A Di Pht hay A Mi Pht?

Nguyn Cung Thng

nguyencungthong@yahoo.com

Vi nm qua trn bo ch v sch v xut hin mt s tho lun v cu nim (Nam M) A Di Pht hay
(Nam M) A Mi Pht. C l khi u t cun "Hng Sen Vn c" ca HT Thch Tr Tnh1 (2006), v
" Ngha Hong Php v H Php" ca tc gi Diu m - Diu Ng c ghi nhn trong bi vit trn mng
Th Vin Hoa Sen (21/6/2011). Phn ny ch trng n s khc bit ng m gia Di (trong A Di Pht)
v Mi (trong A Mi Pht) v khng i vo chi tit cc gio php lin h cng nh phm vi tm linh tn
ngng dn gian. Thanh iu ghi bng s ngay sau mt m nh s 3 trong min3 hay mn (ging Bc-Kinh
hay BK ghi theo h thng pnyn thng dng hin nay), khng nn lm vi s ghi ph ch (superscript) nh
min3; du hoa th * (hnh sao/asterisk) t trc mt m tit ch dng c phc nguyn (reconstructed
sound). Hi vng bi ny cho thy phn no khuynh hng ngc ha ni ring, vn ha ngn ng Pht gio
ni chung ng gp khng nh trong qu trnh hnh thnh ting Vit hin i.

1. Khuynh hng ngc ha trong ngn ng

1.1 Mt s ph m c th thay i cch c v b nh hng ca cc m thanh gn bn, nh trong ting Anh
hin ti, khi ta c nhanh bet you, hit you th m pht ra c dng *betch you, *hitch you (ph m u li t
tr thnh ph m mt li ch) - theo cch c d dng hn ( mt nht, tn cng nht/least effort) v y
cng l mt tiu ch phn bit ngi ni ting Anh lu i (ting m ) hay l mt ngoi ng. Khuynh
hng ngc ha2 cng hin din trong ting Motu ( Papua New Guinea): khi ph m u li tc t ng
trc mt nguyn m c m ming nh (nh i hay e) th tr thnh ph m u li xt s:

*mate mase (cht)

*tina

sina (m)

*qate

ase (gan)

Khuynh hng ngc ha trong ting Vit dn n ph m nh/d(j) nh

l nh
lem nhem
ln nhn

li nhi
...
Hay so snh tng quan ao - dao, m - dm, inh - dnh, nh - dng ... V bng (phng ), vng > dng
(ln) ... u cho thy ph m u bin thnh ph m d- (j- ging Nam), ging Bc VN xt ha d cao
cho ra dng zi - t in Vit B La (1651) vn ghi d - nh, dn, danh, dit, di ... C GS Nguyn Ti Cn
cng nhn ra khuynh hng bin m ny, ng ngh mj > j > d (trang 45, Mt s vn v ch Nm,
NXB i Hc v Trung Hc Chuyn Nghip, H Ni - 1985). Mt vt tch ngc ha trong ting Vit l cch
c nh ting Vit ca ch gia HV. Cc dng ch Nm u dng m nh (hay ), m m c l *na?
so vi m c ca gia l *kra (t in Vit B La cn ghi nh l d). ng l phi c l nh hay nh theo
m Hn trung c nhn ch thit (ng Vn) hay nhn d thit (Tp Vn). iu ny c th
l do m nh hin din trong ting Vit trc thi ng Vn (nm 751) rt lu.

1.2 Qu trnh ngc ha (palatalisation) ng gp quan trng trong lch s hnh thnh cc ngn ng Hn,
Nht, Trung (Quc), Vit Nam, Anh (nhnh c/Germanic, h n u), Php (nhnh La M/Romance, h
n u) ...v.v... Tr li vi cc ngn ng NA, khi ting Hn nhp vo ting Vit, ph m u mi mi
(bilabial) c kh nng ngc cng ha tr thnh ph m d (j), khi i sau l nguyn m trc (front vowels)
vi m ming nh nh i, e. So snh cc tng quan sau y

mn (BK)

dn (Hn Vit/HV) (A)

mng

danh

mng

mnh HV l ch/tr - ting Vit cn dng t dnh (cy dnh dnh)

me

dit (nh cch dng dit , dit , dit php ...)

mio

diu (thn diu)

min

din (mt)

di (phin m Phn mi/me/mai nh Di Lc, Tu Di, Sa Di, C m Di ...) (B)

...
mn

mn, dn,min ( c kh nng c m- hay d-) - hu nh ch c ting Vit mi cho thy

khuynh hng ngc ha r nt khi so snh vi cc ging Qung ng, H, Mn Nam (B)

mi, cn c l di (mt loi kh)

mio

miu, diu

min

min, min, din - Min in hay cn l Din in (Myanmar by gi)

...v.v...

(A) Diu c theo Qung Vn l di tiu thit, m miu; theo Tp Vn l

nh chiu thitD miu thng. Ph m m- (mio BK) ngc ha thnh mj- hay d- v nh(B) Trch trang http://www.zdic.net/zd/zi/ZdicE5ZdicBDZdic8C.htm v cc cch c ch di
Theo Qung Vn (nm 1008 SCN), v di thit so vi Tp Vn (nm 1067) c l dn ti thit

m m (); theo Vn Hi (nm 1297) c l mu t thit v dng nh nh ( thng tc

nh). Di l m Hn Vit so vi cc ging c hin nay nh ging BK by gi l m m v
mei4 nei4, [ ] ni2 ni3 [ ] ni3 [ ] ni2 [ ] ni2 ni3 [
] ni2 [ ] li1 [ ] mi2 [ ] li2 [ ] ni2 ni3
Vit Ng (Qung ng)mei4 nei4, Khch Gia Thoi (H)[Khch Anh t in] ni2 ni3 [Lc Phong
Khang] ni3 [Mai Huyn Khang] ni2 [Hi Lc phong Khang] ni2 ni3 [Khch ng bnh m t hi] ni2 [Sa u
Gic Khang] li1 [ng Hon Khang] mi2 [Bo An Khang] li2 [i Loan T Huyn Khang] ni2 ni3 (mt anh
bn ngi Triu Chu/Tiu ca ngi vit, gc Sn u, pht m di l ni2 - 4/10/2011).
Theo hc gi L Ngc Tr (Tm Nguyn T in VN, NXB Thnh Ph HCM - 1993) v Paul Schneider
(Dictionnaire Historique Des Idogrammes Vietnamiens, licenci en droit Nice, France : Universit de
Nice-Sophia 1992) th di ting Vit c gc l di so vi t HV trng ( - Qung Vn ghi di l
trng d, cu d ). Mt dng m c phc nguyn3 ca di l *me theo GS Axel
Schuessler (ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, NXB University of Hawai'i, 2007).

1.3 Kh nng ngc ha cn hin din khi phin m ting Phn4 ra Hn trong kinh Pht, nh Kapila
c phin m l Ca (Gi) B La hay Ca Di La - ph m mi u b/p ca B ngc ha
(ng trc nguyn m i) thnh bji- hay y BK di HV; mt dng phin m khc ca Kapila l Ca Duy La
cng cho thy kh nng ngc ha b/p thnh b/pj- hay d- (Duy HV, y BK).
Mt im ng ghi li y l ting Phn (Sanskrit) dng trong kinh Pht thuc loi ngn ng ha kt
(chuyn dng/inflectional) hay chi tit hn l loi chuyn dng tng hp. Mt t Phn c th thnh lp bng
cch tng hp cc thnh phn (tin t, hu t, ph t) vi nhau, kt qu l mt ch Phn c th tr thnh rt
di hay nhiu m tit, so snh vi ting Vit thuc loi ngn ng n lp (isolating language). Th d nh t
Vimalakrti gm ba phn: tin t vi- ngha l khng (ph nh), mala l vt d - do vimala
c d ( u); kirti

l khng

l bn lun/nhc n (c ting tm) nn t Vimalakrti hm danh ting khng bi

bn (c dch l Tnh Danh, mi l V Cu). Mt dng phin m ca Vimalakrti l Duy Ma Ct5, hay
T (T) Ma La Ct (tn mi). iu ng ch l m Duy (wi, y BK) chnh l dng ngc ha ca
tin t vi-. Mt tin t khc rt thng dng trong Phn ng l a- (khng, ph nh) hp vi chnh t
(thng li) thnh ra ch agita/ajita

ngha l khng thng c, phin m l A Di u hay

git

 A K a (tn ngi, mt trong 10 ngoi o), dch l V Thng. Di l dng ngc ha ca K (m

Phn gi). A K a cn l mt danh hiu ca c Pht Di Lc Meitreya/Maitreya

hay V Nng

Thng.
A Du Gi hay A Dc Vng l phin m ca ting Phn Asoka
tin t a- (khng) v

. Ch Asoka li gm

soka (phin no, lo s) nn dch l V u ; y cng l tn t cho vua A

Du Gi (304 TCN- 232 TCN) l v vua pht t u tin trong lch s Pht gio, cn gi l A Thu Gi
. Cc dng Du Gi hay Dc u l m soka ngc cng ha. Gi La Dc hay Ca La A Dc
... u c dng Dc, phin m ca ting Phn Kalasoka, tn vua nc Ma Ha 100 nm sau khi
c Pht nhp nit bn.
Ting Phn

Vaisali - thnh ph c Bc n 6: ni c Pht thuyt bi php cui cng - c mt

dng phin m l Duy Da Li hay B Da Li - xem chi tit trang

http://fodian.goodweb.cn/dict_read12.asp?ID=516 . m Duy l m B (Vai-) ngc cng ha.

Bn n nm 600 TCN - trch t trang http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)

A L Da l phin m ting Phn arya

vi cc dng (phin m) khc nh A L D , A Ly

D , A L A , A L Da , A Lc , A Di ... Cc dng Da v Di l cc
m a v ri ngc cng ha.
v.v

Cc trng hp trn cho thy khuynh hng ngc ha hin din ngay trong ting Hn khi k m ting
Phn, d rng khng ph thng lm.

2. Di dng k m
Ch mi c dng k m cc tn nc ngoi khi nhp vo ting Hn, nh Messiah (cha cu th, cha
th, ng M-si) trong Thnh Kinh7 tng c phin l M Thi S hay Di S Ha vo thi
ng Thi Tng (nm 638); dng phin m hin nay l (phn th) hay (gin th). Phn sau
cho thy vi trng hp thng gp v ch Di khi c dng k m trong kinh Pht.

2.1 A Di Pht

Cu nim rt ph thng trong cc mn phi pht gio Chu, dn tn c Pht A Di , cng l k m t

ting Phn Amitbha,

. Ch ny thnh lp t tin t a- (khng, dch l v ) v mita

(o

lng, dch l lng ) vi ph t bh (sng, dch l quang ). Do , Amitbha dch l V Lng Quang
(Pht). Tuy nhin, Amita- cng l thnh phn u ca ch Amityus vi ayus

(i sng di, dch l

th ), cho nn A Di Pht cn c ngha l V Lng Th (Pht) hay A Di Su T

T trc khng gian, c Pht (l tng) l ngun sng v cng v tn; t trc thi gian tui th ngi cng v
lng v bin. Cc ch Phn ghp vi amita nh kratu (nng lng) to thnh amitakratu (nng lng v
hn/unbounded energy), guna (cng c) ghp vi amita tr nn amitaguna (cng c v lng), amitatman
(tr c v lng) ... Tuy cu nim A Di Pht bng ting Phn khng hin din trong cc kinh nguyn thy
ca php mn Tnh 9, nhng phn u ca V Lng Th Kinh c cu Namo'mitbhya (du phy ch
cch c nhanh hay lin m /sandhi) v Namo Amitbhya c pht m nh sau
8

[nmomitbj]

------- c theo ting Vit by gi gn nh l -----

na m a mita ba da

2.2 Di Lc
V Pht (B Tt) tng lai Di Lc l phin m ca ting Phn Maitreya

Metteyya (Pali). Ngun gc ca

cm t Di Lc trong Pht gio ng khng n gin v c nhiu nghin cu nghim tc nh ca c hc

gi Qu Tin Lm v kh nng nhp vo ting Hn trc tip hay gin tip (qua ngn ng trung gian
no ) - xem trang http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A3%E7%BE%A1%E6%9E%97

2.3 Di a La Ni
Di a La Ni l phin m ting Phn Mitra

, mt cch dch l thin tri thc - hay l bng hu (bn b).

2.4 Lam T Ni
Lam T Ni l ni Ma Da phu nhn sinh ra c Pht. Lam/Lm T Ni l phin m ca ting Phn Lumbini
, cn gi l Lam B Ni , Lp Pht Ni , Lm Vi Ni , Lu T Ni hay
Long Di Ni ... Di l m B ngc ha.

2.5 Tu Di
Ni Tu Di cn gi l T M , T M Lu San , Di Lu San ... l trung tm ca mi th
gii theo huyn thoi n gio v c trc thi c Pht T, dch l Diu Quang, Diu Cao, An Minh,
Thin Tch, Thin Cao ... Gc Phn ng sumeru vi tin t su- (hm tt, tuyt vi) hp vi tn chnh thc
l meru

(tn ni). m Mi ngc ha thnh Di. Tu Di cn c th ch ni Hy M Lp Sn.

2.6 Di Lan
Trong lch s Pht gio, v vua nc Di Lan 10 ng o v quy y sau khi m o vi T Kheo Nagasena.
Di Lan l phin m ting Phn Milinda (cng nh ting Pali) so vi cc cc phin m khc nh Tt Ln
hay Mn Ln . Di Lan cn gi tt l Di Lan.

2.7 Sa Di
Ngi phi nam tun theo 10 gii Sa Di cn gi l Tht La Ma Noa Lc Gi/Ca, phi n th
gi l Sa Di Ni. Sa Di l phin m ca ting Phn smaera, cn gi l Tiu Ha Thng . Nht,
ngi (nam) i co tc v c v con cng gi l Sa Di. Dch l Vi Cu Tch , Tc T , Cn
Sch , Tc Ch c Hnh T ...

2.8 Xa Di
Xa Di l phin m ca ting Phn Sa Mi, tn mt loi cy, dch l Cu K. hai m Sa Di v Xa Di nu
khng vit ra ch (Phn hay Hn) th c ging nhau.

2.9 Ca/Gi Thp Di La

Ca Thp Di La l phin m ca ting Phn ksmra

, cn c nhng cch gi nh Yt Thp Nh La

Quc , Ca Dip Di La Quc /, Ca Tht Mt Quc ... Cc m Di v Nh

u l dng ngc cng ha ca Mi . y l vng t Kashmir ty bc n v hin nay di quyn
qun l ca ba nc n , Pakistan v Trung Quc.

2.10 Di gi
Di gi l phin m ca ting Phn megha

ngha l my. Sau dng gi tn mt v B Tt lng y11 c

kh nng to ra my (ma) gip chng sinh (kinh Hoa Nghim).

v.v
Qua vi th d trn, ta thy ch Di c dng k m (gn ng) ting Phn trong qu trnh dch kinh
Pht. Cc cch phin m trong th tch c TQ hay kinh Pht thng l nhng ngun ti liu dng phc
nguyn m c mt cch chnh xc.

3. Thay cho li kt lun ca bi vit

Trong giy pht chy theo ci ng, ngi vit cht nh ti cu nim

N m Bt

y l cu nim Pht c ghi li trong cun "Bt S Lc Bin - Thit Truyn" in ti SiGn nm 1913 Imprimerie F. H. Schneider12, phn nh mt phn no m c v cu nim min Nam VN vo u th k
XX. Cc cu nim Pht thay i theo mn phi (Tnh , Tiu Tha, Thin Tng ...), khng gian (a
phng/phng ng, m rng hn - Nht, Hn, VN, TQ ...), thi gian (m thng c, trung c hay hin ti)
v ngay c c nhn ngi nim. Hc gi Hunh Tnh Ca trong "i Nam Quc m T V" (1896) ghi cu
nim ny l Nam

m pht, hi khc vi Jean Bonet trong "Dictionnaire Annamite-Francais" (1899) ghi

l Nam v pht; tt c cc cch c trn cha nhiu thng tin qu gi (qun m) cho nn khi mun thay
i mt cch c (cu nim) ta cng nn cn thn cn nhc nhng hu qu c th xy ra. Ngi vit mong
rng cc d kin v bn lun tm tt trong phn ny s l ng lc kch thch mt s bn c tra cu thm,
v chc chn s tm ra nhiu iu th v khc.

4. Ph ch v ph bnh thm
Bn c c th tham kho nhng kin cng trao i v vn A Di Pht hay A Mi Pht trn mng,
c nhiu trang lin h nhng i khi l
http://www.diendanphatphaponline.com/diendan/showthread.php?7864-N%C3%AAn-ni%E1%BB%87m-AMi-%C4%90%C3%A0-Ph%E1%BA%ADt-hay-A-Di-%C4%90%C3%A0-Ph%E1%BA%ADt (22/8/2007)
http://www.tinhthuquan.com/HoNiemVanDap/VD170509-1.htm (17/5/2009)
http://facts.baomoi.com/2011/03/10/t%E1%BA%A1i-sao-l%E1%BA%A1i-ni%E1%BB%87m-nam-mo-adi-da-ph%E1%BA%ADt/ (10/3/2011)
http://diendan.daitangkinhvietnam.org/viewtopic.php?f=39&t=3540&start=10 (17/3/2011)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4zI5BSL4KyQ (29/8/2011)
http://www.thuvienhoasen.org/D_1-2_2-104_4-12409_5-50_6-1_17-104_14-1_15-1/ (21/6/2011)
http://www.phattuvietnam.net/diendan/16436.html (25/9/2011)
...v.v
Cc dng bin m trong thut ng Pht gio l mt ngun d kin phong ph phc nguyn m c, nht l
khi so snh vi ting Phn, mt loi t ng vi h thng m thanh rt n nh; bn c c th tham kho lot
bi "Bt hay Pht?" v cc d kin lin h, nh trn cc trang mng http://khoavanhocngonngu.edu.vn/home/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2125:bt-hay-pht-phn3&catid=71:ngon-ng-hc&Itemid=107 hay
http://www.chuaphatgiaovietnam.com/PDF/TSPH_20_21_All.pdf ...v.v...
Vn t ra v cc cch c khc nhau ca Mi v Di, theo thin ngi vit, cn lin h n khi nim
Tam Nghip (Thn-Khu-) hay tng ng vi m hnh tam gic ng ngha (Triangle of
reference/meaning) ca Ogden v Richard: k hiu (t/word), s vt c ch (referent) v khi nim v s
vt c ch (thought); hay theo Ferdinand de Saussure gm c du hiu (sign), m thanh (signifier) v

tng (khi nim, signified). y l nhng vn nn c tra cu thm nhng khng thuc phm v bi
vit ny. Ngoi ra, c nhng cu chuyn lin h n Mi v Di nh

"Nguyn nhn ca sai lm l do thi nh Nguyn c 1 v cng cha tn l Cng tng Tn N Th MI, nn
trnh HY nh cha phi c chi thnh DI. C vy ri thnh quen, cc Thy trong nc khng c
hc hnh chu o nn c tng l ng" trch t trang http://www.daophatngaynay.com/vn/phatgiao-vn/sukien-van-de/8965-Tu-A-Mi-Da-Phat-lai-nghi-them-ve-van-nan-cua-Phat-giao-VN.html

Trong t in Taberd (1838, tht ra phn chnh l chp li t bn tho son xong vo thng 6/1773), cc cm
danh t Di Lc, Di hin din, cng nh trc hn trm nm t in Vit B La (1651) cng ghi
nhn r rng hai m khc bit d v m (v cc m din, dn, dit, di ...) - nn kh nng king hy ca cng
cha nh Nguyn (nu c) tn MI (i thnh DI) rt kh xy ra.
1) Thch Tr Tnh (2006) "Hng Sen Vn c" NXB 2006 - xem chi tit trn mng
http://www.quangduc.com/coban-2/283huongsen.html
2) Terry Crowley (1987) "An introduction to Historical Linguistics" NXB University of Papua New Guinea
Press, University of the South Pacific. Ti bn ln th 4 vi GS Claire Bowern (NXB Oxford University
Press, 2009).
3) Mt dng ch Nm di da v ch du lm thnh phn hi thanh: tc di lm bing bi trn ... ngc
y di rng (Pht Thuyt i Bo n Trng Kinh), khn bit lng ngi vn di (Quc m Thi Tp,
Nguyn Tri), c khi thm b trng ch ngha. iu ny cho thy hai m di v di (nu cng gc)
c khc nhau xa vo th k XIV, XV cng nh chng hin din rt lu i trong ting Vit. Ch y
(full/ting Anh mn HV, ngha c ca di) c Morris Swadesh lit k trong bng t cn bn. Thuyt Vn
Gii T bin hiu 6038 ghi ch him mi (Unicode 957E) trong b trng ngha l

[ ]
Mi/Di [v di thit ]cu trng dTng trng nh thanh

4) cc d kin v ting/ch Phn c trch t trang http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgibin/romadict.pl?query=kasmira&display=utf8&table=macdonell , http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.unikoeln.de/monier/ hay http://sanskritdocuments.org/dict/ v.v
5) xem chi tit v Duy Ma Ct trang http://news.sina.com/c/2008-04-01/120215269365.shtml . Vimalakrti
c cc ngha khng bi bm (khng d bn, spotless), trong tro (transparent), trong sng (bright), tinh khit
(pure), tn mt v b tt ... Cng nh cc t Phn (c) khc, thng c phm tr ngha rt rng - xem chi tit
trang http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/romadict.pl?query=Vimala&display=utf8&table=macdonell

6) Xem thm chi tit v thnh Vaisali trang http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)

7) xem thm chi tit v giai on u (c vn bn ghi nhn/written records) khi cc nh truyn gio (o
Thin Cha) n Trng An, trang http://dictionary.editme.com/Alopen
8) Theo V Lng Th Kinh th A Di (Pht) c 13 danh hiu

<<V Lng Th Kinh>>

vn th c V Lng Th Pht Hiu V Lng Quang PhtV Bin Quang PhtV Ngi Quang
PhtV i Quang PhtDim Vng Quang PhtThanh Tnh Quang PhtHoan H Quang
PhtTr Tu Quang PhtBt on Quang PhtNan T Quang PhtV Xng Quang PhtSiu
Nht Nguyt Quang Pht; cn gi l Cam L Pht (Cam L Vng) theo Mt Gio; v c Pht A Di
Ty phng (Cc Lc Quc) nn cn gi l Ty Pht v.v

9) xem bn lun v cc dng nim Pht cc nc v ngun gc ca chng trang ny

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nianfo#cite_note-inf_life_sutra-0 . Ngun gc ca cu nim Amitabha cng c
vn : nh nghin cu ting Phn v Tnh tng, TS ch Nguyn Vn Lai (Ogihara Unrai
1869~1937), a ra gi thuyt l ting Phn Amitabha c gc t kinh V ca n gio. Amita hay
Amitaya (v lng, v hn) l mt trong 108 tn gi thn Ganesha (d nhn v c u hnh voi) ca n
gio. Nu c lin h th cng khng ng ngc nhin cho lm v c Pht t trong kinh n gio l ha
thn/Avatar (ca thn Visnu) th 24 trong 25 v Pht; ngoi ra cc khi nim lun hi, ti sinh, nhn qu
hin din trc thi c Pht t ( c trong n gio) - c th y l mt nguyn nhn Pht gio khng
th pht trin ngay ti n ... Xem cc bn lun chi tit trang http://www.lienhoa.net/nguyen%20ngu%20a%20di%20da.pdf hay
http://www.phatgiaovnn.com/upload1/bz/showthread.php?p=8014
10) xem thm chi tit t trang Pht Quang i T in trn mng
http://etext.fgs.org.tw/etext6/search-1-detail.asp?DINDEX=18943&DTITLE=
11) trch t trang mng Pht Gio T in http://fodian.goodweb.cn/dict_read1.asp?ID=20856
12) xem bn in t cun "Bt S Lc Bin - Thit Truyn" trang
http://www.trangnhahoaihuong.com/files/ButSuLuocBien_quyen_1.pdf . Cch dng Bt (thay v Pht) ng
ch : nh Bt o, Bt ch tn, N m C m Bt ...