EFFECTIVE STRESS

PROBLEM-1
Calculate total stress, porewater pressure and effective stress on a
horizontal plane at levels A, B, C, D and draw the depth versus stress
diagrams (z-s).

n 17 kN/m 3
k 18 kN/m 3
d 20 kN/m 3

d 18.5 kN/m3

SOLUTION-1
s s uw
POINT-A

s A n . z 17 3 51 kN/m3
uwA w . z 0
s A s A uw 51 kN/m 3

n 17 kN/m

k 18 kN/m 3
d 20 kN/m 3

POINT-B

s B 17 3 18 2 87 kN/m 3
uwB w . z 0
s B s B uw 87 kN/m3
POINT-C

s C 17 3 18 2 20 1 107 kN/m 3
uwC w . z 9.81 1 9.81 kN/m3

d 18.5 kN/m3

s C s C uw 107 9.81 97.19 kN/m3

POINT-D

s D 17 3 18 2 20 1 18.5 2.5 153.25 kN/m 3

uwD w . z 9.81 3.5 34.34 kN/m 3

s D s D uw 153.25 34.34 118.91 kN/m3

or briefly, using buoyant unit weights '

s D 17 3 18 2 (20 9.81) 1 (18.5 9.81) 2.5 118.91 kN/m3

VERTICAL STRESS DIAGRAM

SHEARING RESISTANCE of SOILS

PROBLEM-1
Diagnose thr soil type with the data from three shearbox tests.

100

200

300

max

58

115

175

200

Kesme Kutusu
Krlma Zarf

100

100

200

300

c=0 =30
Zemin Tr KUM

PROBLEM-2
Zemin rnekleri zerinde yaplan kesme kutusu deneyinde aadaki sonular
elde edildiine gre; bu zeminlerin trn tayin ediniz.
s (kPa)

10

20

30

Simge

t1 (kPa)

6.25

12.49

18.76

t2 (kPa)

18.54

22.67

26.51

PROBLEM-3
Results of four triaxial shear tests on a c- are given. Calculate the shearing resistance if this
soil is tested in the shear box at a normal stress of sn=200 kPa
s3 (kPa)

50

100

200

300

s1 (kPa)

150

300

600

700

Graphical solution must be used for tests more than two,because circles are variable

c=0 =30?? or

c=20kPa =20

s=max=c+stan=20+200tan20=

ELASTIC - PLASTIC
EQUILIBRIUM

PROBLEM-1
Calculate the shearing resistance of the sand at a normal stress of 100 kPa, given the result of
triaxial tests.
Test
No

Cell
pressure (kPa)

Deviator
stress

Major principal
stress, (kPa)

100

277.5

377.5

200

524.0

724.0

300

770.0

1070.0

Here, you have a choice:

use graphical or analytical method.

c=0 and =34: SAND

s c s tan 0 100 tan 34 67.5 kPa

s1f=s3N+2cN0.5

377.5=100N+2cN0.5
1070 =300Nf+2cN0.5

PROBLEM-2
The following results have been obtained from a triaxial (UU) test on a sample of clay. Determine the
type of soil and its parameters.
Test
No

Cell pressure
s3 (kPa)

Deviator Stress
sd (kPa)

Major principal stress

s1 (kPa)

100

140

240

200

135

335

300

150

450

We draw a horizontal envelope

regardless what the results show

Type: Normally loaded clay

70 67.5 75
71 kPa
3

PROBLEM-3
The uncunfined compressive stregth qu of a soil is given as 130 kPa olarak veriliyor. The same soil was tested in the
triaxial cell with the cell pressure s3=qu . The deviator stress at failure was measured as 230 kPa. Determine the
shearing resistance parameters and guess its type.
s3=0
s3=130

s 1 qu 130 kPa
s 1 s 3 s d 130 230 360 kPa

Graphic solution

Analytical solution

s1 s 3 N 2 c N
130 0 N 2 c N
360 130 N 2 c N
N

230
1.769
130

N tan 2 45 1.769
2

=16
From the stress circle c=50 kPa
=16
c- soil (overconsolidated)

130 2 c N c 49 kPa

PROBLEM-4
Serbest basma dayanm qu=100 kPa olan yumuak kil ve kayma direnci as =30 olan kum
iin s- diyagram izerek krlma zarflarn iaretleyiniz. Bu zeminlerin d=20 kN/m3 ise
yzeyden 5 m derinlikte kayma direnci denklemlerini yaznz.

Kayma direnci denklemleri

NL Kil
Kum

sc

qu 100

50 kPa
2
2

s s tan z tan 5 20 tan 30 57.7 kPa

PROBLEM-5
Aada kesiti verilen zeminden alnan numuneler zerinde eksenli kesme deneyi
yaplmtr. Buna gre kesitte a) efektif gerilmenin, b) kayma direncinin derinlikle
deiimini gsteren s-z dorularn iziniz.
YASS

SP

n =18.5

d =22.1

a) EFEKTF GERLME

KUMDA
KLDE

s 5m 37 3 22.1 9.81 73.9 kPa

s13m 73.9 8 18.7 9.81 145.1 kPa

b) KAYMA DRENC

d =18.7

CH

s 2 m 2 18.5 37

KUMDA

s 1 s 3 s deviatr max
s1 s 3 N 2 c N

UU Deney Sonular ( sdeviatrmax )

ZEMN

s3 = 100

s3 = 200

SP

70

140

CH

59

55

170 100 N

N 1.70

tan 2 45 1.70
2

s c veya

cu

s0

0.11 0.037 I P

s s tan15

0
YASS

37
SP

74

59
30 kPa
2

15

0
2

KLDE

340 200 N

9.9
19.8

30

30

CH

s c 30 kPa
13

145

PROBLEM-6

PROBLEM-7
Draw the total stress diagrams for the soil profile shown

GWL
SP

=32 OCR=3 d= 21 kN/m3

CH OCR= 1 IP= 40 d= 19 kN/m3

EARTH PRESSURES

PROBLEM 1:

Determine the active lateral earth pressure on the frictionless surface

shown in figure. Calculate the resultant force and its location from the
base of the wall.
STEP-1: Calculate Ka
H=5 m

d 20 kN / m3
30o
c0

1 Sin 1 Sin(30o ) 1
Ka

veya
o
1 Sin 1 Sin(30 ) 3

30 1
2
2
K a tan (45 ) t an (45 )
2
2
3

STEP-2: Calculate the vertical effective stress (sz)

Yzeyde: s z 0

uw 0

Tabanda: s z .H o (20 9.81) 5 51 kPa

uw w .H o 9.81 5 49 kPa

STEP-3: Calculate the lateral effective stress (sx)a

1
(s x ) a K a .s z 51 17 kPa
3

PROBLEM 1: (continued)
STEP-4: Sketch the lateral earth pressure distributions
Lateral
Earth
Yanal Toprak
Pressure
Basnc

Su BasncPressure
Hydrostatic

H=5 m

17 kPa

49 kPa

STEP-5: Calculate the active thrust

Pa Psu basnc Ptoprak basnc

where (Pwater pressure) is the due to the pore water and (Pearth pressure) is the lateral force due to the soil

Pa

1
1
1
1
(s x ) a H o u H o ( 17 5) ( 49 5) 165 kN/m
2
2
2
2

STEP-6: Determine the location of the resultant

Since both lateral pressure and the pore water (hydrostatic)pressure distributions are triangular over the
whole depth, the resultant is at the centroid of the triangle, that is;

z H o / 3 5/ 3 1.67 m

from the base of the wall

PROBLEM 2:

Determine the active earth pressure on the frictionless surface shown

15 kPa

GWT

STEP-1: Calculate Ka and Kp

H=4 m

d 19 kN/m

1 sin 1 sin 26
K a tan 2 (45 )

0.39
2 1 sin 1 sin 26
1 sin 1 sin 26
K p tan 2 (45 )

2.56
2 1 sin 1 sin 26

26o
c 8 kPa

STEP-2: Calculate the vertical effective stress (sz)

Yzeyde: s z 0 uw 0
Tabanda: s z .H o (19 9.81) 4 36.76 kPa
uw w .H o 9.81 4 39.24 kPa

STEP-3: Calculate the lateral effective stress at the base (sx)a

(s x )a Ka .s z 0.39 36.76 14.34 kPa

STEP-4: Calculate the lateral effective stress due to external load at the base(sq)a
(s q )a K a .q 0.39 15 5.85 kPa

STEP-5: Calculate the lateral tension effect due to cohesion (sc)a

(s c ) a

2c
N

28
26
tan 2 (45 )
2

10 kPa

PROBLEM 2: (continued)
STEP-6: Sketch the distributions of lateral earth pressure
15 kPa

GWT
GWT

Lateral
Earth
Yanal
Toprak
Pressure
Basnc

Yayl
Load
Yk

Hydrostatic
Su Basnc

Cohesion
Kohezyon

H=4 m

(+)
14.34 kPa

(+)
5.85 kPa

(+)
39.24 kPa

STEP-7: Calculate the total lateral force (thrust)

Pa Pearth Pload Pwater Pcohesion

1
1
(s x ) a H o (s q ) a H o u H o (s c ) a H o
2
2
1
1
Pa ( 14.34 4) 5.85 4 ( 39.24 4) 10 4
2
2
Pa 28.68 23.4 78.48 40 90.56 kN
Pa

(-)
-10 kPa

PROBLEM 3:
Determine the active earth pressure on the frictionless surface shown.
10 kPa
SW

n 17 kN/m3

H=3
GWT

SP
H=3

32o
SW

n 19.31 kN/m 3
30o
SP

STEP-1: Calculate Ka values

1 sin 1 sin 32
( K a ) SW tan 2 (45 )

0.307
2 1 sin 1 sin 32
1 sin 1 sin 30
( K a ) SP tan 2 (45 )

0.333
2 1 sin 1 sin 30

PROBLEM 3: (continued)
10 kPa

H=3

SW
n 17 kN/m3 GWT

32
SW
SP
d 19.31 kN/m 3

Yayl
Load
Yk

H=3

30
SP

Yanal Toprak
Lateral
Earth
Basnc
Pressure
SW
SW

III

II

Yanal Toprak
Lateral
Earth
Basnc
Pressure
SP
SP

IV
4

p1 q K aSW 10 0.307 3.07 kPa

p2 q K aSP 10 0.333 3.33 kPa
p3 K aSW nSW H SW 0.307 17 3 15.66 kPa
p4 nSW H SW K aSP 17 3 0.333 16.98 kPa
H SP K aSP (19.31 9.81) 3 0.333 9.50 kPa
p5 SP

FORCES

PRESSURES

p6 W HW 9.81 3 29.43 kPa

VI

Hydrostatic
Su
Basnc
Pressure

PaI 3.07 3 9.21 kN / m

PaII 3.33 3 9.99 kN / m
1
23.49 kN / m
2
16.98 3 50.94 kN / m

PaIII 15.66 3
PaIV

1
14.25 kN / m
2
1
29.43 3 44.15 kN / m
2

PaV 9.50 3
PaVI

P 152.05 kN / m

PROBLEM 4
Bir SW kumda yaplan kesme kutusu deneyinde aadaki sonular alnm. Kum 5 m
derinlikte byk bir kutuya ( B=10 m, L=30 m ) dolduruluyor. Kapan a) kuru
durumda skunette, b) kuru durumda aktif, c) kutu su ile dolu iken pasif durumda
alaca toplam itkiyi bulunuz.
3
3
H=5m

( k 19 kN / m , d 22.5 kN / m )
Results from Shearbox tests

max

L=30m

10
=
B

1 ) Calculate shearing resistance of sand:

a)

113 229
tan

37
150 300

Test No

150

300

113

229

s max s tan s tan37

K0 1 Sin 1 sin 37 0.398

p0 K 0 z k 0.398 5 19 37.81 kPa

tabanda

1
1

P0 k H 2 K 0 B 19 52 0.398 10 945.3 kN
2
2

sw

pa K a z k 0.249 5 19 23.66 kPa

Aktif
Durum
(Kuru
Kum)

5m

1 Sin
1

b ) K a tan 2 45

tan 2 26.5 0.249

2 1 Sin N

tabanda

1
1

Pa k H 2 K a B 19 52 0.249 10 591.4 kN
2
2

63.5
23.66 kPa

1 Sin

c) K p tan 2 45
N tan 2 63.5 4.023
2 1 Sin

p p K p z z w 4.023 5 12.69 5 9.81 255.26 49.05 304.31 kPa taban

sw

Pasif
Durum
(Batk
Kum)

5 m

Pp H 2 K p B w H 2 B
2

Pp 12.69 52 4.023 10 9.81 52 10

2

Pp 6381.5 1226.3 7607.8 kN

26.5

255.26 kPa

49.05 kPa

PROBLEM 5
Calculate the force F required to keep the door in active equilibrium.
30 1

K a SP tan 2 45
2 3

35

K a SW tan 2 45 0.271
2

FORCES (THRUST)

PRESSURES
p1 18 2

1
12 kPa
3

1
p2 18 2 20 9.81 1 15.4 kPa
3

p3 p4 18 2 10.19 1 0.271 12.5 kPa

p5 0
p6 22 9.81 3 0.271 9.91 kPa
p7 0
p8 9.81 4 39.24 kPa

1
2 12 12 kN / m
2
1
Pa 2 12 15.4 1 13.7 kN / m
2
Pa 3 12.5 3 37.5 kN / m
Pa1

MOMENTS

1
3 9.91 14.9 kN / m
2
1
Pa 5 39.2 4 78.4 kN / m
2
P 156.5 kN / m
Pa 4

M0 0

2
3
1

6 F 12 3 1 13.7 3.4 37.5 1.5 14.9 78.4 4 F 46 kN / m

3
3
3

PROBLEM 6 Construct the active pressure diagram on vertical plane XX

and calculate the thrust Pa.
Dry sand Submerged CH

k=19 kN/m3 SP
=300
YASS

d=18 kN/m3
3 =100
CH
c=10 kPa
2

d=22
=450

kN/m3

cohesion

VI
4

IV

III
X

pressures
1
p1 19 3 19 kPa
3
p2 19 3 0.704 40.13 kPa

p3 19 3 0.171 9.75 kPa

p4 18 9.81 3 0.704 17.30 kPa
p5 18 9.81 3 0.171 4.20 kPa
2c
2 10
p6

16.78 kPa
1.192
N

p7 22 9.81 2 0.171 4.17 kPa

p8 9.81 5 49.05 kPa

(- )

10

K aCH tan 2 45 0.704

2

V
5

30 1

K a SP tan 2 45
2 3

45

K aGW tan 2 45 0.171

2

CH

II

GW

submerged GW water

VIII

7 VII
8

FORCES

10

N CH tan 45 1.192
2

1
PaI 3 19 28.47 kN / m
2

PaII 3 40.13 120.39 kN / m

Pa III 2 9.75 19.5 kN / m
1
PaIV 3 17.30 25.95 kN / m
2

PaV 2 4.20 8.40 kN / m

PaVI 3 16.78 50.34 kN / m
1
PaVII 2 4.17 4.17 kN / m
2
1
PaVIII 5 49.05 122.63 kN / m
2

P 279.17 kN / m

rnek:

XX dzleminde aktif toprak basnc diyagramlarn izip toplam aktif kuvveti

Batk
(Pa) hesaplaynz.
Batk
3

CH

Kuru kum

k=19 kN/m3 SP
=300
YASS

d=18
3 =100
c=10 kPa

CH

d=22
=450

GW

kohezyon
CH

Su

GW

kN/m3

VI

II
4

kN/m3

IV

III
X

Basnlar

(-)

VIII

7 VII

Kuvvetler

p1 19 3

1
PaI 3 18.98 28.47 kN / m
2
PaII 3 40.13 120.39 kN / m

p3 19 3 0.171 9.75 kPa

Pa III 2 9.75 19.5 kN / m

p4 18 9.81 3 0.704 17.30 kPa

PaIV

1
18.98 kPa
3
p2 19 3 0.704 40.13 kPa

p5 18 9.81 3 0.171 4.20 kPa

p6

2c
N

2 10
16.78 kPa
1.192

p7 22 9.81 2 0.171 4.17 kPa

p8 9.81 5 49.05 kPa

30 1

K a SP tan 2 45
2 3

45

K aGW tan 2 45 0.171

2

10

K aCH tan 2 45 0.704

2

10

N CH tan 45 1.192
2

1
3 17.30 25.95 kN / m
2
PaV 2 4.20 8.40 kN / m
PaVI 3 16.78 50.34 kN / m
1
2 4.17 4.17 kN / m
2
1
5 49.05 122.63 kN / m
2

PaVII
PaVIII

P 279.17 kN / m

KISA SINAV-1
Aadaki kesitte srtnmesiz duvara etkiyen toplam
aktif kuvveti hesaplayp, bu kuvvetin etkime noktasn
bulunuz.
33 kPa

1 Sin
N
1 Sin
1
Ka
N
Kp N

SP
n=17 kN/m3
= 330

2.5 m
YASS

CI
d=19.81 kN/m3
=110
c=22 kPa

3.5 m

Sonular Ka virglden sonra 3 hane, ykler ve basnlar iin ise

2 hane olacak ekilde yuvarlaynz.

KISA SINAV-1 (zm)

33 kPa
SP
YASS

CI

n=17
kN/m3
= 330

2.5 m

d=19.81
3.5 m
kN/m3
0
=11
c=22 kPa

YK

SP

CI

CIKOHEZYON

SU

I
III

II
(+)

IV
(+)

V
(+)

VI
5

(-)

1 Sin
N
1 Sin

KaSP

1 1 Sin

0.295
N 1 Sin

1 1 Sin
KaCI

0.680
N 1 Sin

VII
(+)

KISA SINAV-1 (zm)

33 kPa
SP
YASS

CI

x=?

n=17
kN/m3
= 330

2.5m

d=19.81
3.5 m
kN/m3
0
=11
c=22 kPa

YK

SP

CI

SU

I
III

II
(+)

IV
(+)

p1 q KaSP 33 0.295 9.74kPa

p2 q KaCI 33 0.680 22.44kPa
p3 SP H SP KaSP 17 2.5 0.295 12.54kPa
p4 SP H SP KaCI 17 2.5 0.680 28.90kPa
H CI KaCI (19.81 9.81) 3.5 0.680 23.80kPa
p5 CI
p6

CIKOHEZYON

2c
2 22

36.29kPa
N
1.47

p7 w H w 9.81 3.5 34.34kPa

VI

(+)

(-)

VII

(+)

PI 9.74 2.5 24.35 kN / m

PII 22.44 3.5 78.54 kN / m
12.54 2.5
15.68 kN / m
2
PIV 28.90 3.5 101.15 kN / m
PIII

23.80 3.5
41.65 kN / m
2
PVI 36.29 3.5 127.02 kN / m
PV

34.34 3.5
60.10 kN / m
2
P 194.45 kN / m
PVII

194.45 kN / m X 24.35 4.75 78.54 1.75 15.68 4.33 101.15 1.75 41.65 1.17 127.02 1.75 60.10 1.17
X 2.03 m

RETAINING WALLS

PROBLEM-2: Check the equilibrium of the wall.

b20

DOLGU

duvar= 23 kN/m3

H=3.5 m

20

Df=1m
O

= 21 kN/m3
= 300

a88
B=2.5m

DOAL ZEMN

n = 18 kN/m3
= 150
c =12 kN/m2

Problem 2 (Solution) - Aktif ve Pasif Kuvvetlerin Hesab

b20

Pv

Pp

Ph

DOAL ZEMN

a 88, b 20, 20, 30

Pa

n = 18 kN/m3
= 150
c =12 kN/m2

a88
B=2.5m

K a 0.436

= 21 kN/m3
= 300

Pa

H=3.5 m
Df=1m

DOLGU

Coulomb

1
21 3.52 0.436 56.1 kN / m
2

15, b 0 K p tan 2 45 1.7

2

Pp

1
18 12 1.7 15.3 kN / m
2

Aktif Kuvvetin Yatay Bileeni Ph 56.1 cos 90 88 20 52 kN / m

Aktif Kuvvetin Dey Bileeni Pv 56.1 sin 90 88 20 21 kN / m

Problem 2 (Solution) - Duvarn Arl

B-2x
x

H=3.5 m

Duvar st genilii
tan a

3.5
3.5
x
x
tan a

3.5
2.50 2
2.50 2 0.122 2.25 m
tan 88

duvar= 23 kN/m3
Df=1m

a88

O
B=2.5m

M b, ta Alanta ta

1
2.5 2.25 3.5 23 191.19 kN / m
2

Mta=191.2

H=3.5 m

Problem 2 (Solution) - Sliding check

Pv=21

DOLGU
= 21 kN/m3
= 300

Pa=56.1
Ph=52

a88

Pp=15.3
B=2.5m

n = 18 kN/m3, = 150, c =12 kN/m2

Dey Fz Mb, ta +Pv 191.2 21 212.2 kN / m

Resisting Forces FR Fz f B c Pp

212.2

tan

15

2.5

12
R

15.3 37.42 20 15.3

3

FR 72.2 kN/m

GS KAYMA

Ph

72.2

1.39 1.50 KAYMAZ, GVENSZ

52

Df=1m

Mta=191.2

H=3.5 m

Problem 2 (solution) - Sliding check

DOLGU
= 21 kN/m3
= 300

Pv=21

Pa=56.1
Ph=52

a88

Pp=31.5

n = 18 kN/m3, = 150, c =12 kN/m2

B=2.5m

30, b 0 K p tan 2 45 3.0

2

Pp

1
21 12 3 31.5 kN / m
2

KONTROLDE
G.S.=1.00
ARANIR

212.2

tan

15

2.5

12
R

31.5 37.42 20 31.5 88.92 kN / m

3

FSSLIDING

Ph

88.92

1.71 1.50
52

Does not slide, safe

Problem 2 (solution) - Overturning control :

Pv=21

H=3.5 m

1.25m

Mb, ta=191.2
B/3=1.17m

Df=1m

O
2.46 m

B=2.5m

GSOVERTURN

Ph=52

RES

OVER

880
X

tan a

1.17
1.17
x
0.04 m
x
tan 88

191.2 1.25
239

26.03
52 1.17 21 2.46 60.84 51.66

Does not overturn, safe

Problem 2 (solution) - eccentricity

Mb, ta=191.2

Pv=21

H=3.5 m

1.25m

Df=1m

212.2

Ph=52

880
2.46 m

x M0

B=2.5m

212.2 x 191.2 1.25 21 2.46 52 1.17

M

x
F

229.82

1.08 m
212.2

B
2.5
e x
1.08 0.17 m
2
2

Problem 2 (solution) - eccentricity

Mta=191.2

Pv=21

x 1.08

Df=1m

212.2
e=0.17

H=3.5 m

1.25m

Ph=52

880

2.46 m

B=2.5m

smin=50.3

smax=119.5

min

0, s max qemn

max
min

max
s min

6e
1
BL
B
212.2 6 0.17

2.5 1
2.5
119.5 kPa
z

s max
s min 50.3 kPa

PROBLEM-3: Determine the dimensions of the wall against

sliding, overturning and eccentricity.

Dimensions selected
b20

duvar= 24 kN/m3

DOLGU
21
c0
30

8.5 m

Df=1.3 m

DOAL ZEMN 16 c 12 18

PROBLEM-3 (solution) - n Boyutlandrma

b=20-30cm

100

Seilen Boyutlar

Konsol

0.3 m

b20

0.08H-0.1H
0.33B

B=0.4H-0.7H

7.7 m
8.5 m

2.2 m

0.8 m

Df=1.3 m
B=6.5 m

(Gerekirse Di)

0.8 m

PROBLEM-3 (solution) Yanal Toprak Basnlar

Dolguda

0, b 20, 30

Try B=6.5m (0.4-0.7H!)

b20

(Rankine)

H=8.5 m

K a cos b
Pa

cos b cos b cos

2

0.397

1
21 8.52 0.397 301.2 kN / m
2

Pa Pa

Pv

Doal Zeminde 18

b=200

Ph
Df=1.3

cos b cos 2 b cos 2

Pp
b20

18

K p tan 2 45 1.894
2

1
Pp 16 1.32 1.894 25.6 kN / m
2

Ph Pa cos 20 283.04 kN / m
Pv Pa sin 20 103.02 kN / m

PROBLEM-3 (solution) Arlklar

0.3 m

b20

3.7 m

dolgu= 21 kN/m3
duvar= 24 kN/m3

Ms
Gvde

7.7 m
8.5 m

Mb

2.2 m

0.8 m

3.5 m

Df=1.3 m
B=6.5 m

Temel

0.8 m

0.8 0.3
7.70 24 124.8 101.6 226.4 kN / m
2
3.5 3.7
Ms
7.70 21 582.1 kN / m
2

M b 6.5 0.8 24

PROBLEM-3
(solution)
Sliding Check

DOLGU
21
c0
30

Ms=582.1

H=8.5 m

Mb=226.4

b20

Pv 103.02
b=200

Ph 283.04
Pp=25.6

Df=1.3

H/3=m
B=6.5 m

Doal Zemin 16 c 12 18

F
F
F

M b Pv M s

226.4 103.02 582.1

911.52 kN / m

2
2 18
2 12
2
Fz tan B c Pp 911.52 tan
6.5
25.6 271.4 kN / m
3
3
3
3

FSkayma

Ph

271.4
0.96 1.25
283.03

Wall slides! Assuming GS=1.25 is enough for sliding,

make a key to obtain the required additional passive resistance.

Mb=226.4

Wanted total passive resistance :

21
c0

30

Pv 103.02

Ms=582.1

Ph 283.04
H/3=m

Df=1.3

D=?

Pp=??

PROBLEM-3
(solution)
Kayma Kontrolu
Di Uygulamas

B=6.5 m

Doal Zemin 16 c 12 18

Ddi=?

Re quired additional passive res. :

FSsliding

Ph

271.4 PpEK

283.03

Key depth :1.4 m Then ;

1.25 Pp EK 283.03 1.25 271.4 82.39 kN / m

Wanted total passive resistance : PpToplam 25.6 82.39 107.99

107.99

FSoverturn

1
16 D2 1.89 D 2.67 m Ddi D D f Ddi 2.67 1.3 1.4 m
2

Ph

Key depth : 1.4m, Then : D f 2.7 m

1
Pp 16 2.72 1.894 110.46 kN / m
2
193.75 52 110.46

1.259 1.25
283.03

(Diten doan beton

arl lehimize
hesaba katlmadan).

MbTEMEL=124.8

MbBOYUN=101.6

PROBLEM-3
(solution)
Check for overturning

21
c0

30

Pv 103.02

Ms=582.1

Df1=1.3

Ph 283.04
8.5/3

Df2=2.7

B=6.5 m

Pp=110.46
Ddi=1.4
1

Doal Zemin

16 c 12 18

FSoverturn

2.6
3.25
4.7
Duvar temeli
MbTEMEL

Boyun
MbBOYUN

di

Duvar
zerindeki
molgu
Ms

124.8 3.25 101.6 2.6 1.4 1 24 3.25 582.1 4.7

8.5
Ph z Pv b
283.04
103.02 6.5
3
o

3514.8

26.6
132.3

MbTEMEL=124.8

MbBOYUN=101.6

PROBLEM-3
(solution)
Eccentricity

21

Pv 103.02

c0

30

Ms=582.1

Ph 283.04

Df1=1.3

8.5/3

Df2=2.7

B=6.5 m

Pp=110.46
Ddi=1.4

Doal Zemin

16 c 12 18

2.6

3.25

x Mo

4.7

x
F

boyun

temel

dolgu

Pv

Ph

405.6 264.16 109.2 2735.87 669.63 801.95 3382.51

3.58 m
911.52 33.6
945.12
M b Pv M s

M di 1.4 1 24

B
6.5
x
3.58 3.25 3.58 0.33 m
2
2
Fz 6e 945.12 6 (0.33)
189.7

kPa s min 0, s max qemn

101.1
BL
B 6.5 1
6.5

max
s min

di

PROBLEM-3
(solution)
Check for bearing capacity
(strip footing)

1
qd c( N c ) D f ( N q ) B( N )
2
= 18 Nc= 15.5

Nq=6

N=3.9

qd 12 15.5 18 1.3 6 0.5 18 6.5 3.9

186 140 228 554kPa
sem= qd/FS 185 kPa

smax=189kPa OK!

PROBLEM-5: Calculate the active pressure acting on the wall

a)Horizontal fill state of Rankine
b)Sloping (b) fill state by Rankine
c)Sloped (b) fill state by Coulomb
approaches.

25

b20
a ) Rankine, horizontal

sw

H=6m

= 350
k = 22kN/m3

K a tan2 45
Pa

35
0.271
2

1
22 62 0.271 107.32 kN / m
2

b ) Rankine, b

a8

K a cos b

Pa

cos b cos 2 b cos 2

cos b cos b cos
2

0.303

1
22 62 0.303 119.99 kN / m
2

c ) Coulomb, b

Ka

Pa

sin 2 a

sin sin b
sin 2 a sin a 1

sin a sin a b

1
22 62 0.378 149.69 kN / m
2

0.378

BEARING CAPACITY

PROBLEM 1: Calculate the highest axial column load (Qmax) for square and
circular footings.
Qmax

SC
Df=3m

c=10 kPa
=19 kN/m3 = 20

For =20
Nc=17.69
Nq=7.44
N= 4.97

B=Df=1

Footing base at -3m

But by definition Df B

For square footing

Df= 1m

qd 1.3 c N c 1 D f N q 0.4 2 B N

=(1.3x10x17.69)+(19x1x7.44)+(0.4x19x1x4.97) =230+141+28= 410 kPa

Ultimate load Pmax=qdxA=410x12 = 410 kN
Circular footing

qd 1.3 c N c 1 D f N q 0.3 2 B N

= (1.3x10x17.69)+(19x1x7.44)+(0.3x19x1x4.97)=230+141+28=399 kPa
Ultimate load Pmax=qdxA=399p0.52=313 kN
This is 76% of the square footing !!

PROBLEM 2: ekilde
verilen daire temelde 2.5
gvenlik says ile tanabilecek
yk (Qem=P) hesaplaynz.

2m

300

SP

n 19.5 kN / m3
YASS

3m

200
SC

c 15 kPa

d 20 kN / m3

qd K1 c Nc Cw 1 Df Nq C'w K2 2 B N
Daire Temel in ekil Katsaylar K1=1.3, K2=0.3 (D=B)

=30o Nq 22.46
ve
20o Nc 17.69, N 4.97 (Terzaghi)

YASS olmasa idi Cw=Cw=1

qd 1.3 15 17.69 119.5 2 22.46 1 0.3 20 3 4.97

qd 344.96 875.94 89.46 1309.36 kPa

Son Tama Gc

SP

Qd

p D2

p x32

qd
1309.36 9255 kN
4
4
Gvenli Tama Gc
Q
9255
Qemn d
3702 kN
GS
2.5

SC

YASS temel tabannda ise Cw=1, Cw=0.5

qd 1.3 15 17.69 1 19.5 2 22.46 0.5 0.3 20 3 4.97

qd 344.96 875.94 44.73 1265.63 kPa

Son Tama Gc

SP
YASS

SC

Qd

p D2

qd

p x32

1265.63 8946 kN

4
4
Gvenli Tama Gc
Q
8946
Qemn d
3579 kN
GS
2.5

YASS yzeyde ise

Cw=Cw=0.5

P
YASS

SP

SC

qd 1.3 15 17.69 0.5 19.5 2 22.46 0.5 0.3 20 3 4.97

qd 344.96 437.97 44.73 827.66 kPa
Ultimate load Qd

p D2

Allowable load Qemn

qd

p x32

827.66 5850.4 kN

4
4
Q
5850.4
d
2340 kN
GS
2.5

M=600 kNm
P=1200 kN

1.75 m

300

SP

k 20 kN / m3

footing to carry 1200 kN axial load and

600 kNm moment .

200
2m

c 20 kPa

d 19 kN / m3

PROBLEM 3: Design a square

SC
YASS

M
600

0.5 m B B 2e
P 1200
B
Re quired e
try min imum size B 3 m
6
B 3 2 0.5 2 m

ekil katsaylar yeni boyutlara gre bulunacak

B
2
B
2
K1 1 0.2 1 0.2 1.133 K 2 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.433
L
3
L
3
db 2
Su Seviyesi Dzeltme Katsaylar
0.67 Cw 0.82 (temelin gerek boyutu kullanlyor)
B 3
q K cN C D N C K BN
B B' alnacak
d

30 iin N q 22.46, 20 iin N c 17.69, N 4.97

qd 1.133 20 17.69 1 20 1.75 17.69 0.82 0.433 19 2 4.97
qd 400.86 619.15 67.06 1087.07 kPa
Qd q d B L 1087.07 2 3 6522.42 kN
GS

max
s min

Qd 6522.42

5.44
P
1200

P 6e 1200 6 0.5 267

1
1
0 kPa
B L
B 3 3
3
(temelin gerek boyutu kullanlyor)

PROBLEM 4: A footing will be designed to carry an axial load of 20000 kN with

one basement, using properties measured in laboratory. The owner has accepted
to use select material (c=0, f=40, =22kN/m3) up to the garden level.
P=20000 kN

Select fill

GP = 40 = 22 kN/m3
(backfill)

3.5m

CH (natural soil)
c = 60 kPa = 16 = 18.5 kN/m3

SOLUTION
We shall use basement depth as -3.5m and use it as the footing dimension
(B=Df). We shall then demonstrate the profound effect of Df on the bearing
capacity.
Bearing capacity factors from Table IV-1, page 97
CH =16 : Nc =13.68 N=2.94 ;
GP 40: Nq81.27
kitaptan

The ultimate bearing capacity of square footing by Terzaghi

qd 1.3cN c 1 D f N q 0.4 2 BN
=(1.3x60x13.68)+(22x3.0x81.27)+(0.4x18.5x3x2.94)
=(1067+5364+65)= 6496 kPa
The benefit of coarse material is observed in the high second term.
Let us use a FOS like 3 to be on the safe side
sall = qd/FOS = 6496/3 = 2165 kPa

The load to be carried by a footing 3.5 by 3.5:

Qem = sem x A = 2165x32 = 19485 KN

which is sufficiently above the required load Q=20000kN !

PROBLEM 5: YASS I dzeyinde iken ekilde gsterilen ykleri (Mx= 280 kNm,
My= 120 kNm, P= 1700 kN) 2.5 gvenlikle tayacak bir temeli Terzaghi yntemi ile
boyutlandrnz. Bulunan boyutlara gre su seviyesinin YASS II dzeyine dmesi ile
gvenlik saysnda oluacak deiimi hesaplaynz.

Tama gc katsaylar;
' 36 iin Nq 47.16, ' 28 iin Nc 31.61, N 15.15

Terzaghi

ift ynde eksantriklik var;

Mx =280 kNm, My =120 kNm MB =120 kNm, ML =280 kNm
eB

MB
120

0.071 m Bmin 6e 6 0.071 0.42 m

P 1700

eL

ML
280

0.165 m Lmin 6e 6 0.165 0.99 m

P 1700

Seim:

B=1.50 m, L=1.70 m

B B 2e 1.5 2 0.071 1.36 m

L L 2e 1.7 2 0.165 1.37 m

ekil katsaylar yeni boyutlar iin, BL olduu iin kare gibi;

YAS I-I iin;

da 3
1 Cw 0.5
Df 3

Son tama gc Terzaghi ile;

K1 1.3

K2 0.4

db
0

0 C* w 0.5
B 1.50

(B=B, Df>B olduu iin Df=B alnacak)

qd K1 c Nc Cw 1 Df Nq C* w K 2 2 B N
qd 1.3x40x31.61 0.5x20x1.50x47.16 0.4x0.5x19x1.36x15.15
1643.72 707.4 78.30 2429.4 kPa
Yk:

Gvenli Yk:

Qd qd B L 2429.4 1.36 1.37 4526.5 kN

Qemn

Qd 4526.5

1811 kN
GS
2.5

YASS II-II iin;

Son tama gc;

da 0
0 Cw 1
Df 3

db
0

0 C* w 0.5
B 1.50

qd K1 c Nc Cw 1 Df Nq C* w K 2 2 B N
qd 1.3x40x31.61 1x20x1.50x47.16 0.4x0.5x19x1.36x15.15
1643.72 1414.8 78.30 3136.82 kPa

Yk:

Qd qd B L 3136.82 1.36 1.37 5845 kN

Bylece su seviyesinin drlmesi ile

GS

Qd 5845

3.44 e ykseliyor.
P 1700

PROBLEM 6:
Calculate the reduction in the ultimate bearing capacity of the
footing shown below if the GWT rises from level AA to BB.

3
3
GWL rises

3.5
A

A
c=11kPa =15 d=21kN/m3

SOLUTION
Using Terzaghi formula

GWL

GWL at A-A:
=15 izelge IV- 1

Nc=12.9 Nq=4.5 N=2.2

da/Df= 0.0/4.0= 0
ekil 4.13
Cw=1.0

db/B=3/3.5=0.86

and Cw*=0.91

Infinite (strip) footing L>>B

* 1
qd c( N c ) Cw D f ( N q ) Cw B( N )

qd ( 11 12.9 ) 1.0( 21 3.5 4.5 ) 0.91( 0.5 21 3.5 2.2 )

141.9 330.75 73.6 546 kPa

GWL rises to B-B

da/Df= 3.0/4.0= 0.75
ekil 4.13
Cw= 0.63
0.50

db/B=0/3.5=0.0

Cw=

qd ( 11 12.9 ) 0.63( 21 3.5 4.5 ) 0.50( 0.5 21 3.5 2.2 )

141.9 208.4 40.4 391 kPa
This means a drop of 28% by a rise of 3 m in the groundwater level!

PROBLEM 7:
Design a rectangular footing to carry the axial load and moments
shown on soil with c=20 kPa, =20 and n= 18 kN/m3 at a depth of
1.5m.
MB=450kNm

ML=750kNm
P=950kN

SOLUTION:
I shall select dimensions to provide a square footing. So,
eL= ML/P= 750 kNm/950 kN = 0.79m
eB= MB/P= 450 kNm/950 kN = 0.48m
Therefore, use

L= 3.10m

L=L-2eL= 3.10-1.58 1.50m

B= 2.50 m B =B-2eB=2.50-0.96 1.50m

izelge IV-1

=20:

Nc =17.69

Nq= 7.44

N= 4.97

Kare temelin son tama gc

qd 1.3cN c 1D f N q 0.4 2 BN
Qd= (1.5)2{(1.3x20x17.69)+(18x1.5x7.44)+(0.4x18x1.50x4.97)}
= 2.25(460 + 201 + 54) = 2.25x715 = 1608 kN
FOS = 1608/950 = 1.70 < 3.0

TRY AGAIN !

Check contact stresses

P
6e
950
6 0.79
s max
(1 )
(1
) 310kPa
B L
B
3.1 2.5
3.1
950
6 0.48
s min
(1
) 18kPa
3.1 2.5
2.5
Dimensions are unsuitable, try again!