MICROWAVE ENGNEERING

(K Thut Siu Cao Tn)

Chapter 1

Transmission Lines

Huynh Phu Minh Cuong

hpmcuong@hcmut.edu.vn
Department of Telecommunications
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Ho Chi Minh city University of Technology
1

Chapter 1: Transmission Lines

Introduction
At low frequencies, an electrical circuit is completely
characterized by the electrical parameters like resistance,
inductance etc. and the physical size of the electrical
components plays no role in the circuit analysis.
As the frequency increases however, the size of the
components becomes important. The voltage and currents
exist in the form of waves. Even a change in the length of a
simple connecting wire may alter the behavior of the circuit.
The circuit approach then has to be re-investigated with
inclusion of the space into the analysis. This approach is then
called the transmission line approach.
2

Chapter 1: Transmission Lines

Introduction
Although the primary objective of a transmission line is
to carry electromagnetic energy efficiently from one
location to other, they find wide applications in high
frequency circuit design.

As the frequency increases, any discontinuity in the

circuit path leads to electromagnetic radiation.
Also at high frequencies, the transit time of the signals
can not be ignored. In the era of high speed computers,
where data rates are approaching to few Gb/sec, the
phenomena related to the electromagnetic waves, like
the bit distortion, signal reflection, impedance matching
play a vital role in high speed communication networks. 3

Chapter 1: Transmission Lines

Introduction
A transmission line is basically a two-conductor line for guiding
the signal power from one point to another.
A transmission line is a distributed parameter network, where
voltages and currents can vary in magnitude and phase over its length.
While ordinary circuit analysis deals with lumped elements, where
voltage and current do not vary appreciably over the physical dimension
of the elements.

TLs are analyzed using transmission-line theory or Distributed-circuit

4
theory not traditional lumped-circuit theory.

Chapter 1: Transmission Lines

Contents
Transmission Lines
Reflection Coefficients
Transmission line Impedances/Admittances
Standing waves
Power matching on TL
Voltage, current and power calculation at any location ?

I. Transmission Line Analysis

A transmission line is a distributed parameter network.

R, L, G, and C are per-unit-length quantities defined

as follows:
R = series resistance per unit length, for both
conductors, in /m.
L = series inductance per unit length, for both
conductors, in H/m.
G = shunt conductance per unit length, in S/m.
C = shunt capacitance per unit length, in F/m.
8

Wave Propagation on Transmission Lines

Applying Kirchoff for voltage:

i( x, t )
v( x, t ) v( x x, t ) R.x.i( x, t ) L.x.
t
Applying Kirchoff for currrent:
v( x x, t )
i( x, t ) i( x x, t ) G.x.v( x x, t ) C.x.
t
9

Wave Propagation on Transmission Lines

In time domain:
i ( x, t )

v( x, t ) v( x x, t ) R.x.i ( x, t ) L.x.

i ( x, t ) i ( x x, t ) G.x.v( x x, t ) C.x. v( x x, t )

In frequency domain:

V ( x, ) V ( x x, ) ( R j L).x. I ( x, )

I ( x, ) I ( x x, ) (G jC ).x.V ( x x, )

Lead to
V ( x x, ) V ( x, )
( R j L).I ( x, )

I ( x x, ) I ( x, ) (G jC ).V ( x x, )

x
10

Wave Propagation on Transmission Lines

V ( x x, ) V ( x, )
( R j L).I ( x, )

I ( x x, ) I ( x, ) (G jC ).V ( x x, )

When

x 0
V ( x, )
( R j L).I ( x, )
x

I ( x, ) (G jC ).V ( x, )
x

2V ( x, )
( R j L)(G jC ).V ( x, )

2
x
2
I ( x, ) ( R j L)(G jC ). I ( x, )
x 2

11

Wave Propagation on Transmission Lines

2V ( x, )
( R j L)(G jC ).V ( x, )

2
x
2
I ( x, ) ( R j L)(G jC ). I ( x, )
x 2

Where

( ) ( R j L)(G jC ) : propagation constant

2V ( x, ) 2
( ).V ( x, )
2
x
2 I ( x, ) 2
( ). I ( x, )
2
x

Differential equations of

f '' a1. f ' a2 . f 0 , a1 0

12

Traveling Wave Solutions

Wave equation:

2V ( x, ) 2
( ).V ( x, )
2
x
Traveling wave solutions can be found as :

V ( x, ) V . e

( ). x

( ). x

V . e

V ( x) V .e . x V .e . x
Where

j
V ( x) V .e

. x

.e

j .x

.x

V .e .e

j .x
13

Traveling Wave Solutions

V ( x) V .e . x .e j . x V .e . x .e j . x

Xet thanh phan th 1:

V .e

. x

.e

j . x

(Song ti)

Xet thanh phan th 2:

V .e . x .e j . x

(Song phan xa)

14

Traveling Wave Solutions

Current Solutions:

2 I ( x, ) 2
( ). I ( x, )
2
x

I ( x) I .e

. x

V
I
,
Z0

V
I
Z0

.x

I .e

Where:

V . x V . x
I ( x)
e
e
Z0
Z0
Where

Z0

R j L

R jL
is Characteristic Impedance

15
G jC

Propagation Constant (He So Truyen Song)

( ) ( ) j ( ) ( R j L)(G jC )
Attenuation constant (He So Suy Hao)

( ), Np / m

( ), dB / m

[ Np / m ]

[ dB / m ] 20.log10 e

(20log10 e).[ Np / m]

8, 68.[ Np / m]
V du: Mot ng truyen song co he so suy hao la 1 Np/m,
tc la khi song lan truyen qua 1 m chieu dai ng
truyen song th bien o se b suy hao 8,68 dB (2,7
lan).
16

 ( ), rad / m , o / m

Phase constant (He So Pha):

The hien o thay oi pha cua song khi song lan truyen tren mot
n v chieu dai ng truyen song.
Phase constant and wavelength are related as:

LossLess Transmission Line:

R 0, G 0
( ) ( R j L)(G jC ) j LC

( ) 0
( ) LC

17

18

19

Characteristic Impedance (Tr Khang ac Tnh) Z0

20

Set

Z R j L , Y G jC

Z 0 Z x
// Z 0
Y x

When:

Z
R j L
x 0 Z0

Y
G jC

LossLess TL:

L
Z0
R0 ,
C
21

22

Phase Velocity (Van Toc Truyen Song /Van toc pha):

La quang ng song lan truyen trong moi n v thi gian.

[rad / s]
V
, [m / s ]

[rad / m]

EX 3.2 P66, EX 3.3 P67

23

II. Reflection Coefficient and TL Impedance

1) Reflection coefficent

V ( x) V .e . x V .e . x

a) Voltage reflection coefficient:

V e x V 2 x
song phan xa
V ( x )
e
( x )
x
V e
V
song ti
24

b) He So Phan Xa Dong ien

I ( x) I .e . x I .e . x
V . x V . x
I ( x)
e
e
Z0
Z0

I e x
I 2 x
I ( x)
e
x
Ie
I

Z 0 2 x

e V ( x)
V
Z0

Thong thng ch quan tam ti he

so phan xa ien ap, quy uc:

V
25

d) Tnh He So Phan Xa Tai mot iem bat ky

Thong Qua He So phan Xa Tai Tai:

V 2 l
V (l ) e
V
V 2 x V 2 (l d )
Tai iem x (l d ) : V ( x)
e e
V
V
Tai tai:

V 2 l 2 d
e .e
V (l ).e 2 d
V
26

e) He So Phan Xa Tai Tai:

V (l ) V .e .l V .e .l
V .l V .l
I (l )
e
e
Z0
Z0
27

V (l ) V .e .l V .e .l
V .l V .l
I (l )
e
e
Z0
Z0
V e l V e l
V (l )
ZL
Z0
l
l
I (l )
V e Ve
l
V e
1
l
V e
1 (l )
Z L Z0
Z0
l
V e
1 (l )
1
V e l
Z L Z0
(l )
Z L Z0
28

f) Mot So Trng Hp ac Biet:

Trng hp tai phoi hp tr khang:

Z L Z0
(l )
0
Z L Z0
( x) (l ).e2 d 0 , x
Khong co song phan xa
Tr khang ac tnh chuan: 50 , 75 , 300 , 600
29

Trng hp tai noi tat:

Z L Z0
(l )
1
Z L Z0
Phan xa toan bo

V e l
l
l
(l )

V
e

V
e

l
V e

Tai tai, song ti va song phan xa ngc pha nhau V (l ) 0

30

Trng hp tai H mach:

Z L Z0
(l )
1 I (l ) 1
Z L Z0
Phan xa toan bo

I e l I e l I (l ) 0
Tai tai, song dong ien ti va phan xa triet tieu nhau
31

Trng hp tai Thuan khang:

jX L R0
(l )
jX L R0

(l ) 1

Phan xa toan bo

32

2) Tr Khang ng Day

V ( x)
Z (x)
I (x)

33

V 2 x
V ( x ) e
V
d (l x )

( x) (l ).e2 d
Z L Z0
( l )
Z L Z0

V ( x) V .e . x V .e . x
V . x V . x
I ( x)
e
e
Z0
Z0
. x
.x
V .e V .e
Z ( x) Z0
V .e . x V .e . x

(1)
(2)

1 ( x )
Z ( x) Z0
1 ( x )

( Z L Z 0 )e d ( Z L Z 0 )e d
Z ( x) Z0
( Z L Z 0 )e d ( Z L Z 0 )e d
34

Z L (e d e d ) Z 0 (e d e d )
Z ( x) Z 0
Z L (e d e d ) Z 0 (e d e d )
Apply

eu e u
eu e u
ch(u)
, sh(u)
2
2

Z L .ch( d ) Z 0 .sh( d )
Z ( x) Z 0
Z L .sh( d ) Z 0 .ch( d )
sh(u) eu e u
Using th(u)
u u
ch(u) e e

Or:
Z L Z0
( l )
Z L Z0

Z L Z 0 .th( d )
Z ( x) Z 0
Z 0 Z L .th( d )

( x) (l ).e

2 d

1 ( x )
Z ( x) Z0
35
1 ( x )

Trng hp ng day khong ton hao:

Z0 R0 , So thc
e j d e j d
Khi o: th( d ) th( j d ) j d
e e j d
Ap dung:

e ju cos(u) j sin(u)

2 j sin( d )
th( j d )
j.tg( d )
2 cos( d )

Z L j.R0 .tg ( d )
Z ( x) R0
R0 j.Z L .tg ( d )
36

Mot So Trng Hp ac Biet:

Trng hp tai phoi hp tr khang

ZL Z0 , So thc

Z L j.Z 0 .tg ( d )
Z ( x) Z0
Z 0 , d hoac x
Z 0 j.Z L .tg ( d )

37

Trng hp tai noi tat:

ZL 0

Z L j.R0 .tg ( d )
Z ( x) R0
j.R0 .tg ( d )
R0 j.Z L .tg ( d )
Z ( x) j.X (d ) , thuan khang

38

Z ( x) j.R0 .tg ( d ) j. X (d ) , pure reactance

Open
Shorted

Inductance

Capacitance

Transmission lines can be used to realize inductors or capacitors at

specific frequencies Distributed components
39

Trng hp tai h mach:

ZL

Z L j.R0 .tg ( d )
R0
Z ( x) R0

R0 j.Z L .tg ( d ) j.tg ( d )

j.R0 .cotg( d )
Z ( x) j.X (d ) , thuan khang

40

Z ( x) j.R0 .cotg( d ) j. X (d ) , thuan khang

Noi tat
H Mach

41

Trng hp tai Thuan khang:

ZL j.XL

jX L j.R0 .tg ( d )
Z ( x) R0
, Thuan ao
R0 X L .tg ( d )
Z ( x) : thuan khang
Xc nh tr khng c tnh , tr khng ti , v h s truyn sng qua vic
o thc t: (vd 6, 7)
p77, Ex 3.9

42

ng Truyen Mot phan t bc song

R0

Z in

T : Zin

ZL

Z L j.R0 .tg ( l )
R0
R0 j.Z L .tg ( l )

2
0

R
Zin
ZL

Neu tai h mach: Z L Zin 0

Neu tai ngan mach: Z 0 Z
L
in

R02
Z in
ZL

R0 Z L .Zin

ng dung lam mach bien oi tr khang

Vd: 5 Ex 3.5 p71

43

ng Truyen Na bc song

Z0

Z in
l

ZL

Zin Z L

44

3) Quan he gia tr khang ng day va he so phan xa:

V .e . x V .e . x
Z ( x) Z 0
V .e . x V .e . x

V .e . x
1
V .e . x
Z0
V .e . x
1
. x
V .e

1 ( x )
Z ( x) Z 0
1 ( x )

Z ( x) Z 0
( x )
Z ( x) Z 0
Vd: 8, 9

Ex: 3.11 p78, (cch 2 p80)

45

4) Dan Nap ng Day:

1
Y ( x)
G( x ) jB( x )
Z ( x)

Z L Z 0 .th( d )
T : Z ( x) Z 0
Z 0 Z L .th( d )
1 Z0 Z L .th( d )
Y ( x) .
Z 0 Z L Z 0 .th( d )
1/ Y0 1/ YL .th( d )
Y ( x) Y0 .
1/ YL 1/ Y0 .th( d )
YL Y0 .th( d )
Y ( x) Y0 .
Y0 YL .th( d )
46

5) Tr Khang Chuan Hoa, Dan Nap Chuan Hoa

Tr khang chuan hoa:

Z ( x)
z ( x)
Z0
Dan nap chuan hoa:

Y ( x)
y ( x)
Y0

47

Transmission Line Voltage and Current Calculation

V
x

I x

V e- x V-e x
V - x V x

e
e
Z
Z
0
0

How to calculate V+ and V- ?

Z -Z
0
1) l
l Z Z
0
l
2) .e-2 .d
in
l
1
in
3) Z Z
in
0 1-
in

48

Transmission Line Voltage and Current Calculation

Vx V .e . x V .e . x

V
V

. x
.x
I

.
e

.
e
x
Z0
Z0

Zl Z0
1) l
Zl Z0
2) in l .e 2 . d
3) Z in Z 0

1 in
1 in

4)Vin Vs

Zs
Z in Z s

5)Vin V V V (1 in )
6)V

Vin

V in .V
1 in
49

Reflection coefficient on Complex Plane

V ( x) V (l ).e2 d
Vi: j

V ( x) V (l ).e2 d .e j 2 d

50

Reflection coefficient on Complex Plane

V ( x) V (l ).e2 d .e j 2 d
Khi dich chuyen ve pha nguon mot oan d / 2
Vector V se xoay mot goc bao nhieu?

2
2 d 2
d 2
2

2
51

Transmitted power on T.L.

Px

1
1
. Re Vx . I x*
. Re V .e . x V .e . x . V*.e . x .e j . x V_ .e . x .e j . x
2Z0
2Z0

1
2
2 . x
2 . x
2 j . x
2 . x

. Re V .e
V .V .e
V .V .e
V .e
2Z0

Im
Re
Re
1
2
2

. V .e 2 . x V .e 2 . x
2Z0

2
2 . x

V
.
e
1
2

. V .e 2 . x . 1 2 2 . x
2Z0

V .e

1
2
2

. V .e 2 . x . 1 x
2Z0

Pinc

Pinc . 1 x

Pinc Pinc . x Pinc Pref

2

52

Transmitted power on T.L.

53

III. Hien Tng Song ng, He So Song ng

1) Hien Tng Song ng

Song ti va song phan xa giao thoa tao ra cac

iem bung song va nut song.

54

tt ==
t=
T/8
0T/4
3T/8
T/2

Song ti,
song phan xa

VMax
Song
Tong

VMin
55

2) He So Song ng
0
Vx V .e x V .e . x V .e x 1 x
Vx V .e j x 1 x Vx V . 1 x

V
V .e x V .e .x V x
V j x
0
Ix
.e 1 x
I x .e 1 x I x . 1 x
Z0
Z0
Z0
Z0

Vx Vmax V . 1 l
Vx Vmin V . 1 l

khi
khi

l Re

l Re

1 l
Vmax
VSWR

Vmin
1 l

Ex. 3.13 p86

56

2) He So Song ng
Ap dung oi vi ng day khong ton hao

VMax
S
VSWR
VMin
VMax Bien osong ti bien osong phan xa
VMin Bien osong ti bien osong phan xa

Ta co: V ( x) V .e j x V .e j x
VMax V V , VMin V V
S

V V
V V

Ex. 3.13 p86

V V
V V

1
1
57

Bung ien ap ~ Nut dong ien

VMax ~ I Min
I Min I I I I
V
I Min
1

R0
Va : VMax V V V . V
Tai o tr khang ng day la so thc, cc ai

RMax

1
VMax

R0
R0 .S
I Min
1
58

Nut ien ap ~ Bung dong ien

VMin ~ I Max
I Max I I I I
I Max

R0

Va : VMin V V V . V
Tai o tr khang ng day la so thc, cc tieu

RMin

1 R0
VMin

R0

I Max
1
S
59

Real TL
A transmission line is basically a two-conductor line for
guiding the signal power from one point to another.
Prior to 1965 nearly all communication microwave equipment
utilized microwave tubes connected with coaxial lines or
waveguides.
In recent years - with the advance of microwave solid-state
electronics and the introduction of microwave integrated
circuits (MIC) & monolithic RF/microwave integrated
circuits (RFIC/MMIC) - microstrip lines (), strip line, and
coplanar-waveguide (CPW) lines have been used extensively,
on which solid-state devices can be placed.

60

 A transmission line is basically a two-conductor line for guiding the

signal power from one point to another.
Prior to 1965 nearly all communication microwave equipment utilized
microwave tubes connected with coaxial lines or waveguides.
In recent years - with the advance of microwave solid-state electronics
and the introduction of microwave integrated circuits (MIC) &
monolithic RF/microwave integrated circuits (RFIC/MMIC) - microstrip
lines (), strip line, and coplanar-waveguide (CPW) lines have been used
extensively, on which solid-state devices can be placed.

61

Wave Guide

62

63

64

65

66

RF FE

RF FE

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

TOM TAT CHNG 1

78

I. ng Day Truyen Song

79

Cac Thong So S Cap Cua ng Day

R (Ohm/m) : ien tr tuyen tnh

L (H/m) : ien cam tuyen tnh
C (F/m) : ien dung tuyen tnh
G (S/m) : ien dan tuyen tnh

80

1) Phng Trnh Truyen Song

2V ( x, ) 2
( ).V ( x, )
2
x
2 I ( x, ) 2
( ). I ( x, )
2
x

Ch xet mot tan so:

2V ( x) 2
.V ( x)
2
x
2
I ( x) 2
. I ( x)
2
x
81

2) Nghiem Phng Trnh Truyen Song

V ( x) V .e

. x

.x

V .e

Song Ti

Song Phan Xa

I ( x) I .e . x I .e . x
V
I
,
Z0

V
I
Z0
82

3) Cac Thong So Th Cap

He So Truyen Song:
He So Suy Hao:
He So Pha:

() () j ()

( ), Np / m

( ), dB / m

( ), rad / m , o / m

Tr Khang ac Tnh :

Z 0 ,

ng truyen khong ton hao : Z0 R0

83

II. He So Phan Xa, Tr Khang ng Day

Song Phan Xa
1) He So Phan Xa:
Song Ti

V I
He So Phan Xa Tai Tai :

ZL Z 0
(l ) L
ZL Z 0
Tnh He So Phan Xa
Tai iem x thong qua L :

( x) L .e2 d
84

2) Tr Khang ng Day:

Z L Z 0 .th( d )
Z ( x) Z 0
Z 0 Z L .th( d )
ng truyen
khong ton hao:

Z L j.R0 .tg ( d )
Z ( x) R0
R0 j.Z L .tg ( d )

3) Dan nap ng day : Y ( x) Y . YL Y0 .th( d )

0

Y0 YL .th( d )

85

4) Quan He Gia Tr Khang ng Day Va He So Phan Xa

Z ( x) Z 0
( x )
Z ( x) Z 0

1 ( x )
Z ( x) Z 0
1 ( x)
5) Tr Khang Chuan Hoa:

Z ( x)
z ( x)
Z0

Dan Nap Chuan Hoa:

Y ( x)
y ( x)
Y0
86

III. Hien Tng Song ng, He So Song ng

1) Hien Tng Song ng

Song ti va song phan xa giao thoa tao ra cac

iem bung song va nut song.

87

2) He So Song ng

1
1

VSWR

Bung ien ap ~ Nut dong ien

RMax

1
VMax

R0
R0 .S
I Min
1

Nut ien ap ~ Bung dong ien

RMin

1 R0
VMin

R0

I Max
1
S
88