COMPUTER NETWORKS

Elements of Transport Protocol

4. Flow Control and Buffering
Flow control problem on the transport
layer is same as in the data link layer.
Both the layer sliding window scheme is
used to keep a fast transmitter from over
running a slow receiver.

 Buffering:
The buffering at receiver side has some problems.
It is very difficult to allocate buffer size at the
receiver.

(a) Chained fixed-size buffers.

(b) Chained variable-sized buffers.
(c) One large circular buffer per connection

Buffers

 Advantage of using variable sized buffers is

better memory utilization and disadvantage is
more complicated buffer management.

single large circular buffer makes good use of

memory, provided that all connections are
heavily loaded.

5. Multiplexing
Multiple users may be using different port to
get their required services.
The multiplexing can be classified into:
1. Upward Multiplexing
2. Downward Multiplexing

Upward Multiplexing
multiple connections are multiplexed on to a single
connection.
If only one network address is available on a host, all
transport connections on that machine have to use
it.

 In the fig. above four distinct transport

connections all use the same network
connection (IP address) to the remote host.
If more number of users is multiplexed, then
performance is degraded.

If there are fewer users multiplexed, the

service will be expensive.

Downward Multiplexing
In downward multiplexing, a single connection is split
and distributed among multiple connections as
shown

 Example for downward multiplexing occurs

with home users with ISDN line. If the line
provides 64 kbps of two separate connections
each.
Using both of them by dividing the traffic over
both lines makes it possible to achieve an
effective bandwidth of 128 kbps. So, the
throughput can be improved.

Crash Recovery
When hosts and routers are subject to
crashes, recoveries from these crashes are
difficult.
The difficult task in crash recovery is to
recover the previous status of server.
One way is to broadcast.
TPDU to all the other hosts, announcing that it
had just crashed and requesting its client
inform it of the status of all open connections

THANK YOU!