Vanishing Point

The point at which a set of projected parallel lines appears to

converge is called a Vanishing point. The vanishing point for any set
of lines that are parallel to one of the principal axis of an object is
referred to as Principal Vanishing point The number of principal
vanishing point in a projection is determined by the number of
principal axis intersecting the view plane.
1-point perspective projection :- View plane is perpendicular to the
exactly one principal axis.
2-point perspective projection :- View plane intersects exactly two
principal axis.
3-point perspective projection :- View plane intersects exactly three
principal axis.

P1

P2

P1
Q2
C(a, b, c)

Q1

P2 Vanishing point
Q1

Q2
Direction

Parametric Equation of line

(x - x1)/(x2-x1) = (y y1)/(y2-y1) = (z-z1)/(z2 z1) = t (Say)
where 0 t 1
x - x1 = t. (x2 - x1) or x = x1 + t. (x2 - x1)
y - y1 = t. (y2 - y1) or y = y1 + t. (y2 - y1)
z - z1 = t. (z2 - z1) or z = z1 + t. (z2 - z1)

The equation of one of the Branch of Parallel line is given

by
x = x1 + t. (x2 - x1) = x1 + U1t.
y = y1 + t. (y2 - y1) = y1 + U2t.
z = z1 + t. (z2 - z1) = z1 + U3t.
x
y =
z
w

d+an1 an2
bn1
d+bn2
cn1
cn2
n1
n2

an3
bn3
d+cn3
n3

-ad0
-bd0
-cd0
-d1

x1 + U1t.
y1 + U2t.
z1 + U3t
1

The vanishing point is given by

xv = Lim x/w
= Lim[(d+an1)(x1+u1t) +an2(y1+u2t) +an3(z1u3t) ad0
t n1(x1u1t)+n2(y1+u2t)+n3(z1+u3t) d1
(d+an1)u1 + an2u2 + an3u3
=
n1u1 + n2u2 + n3u3
xv = du1 + a(n1u1 + n2u2 +n3u3)
n1u1 + n2u2 +n3u3
du1
xv = a +
du1
xv = a +
n1u1 + n2u2 +n3u3
N. U

Similarly
Yv = b +

zv = b +

d.u2
N. U
d.u3
N. U