Limitele funciilor elementare

f : R R, f ( x) c , c R.

1) Funcia constant

Aplicaii
lim f ( x) lim 12 ;
x 2

lim f ( x) c, a R

x2

lim f ( x) lim 12

x a

lim f ( x) lim 12
x

2) Funcia polinomial ( a n 0, n {1,2}); f : R R,

lim (3x 2 4 x 1)

f ( x) a n x n a n 1 x n 1 ... a1 x a 0 , ai R, i 0, n ,

x 2

lim f ( x) f (a), a R;
x a

, dac (a n 0, n impar) sau (a n 0, n par);

lim f ( x) lim x n a n
x
x
, nrest.

lim (3x 2 4 x 1)

lim (3x 2 4 x 1)
x

, dacan 0;
lim f ( x) lim x n a n
x
x
, dacan 0.

3) Funcia raional f : R \ {x | Q( x) 0} R,

P( x) an x n an1 x n1 ... a1 x a0
;

Q( x) bm x m bm1 x m1 ... b1 x b0
lim f ( x) f (a), a R, Q(a) 0; dac x = a i Q(a) = 0 se calculeaz limitele
f ( x)

x a

laterale;

0, dac : n m;
a

lim f ( x) n , dac : n m;
x
bm
an
nm
() , dac : n m.

b
m
4) Funcia radical
f : [0, ) R, f ( x) x ; lim f ( x) a , a 0; lim
x a

f : R R, f ( x)

x a

x .

x ; lim 3 x .
x

Teorem Fie irul (x n ), cu x n n , n 1, R.

0, dac . 0,

Atunci lim n 1, dac 0,

n
, dac 0.

Dac 1 < b: lim b x b a , a R; lim b x 0; lim b x .

x

x 2 3x 1

5x 2 2

lim

x 2 3x 1

5x 4

lim 2 x 1
x 3

lim 3x 1
x

lim

Dac 0< b<1: lim b x b a , a R; lim b x ; lim b x 0.

x a

lim

5) Funcia exponenial f : R (0, ), f ( x) b x , b 0, b 1.

x

x 2 3x 1

x 2 x 3 x 3

lim

x a

x2

x 2 3x 1

x4

x ; lim 3 x 3 a ; lim

lim

Teorem Fie irul (a ), cu baza a.

0, daca ( 1,1),
1, daca 1,

n
Atunci lim a
n
, daca 1,

nuexist , daca 1.

2x3 x 1

lim 5
x

x 3

2
; lim
x 3 7

x

3
lim 3 ; lim
x
x 5

x

2 x 3x

x 3 x 4 x

lim

x2

x 2 x

lim

6. Funcia logaritmic f: (0, ) R, f(x) = log b x , b 0, b 1.

Dac 0< b<1: lim f ( x) , a 0; lim f ( x) f (a), a (0, );
x 0
x 0

xa

lim f ( x) .
x

Dac 1 < b: lim f ( x) ; lim f ( x) f (a), a (0, ); lim f ( x) .

x 0
x 0

xa

7. Limitele funciilor trigonometrice

f : R [1,1], f ( x) sin x ; lim sin x sin a ;

lim lg x

f : R \ {2k 1

xa

| k Z } R, f ( x) tgx ; lim tgx tga ,

lim cos x
x

; lim cos x

f : R \ {k | k Z } R, f ( x) ctgx ; lim ctgx ctga ,

lim ctgx

x a

x 0
x 0

x 0
x 0

f : [1,1] , , f ( x) arcsin x ; lim arcsin x arcsin a ;
x a
2 2
f : [1,1] 0, , f ( x) arccosx ; lim arccosx arccosa ;
xa

f : R , , f ( x) arctgx ; lim arctgx arctga , a R ;
xa
2 2
; lim arctgx
x

; lim tgx

; lim ctgx

a R \ {k | k R} ; lim ctgx ; lim ctgx .

lim tgx

; lim sin x

x a

lim arctgx

x 0
x 0

lim sin x
x

; lim log 5 x

a R \ {2k 1 } ; lim tgx ; lim tgx

/2
x / 2
2 xx
/ 2
x / 2

x 0
x 0

lim log 1 x

x a

f : R [1,1], f ( x) cos x ; lim cos x cosa ;

; lim log 1 x

x 0
x 0

lim arcsin x ; lim arcsin x

x 1

2
2

lim arccosx ; lim arccosx

x

1
2

lim arctgx

x 3

2
2

; lim arctgx
x 1

f : R (0, ), f ( x) arcctgx ; lim arcctgx arcctga , a R ;

lim arcctgx ; lim arcctgx

x 1

x 3

x a

lim arcctgx ; lim arcctgx 0 .

x

LIMITE REMARCABILE
x

1
1
1
lim 1 lim 1 lim 1 t t e ;
x
x
t 0
x
x

a x 1
ln 1 x
ln a, a 0, a 1;
lim
1 ; lim
x 0
x 0
x
x
lim

x 0

1 x r 1 r , r R * .
x

sin x
tgx
arcsin x
arctgx
1 ; lim
1 ; lim
1 ; lim
1.
x 0
x 0 x
x 0
x 0
x
x
x

lim

lim 1
x
2x

lim 1 sin x x
1

x0

ln 1 5 x

x
e6x 1
lim

x 0
3x
(1 4 x) 2 1
lim

x 0
x
sin 4 x
tg 3x
lim

lim

x 0
x 0 2 x
x
arcsin 5 x
lim

x 0
x
arctg 3x
lim

x 0
2x
lim

x 0

Operaii cu limite de funcii

Teorem Fie f , g : E R , a E i c R , iar lim f ( x) l1 , lim g ( x) l 2 . Atunci:

x a

x a

1) lim ( f g )(x) lim f ( x) lim g ( x) l1 l 2 ; Caz exceptat: ;

x a

x a

x a

2) lim cf ( x) c lim f ( x) cl1 ;

x a

x a

3) lim ( f g )(x) lim f ( x) lim g ( x) l1 l 2 ; Caz exceptat: 0 ;

x a

4) lim

xa

x a

x a

f ( x) l
f ( x) lim
0
x a
;
1 ; Cazuri exceptate: ;
g ( x) lim g ( x) l 2
0
x a

5) lim | f ( x) | | lim f ( x) | = | l1 |;
x a

xa

6) dac f ( x) 0 , x E i dac l1 2 are sens, atunci: lim ( f ( x)) g ( x ) lim f ( x)

l

x a

lim g ( x )

xa

x a

x a

xa

Cazuri particulare: lim n f ( x) n lim f ( x) n l1 ; lim b g ( x ) b x a

xa

lim g ( x )

l1 2 ;
l

b l2 , b > 0;

Cazuri exceptate: 0 0 ; 0 ;1 .

Aplicaii:

1) lim (3x 5 x ln x) ;
x 1

2x 2 6
;
x 5 x 2 x

2) lim

3) lim

x2

3x
;
x 1 4 x

4) lim

x
1 2 2 2 ... 2 x
x
; 7) lim
; 8) lim
;
2
x
2
x
x 1 3 3 ... 3
x
x 1 x 2
x 1 x

5) lim (sin x)(cosx) ; 6) lim

x

x2 4
;
x2

3x

x2 1
x 2 x 1

lim
9) lim
;
10)

x x 1
x 4 x 2 x

x 1