3

Hardwood
density
GJ/m
Hardwood
energy dens
Moisture content
Wood
% Net CV GJ/t Wood Net CV GJ/t
Miscanthus Net CV GJ/t
Wheat straw Net
Hardwood
CV GJ/tdensity
Softwood
kg/m3density
kg/m3 energy
Softwood
energy
densitychip
GJ/m3
Wet basis
Net CV
Realizable energy
Net CV
Net CV
Density
Density
Energy density
Energy density
Energy density
%
GJ/t
GJ/t
GJ/t
GJ/t
kg/m3
kg/m3
GJ/m3
GJ/m3
GJ/m3
0%
21.0
21.0
18.0
17.0
580
410
12.2
8.6
4.5
5%
19.8
19.8
17.0
16.0
597
422
11.8
8.4
4.4
11.5%
18.304
18.3
15.6
14.8
620
439
11.4
8.0
4.2
15%
17.5
17.5
14.9
14.1
634
448
11.1
7.8
4.1
20%
16.3
16.3
13.9
13.1
654
462
10.7
7.5
4.0
25%
15.1
15.1
12.9
12.1
684
484
10.4
7.3
3.8
30%
14.0
13.9
11.9
11.2
733
518
10.2
7.2
3.8
35%
12.8
12.7
10.8
10.2
790
558
10.1
7.1
3.7
40%
11.6
11.6
9.8
9.2
856
605
9.9
7.0
3.7
45%
10.5
10.4
8.8
8.3
933
660
9.8
6.9
3.6
50%
9.3
9.2
7.8
7.3
1027
726
9.5
6.7
3.5
55%
8.1
8.0
6.8
6.3
1141
806
9.2
6.5
3.4
60%
6.9
6.8
5.7
5.3
1283
907
8.9
6.3
3.3
65%
5.8
5.7
4.7
4.4
1467
1037
8.5
6.0
3.1
8%
12%
27%
62%

19.1
18.2
14.7
6.47

19.1
18.2
14.6
6.4

608
622
703
1351

429
440
497
955

11.6
11.3
10.3

8.2
8.0
7.3

Net calorific value of biomass vs. moisture content

22

1600
1400

18
16

1200

14

1000

12

800

10

600

400

4
200

2
0

0%

5%

11.5% 15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

Moisture content %
Page 1

50%

55%

60%

0
65%

Density kg/m3

Net calorific value GJ/t

20

Wood Net CV GJ/t

Miscanthus Net CV GJ/t
Wheat straw Net CV GJ/t

Hardwood density kg/m3

Softwood density kg/m3

Softwood chipHardwood
energy density
logSoftwood
(stacked)
GJ/m3 log
energy
Hardwood
(stacked)
density
energy
chip
GJ/m3
Softwood
bulk
density
density
chip
GJ/m3
Moisture
bulk density
content
Volumetric
%
correction
Stacked hardwood
Stacked
logsoftwood
bulk density
log bulk density
Energy density
Energy density
Energy density
Bulk density Bulk density Dry basis
Bulk density Bulk density
GJ/m3
GJ/m3
GJ/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
%
kg/m3
kg/m3
3.2
8.2
5.8
215
152
0.0%
1.000
389
275
3.1
7.9
5.6
221
156
5.3%
1.023
401
283
3.0
7.6
5.4
230
162
13.0%
1.056
416
294
2.9
7.4
5.3
235
166
17.6%
1.076
425
301
2.8
7.2
5.1
242
171
25.0%
1.108
439
310
2.7
7.0
4.9
253
179
33.3%
1.130
459
325
2.7
6.9
4.9
272
192
42.9%
1.130
492
348
2.6
6.8
4.8
292
207
53.8%
1.130
530
375
2.6
6.7
4.7
317
224
66.7%
1.130
574
406
2.6
6.5
4.6
346
244
81.8%
1.130
626
443
2.5
6.4
4.5
380
269
100.0%
1.130
689
487
2.4
6.2
4.4
422
299
122.2%
1.130
766
541
2.3
6.0
4.2
475
336
150.0%
1.130
861
609
2.2
5.7
4.0
543
384
185.7%
1.130
984
696
8.7%
13.6%
37.0%
163.2%

1.038
1.059
1.130
1.130

Biomass energy by weight and volume

25.0

5.0

20.0

4.0

Net CV GJ/t
Net CV GJ/t

ensity kg/m3

nsity kg/m3

Net CV GJ/t

3.5
15.0

3.0
2.5

10.0

2.0
1.5

5.0

1.0
0.5

0.0

0.0

Page 2

Energy density GJ/m3

4.5

Wood Net CV GJ/t

Hardwood chip energy density GJ/m3
Softwood chip energy density GJ/m3

Page 3

Moisture content %
Heat demand pa
Oven
/kWh
dry wood chips
Mixed hard & softwood
kWh
tonne
20,000
3.43
140,000
24.00
400,000
68.57
660,000
113.14
360,000
61.71
600,000
102.86
1,000,000
171.43
4,200,000
720.00
16,000,000
2742.86

Oven dry wood chips Wood chips @Wood

30% MC
chips @Land
30% required
MC
Land required Land required
Mixed hard & softwood Mixed hard & softwood
Mixed hard & softwood
Forest residuesSRC
@ 30%
@ 30%
MC MC
Miscanthus @ 25% MC
m3
tonne
m3
ha
ha
ha
18.70
5.15
22.24
1.80
0.57
0.43
130.91
36.08
155.68
12.63
4.01
3.01
374.03
103.10
444.80
36.08
11.46
8.59
617.14
170.11
733.93
59.54
18.90
14.18
336.62
92.79
400.32
32.48
10.31
7.73
561.04
154.65
667.21
54.13
17.18
12.89
935.06
257.75
1112.01
90.21
28.64
21.48
3927.27
1082.54
4670.45
378.89
120.28
90.24
14961.04
4123.98
17792.20
1443.39
458.22
343.76

Forestry residues
Forestry
outputresidues
per ha /odt
output per ha @ 30% MC SRC
/t
output per ha /odt SRC output perMiscanthus
ha @ 20%output
MC
Miscanthus
/t per ha /odt
output
Solid
per
wood
ha @
to 25%
chip
Solidconversion
MC
wood
/t to stacked
Swelling
factor log
factor
conversion factor
oven dry tonnetonne @30%
oven dry tonne
tonne @30% oven dry tonnetonne @25% ratio
ratio
2

2.86

Shrinkage factor
Larch
11.4%
Fir
11.5%
Willow
11.5%
Maple
11.5%
Spruce
11.8%
Scots pine
12.5%
Ash
13.2%
Poplar
13.4%
Hazel
13.4%
Birch
13.7%
Oak
13.9%
Alder
14.2%
Beech
17.3%
Common hornbeam
18.8%
Elm
Douglas fir

Swelling factors
12.9%
13.0%
13.0%
13.0%
13.4%
14.3%
15.2%
15.5%
15.5%
15.9%
16.1%
16.6%
20.9%
23.2%

13.4%

15.5%

12.86

13
Lignin
27.0%
28.0%
24.0%
23.0%
28.0%
28.0%
26.0%
22.0%
20.0%
25.0%
24.0%
22.0%
22.0%
29.0%

Page 4

17.33

2.7

1.49

13.0%

Moisture content /%

Shrinkage factor

11.5%

Page 5

Page 6

Hardwood
density
MWh/m
Hardwood
energy density
MWh/m
Moisture content
Wood
% Net CV Wood
MWh/tNet CV Miscanthus
GJ/t
Net
Wheat
CV MWh/t
straw Net
Hardwood
CV MWh/t
density
Softwood
kg/m3density
kg/m3 energy
Softwood
energy
densitychip
MWh/m3
Softwood
chip energy
density MWh/m
Wet basis
Net CV
Realizable energy
Net CV
Net CV
Density
Density
Energy density
Energy density
Energy density
Energy density
%
MWh/t
MWh/t
MWh/t
MWh/t
kg/m3
kg/m3
MWh/m3
MWh/m3
MWh/m3
MWh/m3
0%
5.8
5.8
5.0
4.7
580
410
3.4
2.4
1.25
0.89
5%
5.5
5.5
4.7
4.5
597
422
3.3
2.3
1.22
0.86
10%
5.2
5.2
4.4
4.2
615
435
3.2
2.3
1.18
0.83
15%
4.9
4.9
4.1
3.9
634
448
3.1
2.2
1.14
0.81
20%
4.5
4.5
3.9
3.6
654
462
3.0
2.1
1.10
0.78
25%
4.2
4.2
3.6
3.4
684
484
2.9
2.0
1.07
0.75
30%
3.9
3.9
3.3
3.1
733
518
2.8
2.0
1.05
0.74
35%
3.6
3.5
3.0
2.8
790
558
2.8
2.0
1.04
0.73
40%
3.2
3.2
2.7
2.6
856
605
2.8
2.0
1.02
0.72
45%
2.9
2.9
2.4
2.3
933
660
2.7
1.9
1.00
0.71
50%
2.6
2.6
2.2
2.0
1027
726
2.6
1.9
0.98
0.69
55%
2.3
2.2
1.9
1.8
1141
806
2.6
1.8
0.95
0.67
60%
1.9
1.9
1.6
1.5
1283
907
2.5
1.7
0.92
0.65
65%
1.6
1.6
1.3
1.2
1467
1037
2.3
1.7
0.87
0.61
8%
12%

5.3
5.1

5.3
5.0

Net calorific value of biomass vs. moisture content

1600
1400

1200
4

1000

800

600

400
1

200

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

55%

Moisture content %
Page 7

60%

0
65%

Density kg/m3

Net calorific value MWh/t

Wood Net CV MWh/t

Miscanthus Net CV MWh/t
Wheat straw Net CV MWh/t
Hardwood density kg/m3
Softwood density kg/m3

Hardwood logSoftwood
(stacked)log
energy
Hardwood
(stacked)
density
energy
chip
MWh/m3
Softwood
bulk
density
density
chip
MWh/m3
Moisture
bulk density
content
Volumetric
%
correction
Stacked hardwood
Stacked
logsoftwood
bulkMoisture
density
log bulk
content
density
%
Energy density
Energy density
Bulk density Bulk density Dry basis
Bulk density Bulk density Wet basis
MWh/m3
MWh/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
%
kg/m3
kg/m3
%
2.3
1.6
215
152
0.0%
1.000
389
275
0%
2.2
1.6
221
156
5.3%
1.023
401
283
5%
2.1
1.5
228
161
11.1%
1.048
413
292
10%
2.1
1.5
235
166
17.6%
1.076
425
301
15%
2.0
1.4
242
171
25.0%
1.108
439
310
20%
1.9
1.4
253
179
33.3%
1.130
459
325
25%
1.9
1.3
272
192
42.9%
1.130
492
348
30%
1.9
1.3
292
207
53.8%
1.130
530
375
35%
1.9
1.3
317
224
66.7%
1.130
574
406
40%
1.8
1.3
346
244
81.8%
1.130
626
443
45%
1.8
1.3
380
269
100.0%
1.130
689
487
50%
1.7
1.2
422
299
122.2%
1.130
766
541
55%
1.7
1.2
475
336
150.0%
1.130
861
609
60%
1.6
1.1
543
384
185.7%
1.130
984
696
65%

Biomass energy by weight and volume

7.0

2.00

1.60
1.40

1.20

4.0

1.00
3.0

0.80

0.60

2.0

0.40

1.0

0.20
65%

60%

55%

50%

45%

40%

35%

30%

25%

20%

15%

5%

0.00
10%

0.0
0%

Net CV MWh/t

5.0

Energy density MWh/m3

1.80

6.0

Moisture content /%

Page 8

Wood Net CV MWh/t

Hardwood chip energy density MWh/m3
Softwood chip energy density MWh/m3

Forestry residues
Forestry
outputresidues
per ha /odt
output per ha
SRC
@ output
30% MC
perSRC
/t ha /odt
output perMiscanthus
ha @ 20%output
MC
Miscanthus
/t per ha /odt
output
Solidper
wood
ha @
to chip
25%
Solidconversion
MC
wood
/t to stacked
Swelling
factor log
factorShrinkage
conversion factor
factor
oven dry tonnetonne @30%
oven dry tonnetonne @30% oven dry tonnetonne @25% ratio
ratio
2

2.86

12.86

13

Page 9

17.33

2.7

1.49

13.0%

11.5%

age factor

Page 10

Moisture contentMoisture content

Dry basis
Wet basis
%
%
0%
0%
10%
9%
20%
17%
30%
23%
40%
29%
50%
33%
60%
38%
70%
41%
80%
44%
90%
47%
100%
50%
110%
52%
120%
55%
130%
57%
140%
58%
150%
60%
160%
62%
170%
63%
180%
64%
190%
66%
200%
67%

95%

49%