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Formulas
of
Ionic & Covalent
Compounds
2006 - Douglas Gilliland
The Physical Science Series
index
1
IA
VIIIA
IIA
3
4
5
6
7
6
7
index
2
Metals have between 1 and 3 valence eand have a loose hold on them.
Nonmetals have between 5 and 7 valence eand have a tight hold on them.
1
2
IA
IIA
IIIA IVA VA
Transition Metals
3
4
5
Noble Gases
Very
VIIIA
tight
VIA VIIA
hold on
valence
e-.
6
7
Types of Compounds:
Metals
1
2
Metalloids
Nonmetals
IA
VIIIA
IIA
Transition Metals
3
4
5
6
7
6
7
Chemical Compounds
An atom consist of a positively charged nucleus
(protons and neutrons) and orbiting electrons.
Very
Important!
Six valence
electrons.
Not chemically
stable.
-2
Eight valence
8+
Oxygen Atom
electrons.
8+
stable.
Oxide Ion
Chemically
index
5
Not Stable
Sodium
Atom
Nitrogen
Atom
Aluminum
Atom
11+
7+
Lose 1 eGain 3 e-
Stable
+1
11+
Sodium
Ion
-3
7+
Nitride
Ion
+3
13+
Lose 3 e-
13+
Aluminum
Ion
index
6
index
7
Ionic
Compounds
Crystalline Lattice
index
8
Oxidizing Magnesium
2Mg + O2 2MgO
Opposite
charges
hold the
compound
together.
12+
-2
+2
8+
12+
Magnesium Ion
8+
+
Oxide Ion
index
9
Na
Cl
-1
Opposite
charges
hold the
compound
together.
Crystalline
Lattice
11+
Sodium Atom
17+
Chlorine Atom
11+
Sodium Ion
+
+
17+
Chloride Ion
index
10
Ionic Compounds
Contain a metal and a nonmetal.
The Metal loses e- and becomes a cation (+).
The Nonmetal gains e- and becomes an anion(-).
Metal is listed first, followed by nonmetal.
Change the name of the nonmetal to -ide.
Examples: nitride, sulfide, fluoride, oxide,
index
12
B O
index
14
+3
-2
B O
index
15
+3
-2
B O
index
16
B O
index
17
B O
2
3
index
18
B O
2
3
index
19
Examples of Reduction
of Subscripts:
Sr2O2
Al3P3
Pb2O4
Ba3N2
Reduces to
Reduces to
Reduces to
Reduces to
SrO
AlP
PbO2
Doesnt
Reduce
20
Tl
+4
+3
V
+5
+4
Mn
+4
+6
Fe
+2
+3
Co
+2
+3
Ni
+2
+3
Cu
+2
+1
Zn
+2
Examples:
Mn Manganese(IV) Mn
+4
Fe
+2
Iron(II)
Fe
+6
+3
Manganese(VI)
Iron(III)
Iron(II) Fe
+3
Iron(III) Fe
+1
Copper(I) Cu
+2
Copper(II)Cu
+2
Manganese(II) Mn
+4
Manganese(IV)Mn
index
22
name
Fe2 O 3
Iron(III) oxide
ZnCl 2
Zinc(II) chloride
AgCl
Silver(I) chloride
Cu 3 P2
Copper(II) phosphide
PbS2
Lead(IV) sulfide
MnO2
Manganese(IV) oxide
23
Polyatomic Ions
-1
hydroxide
Polyatomic (many atom) ions are covalent
molecules with a charge. They behave as
if they were a one-atom ion.
index
24
Polyatomic Ions
+1
NH4
-1
Ammonium
-1
NO2
Nitrite
OH
Hydroxide
-2
SO 3
-2
SO4
-2
CO3
Sulfite
Sulfate
Carbonate
-1
-3
NO3 Nitrate
PO4 Phosphate
Note: ammonium is the only polyatomic ion with a + charge.
Treat polyatomic ions as you would any ion - crisscross to
index
25
Cation
Anion
Compound
Ca
-1
NO3
Mg +2
-3
PO 4
Ca(NO3)2
Mg 3(PO 4)2
-1
Ba(OH)2
+2
+2
Ba
+2
Ba
OH
-2
SO4
Ba SO4
cannot change the formula of the polyatomic ion. You can only
reduce subscripts outside the parenthesis.
index
26
Carbonate
-2
CO 3
Calcium carbonate Ca CO 3
Phosphate
-3
PO4
Covalent
Compounds
Water
Molecule
Hydrogen Oxygen
Atom
Atom
Hydrogen
Atom
index
28
Covalent Compounds
2H2 + O2 2H2O
1+
1+
2 Hydrogen Atoms
8+
Oxygen Atom
1+
8+
Water Molecule 1+
index
30
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Water Vapor
Exothermic
Reaction
2H2 + O2 2H2O
index
31
Covalent Prefixes
Mon - 1
Tetra - 4
Di - 2
Pent - 5
Tri - 3
Hex - 6
Naming
Covalent Compounds
N2O3
CH 4
PO5
S2F3
Dinitrogen trioxide
Carbon tetrahydride
Phosphorus pentoxide
disulfur trifluoride
index
33
form a crystalline
lattice - a repeating
pattern of ions.
+3
B ions
Water
H atoms
O atom
Covalent compounds
form individual
molecules that are
N-3 ions
Boron nitride
not connected to
each other.
index
34
Yes
No
Covalent
Ionic
(Two Nonmetals)
Examples:
iron(III) oxide
copper(II) chloride
manganese(IV) oxide
silver(I) chloride
sodium chloride
magnesium nitride
aluminum fluoride
beryllium oxide
Examples:
dinitrogen trioxide, nitrogen trichloride,
phosphorus pentoxide, sulfur dioxide
carbon tetrachloride, dihydrogen oxide
index
35
CoF2
cobalt(II) fluoride
PCl 3
phorphorus trichloride
Sr3N 2
strontium nitride
KOH
NH3
potassium hydroxide
nitrogen trihydride
36
Zn3N2
zinc(II) nitride
LiBr
lithium bromide
N2O5
MnS2
H2O
dinitrogen pentoxide
manganese(IV) sulfide
dihydrogen oxide
37
a nonmetal. Metals lose all their valence eand become cations. Nonmetals gain
Never use valence to determine the formula there isnt any valence. Since the two atoms
share electrons, they do not take on a
charge.
index
39
40
Polar covalent compounds have a partial charge at each end of the molecule.
A water
molecule is polar
because the 8
protons in the
oxygen nucleus
pull the 10
electrons closer
to the oxygen
end of the
molecule, giving
it a partial
negative charge.
The hydrogen
end of the
molecule
becomes
1+
H
charged partial
positive. This is
due to the
protons of the
hydrogen atoms
sticking out near
that end of the
molecule. index
+ charge
1+
O
8+
- charge
41
Explanation:
As you comb your hair you strip electrons off
your hair. Your comb, collecting these electrons,
becomes negatively charged.
when you place a negatively charged comb near a
stream of water, the partial positively charged
end (hydrogen end) of a water molecule are
attracted and pulled towards the comb.
index
42
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
l
y
c
h
a
r
g
e
d
+
-
Why does
a comb
attract a
stream of
water?
index
43
Surface Tension
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Ionic Compounds
Valence
Transition Metals
Steps in Writing
a Formula
Covalent Compounds
Covalent Prefixes
Lattice & Molecules
Naming Flowchart
Polyatomic Ions
Polar Molecules
Summing Up
index
45