely tien tee epeizaion pbmoms cannot bs tadettot eaten ee igtolipn oe Bor roacn hich Sone at Whe Longo" thn abe acd cea geht che form aa evn cotecion, ease te urn ito cttw he apenas ee of Cai see Fete dinennt ands the Kinells of Hactlagens In an ntoduciry caper «sey is facts ind af the fndamoatals f she theo tbe oped Th sy rls od eect roperics of sa and pins afr gue weaned Cee ie a isiy eesnely, Chapt fives the machenat ed teatent gM of the electro-chemical double layet. Ia, Chapter the free Of abe SP the double layer is deate with at length, because it SEEN SEs bass for che theory of ieeracton, There have ven served Bs doverses in tne hterature on this point but 2 believe oe ese ao the dificaltes, especialy by the consistent senate of ee chemichl and the decried contibutions to the Figs" enerey. Ch also the Appendix on pp. $2 FEB. Gy Gnd Uthe change, che potential, and the ster acne taztay of two patel Hat double fayers are represented $0 tracton ie proved 10 be fundamentally 9 repulsion for AI gisaances berveen the lates Chagtce Vi gives a snort treatment of Loadon-Van det eet orces and ts application to flat plates, Tn this chapter TRE Ridaeiscs correction mentioned above is aso dua, wis nfChapter Vil, so futthor extension of the general conside- satu ob De Boet and more expesally Hamatcer. te rae oof colloids is discussed om accoumt of potential cutves, SRE Uce formed by a combination of the London Vander BOER teraction and the double layer cepulson, A crietion Woe ie lctnguishing potential curves a belonging to either ie oe floceuated, meme, and wa investigate the way Is SE he tention from the sable to the flceulated sats Bilikaced by she potendal of the particles, the concentration inteetjancy of the ons and the aeeraction constant. Al these an ite aze shown’ influence the stability. In order € get ea Second. with experiments. the. etraction constant mast Berens towed or 2.20 in od urement wth ter ‘hegewtcal and experimental valves. “Phe influence of the valency saa tke concentration of the clesolytes agrees with experimental dita a3 expresed ty he see Setulze and Haedy. As 2 first approximation fot Foon from the theoty We find chat the flocculation values Hepafnovalent, bivalent and eevalent electrolytes are in the proportion 14 1 gree ea ‘The deviating stability conditions of emulsions are, dealt with in a separate aoction. The besis of this eceatment it laid Te number of sections in che preceding, chapters, where the ‘Gouble layer at the interface of fwo liguids is conser "Ube gebesd plan of ore IIL, (Chapters VIUI—XIL. spherical peytcie) sesehbles. that of Part All concepts used io BRATUP schon in Bare IIL. The erestment of the stability Fattidons (chapter XID) deviates in 0 far as the Bros ning Seon of the pestcles is here explicly incorporated tm the Theo, for'a good understanding of stability it was necessary