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Documente Profesional
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PUMP PIPING
By,
Sandeep More
Associate Engineer
Piping Department
Date 4th Dec 2006
Contents
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Pump
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Introduction to Pumps
Classification of Pump
Industry Codes & Standards
Selection Criteria for Pumps
NPSH & Cavitation
Definitions
Pump Piping
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Intoduction To Pump :
Definition :
Pump is a mechanical device used to add kinetic and potential energy to a
liquid for the purpose of moving it from one point to another. This energy will
cause the liquid to do work such as flow through a pipe or rise to a higher level and
Pump gives pressure to fluid passing through it and discharges the fluid to the
outside.
Classification Of Pump :
1) Dynamic
2) Displacement
Dynamic Pumps :
Displacement Pump :
Other Classification :
1) Classification by suction type :
- Single suction type
- Double suction type (for big volume pump)
2) Classification by the pump installation method :
- Vertical pump type
- Horizontal pump type
Type
Classification
by structure
Classification
by operation method
Specifics
Reciprocating
pump
- Piston pump
- Plunger pump
- Diaphragm pump
Rotary
pump
- Gear pump
- Screw pump
- Vane pump
Positive
displacement
pump
Centrifugal pump
- Radial flow
- Volute pump
- Mixed flow
pump
- Axial flow
pump
Special pump
- Jet pump
- Gas lift pump
- Wesco pump
Kinetic pump
Centrifugal Pump :
A centrifugal pump transforms mechanical energy from a rotating impeller into a
kinetic and potential energy required by the system.
Centrifugal Pump
Reciprocating pumps :
These are commonly used to move viscous liquids, inject chemicals or additives
into a system.
Rotary Pump :
Rotary pumps are used to move heavy or very viscous fluids such as
grease, asphalt, heavy fuel oil and sometimes heavy crude oils.
Gear Pump
Screw Pump
610, Centrifugal Pumps for Petroleum, Heavy Duty Chemical, and Gas Industry Services.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
Definitions
1.
2.
Casing, Radially Split Pump case split transverse to pump shaft axis.
3.
Diffuser
Pump design in which the impeller is surrounded by diffuser vanes where the gradually enlarging passages change
liquid velocity head into pressure head.
4.
Double Acting Liquid is discharged during both forward and return strokes of the piston.
5.
6.
Head, Acceleration Pressure change due to changes in velocity in the piping system.
8.
Impeller Bladed member of rotating assembly of a centrifugal pump which imparts force to liquid.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Recirculation
Controlling the quantity of flow through a pump by bypassing discharge liquid back to suction.
14.
15.
Single Acting Liquid is discharged only during forward stroke of the piston.
16.
Throttling Controlling flow rate by reducing cross-sectional flow area, usually by partially closing a valve in the
discharge piping.
17.
Total Differential Head (TDH) Pressure required in meters (feet) of head that the pump must produce. The
head at the discharge pump flange minus the head at suction flange.
18.
The difference between NPSHa and NPSHr is less than 0.3 1.0m at the time of
checking vendor data sheet [ that is, NPSHa NPSHr (0.3 1m)],
decision on NPSH test shall be made according to Engineering Specification SESGA-201E and API 610.
Pumps where difference between NPSHA and NPSHR is less than 0.6 meter are
not acceptable.
The diameter of the pump suction port is usually bigger than the discharge or exit
diameter in order to minimize the kinetic energy head entering the pump, because
this kinetic energy decreases the maximum suction lift and enhances cavitation.
10
H (Po Ps)
Sp.Gr
Where, H : Head (m)
Ps : Pump suction pressure (/)
Po : Pump discharge pressure (/)
Sp.Gr : Specific gravity at pumping temperature
NPSH Required
NPSHr H
Where, H : Pump differential head
: Cavitation coefficient of Thoma
NPSH Available
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NPSHa (P1 P2) P H
Sp.Gr
Where, P1 : Pressure at suction liquid level
(/)
P2 : Vapor pressure at suction temperature (/)
P : Pressure drop in suction line
(/)
H : Height between the normal liquid level and pump centerline (m)
CAVITATION
With moderate cavitation in a centrifugal pump, the pump will sound as though it is
pumping gravel or a slurry of sand and gravel.
Severe cavitation will cause the discharge pressure to fall and become highly erratic and
produce both flow and pressure pulsation.
PUMP PIPING
Strainers :
Strainers will be located between pump suction block valve and pump.
Type of strainer
1) Temporary strainer
2) Permanent strainer
Conical strainers are longer than the basket type.
These are used on suction lines 2 and larger.
For basket and conical types a removable
spool piece must be provided downstream of
suction block valve
Flat strainers use with very
short suction lines where no
debris is expected
Block Valve : Suction line should have positive shut off valve, use gate valve at the Up stream
of strainer.
Pump valves are operating valves, thus keep them as low as possible
Consideration of Cavitation
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Cavitation occurs when NPSHr is larger than NPSHa. Cavitation reduces the
performance of pump, causes vibration or noise and corrodes the materials.
Therefore, minimize pressure loss on pump piping and, care shall be taken to
avoid drifting on the nozzle.
Minimum required straight pipe on suction nozzle to prevent drifting
Suction type
End suction
Side
suction
Top
suction
Required straight
pipe on suction
2D 3D
Single suction
2D and over
Double suction
Single suction
2D and over
Double suction
Remarks
See figure 1.
See figure
2-1 and 2-2.
See figure 3.
Consideration of
straight pipe at
suction side is not
necessary for
straight-up or
straight down.
Single
Single suction
: 2D and over
Double suction
: 10D and over
2) Allow 1/20 and over of slope on suction line toward pump at vacuum tower.
3 ) If gate valve is to be installed on the line whose suction resource is located lower than the pump
suction nozzle, valve stem shall be horizontal.
Horizontal
Vertical
Discharge nozzle size is normally smaller than the suction nozzle size.
3)
4)
5)
Side Suction And Side Discharge Pump (For utility& Water Lines)
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These are used for large duty differential pressure and large bore lines, the pressure
difference between the pump suction and discharge , and are usually multi-stage pumps,
the liquid going through several stages of increasing the pressure before reaching the side
discharge nozzle. No of ells should be optimize allowable nozzle loading.
The two-diameter pup can be eliminated if the elbow from the suction nozzle is
horizontal.
This type of pump is mounted directly into the pipe line. For smaller sizes, the piping
system supports the pump and motor.
Vertical Barrel Type or Can pump ( Dry well Pump ) : ( CBD Tank )
This type of pump is installed in cooling tower water circulating service, retention
ponds and suction is taken from a sump below grade.
In most cases, there is no suction piping to be considered, but the discharge line must be
routed to ensure good access for pump maintenance
Pumps can be used for more than one service, such as pulling suction from one
source and discharging to three different locations or multi-service suction, which
using a pump for more than one service.
Metering Pump :
These pumps measured accurate flow rates that can be adjusted in operation to The
me provide a wide range of varying flow rates.
Since metering pumps permit little or no backflow, they are especially useful for
injecting liquids into containers or flow lines against high pressures.
Pulsation Damper :
The damper contains a diaphragm or bellows isolating the metered liquid from an
air or gas padded chamber. its use eliminates hydraulic hammer, established more favorable
NPSH conditions on the inlet side of the pump, and allows use of smaller pipe size by
reducing peak liquid velocity and acceleration.
Many pumps have auxiliary piping that is supplied by the vendor or the engineering
contractor .
When pump fluid is used a line is attached to the vent connection on the pump case.
The circulated fluid must be sent back to the pump stream and return to the seal to
pump internal clearances.
In viscous or high temperature hydrocarbon liquids the seal fluid medium circulates
from an external source through connections on the pump seal . This medium may be
clean gas or oil .
In fig the cooling water in and out of this particular pump is from above grade ,
however many cooling water systems are below grade so the piping layout designer must
find suitable location for this connection.
Seal Flushing
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For maintenance of the pumps located under the pipe racks or steel structures,
maintenance beam or hook shall be planned upward of the pump unless;
(1) Access way of maintenance vehicle is provided under the pipe rack.
(2) Access of automobile crane is possible.
Maintenance space 1000 mm required around pump and without major disassembly.
Pumps shall generally be lined up in parallel with the pipe rack to maintain a
uniformity of location.
Pump discharge points to be fixed in a line below pipe rack and to be about 500 mm
away from pipe rack bay.
In hydrocarbon or other flammable fluid service, threaded construction shall not be
used for piping connected to pump, including branch piping within 6 feet of pump
suction or discharge flanges or through suction or discharge block valves, which ever
is greater. Socket weld unions are acceptable.
Pump Spacing :-
Up to 2
2-5
1500
2000
6 - 10 12 - 14 16 - 18
2500
3000
4000
Height of pump foundation :Height of pump foundation shall be 100300mm from ground level or floor
level if it is on the paving or inside of building. But it shall be 300500mm for the
area where flood is expected.
Others
1) By-pass line which is installed on pump discharge line shall be routed without
pocket.
2) Avoid installation of chemical or water supply line near the suction nozzle of
reservoir so that air shall not be sucked in.
(3) If support is installed right close to suction or discharge nozzle, it shall be minutely
adjustable type so that centering can be convenient.
(4) A support installed around suction or discharge nozzle shall be such a type that piping
can be removed and pump can be dismantled easily.
Un-necessary support with respect to the load on pump nozzle :Although support would not seem to be necessary with respect to the load on pump
nozzle, indicate it on the drawing considering the temporary support of piping during
the time of pump maintenance.
Thank you