1.

ECUAIIDIFERENIALELINIAREDEORDINULI
Formageneral: x(t ) f (t ) x (t ) g (t ) ,unde f (t ) i g (t ) suntfunciicontinue.
Soluiegeneral: x (t ) e

f ( t ) dt

g (t ) e f (t ) dt dt k ,unde
k ct isedetermincuajutorul

condiieiiniiale x(t0 ) x0 .

Observaie:ncalcululfiecreiintegralenedefinitedinsoluiageneral,NUsetrecesiconstantade
integrare,eaesteconinutnconstanta k dinformulasoluieigenerale.
Etapenobinereasoluieigenerale:
1) Secalculeaz

f t dt ;

2) Secalculeaz e

f ( t ) dt

f ( t ) dt
3) Secalculeaz e
;
f ( t ) dt
4) Secalculeaz g (t ) e
dt ,decisoluiageneraleste:

x(t ) e

f ( t ) dt

g (t ) e f (t ) dt k .Dacavemicondiiainiial x(t ) x ,aflmi

0
0

valoareaconstantei k .

Observaie:Laetapele2i3poatefiutilformuladeechivalendintrefunciaputerei
r
r ln x
exponenial(pentruauuracalculeledelaetapa4): x e

EcuaiireductibilelaecuaiidiferenialeliniaredeordinulI

ECUAIIDETIPBERNOULLI

Formageneral: x(t ) f (t ) x(t ) g (t ) x (t ) ,unde f (t ) i g (t ) continuei \ 0,1 .

AceastecuaiesetransformntrunaliniardeordinulIn2pai:

1) Semparteecuaiainiialcu x (t ) ;
1

2) Senoteaz y x

ivarezultaoecuaiediferenialliniardeordinulIn y .

2. ECUAIIDIFERENIALELINIAREDEORDINSUPERIOR(cucoeficieniconstani)
Formageneral: x ( n ) (t ) a1 x ( n 1) (t ) ... an x (t ) b (t ) ,coef. a1 , a2 ,..., an i b(t ) continu.
2.1. CAZULOMOGEN( b(t ) 0 ): x ( n ) (t ) a1 x ( n 1) (t ) ... an 1 x (t ) 0
1) Seataeazecuaiacaracteristic(degrad n n ):

n a1 n 1 ... an 0
2) Serezolvecuaiacaracteristicataat;nfunciedetipulrdcinilorei,soluiagenerala
ecuaieidiferenialeliniaredeordinsuperiorvafideoanumitform:

Rdcinireale(simplesaumultiple)
Soluiageneraldeforma: e

k t

P (t ) ek t c1 c2t c3t 2 ... ck t k 1 ,unde:

P(t ) estepolinomdegrad k 1 n t , k ordinuldemultiplicitatealrdcinii k .

Rdcinicomplexeconjugate(simplesaumultiple)

Fierdcinilecomplexeconjugate i i i ,fiecareavndordinulde
multiplicitate k .
t

Soluiageneraldeforma: e

cos t P(t ) sin t Q(t ) ,unde:

P(t ), Q(t ) suntpolinoamedegrad k 1 n t , k ordinuldemultiplicitatealrdcinii .

Observaii:
Constantelecareaparnscriereasoluieigeneralesedetermindincondiiileiniiale;
ncazulncareecuaiacaracteristicareattrdcinirealecticomplexe,cuordinede
multiplicitatediverse,soluiageneralsescriecaosumaformelorcorespunztoare.
Exemplu:
Presupunemcavemoecuaiediferenialliniardeordin10,deciecuaiacaracteristicataatva
avea10rdcini:

Rdcinisimplereale: 1 , 2 ;

Rdcinimultiplereale: 3 4 5 6 ,deciordindemultiplicitate4;

Rdcinicomplexeconjugatemultiple: 7 8 i iconjugatele 9 10 i ,
cuordinuldemultiplicitate2;

Soluiageneralvaaveaforma:

x (t ) c1e1 t c2 e2 t e3 t c3 c4t c5t 2 c6t 3 e t cos t c7 c8t sin t c9 c10t

2.2. CAZULNEOMOGEN( b(t ) 0 ): x ( n ) (t ) a1 x ( n 1) (t ) ... an 1 x (t ) b (t )

1) Seobinemaintisoluiageneralaecuaieiomogeneasociate(vezi2.1)deforma:

xo (t ) c1 x1 (t ) c2 x2 (t ) ... cn xn (t )
2) Sedeterminsoluiaecuaieineomogeneprintrunadinmetodele:
A. METODAVARIAIEICONSTANTELOR:
Dupobinereaformeisoluieigeneraleaecuaieiomogeneasociate,secautsoluiagenerala
ecuaieineomogenedeforma:

x(t ) c1 (t ) x1 (t ) c2 (t ) x2 (t ) ... cn (t ) xn (t ) ,
undefunciile c1 (t ), c2 (t ),..., cn (t ) suntsoluiialesistemului:

c (t ) x (t ) c (t ) x (t ) ... c (t ) x (t ) 0
1
2
2
n
n
1
c1 (t ) x1 (t ) c2 (t ) x2 (t ) ... cn (t ) xn (t ) 0

.....................................................................

( n 1)
( n 1)
( n 1)
(t ) b(t )
c1 (t ) x1 (t ) c2 (t ) x2 (t ) ... cn (t ) xn
Funciile c1 (t ), c2 (t ),..., cn (t ) seobinprinintegrareaunorecuaiideforma: ck (t ) g (t ) .

B. METODACOEFICIENILORNEDETERMINAI:
Dupobinereaformeisoluieigeneraleaecuaieiomogeneasociate, xo (t ) formasoluiei
particularepentruecuaianeomogensecautnfunciedeformatermenuluiliber b(t ) :

b(t ) P (t ) , P (t ) polinomdegradk, P t .

m
Soluiaparticulardeforma: x p (t ) t Q(t ) ,unde grP grQ ,

m ordinuldemultiplicitatepentru 0 necuaiacaracteristic(dac 0 nuerdcina

ecuaieicaracteristice,atunci m 0 ).

b(t ) e t P(t ) , P (t ) polinomdegradk, P t .

m
t
Soluiaparticulardeforma: x p (t ) t e Q(t ) ,unde grP grQ ,

m ordinuldemultiplicitatepentru necuaiacaracteristic(dac nuesoluieaecuaiei

caracteristice,atunci m 0 ).

b(t ) a1 cos t a2 sin t

m
Soluiaparticulardeforma: x p (t ) t c1 cos t c2 sin t ,unde

m ordinuldemultiplicitatepentru i necuaiacaracteristic(dac i nuerdcina

ecuaieicaracteristice,atunci m 0 ).

b(t ) e t P1 (t ) cos t P2 (t ) sin t , P1 (t ), P2 (t ) polinoamedegradk.

m
t
Soluiaparticulardeforma: x p (t ) t e Q1 (t ) cos t Q2 (t ) sin t ,unde

grQ1 grQ2 max( grP1 , grP2 )

m ordinuldemultiplicitatepentru i necuaiacaracteristic(dac i nue
rdcinaecuaieicaracteristice,atunci m 0 ).

nfinal,soluiageneralaecuaieidiferenialeestesumasoluiilor(omogen+particular):

x (t ) xo (t ) x p (t )

Observaie:
Constantelecareaparnscriereasoluieigenerale(indiferentdemetodaadoptatpentru
parteaneomogen)sedetermindincondiiileiniiale.
Constantelecareaparnformasoluieiparticulareneomogenesepotdeterminaprin
nlocuireaacesteisoluiinecuaiainiial;Dacnusuntdateicondiiileiniiale,constantele
careaparnparteaomogenrmnnedeterminate.
Dactermenulliber b(t ) nuareunadintreformeleprecizateanterior,atuncisoluiase
obineprinmetodavariaieiconstantelor.