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My First Thirty Days
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Bibliography of Punjabi
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The Punjab Past and Present


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:
1964 : Medieval Indian Section of
Indian History Congress
Ranchi.
1968 : Panjab Medieval Section
of
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1974

1974

1975

1979,

1980,

Conference,
Punjabi
University, Patiala.
: Indian Historical Studies,
Calcutta, for 12th Session
held at Shillong.
: Indian History Congress,
35th Session held at
Jadavpur, Calcutta. (Dec.
27 to 29)
: Institute of Historical
Studies, 13th Session, at
Panji (Goa).
March 2 : Punjab History
Conference,
Patiala.
March 28: Inaugurated the
Pb.
History
Conference.

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A Bibliography of Patiala and
Punjab States Union, A Brief
Account of the Sikh People, British
Occupation of the Punajb, Ahmed
Shah Durani : Father of Modern
Afghanistan, A short history of the
Sikhs (1469-1765), A History of
Khalsa College Amritsar, Life of
Banda Singh Bahadur, Guru Nanak
: His Life & Teachings, Guru
Arjuns Martyrdom, Bhai Gurdas :
His Life and Works, History of
Gurdwara Shaheed Ganj Lahore,
Maharaja Ranjit Singh : A life
sketch, The Patiala & EPS Union :
Historical background, Private
Correspondence related to AngloSikh Wars; Nanak Panthis : Sikhs &
Sikhism of 17th Century, Qazi Nur
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43

B@AD

ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF

SINGH SABHA MOVEMENT : CONSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS-(ii)
Dr. Gurdarshan Singh*
The Lieutenant Governor of the
Punjab and the Commander-in Chief
of the Imperial Forces of India
became the patrons of the newly
constituted Diwan. The Officebearers of the Diwan included a
President, three vice-Presidents,
one chief-secretary, one joint
secretary,
two
assistant
secretaries, one accountant, one
treasurer, and five trustees. The
total number of office-bearers was
in no case to be less than onefourth of the total membership of
the Khalsa Diwan. They were
elected for a term of three years
but could be removed from office
for such lapses as apostasy,
violation of the rules of the Khalsa
Diwan and continued absence from
the meetings of the Diwan.
The membership of the Khalsa
Diwan, Lahore, consisted of
representatives of the various Singh
Sabhas affiliated to it and also the
representatives of the states where
the Sabhas did not exist. All the
members of the Khalsa Diwan were
required to pay a subscription of
Rs. 5/- every year. All the affiliated
Singh Sabhas were required to
contribute one-twentieth part of their
yearly income towards the funds of
the Diwan. The Diwan also derived
its income from the donations and
voluntary subscriptions made by
the Sikhs and other well-wishers of
the community. The control and
managements of the movable and
immovable property of the Diwan
was vested in the Trustees.
The ordinary meetings of the
Khalsa Diwan were held twice a
*Formerly Prof. of History at
Punjab University, Chandigarh.

year, one between the months of

March and May and the other
between October and December.
The venue and the date of the
meeting were fixed by the President
and the Chief Secretary in
consultation with the other
members. The President, and the
Chief Secretary were also
authorized to summon a special
meeting in case of emergency. The
meetings of the Diwan were held
on a written request to this effect
made by at least seven or more
members of the Diwan. All meetings
of the Diwan were required to have
a quorum of at least eleven
members. The meetings were
presided over by the President,
who also supervised the activities
of the Diwan. In the absence of the
President, his duties were entrusted
to the Vice President. The task of
conducting the meetings of the
Diwan was given to the ChiefSecretary. The joint Secretary and
the Assistant Secretaries assisted
the Chief-Secretary in his work. A
regular account of the activities of
the Diwan was kept by the Joint
Secretary.
A noteworthy feature of the
constitution of the Lahore Diwan
was its decentralization of power.
Due provisions were made to avoid
concentration of powers in the
hands of the President, ChiefSecretary and the other officebearers. All decisions at the
meetings of the Diwan were made
by majority of votes. The above
constitution was framed by a
committee consisting of Attar Singh
Bhadaur, Dharam Singh of
Gharjakh, Hamam Singh of

44

Gharjakh, Bhai Gurmukh Singh and

Bhai Jawahar Singh. It was
registered with the Government on
February 19, 1892.
Under growing pressure from
its members, the Khalsa Diwan at
Amritsar was also forced to adopt
a written constitution for the conduct
of its business. In September 1887,
a committee was appointed under
the chairmanship of Bhai Avtar
Singh Vahiria to lay down rules and
regulations for the constitution. The
Committee submitted its report after
a month. The draft constitution
prepared by the Committee was
duly approved by the Khalsa Diwan
and was given wide circulation in
the press.
The constitution of the Khalsa
Diwan, Amritsar greatly differed
from that of the Khalsa Diwan,
Lahore, in nature and composition.
Whereas the Lahore Diwan strictly
adhered to the principle of social
equality and treated all its members
on an equal footing the Amritsar
Diwan was divided into two bodies,
the Mahan-Khand and the SamanKhand, the former representing the
aristocrats and Sardars and the
latter consisting of those members
who belonged to the middle class.
It was clearly laid down that the
patron of the Mahan-Khand was to
be person with royal lineage. The
President of the Mahan-Khand was
also to be elected from the big
Sardars or Raises . The first patron
of this body was Raja Bikaram
Singh of Faridkot and Baba Khem
Singh Bedi was its first President.
The office-bearers of the SamanKhand were : Man Singh, in charge
of Golden Temple, President; Bhai

B@AD

Gulab Singh, Vice-President; Bhai

Ganesha Singh, Chief Secretary.
All members and office- bearers of
the Diwan were required to sign a
pledge of loyalty to the Diwan, to
the British Government and also to
the Sikh Takhts and Gurdwaras.
The tenure of members as also of
the office-bearers of the Diwan
was two years.
The meetings of the SamanKhand, which mainly consisted of
the representatives of various Singh
Sabhas affiliated to the Diwan,
were held after regular intervals to
discuss day-to-day affairs of the
Diwan. No decision could be taken
without two-third majority of votes.
All decisions of the Saman-Khand
were subject to the approval of the
Mahan-Khand. The meetings of the
Mahan-Khand were held to discuss
important issues and such urgent
matters as required immediate
attention. The Mahan-Khand also
supervised the activities of the
Saman-Khand.
The Khalsa Diwan Amritsar
failed to win popular support. The
concentration of power in the hands
of aristocrats was inconsistent with
the principle of social equality
preached by the Singh Sabha. In
their anxiety to remain loyal to the
Mahants and the Pujaris of Sikh
Takhts and Gurdwaras, who did not
appreciate the new ideology of the
Singh Sabha, the leaders of the
Khalsa Diwan failed to come upto
the expectations of those who
wanted to restore Sikhism to its
pristine purity. The majority of the
Singh Sabhas had already shifted
their allegiance to the Lahore Diwan.
The Khalsa Diwan Amritsar failed
to emerge as a representative body
of the Sikhs. The Lahore leaders
dubbed the Diwan as an
'unconstitutional body' since it was
not registered with the Government.
The last decade of the nineteenth

century also witnessed the birth of

a huge number of Singh Sabhas
and Khalsa Diwans, many of which
preferred to remain autonomous
and did not like to affiliate
themselves either to the Amritsar
Diwan or to the Lahore Diwan.
Although the Singh Sabha and
Khalsa Diwan had become
synonymous terms, yet the Singh
Sabhas were, generally, established
at small towns and villages and the
Khalsa Diwans were established at
bigger towns and cities.
The Khalsa Samachar, in one of
its issues, compared the Singh
Sabhas with municipal committees
and Khalsa Diwans with district
boards.
There was hardly any contact
between these Singh Sabhas and
Khalsa Diwans. The result was that
their activities could not be coordinated. Some of them did not
have written constitutions and did
not keep any regular account of
their activities. It was at this time
that the Sikhs began to realize the
need of having a Sharomani Jatha
(Central Organisations) to control
and guide the work of numerous
Sikh societies.
With the formation of the Chief
Khalsa Diwan in 1902, the
leadership of the Sikhs passed into
the hands of more enlightened and
educated men who ushered in a
new era of constitutional
advancement. The new constitution,
which was framed in 1902 and was
registered with the Government on
July 9, 1904, aimed at unifying the
divergent elements of the Singh
Sabha. The number of Singh
Sabhas, Khalsa Diwans and the
other Sikh societies which were
affiliated to the Chief Khalsa Diwan
at the time of its founding was 29.
But the number multiplied in a few
years and reached the peak figure
of 105 in 1920. The constitution of

45

the Chief Khalsa Diwan was framed

by a committee consisting of Arjan
Singh of Bagrian, Tarlochan Singh,
Mehar Singh Chawla, Bachan
Singh, Bhai Mohinder Singh of
Mansuran, Sodhi Sujan Singh, Bhai
Gurbaksh Singh and Sunder Singh
Majithia.
The Chief Khalsa Diwan had
five
committees;
General
Committee, Executive Committee,
Finance Committee, Advisor y
Committee and Life-members
Committee. The members of the
General Committee consisted of
representatives of various Singh
Sabhas, Khalsa Diwans and other
Sikh societies which paid onetwentieth part of their income
towards the funds of the Chief
Khalsa Diwan. Besides the
representatives of affiliated
societies, the membership of the
General Committee was derived
from important personalities of Sikh
Takhats and Gurdwaras, important
personalities of Sikh States, Sikh
officers of the Defence Services,
registered delegates and fellows of
the Sikh Educational Conference
and those shareholders of the
Punjab and Sindh Bank who paid
10% of the profits of their shares
to the Chief Khalsa Diwan. Those
who donated Rs.500/- or more
towards the funds of the Chief
Khalsa Diwan were also entitled to
become members of the General
Committee. The minimum age
prescribed for the members of the
General Committee was 21. Each
member was to be an Amritdhari
Sikh and was required to have the
knowledge of Punjabi in the
Gurmukhi Script. Each member
was required to pay a subscription
of Rs. 2/- per month. The maximum
number of members under each
category, mentioned above, was
not allowed to exceed one fourth of
the total membership of the General

B@AD

Committee. This was done to

provide a democratic character to
the Diwan. The duties and the
functions of the General Committee
were :
1. to fulfill the aims and objects
of the Chief Khalsa Diwan,
2. to advise and guide affiliated
societies, Diwans and subcommittees appointed by the Chief
Khalsa Diwan,
3. to have full control on all the
assets of the Chief Khalsa Diwan,
4. to elect office-bearers of the
Diwan and members of the
Executive
and
Finance
Committees,
5. to affiliate approve any society
or committee and to disaffiliate
according to the rules any society
already affiliated,
6. to deliberate over the annual
budget and reports recommended
by the Finance and Executive
Committees and to approve them
after alterations and additions, if
considered necessary,
7. to appoint sub-committees
for special purposes and to give or
withdraw powers to any affiliated
society or Diwan.
The Executive Committee of
the Chief Khalsa Diwan consisted
of twenty one elected members
which included President, VicePresident, Resident President,
Honorar y Secretary, Under
Secretary and Cashier. The
members and the office-bearers
were elected for a period of three
years. Besides presiding over the
meetings, the President was
entrusted with the task of
supervising all the activities of the
Diwan and watching that they were
carried on in accordance with the
aims and objects and rules of the
Chief Khalsa Diwan. In the absence
of the President, his duties were

carried on by the Vice-President.

The Resident President conducted
the day-to-day affairs of the Diwan.
The Honorary Secretary was
entrusted with the task of carrying
on the routine duties in consultation
with the other members of the
Executive Committee. The Under
Secretary was supposed to assist
the Honorary Secretary and was
also asked to carry on his duties
in his absence. The task of keeping
an account of the assets of the
Chief Khalsa Diwan was given to
the Cashier.
The meetings of the Executive
Committee were held after a
month's interval but could be called
earlier if so desired by the
President, he Secretary or five
members of the Committee. The
venue and the time of the meeting
was fixed by the Secretary in
consultation with the other
members. All meetings were
required to have a quorum of seven
members. All decisions of the
Executive Committee were subject
to the approval of the General
Committee.
The Finance Committee of the
Chief Khalsa Diwan had ten
members who were elected for a
period of three years by the
members of the General Committee.
The Finance Committee was
entrusted with the task of
scrutinizing the month-to-month
income and expenditure of the
Diwan. The Committee submitted
regular reports of its activities of
the Executive Committee. All new
items of expenditure were sent to
the Financial Committee for its
concern before they were sent for
final approval by the Executive and
General Committees. All meetings
of the Finance Committee were
required to have a quorum of three
members.

46

The Chief Khalsa Diwan derived

its income from the subscriptions
from the members, affiliation fee
from the affiliated societies and
other donations and subscriptions
such as Daswandh (one-tenth part
of one's income) made by the wellwishers of the Panth. The Finance
Committee was given the task of
looking after all assets of the Chief
Khalsa Diwan.
The advisory committee of the
Chief Khalsa Diwan had three kinds
of advisers, religions, legal and
administrative. In addition these,
the Executive Committee in its
Baisakhi Meetings. But those
elected in the previous year could
also be re-elected. The opinion of
the advisers was sought and given
due weight by the members of the
Executive Committee, while
deciding important issue.
The life members committee of
the Chief Khalsa Diwan included
those persons who promised to
work for at least twenty years in
accordance with the wishes of the
Diwan. This Committee was entitled
to elect from among themselves
members to the Executive
Committee of the Diwan but their
numbers was not exceed one fourth
of the total membership of the
latter. All Members of the LifeMembers Committee were required
to be Amritdhari Sikh and were not
to be below the age of 21. All life
associates were paid a monthly
allowance, fixed from time, by the
Chief Khlsa Diwan in recognition of
their devoted service.
One peculiar feature of the
constitution of the Chief Khalsa
Diwan was that it was flexible in
nature and was subject to be much
better organized movement than
the Nirankari and the Namdhari
Movements before it and the Akali
movement after it.

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47

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Gurdwara Sahib, Sector 34-D, Chandigarh. Contact : 9915660712, 9815450698 Email : kamalbedi8733@gmail.com.
Dowryless marriage.
J Wanted an educated Gursikh, slim, beautiful, adjustable, homely, service or business match for a good looking,
slim, caring boy. 8-6-87, 5'-6", B.Tech. in electronics. Self-employed software developer. 40,000 p.m. Govt.
teacher preferred. Write Box No. 5305-B-6-2, S.M.C. Gurdwara Sahib, Sector 34-D, Chandigarh. Contact :
9780274418 Email : shaminder.work@gmail.com
J Wanted an educated Gursikh, slim, smart, veg., homely, caring match for a good-looking, slim, adjustable,
business boy. 10-10-81, 5'-4", Under-matric. Private Job+Shop work at Karnal. 8,000 P.M., Dowryless marriage.
Write Box No. 5310-B-5-7, S.M.C. Gurdwara Sahib, Sector 34-D, Chandigarh. Contact : 09255477504
J Wanted Amritdhari Gursikh vegetarian, working/non-working match for an Amritdhari Gursikh divorsee boy, 5'7", 65 kg. CTC 8.21 p.a., Working in MNC in NCR, Own House. Caste no bar. Contact : 9899389514, 9899222455,
Email : gemsikh@gmail.com
J Wanted Amritdhari, preferably Keski wearing and Keertan knowing, beautiful, Gursikh vegetarian, working/nonworking girl for an Amritdhari gursikh Keertan knowing boy, 5'-10", 1983 born, doing private job in Delhi. Caste
no bar. Contact : 8196833635, 9971167513, 9313611919
J Gursikh teetotaller, Amritdhari, veg., Sept. 84, 5'-11", Master of Business Economics, Working MNC Banglore,
12 LPA, Delhi based family, Father Class I government service, mother house wife, Brother C.A., Contact :
9999357633, Email : mail2ppsds@gmail.com
J Suitable educated match for Gursikh boy, 18-11-1985, 5'-7", MCA, working as team leader in software company
(Noida), 7 Lac p.a., Contact : 093501-09558 Email : aroras1954@gmail.com
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J Wanted suitable match for gursikh boy, 29-3-1987, 5'-9", B.A., fair complexion, Contact : 090348-60132
(Karnal, Haryana).

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