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familiarizeze
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turism, indiferent de statutul

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restaurante, cafenele,

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,
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de turism sunt determinate

de variabile specifice, care
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modul de formare a cererii

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FORMAREA CERERII
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1.1

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firmelor

1.2 Mediul economic industrial

1.3 Modele comportamentale ale firmei
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intermediarilor din turism

1.5 Sectorul tour-operatorilor n paradigma SCP
1.6 Gradul de concentrare n paradigma SCP
1.7 Comportamentul LSHUIRUPDQ HOHWRXU-operatorilor
din Marea Britanie
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turistice
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Teoria alegerii publice
Industria de servicii
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tour-operator
Grad de concentrare
Teoria jocului
Jocuri repetitive

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n cadrul curentelor HFRQRPLFH LQGXVWULDOH VH GLVWLQJ GRX

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Prima,

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turism.

Curentele
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pe scurt

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mai nti principalele curente economice din domeniul industrial,

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gice.

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n literatura despre turism, aceste concepte sunt utile n definirea

Va fi
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servicii, inclusiv n cazul intermediarilor din turism. Vor fi evaluate
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modifiF

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1.2 Mediul economic industrial

Paradigma SCP (Chamberlin 1933, Bain 1956, Marin 1917) a
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Paradigma SCP

SDUDGLJPH VWUXFWXUD SLH HL SH FDUH RSHUHD]  ILUPHOH HVWH vQ XOWLP 
LQVWDQ

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presupun stabLOHvQDFHDVW

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costurile marginale, vor avea loc interYHQ LLJXYHUQDPHQWDOHLVHYRU

LQWURGXFH P VXUL GH VWLPXODUH D FRPSHWL LHL 'HFL 6&3-ul este
orientat politic.

n contrast cu modelul empiric SCP,

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FRDOD

de la Chicago

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lui Barimol (1982). Acesta a promovat teoria

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delele

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(1991)).
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(dezavuat de

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avansat paralel cu cea a HFRQRPLHLLQVWLWX LRQDOHLSDU LDOFXFXUHQWXOGH

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ea sa n anumite sectoare, un

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ii resurselor.

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mice, n special n domeniul monopolului.

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i ce

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-le cu conceptul

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ILOLDO



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DWLQVH Q VHFWRUXO WXULVPXOXL DFHDVW  UHOD LH VH VWDELOHWH vQWUH
RSHUDWRULL GH WXULVP L DJHQ LL GH

turism. Comisioanele oferite de

RSHUDWRUL VXQW GH UHJXO  GH  vQ $QJOLD GDU GDF  DJHQ LLOH DX
YkQ] ULPDLPDULDWXQFLVHSO WHVFFRPLVLRDQHPDLPDUL
2 DOW  GH]YROWDUH LPSRUWDQW  SH DFHDVW  OLQLH OHJDW  GH FRVWXULOH GH WUDQ]DF LH L LQFHUWLWXGLQL

a fost

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proceselor realizate, cum ar fi cRQWUROXO WRWDO DO FDOLW

LL L FRVWXULOH GHVFRSHULULL L DGRSW ULL ORU VXQW

VXELHFWHDOHLQFHUWLWXGLQLL([LVW LQFHUWLWXGLQLLUHIHULWRDUHODJUDGXOSkQ ODFDUHRDQXPLW ILUP SRDWHV

LSURWHMH]HRULFHGHVFRSHULUHSHQWUXDFXOHJHEHQHILFLLOHUH]XOWDWHGLQFRVWXULOHFXGH]YROWDUHDQFHUF ULGH
D PRGHOD LQRYD LD L FUHWHUHD V DX I FXW vQ FDGUXO PRGHOHORU QHRFODVLFH H[ 'RVJXSWD L 6WLJOLW]

$JKLPL+HZLWW 1992, 1998).

3ULVVPDQL6XOSPDQ

1980,

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conceptelor FRVWXOWUDQ]DF LLORUDQDOL]DUHOD LHLILUP

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HVWHDFHHDF

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activitate.

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HVWHJUDGXOvQFDUHVHSRWLQWHUFRUHODIHQRPHQHOHHFRQRPLFHDVWIHOvQFkWV VHPLQLPL]H]HLPSDFWXOQHJDWLY
vQ FHHD FH SULYHWH FRVWXULOH RSHUD LRQDOH DOH ILUPHL VDX VHFWRUXOXL GH DFWLYLWDWH $FHVW DVSHFW ULGLF  R
SUREOHP GHLPSRUWDQ

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&HUFHW ULOH

Teoria jocului
LPRQRSROXULOH

vQ

GRPHQLXO

HFRQRPLHL

LQGXVWULDOH

GHPRQVWUHD] 

preocuparea de a DYHD R ED]  WHRUHWLF  VROLG  'DYLHV L

colaboratorii 6FKPDOHQVHHL:LOOLQJ 1989; Basn 1993;
S. Martin 'HDFHHDHVWHMXVWLILFDW XWLOL]DUHDXQRUWHUPHQL
ca 1RXD(FRQRPLH,QGXVWULDO LNoua Organizare ,QGXVWULDO  Nu
este n totalitDWH R FRLQFLGHQ  IDSWXO F  DFHVWH PLF UL DX IRVW
stimulate de teoria jocului, ca un mijloc de a analiza strategiile de
afaceri. Utilizarea teoriei jocului permite nu numai ncorporarea
LQFHUWLWXGLQLL L D LQIRUPD LLORU DVLPHWULFH GDU IDFH SRVLELO  L

coQVWUXF LD GH PRGHOH GLQDPLFH FX PDUH SXWHUH GHPRQVWUDWLY



7HRULD MRFXOXL D UHGHVFKLV LQWHUHVXO SHQWUX YHFKHD IRUP  D

monopolurilor, a modelelor oligopolurilor, ca cele descrise de

1993), incluse n
textele de ED]  DOH PDFURHFRQRPLHL DVWIHO F  GH]YROWDUHD WHRULHL
oligopolului este acum un element dominant n economia
%HWUDQG &RQUXVW L 6WDFNHOEHUJ 6 0DUWLQ

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vQWUHGLIHULWHOH HOHPHQWHDOHFHUHULLLRIHUWHLL FRQIOLFWHOH $FHDVW 

WHRULH UHDFFHQWXDW  D IRVW FULWLFDW  SHQWUX IDSWXO F  vQFHUFkQG V 

ofere modele asupra comportamentului industriei, testabile

SURSRU LHL L LPSDFWXOXL LQWHUYHQ LLORU GH H[HPSOX OHJLVOD LHL DQWL-

HPSLULF D HXDW 'H DVHPHQHD V D GDW R DWHQ LH PDL PDUH

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ate n
cadrul teoriei alegerii publice (de exemplu, Buchanon 1968).
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GH]YROWD PRGHOH JHQHUDOH DOH RIHUWHL L LQVLVWHQ D HPSLULFLORU GH D
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und asupra

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teoriile comportamentale ale firmelor, teorii care s-au dezvoltat n
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1.3 Modele comportamentale ale firmei

Modelele comportamentale ale firmei au evoluat simultan FX QRXD HFRQRPLH LQGXVWULDO  vQ VSHFLDO vQ
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deciziile n firme sunt identice cu cele ale indivizilor din firme;

comportamentul firmei.

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-au dezvoltat paralel cu teoria

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lizelor economice, cu mare impact asupra

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studiul asupra ofertei turistice.

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intermediarilor din turism

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1.5. Sectorul tour - operatorilor n paradigma SCP

Modelul SCP poate furniza analize economice, de exemplu n sectorul tour-operatorilor acest sector
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-operator

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Tabelul 1.1.

Elemente structurale
1XP UXOFXPS U torilor
1XP UXOILUPHORU
0 ULPHDILUPHORU
Bariere de intrare

6WUXFWXUDLP
costurilor

ULPHD

Diversificare
Concentrarea

Caracteristicile produsului
Comportament
&RPSRUWDPHQWXOSUH XULORU

Dimensiunea elementelor structurale

Britanie n 1994

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1982-LWRW0%vQDQLSHULRDGD-1994;
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Costuri fixe relativ ridicate la contractare, reduse uneori prin clauze
speciale.
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conglomerate
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n SUA 10 mari firme controlau n 1992, 30% diQSLD

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vQ

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de segmentare
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5 ]ERDLH

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Publicitatea

-operatoare.

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sectorului
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primele 5-10 firme.

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sunt avantajate. De exemplu, acestea pot ridica bariere de pre-intrare

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SHSLD DWXULVWLF

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iar mai recent au fost interpretate ca avantaje ale primului venit

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pot conferi n teUPHQLDEVROX LDYDQWDMHGHFRVW

Barierele strategice de intrare sunt instaurate prin eforturile
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Bariere strategice
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accesul firmelor nou venite. Exemple tipice sunt adoptarea de



a tour-operatorilor

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strategic
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a de

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elemente cu

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se

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lustrat de cazul touroperatorilor,

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Cu publicitate
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Cu publicitate

20 (10)

25 (0)

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10 (15)

15 (5)

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IRDUWH VF ]XW ILH FKLDU OD SLHUGHUL 6WUDWHJLD SUHIHUDW  GH WR L DU IL DFHHD GH D SUDFWLFD SUH XUL PDUL GDU QX

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competitori
Paradigma SCP, ca abordare, DIRVWDYDQVDW LSXV vQSUDFWLF GHPDLPXOWHFROLHFRQRPLFH
FRDODGHOD&KLFDJR
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anume:

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RSWLPL]DUHDSR]L LLORUvQFDGUXOILUPHLLQIOXHQ HD] FRPSRUWDPHQWXOILUPHL

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Atunci cnd se aplic

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VWUXFWXUDILUPHLLDSLH HL

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SROLWLFDLQVWLWX LLORUSXEOLFH

n cadrul modelului SCP se evDOXHD]

FRPSHWLWLYLWDWHSHSLD

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QWXULVPFRQFHQWUDUHDVHPDQLIHVW PDLDOHVvQ

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jocuri repetitive;
jocuri simultane

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MRFXULFRRSHUDQWHLQRQ

-cooperante

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Cuvinte cheie





evaluare = aprecierea valorii monetare reale a unui activ corporal sau necorporal
apreciere, clasificare, rang vPS U LUHDVLVWHPDWLF UHSDUWL]DUHDSHFODVHVDXvQWU-RDQXPLW

DGHWHUPLQDDVWDELOLSUH XOYDORDUHDQXP UXOFDQWLWDWHDHWFDSUH XLDHVWLPD

libertDWHFRQWUDFWXDO

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turism

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tour-operator =

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valoare de utilizare

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-un pachet

direct sau indirect,

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LQGLYL]LPRG ]RQ JHRJUDILF HWF

RUGLQH

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impo]LWXOXL L DOWRU WD[H REOLJDWRULL QLYHOXO L HYROX LD YHQLWXOXL GLVSRQLELO LQIOXHQ HD]  GLUHFW
PDQLIHVWDUHDFHUHULLLFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHFRQVXPXOXLWXULVWLFvQWU -RDQXPLW SHULRDG 
concentrare  SURFHV GH FUHWHUH D GLPHQVLXQLORU vQWUHSULQGHULORU FDUH VH poate realiza prin:

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financiare.
%LEOLRJUDILHVXSOLPHQWDU

CHAMBERLAIN,
E.H.
BAIN, J.S.
MARTIN, C.A.
AND WITT, S.F.
LITTLECHILD, S.C.
HIRSHLEIFER, J.

STONEMAN, P.

SIMON, H.A.

STIGLITZ, J.E.

The theory of monopolistic competition, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard

University Press.
Barriers to new competition, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Universtiy Press.
Tourism demand forecasting models: choice of appropriate variable to
represent tourists cost of living, Tourism Management, 8,3: pg.233-246.
The pollacy of the mixed economy, Institute of Economic Affairs, London.
Research in law and economics vol.4, Evolutionary models in economics
and law, London, JAI Press.
The economic analysis of technological change, Oxford, Oxford University
Press.
A behavioural model of rational choice, Quarterly Journal of Economics,
pg.99-118.
Imperfect information in the product market, Handbook of industrial
organization, Amsterdam.
QWUHE

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firmei?

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UHPXQHUD LDRUDU vQFXUDMHD] LQGLYLGXOV VXEVWLWXLHPXQFDSO WLW L

FRQVXPXO FX XQ WLPS QHSO WLW PDL PDUH DD QXPLWXO

subVWLWX LH).

efect de

,QYHUVXQLQGLYLGSRDWHGHFLGHV RE LQ XQVDODULXPDLPDUHSHQWUXR

FDQWLWDWH PDL PDUH GH WLPS SO WLW  V  FXPSHUH PDL PXOWH EXQXUL L
VLPXOWDQV UHGXF WLPSXOQHSO WLWIHQRPHQQXPLWHIHFWXOYHQLWXOXL

Efectul venitului

&RPELQD LD vQWUH HIHFWXO GH VXEVWLWX LH L HIHFWXO YHQLWXOXL VH QXPHWH

LHIHFWXOQHW

efectul net. Efectul net

HVWH

R

FRPELQD LH

vQWUH

SUHIHULQ HOH

LQGLYLGXDOH L FRQVXPXO GH WLPS SO WLW VDX QX Q FRQWLQXDUH YRU IL
H[SOLFDWH HIHFWHOH GH VXEVWLWX LH L GH YHQLW vQ FD]XO WXULVPXOXL L
P VXUDvQFDUHSRSXOD LDRSWHD] SHQWUXWXULVPvQGHIDYRDUHDEXQXULORU
LVHUYLFLLORU

5DSRUWXOvQWUHFHUHUHDSHQWUXWXULVPLFHUHUHD
SHQWUXEXQXULGHFRQVXPLVHUYLFLL

Cererea pentru turism depinde de bugetul total disponibil pentru

cheltuieli (format diQ YHQLWXUL GLQ PXQF  LVDX DMXWRDUH GH RPDM FD

Raportul
ntre consumul
de turism

FHOHGLVFXWDWHPDLVXVLGHSUHIHULQ HOHPDLPDULDOHSRSXOD LHLSHQWUX

WXULVP GHFkW SHQWUX FXPS UDUHD GH EXQXUL L VHUYLFLL Q FD]XUL
H[WUHPH LQGLYLGXO SRDWH DORFD WRW EXJHWXO V X ILH SHQWUX WXULVP ILH
QXPDL SHQWUX FXPS UDUHD GH EXQXUL L VHUYLFLL QWUH FHOH GRX 

LDOWHEXQXUL

H[WUHPH SRW IL SRVLELOH GLIHULWH FRPELQD LL $FHVWH FRPELQD LL VXQW
UHDOL]DWH GH OLQLD EXJHWXOXL L SDQWD FDUH LQGLF  SUH XULOH UHODWLYH DOH
EXQXULORULVHUYLFLLORULFDUHHVWHUHSUH]HQWDW

de TG n figura 2.2.

Turism

I1

D
I2

T1

G1

Alte bunuri

Varia LLDOHP ULPLL

consumului turistic

)LJXUD&RQVXPXOGHWXULVPLDOWHEXQXUL
$[D27UHSUH]LQW YDORDUHDEXJHWXOXLFKHOWXLWvQWRWDOLWDWHGHRSHUVRDQ SHQWUXWXULVPL

D[D 2* UHSUH]LQW  FDQWLWDWHD GH EXQXUL L VHUYLFLL FDUH YD IL FRQVXPDW  vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH

bugetul n-a fost cheltuit n totalitate pentru turism.

9DORDUHD UDSRUWXOXL vQWUH FKHOWXLHOLOH SHQWUX WXULVP L FKHOWXLHOLOH SHQWUX DOWH EXQXUL L

VHUYLFLL GHSLQGH GH SUHIHULQ HOH LQGLYLGXOXL &RPELQD LL DOWHUQDWLYH vQWUH WXULVP L DOWH

EXQXUL GH FRQVXP L VHUYLFLL SRW DGXFH FRQVXPDWRUXOXL DFHODL QLYHO DO VDWLVIDF LHL GH
H[HPSOX FRQVXPXO VF ]XW SHQWUX WXULVP L FRQVXPXO ULGLFDW GH DOWH EXQXUL SRDWH DGXFH

DFHHDL VDWLVIDF LH FD L FRQVXPXO PDUH SHQWUX WXULVP L FRQVXPXO VF ]XW GH EXQXUL Q
ILJXUD  FXUED GH LQGLIHUHQ

 ,1

I2 UHSUH]LQW

 R SHUVRDQ  FDUH L vPSDUWH EXJHWXO vQWUH

WXULVPLDOWHEXQXULvQVFRSXOPD[LPL] ULLVDWLVIDF LHL$FHVWDHVWHSXQFWXO'XQGHFXUED

GH LQGLIHUHQ

 HVWH WDQJHQ LDO  OD OLQLD EXJHWXOXL RE LQkQG vQ 27 WXULVP L vQ 2*

FRQVXPXOGHDOWHEXQXUL8QLQGLYLGFXRSUHIHULQ

SXWHUQLF SHQWUXWXULVPYDFRQVXPDR

FRPELQD LH OD VWkQJD SXQFWXOXL ' SH FkQG FLQHYD SDVLRQDW GH FRQVXPXO DOWRU EXQXUL YD
DYHDRFXUE WDQJHQ LDO GHLQGLIHUHQ

OD7*ODGUHDSWDSXQFWXOXL*

3RSXOD LD GHFLGH QX QXPDL vQ IXQF LH GH FRPELQD LD RSWLP  vQWUH
SUHIHULQ DORUSHQWUXWXULVP LSHQWUX DOWHEXQXUL GDU LGH FRPELQD LD
RSWLP  D GLIHULWHORU WLSXUL GLQ WXULVP 'H H[HPSOX XQ WXULVW SRDWH

cheltui ntrHJXOEXJHWSHQWUXWXULVPSHQWUXYL]LWHODSULHWHQLLUXGHVDX

9DULD LLDOH

SHQWUX YDFDQ H vQ ORFDOLW

L QRL GLQ VWU LQ WDWH VDX SRDWH DOHJH R

FRPELQD LH D FHORU GRX  RS LXQL 'HFL]LD RSWLP  GHSLQGH GLQ QRX GH

diferitelor tipuri
de turism

EXJHWXOLQGLYLGXOXLLGHSUHIHULQ HOHVDOHDVWIHOvQFkWV

-LPD[LPL]H]H

VDWLVIDF LD&RPELQD LDRSWLP vQWUHWXULVPXOSHQWUXYL]LWHODSULHWHQLL

UXGHLYDFDQ HOHvQVWU LQ WDWHVXQWLOXVWUDWHJUDILFvQILJXUDDYkQG

diferite tipuri de turism reprezentate pe axe. n realitate, pot fi mai

PXOW GH GRX  FRPELQD LL FDUH SRW IL GHPRQVWUDWH PDWHPDWLF GDU QX L

reprezentate grafic.
I1

Paris

Tp

I2

Tp1

TL1

TL

Londra
)LJXUD'HVWLQD LLWXULVWLFHFRPSOHPHQWDUH

QFD]XOGLIHULWHORUWLSXULGHWXULVPRSHUVRDQ SRDWHDOHJHRFRPELQD LHD

acestora. Rezultatul este un anumit

WLS GH WXULVP GH vQORFXLUH VDX FRPSOHPHQWDU 'H H[HPSOX WXULWLL DPHULFDQL FDUH F O WRUHVF VSUH (XURSD
FRQVLGHU  WRDWH GHVWLQD LLOH LQGLIHUHQW GH

UL FD R SDUWH FRPSOHPHQWDU  D H[SHULHQ HL WXULVWLFH FD GHVWLQD LL

dHVXEVWLWX LH/RQGUDL3DULVSRWILFRQVLGHUDWHFDILLQGFRPSOHPHQWDUHLDUEXJHWXOVHvPSDUWHvQWUHDFHVWHD
Acest caz este descris n figura 2.3., unde linia bugetului TpL7lDUDW FDUHFRPELQD LLGHFKHOWXLHOLWXULVWLFH

SRWILDORFDWHVSUHFHOHGRX GHVWLQD LLLDUFXUED,,DUDW SURSRU LDvQFDUHSHUVRDQDGRUHWHV DORFHEXJHWXOXL

2S LXQHDSHQWUXGHVWLQD LLWXULVWLFHDOWHUQDWLYHGHVXEVWLWX LHFXPDU

ILSHQWUXYDFDQ HOD6\GQH\L1HZ<RUNHVWHLOXVWUDW vQILJXUD

2S LXQLSHQWUX

destLQD LLWXULVWLFH
alternative

Linia bugetului TSTNY iQGLF

GH YDFDQ

 SUH XULOH UHIHULWRDUH OD GRX  GHVWLQD LL

 L SURSRU LD GLIHULW  GH DORFDUH D EXJHWXOXL SHQWUX WXULVP

SHQWUX ILHFDUH GHVWLQD LH 'HFL FXUED GH LQGLIHUHQ

 ,B

IB DUDW

 F 

SHUVRDQD % FRQVLGHU  GRX  GHVWLQD LL FD ILLQG VXEVWLWXLELOH L

selectea]

1HZ

<RUN XO

FD

GHVWLQD LH

SUHIHUDW 

3HUVRDQD

&

FRQVLGHU  GH DVHPHQHD FHOH GRX  FRPELQD LL FD VXEVWLWXLELOH GDU D
DYXWSUHIHULQ HGLIHULWHLOXVWUDWHGHFXUEDGH LQGLIHUHQ

,C

ICLDOHJH

Sydney-ul.
&XQRDWHUHD P VXULL vQ FDUH WLSXULOH GLIHULWH GH WXULVP VDX GHVWLQD LLOH WXULVWLFH VXQW VXEVWLWXLELOH VDX
FRPSOHPHQWDUH HVWHvQPRGVSHFLDOXWLO SHQWUX SODQLILFDUHDWXULVPXOXL LPDUNHWLQJXOXLGDU HVWH LQVXILFLHQW
H[SORUDW vQOLWHUDWXUDGHWXULVP

)LJXUD6XEVWLWXLUHDGHVWLQD LLORUWXULVWLFHGDWRUDW

IDFWRULORUHFRQRPLFL

LFRPSRUWDPHQWDOLGHUHIHULQ

(IHFWHOHVFKLPE

ULORUGHYHQLWVLSUH XULDVXSUDFHUHULLWXULVWLFH

(FRQRPLWLL FRQVLGHU  F  FHUHUHD WXULVWLF  HVWH LQIOXHQ DW  vQ SULQFLSDO GH XUP WRULL IDFWRUL YHQLWXULOH
SUH XULOH L LQIRUPD LLOH UHIHULWRDUH OD RIHUWD WXULVWLF  'H

DVHPHQHD

DFHWL IDFWRUL LQIOXHQ HD] 

L

FRPSRUWDPHQWXO DWkW DO IXUQL]RULORU GH WXULVP FkW L DO LQVWLWX LLORU SXEOLFH UHVSRQVDELOH GH OHJLVOD LD GLQ

turism.
*UDILFHIHFWHOHILHF UHLDGLQWUHDFHVWHYDULDELOHOXDWHVHSDUDWVHSUH]LQW DVWIHOvQILJXUD

)LJXUD(IHFWHOHXQHLFUHWHULDYHQLWXOXLDVXSUDFRQVXPXOXLWXULVWLF

,QFD]XOXQHLFUHWHULGHYHQLWSUH XULOHU PkQkQGUHODWLYFRQVWDQWH

Cererea pentru
WXULVPYDULD]

vQIXQF LHGHYHQLW

efectul acesteia asupra majoriW

LL WLSXULORU GH WXULVP L D PDMRULWDWLL

GHVWLQD LLORU WXULVWLFH HVWH SR]LWLY 'HFL R FUHWHUH D YHQLWXOXL

GHWHUPLQ RFUHWHUHDFHUHULLWXULVWLFHVLPLODUHIHFWXOXLSHFDUHvODUH

R FUHWHUH D YHQLWXOXL L DVXSUD FHUHULL SHQWUX DOWH EXQXUL L VHUYLFLL

FRUHOD LD HVWH QRUPDO  L YDORULOH VDOH VXQW SR]LWLYH SHQWUX WXULVPXO

GH PDV  (VWH WRWXL SRVLELO FD R FUHWHUH GH YHQLW V  DWUDJ  R
SU EXLUHDFHUHULLSHQWUXDQXPLWHIRUPHGHWXULVPFXPDUILFHOGH

PDV  'H DFHHD vQ WHRULH VH IRORVHWH FODVLILFDU

ea formelor de

WXULVP vQIRUPH VXSHULRDUH L LQIHULRDUH &D H[HPSOX SRDWH IL IRORVLW

FD]XO vQ FDUH R YDFDQ

YDFDQ

OD&RVWD%UDYD

 SH SODMD GLQ &DUUDLEH HVWH vQORFXLW  FX R

&HOHGRX HIHFWHVXQWLOXVWUDWHvQILJXUD$[DYHUWLFDO UHSUH]LQW 

valorile

WXULVPXOXL LDU FHD RUL]RQWDO  YDORULOH FHORUODOWH EXQXUL

/LQLLOH7*VL7C*CUHSUH]LQW OLQLDEXJHWXOXLvQDLQWHLGXS FUHWHUHD

YHQLWXOXL L VXQW SDUDOHOH SHQWUX F  V DX FRQVLGHUDW SUH XUL UHODWLY

FRQVWDQWHDWkWSHQWUXWXULVPFkWLSHQWUXFHOHODOWHEXQ

LQGLIHUHQ

uri. Curbele de

 LQGLF  SUHIHULQ HOH SHUVRQDOH SHQWUX GLIHULWH IRUPH GH

turism.

'DF  WXULVPXO HVWH XQ SURGXV GH X] FXUHQW SUHIHULQ HOH SRW IL
LOXVWUDWHGHFXUEDGHLQGLIHUHQ

,2

la OT2 , rezultnd punctul E.

I2 FUHWHUHDFHUHULLILLQGGHOD271

'DF HVWHXQSURGXVLQGLFDWGHFXUED,3

GHVFUHWHUHDWXULVPXOXLGHOD271

I3RFUHWHUHvQYHQLWDWUDJHR
la OT3, de unde rezulta punctul F.

6H WLH F  FHUHUHD HVWH GLUHFW SURSRU LRQDO  FX YHQLWXO (D FUHWH PDL

repede dect acesta atunci cnd produsul este cunoscut ca bun de

OX[ LDU GDF  FHUHUHD FUHWH PDL vQFHW GHFkW YHQLWXO SURGXVXO HVWH

cunoscut ca produs de uz curent.

'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO HODVWLFLW

LL FHUHUHD WUHEXLH V  ILH HODVWLF  SHQWUX XQ SURGXV GH OX[ vQ UDSRUW FX

VFKLPE ULOHvQYHQLWLLQHODVWLF SHQWUXXQSURGXVGHX]FXUHQW

$ GRXD VLWXD LH VH UHIHU  OD HIHFWHOH SURGXVH GH VFKLPE ULOH vQ SUH XUL UHODWLYH DVXSUD FHUHULL WXULVWLFH DWXQFL

FkQG YHQLWXO U PkQH FRQVWDQW &HUHUHD L SUH XULOH VXQW GH RELFHL LQYHUV SURSRU LRQDOH DD vQFkW R VF GHUH D
SUHWXULORU DWUDJH vQ PRG QRUPDO R FUHWHUH D FHUHULL L LQYHUV (IHFWXO VF GHULL SUH XULORU vQ WXULVP HVWH

reprezentat in figura 2.6.

)LJXUD(IHFWHOHVF GHULLSUH XOXLDVXSUDFRQVXPXOXLWXULVWLF

,QFRQGL LLOHvQFDUHWXULVPXOGHY

ine mai ieftin, bugetul personal poate

VXSRUWD R FKHOWXLDO  PD[LP  SHQWUX WXULVP UHSUH]HQWDW  GH 27C vQ ORF

de OT1 (mai mare), n timp ce maxima cheltuielii pentru celelalte

EXQXUL U PkQH FRQVWDQW  OD 2* FRQVLGHUkQG F  SUH XULOH U PkQ

FRQVWDQWH 5HSDUWL LD FRQVXPXOXL vQWUH WXULVP L DOWH EXQXUL vQ FD]XO
VF GHULL SUH XULORU HVWH UHSUH]HQWDW  GH OLQLD 7C* 5HSDUWL LD LQL LDO  L
FHD RSWLP  D FRQVXPXOXL vQWUH WXULVP L DOWH EXQXUL VXQW UHSUH]HQWDWH

Cererea pentru
WXULVPYDULD]

vQIXQF LHGHSUH

GHSXQFWHOH'UHVSHFWLY(QILJXUDVHSRDWHREVHUYDF RVF GHUH

DSUH XULORUvQWXULVPGXFHODFUHWHUHD FHUHULLLLPSOLFLWDVDWLVIDF LHL

turism (mai mult

= alte bunuri (tot attea bunuri), va consuma mai mult
dect n varianta OT1WXULVPL2*2 DOWHEXQXULvQDLQWHGHVF GHUHD
R SHUVRDQ  FDUH YD RSWD SHQWUX YDULDQWD 272

WXULVP L2*2
SUH XULORU

&HD GH D GRXD VLWXD LH SRDWH DS UHD L DWXQFL FkQG FHUHUHD SHQWUX XQ
SURGXVWXULVWLFYDULD] vQIXQF LHGHSUH XODOWXLSURGXV

De exemplu, un rezident din Marea Britanie poate opta pentru

SHWUHFHUHDYDFDQ HLvQXQD VDXGRX  VWD LXQLOD0DUHD 0HGLWHUDQ  VDX
XQD vQ )UDQ D L XQD vQ ,WDOLD 'DF  YDORDUHD IUDQFXOXL IUDQFH] FUHWH
ID

 GH OLUD VWHUOLQ  LDU OLUD LWDOLDQ  U PkQH FRQVWDQW  HO YD DOHJH

VWD LXQHDLWDOLDQ  QILJXUD VXQWUHSUH]HQWDWH HIHFWHOHVFKLPE ULORU

SUH XULORU L YHQLWXULORU DVXSUD FHUHULL WXULVWLFH ILJXU  FDUH UHSUH]LQW 
GHIDSWRFRPELQD LHvQWUHILJXULOHVL

)LJXUD(IHFWHOHVF

GHULLSUH XOXLLFUHWHULLDYHQLWXOXLDVXSUDFRQVXPXOXLWXULVWLF

6  SUHVXSXQHP F  VH SURGXFH R VFKLPEDUH vQ SUH XO WXULVPXOXL vQ

VHQVXO F  WXULVPXO GHYLQH PDL LHIWLQ LQ UDSRUW FX DOWH EXQXUL L SDQWD
EXJHWXOXLSHUVRQDOVHVFKLPE GHOD7*LQ7C*
3XQFWXO RSWLP DO FRQVXPXOXL HUD LQL LDO vQ ' (IHFWXO VFKLPE ULL vQ
SUH XUL UHODWLYH FR

nsidernd venitul constant) este demonstrat trasnd

OLQLDGHUXSWXU 33FXDFHHDLSDQW FDLQRXDOLQLHDEXJHWXOXL7C*C

vQ UDSRUW FX QRLOH SUH XUL UHODWLYH WDQJHQ LDO FX FXUED LQL LDO  GH
LQGLIHUHQW  ,1

I1 GDF

 OLQLD 33 HVWH WDQJHQW  OD FXUED GH LQGLIHUHQ

LQL LDO VHFRQVLGHU F VDWLVIDF LDLYHQLWXOU PkQFRQVWDQWH

Efectul de
VXEVWLWX LH
LGHYHQLW

(IHFWXO VFKLPE ULL vQ SUH XUL UHODWLYH HVWH DU WDW SULQ VFKLPEDUHD
SR]L LHL SXQFWXOXL ' FX 6 $FHVW HIHFW HVWH FXQRVFXW FD

efect de

VXEVWLWX LHGDWRULW VF GHULLSUH XULORUSRSXOD LDSUHIHU FRQVXPXOGH

turism (relativ mai ieftin) n detrimentul altor bunuri, deci cererea

SHQWUXWXULVPFUHWHLDUFHDSHQWUXDOWHEXQXULVFDGH

Cel de-al doilea efect este cel al venitului real&KLDUGDF

VHFRQVLGHU 

F WXULVPXOHVWHLHIWLQvQWHUPHQLUHDOLSRSXOD LDSRDWHV UHQXQ HODHO

SHQWUXF YHQLWXOUHDOQX LSHUPLWHV

-l cumpere.

,QGLYLGXOSRDWHGHFLGHV FKHOWXLDVF UHVSHFWLYDVXP FXFDUHDFUHVFXW

YHQLWXO UHDO SHQWUX WXULVP VDX SHQWUX DOWH EXQXUL VDX SX LQ SHQWUX
ILHFDUH 'DF  RSWHD]  D FKHOWXL WRDW  VXPD SHQWUX WXULVP HIHFWXO
VFKLPE ULORU vQ YHQLWYDIL LOXVWUDWGH VFKLPEDUHDSXQFWXOXL 6FX( Q

figura 2.7. unde sunt reprezentate OT2WXULVPXOL2*2 (alte bunuri);

OLQLD33HVWHSDUDOHO  FX7C*LUDWDSUH XOXLHVWHPHQ LQXW FRQVWDQW 

SHQWUXDVHLQGLYLGXDOL]DHIHFWXOFUHWHULLYHQLWXOXL'DF WRDW VXPDFX
FDUH FUHWH YHQLWXO HVWH FKHOWXLW  SHQWUX DOWH EXQXUL HIHFWXO YD IL

ilustrat de schimbarea lui S cu F, fiind reprezentate OT3 respectiv

OG3.

'DF vQV VXPDFXFDUHFUHWHYHQLWXOYDILFKHOWXLW DWkWSHQWUXWXULVP

FkWL SHQWUXDOWHEXQXULSXQFWXO RSWLPVHYD DIODXQGHYD vQWUH(VL )

&X DOWH FXYLQWH FHUHUHD SHQWUX WXULVP SRDWH FUHWH vQ WLPS FH FHUHUHD
SHQWUXDOWHEXQXULSRDWHV VFDG SRDWHU PkQHFRQVWDQW VDXFUHWHvQ
UDSRUWFXSUHIHULQ HOHSHUVRQDOHDOHLQGLYL]LORU

Cererea
FRPSHQVDW

pentru turism

Q ILQDO HVWH ELQH V  QRW P F  HIHFWXO GH VXEVWLWX LH FDUH UH]XOW  GLQ
VFKLPEDUHD vQ SUH XUL UHODWLYH DD FXP HVWH GHPRQVWUDW vQ ILJXUD
DIRVWGHILQLWvQFRQGL LLOHPHQ LQHULLXQXLYHQLWFRQVWDQW2DOW 
GHILQL LH D HIHFWXOXL GH VXEVWLWX LH VH ED]HD]  SH VFKLPE ULOH FHUHULL
UH]XOWDWH GLQ VFKLPE ULOH vQ SUH XUL UHODWLYH FD] vQ FDUH XWLOLWDWHD
SURGXVXOXL HVWH FRQVLGHUDW  FRQVWDQW  Q DFHVW FD] FHUHUHD SHQWUX
WXULVP HVWH FXQRVFXW  FD

cerere compeQVDW , deoarece individul

UHFXQRDWH FRPSHQVDUHD HIHFWXOXL VFKLPE ULORU HIHFWXDWH vQ SUH XUL

UHODWLYHSHQWUXF L DIRVWPHQ LQXWQLYHOXOGHVDWLVIDF LH

(YROX LDFHUHULLWXULVWLFH
3RSXOD LD DUH SRVLELOLWDWHD V  GHFLG  PRPHQWXO FRQVXPXOXL WXULVWL

c.

(FRQRPLWLLGLQGRPHQLXDILUP F DFHDVW GHFL]LHHVWHLQWHUWHPSRUDO 

Efectul timpului
asupra cererii
turistice

YDULD]  GH OD R SHULRDG  OD DOWD 'DF  GH H[HPSOX VXQW FRQVLGHUDWH
GRX SHULRDGHGHWLPSRSHUVRDQ DUSXWHDGHFLGHV FKHOWXLDVF WRDWH
YHQLWXULOH VDOH vQ SHULRDGD  L QLPLF vQ

viitor (perioada 2), avnd ca

VFRS PD[LPL]DUHD FRQVXPXOXL LQL LDO 2 DOW  DOWHUQDWLY  HVWH FD R

SHUVRDQ  V  GHFLG  D FKHOWXL L D FRQVXPD PDL SX LQ vQ SHULRDGD 

pentru a-L FUHWH FKHOWXLDOD L FRQVXPXO

alternative sunt ilustrate n figura 2.8.

vQ SHULRDGD  $FHVWH

)LJXUD9DULDQWHGHDOHJHUHLQWHUWHPSRUDO

vQFRQVXPXOGHWXULVP

6HFRQVLGHU R SHUVRDQ  FDUH DUHXQYHQLWGH YDORDUH <1

n perioada 1

L<2vQSHULRDGDLFDUHGHFLGHV FKHOWXLHWRW<1 SHQWUXWXULVPLDOWH

bunuri n perioada

 L WRW <2 SHQWUX WXULVP L DOWH EXQXUL vQ SHULRDGD

QDFHVWFD]SXQFWXORSWLPDOFRQVXPXOXLDUIL'$FHHDLSHUVRDQ 
DU SXWHD GHFLGH V  FRQVXPH PDL SX LQ vQ SULPD SHULRDG  SHQWUX D

5HSDUWL LD

consumului turistic
pe perioade de timp

consuma mai mult n cea de-a doua. n cazul extrem al unui individ
cDUH DOHJH V  QX FRQVXPH QLPLF vQ SHULRDGD  SHQWUX D-L PD[LPL]D
consumul n perioada 2, punctul optim al consumului ar fi C.
3RVLELOLW

LOHGHFRQVXPUHDOHvQFD]XOXQHLFKHOWXLHOLLQL LDOHPDLPLFL

L DO DOWHLD XOWHULRDUH PDL PDUL VXQW UHSUH]HQWDWH JUDI

ic prin dreapta

&' 5HSDUWL]DUHD FRQVXPXOXL vQWUH FHOH GRX  SHULRDGH GHSLQGH GH

SUHIHULQ HOHSHUVRQDOH$FHVWHDVXQWLOXVWUDWHGHR FXUE GHLQGLIHUHQ

FDUH vQ DFHVW FD] DUDW  PRGHOXO GH UHSDUWL LH D FRQVXPXOXL vQWUH FHOH

GRX  SHULRDGH PRGHO FDUH vQ DPEHOH FD]XUL RIHU  DFHODL QLYHO GH

VDWLVIDF LH

QFD]XO SUH]HQWDW vQ ILJXUD LQGLYLGXODGHFLVV  FRQVXPHvQFHSkQG FXSXQFWXO (FRQVXPkQGPDL SX LQ

WXULVPLDOWHEXQXULvQSHULRDGD

vQSHULRDGDXUP WRDUH

WHQGLQ

UHSUH]HQWDW GH2&1

pentru a putea consuma mai mult OC2

)LJXUD&RQVXPXOLQWHUWHPSRUDOGHWXULVPGDWRUDWvPSUXPXWXULORULvPSUXPXW

ULORU

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mprumut pentru a-LSXWHDFUHWHFRQVXPXOFXUHQWVDXF DUSXWHDV 

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-ar putea calcula magnitudinea

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/XDUHD GHFL]LHL vQ WXULVP HVWH LQIOXHQ DW  GH R VHULH GH YDULDELOH FDUH SRW IL P VXUDWH FDQWLWDWLY FXP

sunt:

P ULPHDYHQLWXOXLGLVSRQLELO
P ULPHDFRQVXPXOXL
GXUDWDLP ULPHDPXQFLLSO WLWHLDWLPSXOXLQHSO

WLW

'LIHULWHOH FRPELQD LL vQWUH DFHVWH YDULDELOH GHWHUPLQ  DQXPLWH P ULPL DOH FHUHULL L FRQVXPXOXL

numite:

efectul venitului;
efectul net.

'H DVHPHQHD XQ ORF LPSRUWDQW vQ IRUPDUHD FHUHULL vO DX L YDULDELOHOH FDOLWDWLYH GH RELFHL JUHX GH

surat cantitativ, dar posibil a fi evaluate cu ajutorul modelelor comportamentale. Aceste variabile sunt:
vQFOLQD LDGHDFKHOWXLPDLPXOWSHQWUXWXULVPGHFkWSHQWUXDOWHEXQXULLVHUYLFLLLLQYHUV

SUHIHULQ DSHQWUXDQXPLWHIRUPHGHWXULVP

RS LXQHDSHQWUXGHVWLQD LLWXULVWLFHDOWHUQDWLYH

&RPELQDUHDFHORUGRX FDWHJRULLGHYDULDELOHSURGXFHDQXPLWHHIHFWHDVXSUDFHUHULLWXULVWLFH6XQWPDL

multe categorii de efecte:

HIHFWXOVFKLPE ULLGHYHQLWLSUH XULvQVHQVXOFUHWHULLVDXVF GHULLDFHVWRUD

efecteLQWHUWHPSRUDOHvQVHQVXOHIHFWX

ULLVDXDPkQ ULLFRQVXPXOXLWXULVWLF

HIHFWXOvPSUXPXWXULORULvPSUXPXW ULORU

5ROXOLQGLYLGXOXLvQIRUPDUHDFHUHULLWXULVWLFHHVWHUHIOHFWDWvQOLWHUDWXUDHFRQRPLF GHGLFDW WXULVPXOXL

de mult timp, de exemplu:

teoria ieUDUKLHLQHFHVLW

LORU

Maslow (1954, 1968);

WHRULDPRWLYD LHL*UD\3ODJ

S-DXHIHFWXDWRVHULHGHVWXGLLWHRUHWLFHFDX]DOHFDUHDXFRQGXVODRFULWHUL]DUHDIRUPHORUGHWXULVPL

WLSXULORUGHWXULWLLDPRWLYD LLORUGHF O WRULH

tipuri de WXULWL

H[WUDYHUWL LLLQWURYHUWL L3OR\

GRULQ DGHHYDGDUHFRQIRUWXOSVLKLFLSVLKRORJLFLQWHUDF LXQHDVRFLDO

SUHIHULQ HOHLDWHSW ULOH7LVKEHLQ

PRWLYD LLGHF O WRULH

KRLQDULLVRODUL*UD\

(Crompton, 1979)

Q VIkULW SVLKRORJLD HFRQRPLF  L VRFLRORJLD FRQVLGHU  VRFLDOL]DUHD HFRQRPLF  FD SH XQ GHWHUPLQDQW

LPSRUWDQWDOPRGHOHORUGHFRPSRUWDPHQWDOSUHIHULQ HORULJXVWXULORUSHQWUXWXULVP

Cuvinte cheie



elasticitatea cererii =

VHQVLELOLWDWHD FHUHULL vQ YROXP L VWUXFWXU  OD PRGLILF ULOH GLIHUL LORU IDFWRUL

GHWHUPLQDQ LYHQLWXULWLPSOLEHUSUH XULLWDULIHHWF

efect multiplicator = UH]XOWDWXO LQIOXHQ HL SH FDUH R H[HUFLW

 WXULVPXO DVXSUD FHORUODOWH UDPXUL L

VHFWRDUH DOH HFRQRPLHL QD LRQDOH VDX UHJLRQDOH H[SULP  IDSWXO F  RULFH FKHOWXLDO  I FXW  GH WXULVW VH

WUDQVIRUP  VXFFHVLY vQ YHQLWXUL SHQWUX DOWH GRPHQLL DOH HFRQRPLHL DJULFXOWXU  FRPHU  FRQVWUXF LL
VHUYLFLLD

FHUHUHWXULVWLF

GHVWLQD LH

DQVDPEOXOSHUVRDQHORUFDUHvLPDQLIHVW GRULQ DGHDVHGHSODVDSHULRGLFLWHPSRUDU

vQ DIDUD UHHGLQ HL SURSULL SHQWUX DOWH PRWLYH GHFkW SUHVWDUHD XQRU DFWLYLW
]RQ

 WXULVWLF

RELHFWLYH ORFDOLW

 WHULWRULX GH PDUH vQWLQGHUH GH R FRPSOH[LWDWH JHRJUDILF  FDUH LQFOXGH PDL PXOWH
L VDX FRPSOH[H WXULVWLFH L FDUH SRDWH SUH]HQWD R FDUDFWHULVWLF  DSDUWH ILLQG DVWIHO

SRVLELO GHOLPLWDUHDGHDOWH]RQH



SLD

 WXULVWLF

L UHPXQHUDWH OD ORFXO GH

 VIHUD HFRQRPLF  GH LQWHUIHUHQ

 D RIHUWHL WXULVWLFH PDWHULDOL]DW  SULQ SURGXF LD

WXULVWLF LFHUHUHDWXULVWLF PDQLIHVWDW SULQFRQVXPXOWXULVWLF

conglomerat = UH]XOWDW DO FRQFHQWU

ULL PDL PXOWRU WLSXUL GH DFWLYLW

L vQWU

-o ntreprindere de mari

GLPHQVLXQL FDUH RSHUHD]  vQ JHQHUDO OD VFDU  LQWHUQD LRQDO  8Q H[HPSOX GH FRQJORPHUDW vQ WXULVP vO

constituie asocierea unei mari companii dintr-XQ GRPHQLX RDUHFDUH FX XQ ODQ  KRWHOLHU VDX FX R ILUP
tour-operatoare.

HFRQRPLH GH VFDO

 DYDQWDMH FH GHULY  GLQ FUHWHUHD GLPHQVLXQLORU XQHL vQWUHSULQGHUL UHIHULWRDUH OD

UHSDUWL]DUHD SH PDL PXOWH VXEXQLW

L D XQRU HOHPHQWH GH FKHOWXLHOL

( de exemplu, cheltuielile de

SURPRYDUHDUHRODUJ DSOLFDELOLWDWHvQLQGXVWULDKRWHOLHU vQVHUYLFLLOHGHDOLPHQWD LHVDXGHWUDQVSRUW



efect de levier = VSRULUHDUHQWDELOLW

pozitive ale capitalului mprumutat

LL FDSLWDOXULORUSURSULLDOHXQHLvQWUHSULQGHULFDXUPDUHDHIHFWHORU

%LEOLRJUDILHVXSOLPHQWDU

CROMPTON, J.L.

DANN, G.M.S.

),/,$875$17L

RICHIE

GRAY, H.P.

SCHMOLL, G.A.

Motivation for pleasure vocation, Annals of Tourism Research, nr.6, 1979,

p. 408-421
Tourist motivation: an appraisal, Annals of Tourism Researck, nr.8/1981,
p. 187-219
Joint Purchasing decisions: a comparison of influence structure in family
and couple decision-making unit, Journal of Consumer Research, nr.
7/1980,
p. 131-140
The demand for international travel by the US and Canada, International
Economic Reviow, p. 83-92, nr. 7, 1966..
Tourism promotion, London: Tourism International Press (1977)
QWUHE

ULUHFDSLWXODWLYH

DHILQL LFRQFHSWXOGHEXJHWGLVSRQLELOSHQWUXWXULVPLQXPL LIDFWRULLGHFDUHGHSLQGHP

ULPHDDFHVWXLD

'HILQL LFRQFHSWHOHGH

consum;

PXQF SO WLW 

WLPSQHSO WLW
&HUHIOHFW FXUEHOHGHLQGLIHUHQ

PDLvQGHS UWDWHGHRULJLQHDVLVWHPXOXLGHD[HFRQVXP

-timp?

&XPVHQXPHWHFRPELQD LDvQWUHHIHFWXOGHVXEVWLWX LHLHIHFWXOYHQ

itului?

&H LQIOXHQ HD]  VHPQLILFDWLY GHFL]LD RSWLP  GH DOHJHUH D WXULVPXOXL FD ILUP  GH FKHOWXLUH D EXJHWXOXL

disponibil?
&DUHVXQWHIHFWHOHVFKLPE ULORUGHYHQLWLSUH XULDVXSUDFHUHULLWXULVWLFH"
&DUHVXQWHIHFWHOHVF GHULLFUHWHULLSUH XOXLLYHQL

tului asupra consumului turistic?

&XPLQIOXHQ HD] vPSUXPXWXULOHLvPSUXPXW ULOHFRQVXPXOLQWHUWHPSRUDOGHWXULVP"

&XPLQIOXHQ HD] PHPEULLIDPLOLHLOXDUHDGHFL]LHLSHQWUXDFKL]L LRQDUHDGHEXQXULLVHUYLFLLVDXSURGXVH

turistice?

Teste de autoevaluare


Care sunt determinantele cheie ale cererii pentru turism?

a) WLPSXOOLEHUWLPSXOSO WLWFHUHUHDHIHFWLY 
b) FHUHUHDPXQFDSO WLW LWLPSXOOLEHU
c) FRQVXPXOPXQFDSO WLW LWLPSXOQHSO WLW

(2 pct.)

5HSUH]HQWD LJUDILFGRX FRPELQD LLvQWUHFRQVXPGHWXULVPLWLPSXOSO WLW

(2 pct.)

(IHFWXOQHWHVWHRFRPELQD LHvQWUH

a)
b)
c)


(2 pct.)

WLW

SUHIHULQ HOHLQGLYLGXDOHLFRQVXPXOGHWLPSSO

WLWVDXQX

HIHFWXOYHQLWXOXLLSUHIHULQ HOHLQGLYLGXDOH

5HSUH]HQWD LJUDILFRS LXQHDSHQWUXGHVWLQD LLOHWXULVWLFHDOWHUQDWLYH

a)


YHQLWXOQHWLWLPSXOSO

OLWRUDOXO0

ULL1HJUHL0kQ

(2 pct.)

VWLULOHGLQ0ROGRYD

(IHFWHOHVFKLPE ULORUGHYHQLWDVXSUDFHUHULLWXULVWLFHSRWIL

(2 pct.)

a) exclusiv pozitive;
b) exclusiv negative;.
c) ambele.



CeLQGLF

vQDOHJHUHDGLIHULWHORUIRUPHGHWXULVP"

(2 pct.)

Momentul consumului turistic este decizie:

a) cu risc nalt;
b) LQWHUWHPSRUDO 
c) cu risc intertemporal.

(2 pct.)

&HvQ HOHJH LSULQ

(2 pct.)

a)
b)


FXUEHOHGHLQGLIHUHQ

WXULWLU

FLW

ori

WXULWLVRODUL

5ROXOVR LORULVR LLORUvQOXDUHDGHFL]LLORUSHQWUXWXULVPDIRVWVWXGLDWGH

(2 pct.)

a) Davis, Debinan, Ritchie.

b) Veblen, Liebenstein.
c) Kirchler.


3UHIHULQ HOHGHFRQVXPSHQWUXWXULVPXOLQWHUQD LRQDOSRWILHVWLPDWHLSULQ

a) PHWRGDH[SHULPHQWDO 
b) PHWRGDFRPSRUWDPHQWDO
c) teoria jocurilor.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

c
UHSUH]HQWDUHJUDILF

b
UHSUH]HQWDUHJUDILF

c
SUHIHULQ HOHSHUVRQDOHSHQWUXGLIHULWHIRUPHGHWXULVP

b
DGRULQ DGHDSRUQLODGUXP

b. iubitori ai soarelui
9. a.
10.a.

VSXQVXUL

(1 pct.)

Studiu de caz nr. 1

SWXGLD LFXDWHQ LHXUP WRUXOFRQWUDFWGHF O WRULHWXULVWLF LU VSXQGH LDUJXPHQWDWODXUP
&DUHVXQWFOLHQ LL-WXULWLF URUDOLVHDGUHVHD] DFHVWFRQWUDFW"
&DUHYRUILHIHFWHOHVFKLPE ULORUGHSUH YHQLWDVXSUa cererii turistice?

WRDUHOHvQWUHE UL

3UH]HQWD LFkWHYDFDWHJRULLGHWXULWLFDUHYRUvQFKHLDDFHVWFRQWUDFW

Care va fi momentul consumului turistic?

6&&5,67,$18/6$%5$29

Str. Toamnei nr.2

Telefoane:068186346;068187033 Fax 068310810
%21'(&20$1'

&2175$&7'(&

725,(785,67,&

NR................din.........................
6XEVHPQDWXODQ VFXW ODGDWDGHvQORFDOLWDWHD

MXGH XOILXO ILLFD OXL  L DO  FX GRPLFLOL

ul n ...............
.str. ............................ nr...... bloc........... scara ........ apartament ..... etaj ... posesor al BI.......................
HOLEHUDW GH  OD GDWD GH  YDODELO SkQ  OD GDWD GH...... salariat la .............n
IXQF LDGH

7(/()21VHUYLFLXDFDV PRELO

&RPDQG6&&5,67,$18/6$%UDRYSDFKHWXOGHVHUYLFLLSUH]HQWDWvQ

.....................
(catalog / pliant / alt nscris):.................................
-'HVWLQD LD
- PerioadDQU]LOHQUQRS LFD]DUH
-0LMORDFHGHWUDQVSRUWLFDWHJRULDORU........................
-7LSXOLFDWHJRULDVWUXFWXULORUGHSULPLUH
-6HUYLFLLGHPDV SHQVLXQHFRPSOHW GHPLSHQVLXQHPLFGHMXQI U PDV .............................
- Programul turistic ....................................................................................................................................
-$OWHVROLFLW ULVSHFLDOH................................................................................
1XP UXOGHSHUVRDQHSHQWUXFDUHVHFRPDQG SDFKHWXOGHVHUYLFLLF O WRULD
GLQFDUHFRSLLvQYkUVW GHLDF

tele de identitate ale acestora:

....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
&DWDORJXO SOLDQWXODOWvQVFULV  FRQGL LLOHJHQHUDOH GH YkQ]DUH L Youcherul fac parte din prezentul
contract.
 ,QIRUPD LLOH FXSULQVH vQ PDWHULDOHOH SXEOLFLWDUH SUH]HQWDWH ILHF UXL WXULVW DQJDMHD]  YkQ] WRUXO GH

pachete de servicii n afara cazurilor n care:

- HYHQWXDOHOH VFKLPE UL vQ DFHVWH LQIRUPD LL DX
contractului.
- PRGLILF ULOHDXIRVWHIHFWXDWHFXDFRUGXOS U LORU

IRVW FRPXQLFDWH

turistului naintea ncheierii

 7XULWLL FDUH vQFHDUF  SULQ RULFH PLMORDFH V  RE LQ  SH QHGUHSW GHVS JXELUL VDX FHL FDUH vQOHVQHVF

asemenea fapte vor suporta rigorile legii.

6. La data
&20$1'

FRQILUP ULL GH F WUH DJHQ LH D VHUYLFLLORU FRPDQGDWH GH WXULVW SUH]HQWXO %21 '(

GHYLQHFRQWUDFWGHF O WRULHWXULVWLF vQWUHS U L

6HPQ WXUDWXULVWXOXL

............................................
Data...................................

6HPQ WXUDDJHQWXOXL

..........................................

'DWDFRQILUP ULL

Studiu de caz nr. 2

SWXGLD L FX DWHQ LH XUP

WRUXO ERQ GH FRPDQG  OD ELOHWXO GH RGLKQ  L WUDWDPHQW (O HVWH RIHULW GH F WUH 6&

&ULVWLDQXO6$%UDRYLHVWHRIHULWWXWXURUWXULWLORUFDUHDSHOHD] ODDFHDVW VRFLHWDWH

5 VSXQGH LODDFHOHDLvQWUHE ULFDvQVWXGLXOGHFD]QU

A.
B.

3UH]HQWD LDVHP Q ULOHLGHRVHELULOHGLQWUHFHOHGRX FRQWUDFWH

6&&5,67,$18/6$%5$29

Str. Toamnei nr.2

Telefoane:068186346;068187033 Fax 068310810
%21'(&20$1'

&2175$&7'(&

725,(785,67,&

LA BOT nr................/.........................
1XPHOHLSUHQXPHOHWXULVWXOXL

Adresa .........................................................................................................................................................
7HOHIRQ FRPDQG OD 6& &ULVWLDQXO 6$ %UDRY SDFKHWXO GH VHUYLFLL vQ

statiunea........................................ SHQWUX SHULRDGD SUH]HQWDW vQ RIHUWD DJHQ LHL

Sume achitate n avans:
- FKLWDQ DQU OHL
- FKLWDQ DQU........................./ .........................= .................................................. lei
Total ncasat ..........................................................lei
CONTRACT
2%,(&7 7XULVWXO FDUH SRVHG  %27 ELOHW GH RGLKQ -tratament) bHQHILFLD]  GH VHUYLFLLOH vQVFULVH vQ
DFHVWGRFXPHQWODQLYHOXOFDOLWDWLYLFDQWLWDWLYSHFDUHO-DDOHVGLQRIHUWDDJHQ LHL
MOD DE UTILIZARE: Cele 2 exemplare BOT sunt prezentate de turist la unitatea prestatoare de la

FDUHSULPHWHWLFKHWHOHGHFD]DUHLPDV SURJUDPXOGHPDV LSHQWUXWUDWDPHQW

5(63216$%,/,7

,,'(63

*8%,5,$VLJXUDUHDVHUYLFLLORUODQLYHOXOFDOLWDWLYLFDQWLWDWLYvQVFULV

vQ %27 UHYLQH vQ H[FOXVLYLWDWH SUHVWDWRUXOXL 'DF  DFHVWD QX HVWH DVLJXUDW WXULVWXO VH DGUHVHD]  vQ VFULV

pUHVWDWRUXOXLvQPRPHQWXOSURGXFHULLLDUDFHVWDDUHREOLJD LDUHPHGLHULLVLWXD LHLQFD]XOQHVROX LRQ

YDFRQWDFWDDJHQ LDYkQ] WRDUHSHQWUXUH]ROYDUHDSUREOHPHORU

ULL

7XULVWXO FDUH VH SUH]LQW  OD WUDWDPHQW I U  UHFRPDQGDUHD PHGLFDO  VDX I U  ILD PHGLFDO  FRPSOHWDW 
VDXFRPSOHWDW HURQDWVXSRUW WRDWHULVFXULOHFDUHGHFXUJGLQDFHVWHD

'HWHULRUDUHD EXQXULORU SUHVWDWRUXOXLSH SHULRDGD VHMXUXOXLGLQ YLQD WXULVWXOXLLQWU  vQ UHVSRQVDELOLWDWHD

DFHVWXLDFDUHYDVXSRUWDFRQWUDYDORDUHDGHVS JXELULLSHFDUHRY

a achita direct la prestator.

OT WXULVWXO YD VXSRUWD SHQDOL] ULOH
precizate n CONDI IILE GENERALE DE VNZARE A SERVICIILOR TURISTICE.
- DDF LQWHUYLQH FD]XO GH IRU  PDMRU  GRYHGLW FXDFWH turistul va suporta numai cheltuielile efectuate

Q FD]XO QHXWLOL] ULL VDX UHQXQ

ULL OD VHMXUXO FRQWUDFWDW SULQ %

GHDJHQ LHSkQ ODGDWDUHVWLWXLULL

'DF  VHUYLFLLOH FXPS UDWH QX VXQW FRQVXPDWH LQWHJUDO DJHQ LD QX L DVXP  UHVSRQVDELOLWDWHD

GHVS JXELULL5HJXODUL]DUHDVHIDFHFXSUHVWDWRUXO

QVLWXD LDvQFDUH DSDUHRUHFODPD LHXOWHULRDU VHMXUXOXLDFHDVWD HVWH FRQVLGHUDW QHDYHQLW LQX HVWH

vQU VSXQGHUHDDJHQ LHL

$JHQ LD DUH REOLJD LD V  LQIRUPH]H WXULWLL GHVSUH FRQGL LLOH L VHUYLFLLOH FH XUPHD]  D IL SULPLWH vQ

cadrul tarifului achitat. Alte cheltuieli care

QX VXQW SUHY ]XWH vQ %27 VHUYLFLL VXSOLPHQWDUH WD[H GH

VWD LXQHGHSDUFDUHHWFFDGvQVDUFLQDWXULVWXOXL

$POXDWODFXQRWLQ

FRQGL LLOHJHQHUDOHGHYkQ]DUHDVHUYLFLLORUWXULVWLFH

6HPQ WXUDDJHQWXOXL

............................................

6HPQ WXUDWXULVWXOXL

..........................................