Europe Africa Asia

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Early European Explorers
Terms and People
Prince Henry Portuguese prince who

sponsored technology and map making to send
Portuguese mariners around Africa and to Asia
cartographer a map maker
Vasco da Gama Portuguese navigator; first to

sail around Africa to Asia
Christopher Columbus Italian navigator who

sailed west across the Atlantic and explored
what became known as the Americas
Terms and People (continued)
Line of Demarcation line drawn by the pope

dividing the non-European world into two zones
split between Spain and Portugal
Ferdinand Magellan Portuguese nobleman

who led the first expedition to circumnavigate
the globe in 1522
circumnavigate to sail around
How did the search for spices lead to

global exploration?
Throughout history, groups of peoplefrom the
ancient Greeks to Muslim Arabs and the Vikings
of Scandinaviahad explored the seas, trading
and migrating over long distances.
The European sailors of the 1400s began a
dramatic new period of exploration.
Europeans desired luxury goods from Asia,

especially spices.
Spices were used to flavor meats, preserve

food, and make perfumes and medicines.
Europeans had been introduced to these goods

during the Crusades, but demand had dropped
during the Black Death.
By the 1400s, Europes population was growing

again. Demand for spices rose.
Most spices came from a chain of islands in

Southeast Asia called the Moluccas.
Muslim traders carried

goods from Asia to the
Mediterranean.
Italian merchants then

brought them to
European cities.
Other Europeans
realized it could be
highly profitable to
bypass the Italian citystates and gain direct
access to Asia.
As Europeans sought new routes to Asia, they

benefited from new or improved technology.
magnetic
compass
First used by the Chinese; showed

direction
astrolabe
An ancient device, adapted for finding

latitude and telling time
Portugal led the way in exploration. Under Prince

Henry The Navigator, Portuguese expeditions
sailed eastward along the coast of Africa.
Henry gathered cartographers,
scientists, and other experts.
They redesigned ships, trained
sea captains, and prepared more
accurate maps.
Henry inspired explorers and
sponsored voyages.
Portugal hoped to Christianize the
Africans and find a route to Asia.
Henry died in 1460, but Portuguese navigators

continued his quest.
1497 Vasco de Gama sailed around Africa

and after 10 months reached India.
Vasco de Gama later helped Portugal build
a vast trading network around the Indian Ocean.
In 1492, Christopher Columbus sailed westward

across the Atlantic with three ships.
Born in the Italian city of

Genoa, he had persuaded
Ferdinand and Isabella of
Spain to sponsor his
journey.
He knew the world was
round, but underestimated
its size. As a result, he
sailed for many weeks.
On October 12, he and his

crew spotted land.
Columbus explored the islands of the Caribbean,

which he believed to be the East Indies.
He called the people
he met Indians.
He returned to
Spain a hero.
He led three more
voyages but never
realized that he had
not reached Asia.
In 1493, Ferdinand and Isabella appealed to

the pope to support their claim to all land in what
Europeans referred to as the New World.
The pope set a Line of Demarcation dividing all
non-European land between Portugal and Spain.
Land to the
west of the
line went
to Spain.
Land to the
east of the
line went to
Portugal.
In the Treaty of Tordesillas, in 1494, Spain and

Portugal agreed to the line set by the pope.
The line was very imprecise due to the lack of
knowledge of the geography at the time.
Other European nations were eager to defy what
they saw as arrogance on the part of Portugal
and Spain.
As nations scrambled to created their own

empires, an age of empire building began.
Early voyages of European explorers, 14871609
The Western Hemisphere was named

America in 1507 by German cartographer
Martin Waldseemller.
The name came from Italian sea captain Amerigo
Vespucci, who wrote about his visit.
The islands Columbus had mistaken for the East
Indies became known as the West Indies.
The English, Dutch, and French explored the coast

of North America.
They unsuccessfully
sought a northwest
passage to Asia.
In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan set out to find a

passage to the East by sailing south and west.
In 1521, after sailing around South America,
he and his crew crossed the Pacific. Magellan
himself was killed in the Philippines.
In 1522, one of his ships made it home to Spain,
the first to circumnavigate the entire globe.
Important European Explorers
European Footholds in the Eastern Hemisphere
Early European Expansion in Africa
Terms and People
plantation large estate or farm, run by an owner

or his overseer, where slaves were brought to work
Affonso I ruler of Kongo who wanted to

establish a modern Christian state and end the
slave trade
missionary a person sent to do religious work in

a territory or foreign country
monopoly the exclusive control of a business or

industry, such as the gold or slave trade
Terms and People (continued)
Cape Town Dutch settlement on the southern

tip of Africa that sold supplies to ships in the East
Indies trade
Boers Dutch farmers who settled in South

Africa around Cape Town
What effects did European exploration

have on the people of Africa?
European encounters with Africa had occurred
for hundreds of years.
The European explorers who arrived in the
1400s brought great and unforeseen changes
to Africas peoples and cultures.
During the 1400s, Portugal wanted to bypass

Arab middlemen and trade directly with Asia.
As they moved down the
West African coast, they
set up small trading posts.
They traded muskets and
tools for gold, ivory,
hides, and slaves.
Rounding the Cape of Good Hope, they sailed

up the East Coast.
The Portuguese attacked
and took Arab trading
centers at Malindi and
Mombasa.
The Portuguese also
traded in present-day
Zimbabwe and Zambia
in East Africa.
In the 1500s, Europeans began trading for

slaves on a large scale.
Europeans relied on African rulers and traders to

seize captives in the interior.
African slave traders

brought captives to
trading posts and
forts on the coast of
West Africa.
There, the captives

were exchanged for
guns, rum, tobacco,
and other goods.
Over the next 300 years, the Atlantic slave trade

grew into a huge and profitable business.
Each year, tens of
thousands of
enslaved Africans
were sold to work
on large
plantations in
North America,
South America,
and the
Caribbean.
A slave auction in the 1700s
Some African leaders unsuccessfully tried to stop

the slave trade.
Affonso I of Kongo had been converted to
Christianity by Portuguese missionaries. In the
1500s, he tried to persuade Portugal to end the
slave trade, but he was ignored.
In 1788, Futa Toro of Senegal forbade the slave
trade, but the French simply bypassed him.
The transatlantic slave trade would last for 300
years.
The slave trade caused some small African

states to disappear and powerful new slavetrading kingdoms to arise.
In the late 1600s, Osei Tutu unified the powerful
Asante kingdom in present-day Ghana.
By conquering neighboring people and creating
an efficient government, he gained monopolies
over the gold and slave trades.
As Portugals power declined, other European

nations established footholds in Africa.
By the mid-1600s, Britain and France reached
Senegal in West Africa.
By the 1700s, British explorers were looking for
the source of the Nile in East Africa.
In 1788, Britain established the African

Association, which sponsored exploration.
European exploration of Africa would explode in the
next century.
In 1652, Dutch settlers founded Cape Town, the

first permanent European colony in sub-Saharan
Africa.
Cape Town was settled by the Dutch farmers called
Boers, who were strict Calvinists.
They believed they were elected, or chosen, by God
and looked on Africans as inferior.
Over time, they ousted, killed, or enslaved local
Africans.
Boer herders and ivory hunters moved inland,
setting off a series of wars.

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TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.

Early European Explorers

Terms and People

Prince Henry Portuguese prince who

cartographer a map maker

Vasco da Gama Portuguese navigator; first to

Christopher Columbus Italian navigator who

Terms and People (continued)

Line of Demarcation line drawn by the pope

Ferdinand Magellan Portuguese nobleman

circumnavigate to sail around

How did the search for spices lead to

Europeans desired luxury goods from Asia,

Spices were used to flavor meats, preserve

Europeans had been introduced to these goods

By the 1400s, Europes population was growing

Most spices came from a chain of islands in

Muslim traders carried

Italian merchants then

As Europeans sought new routes to Asia, they

First used by the Chinese; showed

An ancient device, adapted for finding

Portugal led the way in exploration. Under Prince

Henry died in 1460, but Portuguese navigators

1497 Vasco de Gama sailed around Africa

In 1492, Christopher Columbus sailed westward

Born in the Italian city of

On October 12, he and his

Columbus explored the islands of the Caribbean,

In 1493, Ferdinand and Isabella appealed to

In the Treaty of Tordesillas, in 1494, Spain and

As nations scrambled to created their own

Early voyages of European explorers, 14871609

The Western Hemisphere was named

The English, Dutch, and French explored the coast

In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan set out to find a

Important European Explorers

European Footholds in the Eastern Hemisphere

Early European Expansion in Africa

Terms and People

plantation large estate or farm, run by an owner

Affonso I ruler of Kongo who wanted to

missionary a person sent to do religious work in

monopoly the exclusive control of a business or

Terms and People (continued)

Cape Town Dutch settlement on the southern

Boers Dutch farmers who settled in South

What effects did European exploration

During the 1400s, Portugal wanted to bypass

Rounding the Cape of Good Hope, they sailed

In the 1500s, Europeans began trading for

Europeans relied on African rulers and traders to

African slave traders

There, the captives

Over the next 300 years, the Atlantic slave trade

Some African leaders unsuccessfully tried to stop

The slave trade caused some small African

As Portugals power declined, other European

In 1788, Britain established the African

In 1652, Dutch settlers founded Cape Town, the

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