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Ions
Na
11 protons
11 electrons
Na+
11 protons
10 electrons
Cl
17 protons
17 electrons
Cl-
17 protons
18 electrons
Cation
an ion with a positive charge.
A
Anion
an ion with a Negative charge.
I
O
N
2.5
IONIC BOND
bond formed between
two ions by the
transfer of electrons
Gain 4 electrons
Gain 3 electrons
Gain 2 electrons
Example:
Example of Ionic Bonding
Na +
Na + [ F ]
Group 1 metals
ion 1+
Group 2 metals
ion 2+
Group 2
Group 13
H+
Mg2+
Al3+
Li+
Ca2+
Na+
Sr2+
K+
Ba2+
Ionic Bond
Between atoms of metals and nonmetals
with very different electronegativity
Bond formed by transfer of electrons
Produce charged ions all states. Conductors
and have high melting point.
Examples; NaCl, CaCl2, K2O
COVALENT BOND
bond formed by the
sharing of electrons
Covalent Bond
Between nonmetallic elements of similar
electronegativity.
Formed by sharing electron pairs
Stable non-ionizing particles, they are not
conductors at any state
Examples; O2, CO2, C2H6, H2O, SiC
+ H
Cl +
Cl
Cl
Cl
N +
Triple bond
+ O
C O =
Double bonds
E.g. 1. PCl3
Cl
P Cl
Cl
Cl P Cl
Cl
Cl P Cl
Cl
E.g. 2; CHBr3
Total Number of valence electrons = 4 + 1 + (3 x 7) = 26
Br
Br C H
Br
Exceptions to the Octet Rule in Covalent Bonding
1. Molecules with an odd number of electrons
2. Other Natural Radicals, which do not obey Lewis Structures
(e.g. O2)
2. Molecules in which an atom has less than an octet
3. Molecules in which an atom has more than an octet