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Periodic Table

Ions and Bonds

Ions and Ionic Bonds:


At the conclusion of our time
together, you should be able to:
1. Identify an ion as a cation, anion,
monatomic or polyatomic
2. Explain the charge of an ion
3. Define an ionic bonds
4. Form ionic bonds based on an elements
position on the periodic table

Ions

An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has a


net positive or negative charge.

Cation ion with a positive charge


If a neutral atom loses one or more
electrons it becomes a cation.

Na

11 protons
11 electrons

Na+

11 protons
10 electrons

Anion ion with a negative charge


If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons
it becomes an anion.

Cl

17 protons
17 electrons

Cl-

17 protons
18 electrons

Cation
an ion with a positive charge.

A
Anion
an ion with a Negative charge.
I
O
N

A monatomic ion contains only one atom


Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, O2-, Al3+, N3-

A polyatomic ion contains more


than one atom

OH-, CN-, NH4+, NO3-

How to calculate electrons in


ions..
When working with ions, you need to look at +
the charge next to the element (example: Li 2 ,
the charge is the 2+). Take the charge and
subtract it from the total number of electrons if
it is positive. Add it to the total number of
electrons if it is negative. (example: Lithium has
an atom number of 3, which means it has 3
electrons. However, when Lithium has a 2+
charge, you have to subtract two from the total.
This gives you, 1 electron.

Do You Understand Ions?


+
27
3
How many protons and electrons are in 13 Al ?

13 protons, 10 (13 3) electrons


2- ?
Se
How many protons and electrons are in 78
34

34 protons, 36 (34 + 2) electrons

2.5

IONIC BOND
bond formed between
two ions by the
transfer of electrons

Octet Rule = atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons


so as to have 8 electrons
C would like to
N would like to
O would like to

Gain 4 electrons
Gain 3 electrons
Gain 2 electrons

1). Ionic bond electron from Na is transferred to Cl,


this causes a charge imbalance in each atom. The Na
becomes (Na+) and the Cl becomes (Cl-), charged
particles or ions.

Example:
Example of Ionic Bonding

Na +

Na + [ F ]

Ions from Nonmetal Ions


In ionic compounds, nonmetals in 15, 16, and 17
gain electrons from metals

Nonmetal add electrons to achieve the octet


arrangement

Nonmetal ionic charge:


3-, 2-, or 1-

Formation of Ions from Metals


Ionic compounds result when metals react with
nonmetals
Metals lose electrons to match the number of valence
electrons of their nearest noble gas

Positive ions form when the number of electrons are


less than the number of protons

Group 1 metals

ion 1+

Group 2 metals

ion 2+

Group 13 metals ion 3+

Some Typical Ions with Positive


Charges (Cations)
Group 1

Group 2

Group 13

H+

Mg2+

Al3+

Li+

Ca2+

Na+

Sr2+

K+

Ba2+

Ionic Bond
Between atoms of metals and nonmetals
with very different electronegativity
Bond formed by transfer of electrons
Produce charged ions all states. Conductors
and have high melting point.
Examples; NaCl, CaCl2, K2O

Ionic Bonds: One Big Greedy Thief


Dog!

COVALENT BOND
bond formed by the
sharing of electrons

Covalent Bond
Between nonmetallic elements of similar
electronegativity.
Formed by sharing electron pairs
Stable non-ionizing particles, they are not
conductors at any state
Examples; O2, CO2, C2H6, H2O, SiC

Bonds in all the


polyatomic ions
and diatomics
are all covalent
bonds

There are two types of bonding;

Ionic Bonding usually a metal cation and a non-metal anion


Covalent Bonding results from the sharing of two electrons between
two atoms (usually non-metals) resulting in molecules
Octet Rule applies for Covalent Bonds Too

+ H

number of electrons around each atom = He

Cl +

Cl

Cl

Cl

number of electrons around each atom = Ar

N +

Triple bond

number of electrons around each atom = Ne

Each Covalent Bond (a.k.a each black line)


represents two electrons

Carbon dioxide, CO2


O

Total Number of valence electrons = 4 + (2 x 6) = 16

+ O

C O =

Double bonds

Rules for Drawing Lewis Structures

First sum the number of valence electrons from each atom


Complete the octets of elements bonded to the central element
(remember that H can only have two electrons)
Place any left over electrons on the central atom, even if doing so it
results in more than an octet
If there are not enough electrons to give the central atom an octet ,
try multiple bonds

E.g. 1. PCl3

Cl

P Cl
Cl

Total Number of valence electrons = 5 + (3 x 7) = 26

Cl P Cl
Cl

Cl P Cl
Cl

E.g. 2; CHBr3
Total Number of valence electrons = 4 + 1 + (3 x 7) = 26

Br
Br C H
Br
Exceptions to the Octet Rule in Covalent Bonding
1. Molecules with an odd number of electrons
2. Other Natural Radicals, which do not obey Lewis Structures
(e.g. O2)
2. Molecules in which an atom has less than an octet
3. Molecules in which an atom has more than an octet

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