Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
I.
CRITERII DE CONVERGEN
xna
V vecintate a lui a, n afara sa exist cel mult un numr finit de termeni din ir
0, N() N aa nct n N() s avem xn -a .
N() = rangul primului termen din V de la care toi termenii urmtori din ir sunt tot n
V.
Exerciiul 1. Artai cu definiia c xn =
3n 7
3
n4
3n 7
3 0, N() N aa nct n N() s avem
n4
3n 7
3n 7 3n 12
-3 <. Ultima inecuaie devine
<
n4
n4
5
5
5
5
<
< n + 4 > n > - 4
n4
n4
[ ]
5
-4
n[
soluie
N()
+1
5
- 4] + 1 = N()
3 3
3 n>
3n 3
5 3n 7
5 3n 7
-5 <
5 3n 7 5 3n 5 3
n
3 3
8
-3
<
8
8
< < 3n +3
3 3
n
8
- 3 poate fi negativ facem discuia
Deoarece
Dac
8
- 3 0 inegalitatea este evident verificat de nNN() = 1
Dac
8
8
- 3 >0 logaritmm inecuaia n>log3( - 3)
N [log3(
8
- 3)] +1 =N()
Exerciiul 3. Artai c xn =
2n 1
1
n3
2n 1
1 0, N()N aa nct
n3
2n 1
-1 <
n3
2n 1 n 3
n2
<
< n 2 <n +3
n3
n3
2 3
2 3
n[
] = N()
1
1
contradicie
soluie
xn 1
[ ]
CAZUL
2 3
1
avem xn> M
(adic M > 0 orict de mare, exist un termen din ir x N(M) care l depete i toi
termenii urmtori din ir l depesc i ei ).
Exerciiul 4. Artai c xn =
n2 1
n2
n2 1
n2 1
M > 0, N(M) N aa nct n N(M) s avem
> M
n2
n2
M M2 8M 4
0
M M2 8M 4
2
n1+2 =
2
M M2 8M 4
0
2
2
Cum n N soluia ecuaiei va fi n > M M 8M 4
2
n [ M M 8M 4 ]+1=N(M)
II.
Comentariu. Cum 0 I xn - aI bn i bn 0 I xn a I 0 xn a
Observaie.(bn) se determin pornind de la I xn a I prin majorri fine.
A majora fin nseamn:
-
I sin x I 1; I cos x I 1, x R
ln x < x, x > 0
ln(1+x) x, x >-1
unde max f(x) este valoarea cea mai mare a lui f(x) efectiv atins ntr-un x D, iar
sup f(x) este o valoare ctre care Gf tinde necontenit fr s o ating vreodat.
3n 3 7n 2 12n 2
Exerciiul 1. Artai c xn =
xn -3 =
<
3n 3 7n 2 12n 2
-3 =
n 3 2n 2 3n 4
n 2 3n 10
2
n 2n 3n
<
n 2 13n
2
n(n 2n 3)
n 3 2n 2 3n 4
n 2 3n 10
n 3 2n 2 3n 4
n 13
2
n 2n 3
<
n 3 2n 2 3n 4
<
14n
n 13
14
14
<
<
=
2
n 2n n(n 2) n 2 n
= bn0
5 7 n 10( 4)n 13 2n
Exerciiul 2. Artai c xn =
xn -5 =
=
5 7 n 10( 4)n 13 2n 5 7 n 10 4 n 15 3 n
7n 2 4n 3 3n
10( 4)n 10 4 n 15 3 n 13 2 n
< 48
7n 2 4n 3 3n
4n
7n
= 48
xn =
Exerciiul 3.
xn - 0 =
2n
20 4 n 15 3 n 13 2n
7n 2 4n 3 3n
0, a (1,1)
a 1
n 1,
lim a
n
, a 1
a 1
n ,
Am utilizat
7n 2 4n 3 3n
n=
n
n
<
7n 2 4n
<
n nn nn
nu pot majora pentru c toi factorii sunt egali
...
2
2
2
n
2n
ermetic
20 4 n 28 3 n
n
(1 1)n
n
C n0 C1n C n2 C n3 ... Cnn
<
(x)
C n2
n
2
n(n 1) n 1 0
2
GENERALIZARE
an
0, a > 1
k
Pk (n) b 0n ... bk b 0 nk ... bk
b 0 nk ... bk
<
an
(1 )n
(1 )n
Cn0 C1n ... Ckn k Ckn1k 1 ... Cnn n
b 0 n k ... b n
<
C kn1 k 1
b 0 nk ... b k
b 0 n k ... b k
(k 1)!
n(n 1)...(n k ) k 1
k 1 nk 1 (1 2 ... k ) nk ... 0.
(k 1)!
n3 n 2
n5
(0,6)n =
Aplicaie. Calculai nlim
n
3
n3
n3 n 2
n 1
lim
lim
lim n (0,6)
= n 5 n
n n 3 1 n = 0 deoarece:
L1 0
L1 = xn - 0 =
<
n3 n 2
C n4 256
L2 = xn - 0
L 2 0
n3 n 2
5n
n3 n 2
(1 4)n
n3 n 2
C n0 C1n 4 ... C n4 4 4 .... C nn 4 n
<
24
n3 n 2
0
256 n(n 1)(n 2)(n 3)
6
= n2(0,6)n = n2
10
3
= n2
5
n2
C n0 C1n 32 C n2 32 C n3 32 ... C nn 32
2
<
n2
= 5
n2
C n3
8
27
n2
2
1
3
27
n2
6
0
8
n(n 1)(n 2)
Exerciiul 4. Artai c
xn - 0 =
xn =
2n
0
n!
1 1
2n
2 2 2 2
2
2
... 2
n!
1 2 3 4
n
3
ermetic (mare
n 2
mic)
an
0, a > 0
n!
GENERALIZARE
Demonstraie. Lum trei cazuri:
an n 1
a 0
x =
n! n!
1) a (0,1)
0
0
2) a = 1
xn =
1
0
n!
k a k 1
3) a (1, ) k N aa nct a a
k
xn 0 =
an
a a
a
...
n!
1 2
k
xn 0 =
2
k 1
a
a
ak
a
...
k 1 n
k! k 1
Exerciiul 5. Artai c
log a n
xn =
nk
loga n
0
n
2 21
1
ln n
1
ln n
ln a
n
ln a
n
a > 0, a 1
2 ln n
ln a
n
ln x x
2
ln a
n
=
n
= ln a
0
n
GENERALIZARE
loga n
0,
Pk (n)
k>0
a > 0, a 1
Pk(n) = polinomul de gradul k n n
ORDINEA COMODITII
6
an x
30
cn x
bn x
Observaie.n practic se d numai irul (bn). Majornd fin cum am artat mai
sus obinem irul (cn) i minornd fin n mod echivalent obinem irul (a n). Dac avem
noroc ca cele dou iruri (an) i (cn) s aib aceeai limit x atunci i (bn) are limita x.
De regul dup ce am obinut irul majorant (c n) calculm nlim
cn = x i minorm n
aa fel nct s obinem un ir (an) care s aib tot limita x.
n
Exerciiul 1.xn =
1
n
n
n2 n
1
n2 k
k 1
n2 1
Exerciiul 2.xn = n 1
11=
1=
1
n2 2
...
1
n2 n
n2 1
1
1
1 1
n2
1 1
1
... 1 deoarece
2 3
n
1 1
1
...
n n
n
Exerciiul 3.xn =
1 deoarece
1 1
1
... < n 1 1 ... 1 =
2 3
n
a1n a n2 ... a np
ai> 0, i =
n1
1, p
1
7 7 = n 7 n 0 < n 3 n 5 n 7 n < n 3 7 n = 7 n 3 = 7 3 n 7 1 = 7
IV.
cresctor la +)
1) bn (cresc)
an
lim
a n 1 a n n L
2) () lim
L bn
n b b
n 1 n
an
, verificm dac (bn) cresctor i
bn
lim a n = lim a n1 a n
b n n b n1 b n
19 3 9 ... ( 2n 1) 9 s.c.
Exerciiul 1. nlim
9
9
9
2 4 ... ( 2n)
= nlim
= nlim
(2n 1)9
2n 1
= nlim
=1
2n 2
1p 2p ... n p s.c
(p N*)
Exerciiul 2. nlim
p 1
n
(n 1) n
np ...
= nlim
1
p
C p 1n
(n 1)p
n p 1 C1p 1n p ... 1 n p1
1
1
1
p
1
C p1
n
n
n 1 n
n 1
n = loga1 = 0
1
1 n11 - n 1 n1 ] = lim (n 1)
L = nlim
[(n+1)
n
1 n1
n
n 1 n
n=1
s.c.
1 n1
lim n
1
lim
n
= nlim
n = n
10
x 1 x 2 ... x n
a adic toate mediile aritmetic, geometric i
n
20
30
x 1x 2 ...x n a
1
x1
x1
n
a
... x1
n
n
n 1 n
x 1 x 2 ... x n
Observaie. Pe scurt reinem c nlim
= nlim
xn = a
n
30.
20.
lim
1
x1
Cum
1
x1
rezult nlim
1
1
lim 1 1 ... 1 =
1 = a
n x 1
x2
xn
x1
n
=
... x1
x1
n
x 1 x 2 ... x n
n
din criteriul cletelui
1 x 1x 2 ...x n
... x
n
x 1x 2 ...x n = a
x 1x 2 ...x n = nlim
xn = a
1 2 3 3 ... n n
Exerciiul 1. nlim
= nlim
Exerciiul 2. nlim
n=1
2n 1
1 3
2n 1
...
= nlim
=1
2n
2 4
2n
x x 1x 2 x 1 x 1x 2 3 x 1x 2 x 3
x 1 x 1x 2 ... n x 1x 2 ...x n
lim x 1 1
...
n n
2n
3n
n2
x1
= nlim
x 1 x 1x 2
2
x 1 x 1x 2 3 x 1x 2 x 3
3
...
x 1x 2 ...x n
VI.CRITERIUL CU RADICAL
9
x 1 x 1x 2 ... n x 1x 2 ...x n
n
n
x 1 x 1x 2 ... n x 2 x 2 ...x n 10 lim
= nlim
n
n
20
lim xn = a
10
lim
Exerciiul 1. nlim
Exerciiul 2. nlim
x n = nlim
x n = nlim
x n1
xn
xn
x n1
x 1 x 2 x n1 x n
...
= nlim
= nlim
x n1
xn
1 x 1 x n2 x n1
n 1
=1
n = nlim
3 3n (n! )3
= nlim
(3n)!
9
27
3n3
(n1)3
( 3n1)(3n 2 )( 3n3 )
= nlim
Exerciiul 3. nlim
9(n 1) 2
=1
(3n 1)(3n 2)
n1
n!
n!
(n 1)! n n = lim n
lim n n = nlim
n n 1
n n
n
(n 1)n1 n!
1
= nlim
1
1
n
VII.
1
e
Am utilizat limita
lim 1 1
n
0 (xn )
strict crescator
0 (xn )
strict descrescator
x n1 1 ( x n )
x n 1 (xn )
strict crescator
strict descrescator
Mrginirea
10. Orice ir monoton este mrginit ntr-o parte de x 1:
(xn) strict cresctor x1 xn
(xn) strict descresctor xn x1
20. Orice ir descresctor cu termeni pozitivi este mrginit la stnga de zero.
Exerciiul 1.
xn =
n!
nn
10
n
x n1
(n 1) nn n
Monotonia
=
< 1 (xn) strict descresctor
xn
(n 1)n1 n! n 1
n
=
n
1
xn
lim
lim
lim
n xn+1 = n
n
1
Exerciiul 2.
Monotonia:
xn =
nlim
xnl =
3 n n!
n
1
l el = l (e-1)l= 0 l = 0
e
n
x n1
3
n
= 3
> 1, n 1 (xn) strict cresctor
xn
e
n 1
x n1
x n1
fa de 1 se calculeaz L = nlim
.
x
xn
n
Dac L < 1
x n1
< 1 (xn) strict descresctor
xn
Dac L > 1
x n1
> 1 (xn) strict cresctor
xn
x n1
i i studiem monotonia.
xn
x n1
<1 (xn) strict
xn
descresctor
-
x n1
>1 (xn) strict
xn
cresctor
Mrginirea 3 = x1 xn< ?
Metoda 1 pentru mrginirea irurilor cresctoare cu produse:
Orice ir monoton are limit finit sau infinit.
Fie l = nlim
x , l R. De la monotonie relaia de recuren
n
l=
11
n 1
xn+1 = 3
3
xn nlim
l 3l = el l = 0
l =
e
l = -
Cum xn 3 i crete l = (xn) este divergent cu nlim
xn =
Metoda 2 pentru mrginirea irurilor cresctoare cu produse
Lum
yn =
1
xn
(
y
)
m
arg
init
n 1 n
1
1
= 1
3
n
yn
1
1
lim
nlim
x
=
n
Exerciiul 3. xn =
cos 2 1 cos 2 2
cos 2 n
...
Monotonia xn+1 xn =
cos 2 (n 1)
2 3 n1
Mrginirea
1
1
1
cos 2 1
cos 2 1 cos 2 2
cos 2 n
...
x1 x n
...
<
<
2
2
n
23 23
5
23 23
2 3n
23
1 1
1 1
1
1 1
3 n 1 1 1 1
< 2 ... n 1 ... n1
3 3
3
3
3
3 3 1 1 2 3n 2
3
1
(xn) mrginit
(xn) convergent
Observaie. Dac nu tim ordinea termenilor ntr-o sum nu putem majora toi
termenii la cel mai mare, acesta nefiind cunoscut. Majorm atunci fiecare termen n
parte obinnd astfel o majorare mult mai fin.
12
majorarea termen cu
termen
A.
IRURI CU SUM
xn =
ak
k 1
A1.
xn =
loga a k
k 1
f (k )
f (k 1)
sau ak =
atunci
f (k 1)
f (k )
Idee. Dac ak =
n
xn
= log a
k 1
f (k )
=
f (k 1)
log
f
(
k
)
log
f
(
k
1
)
a a = logaf(1) logaf(n+1) = loga
k 1
g( k )
g( k 1)
f (1)
f (n 1)
k 1
k 1
k 1
f (k )
f (1) f (2)
f (n)
=
...
f ( 2) f (3 )
f (n 1)
= loga
f (1)
f (n 1)
n
Exemplu:
xn = log 21
k 1
k 2 2k
(k 1)
= log 21
k(k 2)
(k 1)2
k 1
1 3 2 4 3 5
(n 1)(n 1) n(n 2)
log 1 1 n 2 log 1 1 = 1
= log 21 2 2 2 ...
2
2 =
2
2
2
3
4
n
(n 1)
2 n 1
2
13
a a k 3
a a
1 n3 adic raportul elementelor de pe diagonala principal calculate
a 3 a n1
k 1 a k 2
a k
k 1
xn =
Exemplul 1. xn =
k 1
[k 2 x ]
n3
[E(k )]
, p N*
np
k 1
[ x ] [2 2 x ] ... [n 2 x ]
n3
x 1 < [x]
adun
6n 3
n
n 3 <x
6n
x n
x
3
(n 1) n
[(n 1) 2 x ]
x
deoarece
= nlim
2
3n 3n 1
x
x
(n 1) 2 x 1 [(n 1) 2 x ]
(n 1) 2 x
2
< 2
2
3
3n 3n 1 3n 3n 1 3n 3n 1 3
B.
IRURI FR SUM
METODA 9. STUDIUL IRURILOR CU AJUTORUL SUBIRURILOR
Avem n vedere urmtoarele:
14
Exemplul 1. xn = sin
n
n
. Egalm
= 2k n = 4k. Lum irurile (x4k),(x4k+1),
2
2
(x4k+2), (x4k+3)
Exemplul 2. xn = tg
n
n
, egalm
= k n = 3k, lum irurile (x3k), (x3k+1), (x3k+2).
3
3
1 n
n
) + [1+(-1)n]cos
.
n
2
n
= 2k n = 4k. Lum irurile
2
cos 01
1 4k
x4k = (-1) (1+
) + 2 II
4k
4k
cos
x4k+1 = (-1)4k+1(1+
x4k+2 = (-1)
4k+2
1
)4k+1 + 0 - e
4k 1
1
(1+
)4k+2 + 2
4k 2
x4k+3 = (-1)4k+3(1+
2k e + 2
(xn) divergent
cos 1
II
(2k +) e 2
cos
1
)4k+3 + 0 - e
4k 3
15
sin
1
2
n 1 n = 0
0
0
2 3 3
2n
lim
3 3
2
2
Exemplul 2. nlim
sin n n 1 = n (-1) sin ( n n 1 -n ) =
2
= nlim
sin 3
n 3 n 2 1 n3
(n 3 n 2 1) 2 3 n 3 n 2 1 n n 2
n 2 (1
= nlim
sin2
1
n2
= sin2
3
1
1
1
1
n 2 3 (1 3 ) 2 3 1 3 1
n n
n n
3
2
3
4
2 ...
radicali
1 - cos = 2sin2
cos 3 2 cos
2
6
6
16
2 3 2 2 cos
4 cos 2
2 cos 2 cos 2
6
12
12
2 3
2 2 3 2 2 cos
2 3
2 2 cos 2
2 3
2 cos
2 3
.
n1 radicali
2 2 ... 2 3
2 cos
2 n1 3
C.
1)
6)
2 3 2 2
3
3
n
2 3
1 1 1 convergent pentru 1
. .
2 3 n divergent pentru 1
(Euler) an = 1+ 1 1 ... 1 - ln n
2
bn =
5)
2n 3
xn = 1+ 1 1 ... 1
2)
4)
2n1 3
2n 2 sin
sin
IRURI REMARCABILE
yn = 1+
3)
converge la c 0,53 R Q
1 + 1
1 ln 2
...
n 1 n 2
2n
cn = 1- 1 1 1 1 ... ( 1)n1 1 ln 2
2
ln = (1+
22
2n
1
1
1
1
)(1+ )(1+
)..(1+ 2n ) 2
2
4
16
2
n
fn =
1 k 1 1
k 1
n2
7)
4
17
gn =
n3
k 1
hn =
k2
k 1
1
1
k p1
n
1
1 2
EXERCIII IRURI
(1) Artai folosind definiia limitei unui ir c:
lim
2 3n ( 3)n
n
2
lim n 1 2 ;
n 2
n 1
0;
2
lim n 2 ;
n
n 1
lim 4n 1 4
5n 1 5
n
(2) Dac | a| < 1 atunci nlim
n a = 0
k 4 k2 1
k 1
k4 k
(5) Artai c xn = 1+
lim loga n = 0
lim n = 1;
n
1
2
1
3
...
1
n2
este convergent.
n
n
sin2
;
n 1
4
xn = 1+2(-1)n+1 +3 ( 1)
n(n 1)
2
Dac (un) este un ir cu subirurile (u2n), (u2n+1), (u3n) convergente atunci (un) este
(7)
convergent.
(8)
1
2
1
3
...
18
1
n
, R.
(10)
(11)
Fie (un) cu un =
1
1
1
2
k 1(k 1)
...
k 1
este convergent.
2 n , n N*.
c) Fie (vn) cu vn =
n 1
1
n2
...
1
nk
a n , k N* - {1}. Determinai a R
nn
Artai c an =
(n ! )
(13)
ak . Dac p, g > 0 s se
k 1
calculeze n funcie
cn =
b (a k 1 1)
k ) (p q b k 1 )
(p q kb
k 1
(14)
cos n (n ! x ) i lim
sin n (n ! x ) .
Dac a R+ - {1} i x Q calculai nlim
a
n a
(15)
(16)
Calculai nlim
(17)
2n e .
Calculai nlim
cos n
(18)
sin1
sin 2
sin n
...
Calculai nlim
.
2
2
an, unde an = 2
(19)
Calculai lim
1
2
k 1
1
1
... -ln n este convergent.
3
n
8
.
(3m 2k 1) (3m 2k 3 )
n 1 n 2
2k 3 5k 2 3k 7 k 3 4k 2 k 3
n k 1 2k 3 k 2 k 7 k 3 7k 2 12k 9
(20)
n n
Calculai nlim
1 sin
n
1 tg
n
n3
19
Ckkn kp
(21)
k 1
n
Fie an =
n2
n
i bn =
k 0
n (n 1)
Ckkn kp 1
k 1
(Ckn )2
0 i n 0.
a) Calculai nlim
a n;
lim
b) Determinai (n) aa nct nlim
bn = n an.
(22)
n2
Fie xn =
k].
xn
Calculai lim
n n3
k 1
(23)
(24)
Calculai nlim
cos 2 cos n .
cos cos
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
(30)
Dac an =
lim
2
log 1 1
, calculai lim n ln an.
n
k
(
k
1
)
k 1
3
(k 1)k (k 1)(k 2) 1
k 2
(k ! ) 2 (k 1)(k 2)
1
Calculai nlim
lim
k4 k
lim
1
i nlim
k4
k !
k 1
cu xR.
n n
lim
11 3 2 ... (2n 1) 2
2 2 4 2 ... (2n) 2
Fie un =
k 1
2a
(32)
3
n sin ( n n x )
lim 1 x a
(31)
k !
k 1
k2 k 1
k 1
k3
(n 1)a
... x
i vm =
un . Calculai
n 1
20
lim
vm
m mk
, kN*.
(33)
n2 2 7
n2 2
, n > 3. Artai c (xn) este convergent i
...
n!
2! 3!
n!
Fie xn =
calculai nlim
xn.
(34)
Calculai nlim
(35)
n a
(36)
lim
sin
an
a
(1 a)(1 a 2 )...(1 a n )
, a > 0.
,a>0
lim n n 1
3
n n 2
(37)
x 2 xe nx
Explicai funcia f: R R , f(x) = nlim
.
nx
(38)
(39)
5
5
n ( 3n 1 2n 1) .
(40)
k k 1 k
n k n) .
n ( n n
(41)
n ( n 2 n 1
1 e
lim
n 2 3n 4
lim
lim
lim
n 4 n 1)
lim
n ( n 11 8 n 5
lim
n ( n
n2 1
lim
2
n ( n 4n 5
n42 n5)
n2 1 )
n 2 4n 20 )
lim
2
n ( n 5n 4 n 8
n 2 3n 2 n 5 )
(42)
(12 2 2 ... k 2 ) .
lim
12 2 2 .. n 2
(43) nlim
n k 1
n n7
Ckn
(44) nlim
k
3
3
(45) nlim
( n 1 n )
(46) nlim
1!2 !... n !
n2
(47) nlim
(48) nlim
( 2n)!
(50) nlim
n
n 2 sin
an
(49) nlim
n!
3n
n( n 1
n!
(51) nlim
n n
n 1 n 1
, , > 0
1
1
1
1
21
n)
1 a a ... a
(53) nlim
unde |a|, |b| (0, 1).
2
n
1 b b ... b
23 1 33 1
n3 1
...
(54) nlim
3
3
3
2 1 3 1
n 1
( 2n)! 8 n
3
n3n
n n
(58) nlim
(-1)
n
3
nn
n2 1
5n 1
x2
2
(64) nlim
n
n
(62) nlim
1 x
(69) nlim
4n 2 7
5n 2 3
1
1
1
.... 1
1
1
(61) nlim
2
2
2
, x> 0
(63) nlim
sin n
xn 1
1 x x 2 ... x n p 1
, x>0
(66) nlim
n (n ! ) 2 (n 1)
a 1 n b
(70) nlim
a
n
1936
ns
... a
(68) nlim
ln n
n3
, p N
( 1)k 1
k
k 1
n
(71) nlim
n
n)
55 44 1960 27 1978
1
1
1
1 1 ... 1 2
(65) nlim
3
6
Cn 1
(67) nlim
2 )...(3
n
n
n
n 1
(60) nlim
(3 1)(3
1 1
1 5 3 n ( 1)n
lim
...
(57) n
3 33
3n
3n
(n ! ) 2
n
(56) nlim
n!
(55) nlim
, a, b > 0
1
1936
1 n
...
1978
a nb
2
a, b > 0
, a R, p, s N*
a, b R.
ak s
k 1
1 3
2n 1
...
este convergent i determinai nlim
xn.
2 4
2n
n
k 1 k
ln a n
22
fie
an
1
2
kn
1
... 1
, k N*. Calculai nlim
i nlim
a
an.
kn
kn
kn
n 1
3
4
n
lim 3 4 ... n cu |a| > 1.
...
(76) nlim
3
4
n i n 3
4
n
3
x2
x0 x2
.......... .
x2
x3
.....
x3
.....
....... ......
x3
.....
xn
yn
xn
. Calculai nlim
2
x y n 1 .
.....
n 0
x 0 xn
(n k )(n k 1)...( 2n k )
n
(78) nlim
, k N*.
ln n !
(79) nlim
m , mN.
(80) nlim
m 1 1
k
i
k 1 k
k 0 n
i 1
k 1
m
CAPITOLUL II
(81) Utiliznd definiia artai c:
lim
lim
3n 2
n3 1
= 0;
n 1
1
;
3n 2 3
lim
lim
n
2n
= 0; nlim
2n 1
2
3n 4
0;
1
;
2
n
n
lim 3 ( 3) 0
n
3n
n2 n
n 1
1
= 0; nlim
5n 2
5
n2
2n 2 2
lim
n2 1
(82) Artai c nlim
.
nk
(86) nlim
n , k N, a > 1.
a
n 5
n este mrginit i nu tinde la .
2
n
(87) nlim
2
1
1
1
1
a
a k2
k
k 1
n
2 ...
p1 p 2
p
23
3a n b n
(90) nlim
n
n
a, b > 0.
4a 5b
n2
2
n 1
cos
2n
;
3
n
xn = 1 1 ( 1)n sin n .
(92) nlim
(
(93) nlim
lim
n 4 2n 2 1 n 4 n 2 1) ; n ( n 2 2 n 1
1 4 2 5 3 6 ... n(n 3)
n 3)
13 23 ... n3 n
(94) nlim
4
n3
nC nn 2
3
2
(95) nlim
( 2n 3n 1 an) , a R.
n
n
sin(n! )
(96) nlim
2
n3 2
2
n
1
n
(98) nlim
n
nk
lim 2
(97) nlim
,
k
n!
(p k )!
p 1
k!
n
k 0
1
n!
(99) nlim
(100) xn =
5 7 9
2n 5
...
(xn) convergent i calculai nlim
xn.
4 7 10
3n 4
(101) nlim
3 2 9 2 27 2...3n 2 .
(102) nlim
n!
(a 1)(a
2 )...(a
n)
; nlim
1
1
n
3 3n (n! )3
n
(103) nlim
;
(3n)!
(104)
1 2n
n!
(a k 1)(a k
2 )...(a k n )
, > 0.
.
1
3 2 3
3
(105) nlim
n ( n 3 n 3 ) ;
(106) nlim
a10n
(1 a n )(1 2a 2n )(1 3a 3n )(1 4a 4n )
( 1)n n 5
(107) nlim
tg
4
n
, a> 0.
4n
n
(108) nlim
(0,1936) n sin
3n 1
4n(n 1)
n2
+(0, 1975)n
.
(n 1)(2n 1)
n 1
1 3 5......( 2n 1)
(109) nlim
n
5 n2 n 1 3 n2 n 1 .
(110) nlim
2
3
3
(111) nlim
n ( (n 1)
ln (n! )
(112) nlim
n
3 n!
3 (n 1) 2 )
ln n
24
(113) nlim
(n 1)
1
1
n 1 n
n
nm
1
(114) nlim
1 3
n
3n 7
(115) nlim
1
2
4n 8n 2
, m R.
a) Calculai c bn<
k 2
ln
r 2
a k2
a
r
ln 1 , n 2
an
a2
b) Calculai nlim
bn.
n
1
n xn
2
yn
k2 k 1
, yn =
(k 2)!
k 1
( 1)n nn x n
lim
2
i n
n
yn
2
(118) nlim
sin
k 3 k 2 2k 1
k 1
(k 2)!
. Calculai nlim
2n
n2 n
2
3
6
3n
2 3n ), a R.
(119) nlim
(1+a+a ) (1+a +a ) (1+ a a
n2 1
2
[ k]
(120) nlim
k 1
ak
, a > 0, a 1.
k 1
k 1(1 a
)(1 ak 2 )
n
(121) nlim
n4
n
1
p , pN*\ {1}
(123) nlim
k 1C
k p
1 4 7 ... (3n 2)
(124) nlim
1
1
1
... n
n1
n1
n1 ,
aa
a a
1 a
a > 1.
1
2
3
n
1
..
(125) nlim
n
1 2 1 2 3
1 2 3 ... n
1 1
1 ...
(126) nlim
ln 4n
2n 1
n a
1 2a ... na lim n 1b 2b ... nb
(127) a, b > 0 avem nlim
(128) nlim
a1 n a 2 ... n a
(n ! ) 2 (n a)
n
(129) nlim
a, k N*
k
n
25
n
kp
lim
, p > 0.
1
(130) n
k 1
np 1
m k k
k 2
(131) nlim
a,
sin n n
m, k N* - {1}, a R.
1
(n 1)(n 2)...(n k )
nm
, k N*,
ak ak 1
ir.
1
Cn2n este convergent i calculai nlim
2n
a n.
2
(134) Artai c an =
(135) an =
=
(n a)!
n !n
f (a ) a
.
n
(136) nlim
( 2k 1)
( 2k 1)
n k 1( 2k 1)( 2k 1)
1n
ln n ;
(139) nlim
n
n
(137) nlim
( 4k 2 1m
k 1
(138) nlim
1
(141) nlim
lim
. 1) Calculai nlim
an; 2) Fie f(a) = n an f(1) f(2) f(a) =
k 1
(n 1) n
n!
n
1
lim 1
;
n n
n 2
k 1 n k
(140) nlim
k 1 2 3
k 1
1 3 5 ... ( 2k 1)
2 4 6 ... (2k 2)
k 1
(142) Fie (bn) cu bn+1 = bn + r, b1> 0, r > 0 i (an) cu an a, a>0. Calculai nlim
3
n
a
1 a1 a1a 2 a1 a1a 2 a1a 2a 3 ... a1 a1a 2 ... a1a 2 ...an
nb1
nb 2
nb 3
nb n
(143) Fie an =
n 1
(144) nlim
1
2
3
n
...
. Artai c (an) este convergent i
3 35 357
3 5 7...( 2n 1)
calculai nlim
an.
k 1
1 2
2! 3! ... k!
k 2
26
p
k
1
1
x i(p 1) 1 x
i 1
k 0
(145) nlim
(146) nlim
np 1
nr n 2 2n
n g 1
(147)
, p, g, r N*. Discuie.
( 1)n
lim 1
n
n
sin n 2 1
(148) Fie a (, n) =
k
k
(k ) i
k 1
i 1
lim
n); b) Calculai nlim
a(2, n), n a(3, n).
(150) nlim
2
2
p
(151) nlim
n
k2 1
k 3 k
(152) nlim
k 6
6k 1
k 1 3
...
2
2 ...
radicali.
, p R.
; nlim
k2
k 1k(k 1)2
...
(153) Artai c (an) cu an = 3 1 2
este convergent.
3 1
3n 1
(154) xn =
1 2 3 4
n
... ( 1)n1 nu are limit.
n n n n
n
2n 1
k 1
a 2n k
a 2n 2k 2
IRURI RECURENTE
A. RECURENE LINIARE. Fie un ir (xn)n definit prin relaia
a0 xn+k + a1 xn+k-1 + + ak xn = 0
(*)
27
2) ordinul relaiei este cu o unitate mai mic dect numrul de termeni consecutivi din
ir implicai n relaie.
Au loc urmtoarele rezultate:
10. Exist o infinitate de iruri ce verific (*).
20. Exist i progresii geometrice ce verific (*).
30. Familia de iruri ce verific (*) este o combinaie liniar de progresii geometrice ce
verific (*).
40. Progresiile geometrice ce verific (*) se determin lund x n = q n n (*) i obinem
a0q n+k + a1q n+k-1 + + akq n = 0 |: q n
a0q k + a1q k-1 + + ak = 0
ecuaie polinomial de gradul k n q numit ecuaia caracteristic. Rezolvnd
ecuaia obinem rdcinile q1, q2, , qk care sunt raiile progreselor geometrice ce
verific (*).
50. Familia de iruri ce verific (*) este:
a) dac q1, q2, , qk sunt rdcini simple (distincte dou cte dou) atunci:
xn = c1 q 1 + c2 q 2 + + ck q k
n
b) dac g1 = g2 = = gp = g, p k atunci
xn = (c1 + c2n + + cpn p-1)q n +
Exemple.
10. Determinai irurile (xn) ce verific relaia
6xn+2 = 5xn+1 - xn
6xn+2 - 5xn+1 + xn = 0
xn = c1 1
n+
c2 1
1
1
, q2 =
2
3
Observaie. Dac se dau primii k termeni din ir se vor determina constantele c 1, c2,
, ck deci se obine un unic ir ce verific (*).
Dac x0 = 0
n=0
1
x1 =
6
n=1
c1 + c2 = 0
c1 c 2 1
2 3 6
28
c1 = 1
c2 = -1
xn = 1
0
2.
- 1
xn = c1 + c2 1
0
3.
+ c3 1
1
xn = (c1 + c2n + c3n2) 1
2
2
1
4 . Dac soluiile ecuaiei caracteristice sunt: q 1 = 3 , q2 = q3 = 3+2i, q4 = q5 = 3-2i,
0
q6 = q7 = q8 = 2 atunci
xn = c1 1
3
(-1)
(-1)
xn+1 xn = 4n + 7
c1 + c2(n+1)+c3(n+1)2 c1 c2n c3n2 = 4n +7
c2 +
2c3n + c3 = 4n +7
2c3 = 4
c3 = 2
c2 +c3 = 7
c2 = 5
xn = c1 +5n +2n2
SISTEME DE RECURENE LINIARE
Exerciiul 1. Determinai irurile (xn) i (yn) ce verific relaiile:
x y
x 2y n
xn+1 = n n ; yn+1 = n
cu x0, y0 dai.
2
3
Soluie.
Din prima relaia yn = 2xn+1 xn n care lum n n+1 obinem yn+1 = 2xn+2xn+1.
nlocuind n a doua relaia 3(2xn+2 xn+1) = xn +2(2xn+1- xn) 6xn+2 7xn+1 + xn = 0
Ecuaia caracteristic este 6q2 7q+1= 0 q1 = 1
q2 =
xn = c1 + c2 1
1
6
pentru n = 0
C1 +
n=1
C1 +
n 1
-C1 - C2 1
= C1 -
2
C2 1
3
6
C2 = x0;
x y
1
C2 = x1 = 0 0
6
2
x y0
5
C2 = 0
6
2
3
c
2 5 ( x 0 y 0 )
c 2x 0 3 y 0
1
5
xn =
2x 0 3 y 0 3
1
( x 0 y 0 )
5
5
6
yn =
2x 0 3 y 0 2
1
( x 0 y 0 )
5
5
6
30
yn = C1 -
2
C2 1
3
6
xn+1 =
4 xn
2xn+1 + xn = 4.
2
xn = C1 + C2 1
q1 1
q2
xn =
n 1
1
+ C1 + C2
4
+ C2 1
3
2
= 4 3C1 = 4
x1 =
x1 = a [1, 2]
1
a
(xn
) a> 0 cu x1> a
2
xn
31
C1 =
4
3
1
2
4) xn+1 =
xn
cu x1> 0.
1 x n2
x n x n 1
Monotonia. xn+1 xn = 2 x n -
2 x n 1 =
2 x 2 x
n n 1
0
sign (xn+1 - xn) = sign (xn xn-1) = = sign (x2 x1) = 1 deoarece
x2 x1 =
- 2=
2
2 2 2
>0
-1
+ + + + 0 - - - -0+ + + + +
2 l l2 l 2 = 0
l1 1
l2 2
xn 1
x n1 1
sign (xn+1 xn) = sign (xn xn-1) = = sign (x2 - x1) = -1 deoarece
x2 x1 = a2 2a +2 a = a2 3a +2 cu semnul
a
a2 3a +2
-1
+ + + +
0 - - - - 0 + + + + +
Dac x1 = a = 2 a2 3a +2 = 0 x2 x1 = 0
x2 = 2.
Prin inducie xn = 2, n 1
Dac x1 = a (1, 2) a2 3a +2 < 0 x2 x1< 0
xn+1< xn (xn) strict descresctor.
xn+1< xn x n2 - 2xn +2 < xn x n2 - 3xn +2 < 0 xn (1, 2)
Mrginirea.
l1
2
2
lim
- 2xn +2 | n l = l 2l +2 l 3l +2 = 0
x n2
l2 2
2 x n x n2
Monotonia.
xn+1 xn = 2 x n - xn =
2x x .
n n
0
-1
- - - - -
0 + + +
0 - - - - - -
ne va da x1 =
2 (-1, 2)
33
x n ( 1, 2), n
x n (2, ), n
. O indicaie preioas
1
a
x n
cu x1> a , a > 0.
2
x n
Monotonie. xn+1 xn =
a xn
1
a
x n
- xn =
. Prin inducie se arat uor c
2
xn
2x n
- - - - - - 0+ + + + + +
xn (0,
P(1) : x1>
x n (
xn =
, )
+ + 0 - - - - - -
1
a
a
x n
> x n
=
xn
2
xn
.
a
O.K.
a
x n2 = a xn =
xn
a - x n2 < 0 xn+1 xn =
, contradicie cu P(n).
a x n2
< 0 (xn ) strict descresctor
2x n
34
Mrginirea:
1
a lim
x n
|
2
x n n
l=
1
a
l l2 = a l =
2
l
Observaie. Dac nu se specific nimic referitor la x 1 atunci lum fiecare din cazurile
x1 (0,
), x1 =
, x1 (
a
a x n2
n x1 =
, a (0, 1)
2
2 2
2
( x x n1 )( x n x n1 )
a x n2 a x n
1
+
=- n
2
2
2 2
2
x3 x1 =
x2
a x 22 a
= - 2 < 0 x3< x1
2
2 2
2
x4 x1 =
x2
a x 32 a
= - 3 < 0 x4< x1
2 2 2
2
x3 x2 =
x 2 x 22
a x 22 a x 12
+
= 1
> 0 x3> x2
2
2 2
2
2
x4 x2 =
x 2 x 32
a x 32 a x 12
+
= 1
> 0 x4> x2
2 2 2
2
2
x4 x3 =
x 2 x 32
a x 32 a x 22
+
= 2
< 0 x4< x3
2
2 2
2
2
(2)
(3)
a x 22k 1 a
x2
x 2 x 22k 1
+ 2k 1 = 2k 1
=
2
2
2
2
2
a x2
a
(x 2k 1 x 2k 1 ) 2k 2
= (x
2
2
2
2k 1 x 2k 1 )(x 2k 1 x 2k 1 )
2
2
din P(k)
0
0
2
= (x 2k 1 x 2k 1)(x 2k x 22k 2 ) > 0
x 22k
2
O.K.
a x 22k
2
2
x2k+2 =
a x 22k 1
2
2
a l12
2 2
scad
l2 l1 =
l 22 l12
(l2 l1)(l2 + l1 -2) = 0
2
36
l1 =
a l 22
relaiile
2 2
Caz 1. Dac l2 l1 = 0
l=
l2 = l1 = l i obinem
a l2
- l2 + 2l a = 0 D = 4 + 4a = 4(a+1)
2 2
l1, 2 = -
2 2 a 1
1 a 1
2
Cum xn> 0 l 0 l =
a 1 -1
Caz 2. Dac l2 + l1 2 = 0
2 - l1 =
l2 = 2 - l1
a l12
- l12 - 2l1 + 4 a = 0
2 2
1
xn+1,
2
x0 = 0
2) xn+1 = -
1
1
xn+ n ,
2
2
x0 = -1
3) xn+1 = - xn + n,
x0 = 1
x0 = 0, x1 = 1
5) xn+1 = xn 6) xn+1=
1
xn-1 ,
4
1
(xn +xn-1),
2
x0 = 1, x1 = 0
x0 = 1, x1 = 0
1
x n (xn1 yn1) x0 1
2
7)
y 1 (7 y x ) y 0
n 6 n1 n1 0
37
1
x n (xn1 yn1) x0 1
2
8)
y 1 ( x 2y ) y 0
n 3 n1 n1 0
(2) Recurene neliniare.Stabilii convergena irurilor urmtoare i determinai
limita lor.
6 an
a1 =
2) an+1 = 4 2 a n
a1 =
3
an
8
a1 =
3
2
1) an+1 =
3) an+1 =
a n2 8
a n2 a n
, n 1 i a1 = a > 0
un+1 =
3un
1
, n 0, cu u0 .
1 2un
2
a) Dac u0 = 0 un = 0, n N
b) Fie vn=
un
lim
. Calculai nlim
vn i deducei de aici n un.
1 un
38
xn
cu 0 < x0< 1.
xn 1 xn
xn
.Exprimai pe yn n funcie de x0 i n. Calculai
1 x n
lim yn.
an bn
2
cu a0, b0 date i 0 < b0< a0.
a nb n
an bn
a n1
a) Se formeaz irul vn =
log x xn+1.
b) Calculai y = nlim
x k2 .
k 0
1
n1
a n1 1
1
n
an 1
= 1, a1 = 2. Determinai an.
(a n a n1 )(1 a n a n1 )
(1 a n2 )(1 a n21 )
( x 1)( x a)
x2 1
39
40
n 1
fn .