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6 Geografie Economica Mondiala
6 Geografie Economica Mondiala
Facultatea de Geografie
Facultatea de Geografie
CAPITOLUL 1
INTRODUCERE N GEOGRAFIA ECONOMIC
Cuprins:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Obiective:
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Facultatea de Geografie
Mercantilismul este
un sistem teoretic
caracteristic
secolelor XV-XVIII
care consider c
statul este cel care
trebuie s regleze
viaa economic
pentru a urmri
interesele naionale
apelnd la
protecionism i
deinerea
monopolurilor.
Mercantilitii
identificau bogia
cu banii i
considerau comerul
exterior principala
surs pentru sporire
a avuiei.
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Facultatea de Geografie
Fiziocraia sau
guvernarea naturii
este un curent
promovat de coala
francez ncepnd cu
1758, cnd F.
Quesnay a publicat
Analiza Tabloului
economic n care a
prezentat, sub forma
unei scheme doctrina
fiziocrat care
analizeaz
posibilitatea
reproducerii i
repartiiei produsului
social total n
condiiile
capitalismului.
Liberalismul
economic este o
noiune care se
difereniaz att de
etatism (controlul
total al statului) ct i
de anarhie i
presupune
intervenia statului
ntre anumite limite,
care sunt stabilite
prin negociere de
prile implicate n
actul economic.
Cultur
ISTORIE
Geografie
Economie
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Facultatea de Geografie
Teoria diviziunii
muncii, a comerului
ntre state i a
avantajului absolut
are ca idee central
specializarea dintre
state n funcie de
favorabilitile
naturale i artificiale
conduce la
accentuarea
avantajelor reciproce.
Ratzel F. este un
urma al lui Ritter
fiind la originea
conceptelor de
oicumen i de
spaiu vital precum
i la originea
orientrilor de
cercetare a
raporturilor dintre
pmnt, societate i
stat.
Teoria marginalist
a fost emis de coala
austriac. Potrivit
acestei teorii,
valoarea este o
categorie subiectiv,
rezultat din
aprecierile
subiectelor
economice izolate.
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Facultatea de Geografie
n prima jumtate a
sec. al XX-lea
situaia economic
cunoate mutaii
profunde.
Numeroase ri revin
la protecionism,
mecanismele
capitaliste devin
rigide, apar crizele
economice n urma
crora crete
omajul i se
amplific
supraproducia.
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
Carbon L.B., (1971), Essai sur lhistoire de la pense et des doctrines economiques,
Editura Montchretien;
Claval P., (1976), lements de gographie conomique, Paris.
Dumitrescu S., Bal Ana, (1999), Economie mondial, Editura Economic, Bucureti.
Engels F. (1966), Dialectica naturii, Editura Politic, Bucureti;
Galbraith J.K., (1982), tiina economic i interesul public, Editura Politic,
Bucureti;
Gnreux J., (1992), Introduction lconomie, Paris;
Gide Ch., Rist Ch., (1926), Istoria doctrinelor economice, de la fiziocrai pn azi,
Editura Casei colilor, Bucureti;
Ivanciu Nicolae-Vleanu (1992), Istoria gndirii economice, Edit. Didactic i
Pedagogic, Bucureti;
Keynes J.M., (1970), Teoria general a folosirii minii de lucru, a dobnzii i a banilor,
Ed.tiinific, Bucureti;
Lamartiere Geneau Isabelle, Staszak J F., (2000), Principes de gographie
conomique, Breal, Paris.
Malthus Th. R., (1846), Principles of Political Economy, Guillaumin, Paris;
Manoilescu M., (1986) Forele naionale productive i comerul exterior.Teoria
protecionismului i a schimbului internaional, Editura tiinific, Bucureti;
Marx K., (1959), Teorii asupra plusvalorii, Editura Politic, Bucureti;
Mun Th., (1669), Englads Treasure by Forein Trade, London;
Peptenatu D., Drghici C., Cepoiu Loreta (2006), Geografie economic mondial,
Editura Universitar, Bucureti;
Quesnay Fr., (1958), Analyse du Tableau economique, Paris;
Simonde de Sismondi, (1827), Noveaux principes deconomie politique, ou de la
richesse dans ses rapports avec la population, Editura Delaunay, Paris;
Smith A., (1965), Avuia naiunilor, Editura Academiei, Bucureti;
Wallerstein E., (1974), The modern world system, Mc Millan, Londra;
Walras L., (1953), Elments dconomie politique pure, Paris.
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Facultatea de Geografie
CAPITOLUL 2
PROCESE ACTUALE N DINAMICA ECONOMIEI MONDIALE
Cuprins:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Globalizarea economic
Ierarhizarea statelor dup potenialul economic i dezvoltarea uman
Competitivitatea i libertatea economic
Competitivitatea economic
Libertatea economic
Societile transnaionale i rolul lor in economia mondial
Investiiile strine directe: definire, indice de potenial i de peprforman
Obiective:
Receptarea problemelor legate de globalizarea economic i a importanei acesteia n
dinamica structurilor economice contemporane;
Cunoaterea principalelor efecte spaiale ale globalizrii.
Cunoaterea ierarhiei statelor dup nivelul general de dezvoltare economic;
Cunoaterea ierarhiei statelor dup nivelul general de dezvoltare uman;
Cunoaterea conceptului de competitivitate economic;
Identificarea factorilor care determin competitivitatea unei economii;
nelegerea libertii economice ca un factor al dezvoltrii;
Cunoaterea importanei societilor transnaionale pentru economia
mondial;
Identificarea cauzelor care determin fluxurile de investiii strine directe i
importana acestora.
Globalizarea este
tendina universal
de raportarea la o
scar unic de
valori.
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Facultatea de Geografie
Economia mondial
reprezint un ansamblu al
schimburilor reciproc de
activiti (producia
material, circulaia
bunurilor, serviciilor,
capitalurilor, cercetarea
tiinific etc). Se poate
spune c este un sistem de
interdependene n care
celulele de baz sunt, nc,
economiile naionale, a
cror influen asupra
economiei mondiale este n
funcie de nivelul lor de
dezvoltare.
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Facultatea de Geografie
Reorganizarea
economiei mondiale
este determinat n
mod hotrtor de trei
elemente eseniale:
globalizarea
consumatorilor i a
corporaiilor, formarea
statelor-regiuni ca
reacie la statele
naiuni, apariia i
ascensiunea blocurilor
economice
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
Aceast grupare de ri
concentreaz cea mai
mare parte a resurselor
financiare mondiale,
avnd o structur
economic dominat de
sectorul serviciilor,
urmat de industrie i
agricultur.
ri n tranziie economic
Facultatea de Geografie
ri recent industrializate
Ritmurile de cretere
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lucreaz n agricultur.
Facultatea de Geografie
Primul Raport al
Dezvoltrii Umane,
publicat n anul 1990 de
P.N.U.D., a adoptat ca
msur a dezvoltrii
umane un indice agregat
pe baza celor trei
Copyright DEPARTAMENT ID 2009
componente eseniale ale
dezvoltrii umane:
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
Bibliografie minimal:
Braghin C., Peptenatu D., (2003), Consideraii privind conceptul de Geografie
economic pe plan mondial, Comunicri de geografie vol. VII, Ed. Universitii din
Bucureti.
Claval P., (1976), lements de gographie conomique, Paris.
Dumitrescu S., Bal Ana, (1999), Economie mondial, Ed. Economic, Bucureti.
Erdeli G., Braghin C., Frsineanu D., (2000), Geografie economic mondial,
Ed.Fundaiei Romnia de mine, Bucureti.
*** (1987), Forum du Development, Raportul Brundtland.
*** (1990-2005), Human Development Report, UNDP, New York.
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Competitivitatea este
Facultatea de Geografie
Funcionarea unui
sistem economic n
condiii de
competitivitate este
condiionat de
funcionalitatea a trei
subsisteme: subsistemul
produselor
necomercializante
(educaie, sntate etc.),
subsistemul produselor
comercializante (materii
prime, produse finite) i
subsistemul produselor
de interferen, care
asigur legtura ntre
cele anterioare
(transporturi,
telecomunicaii, servicii
financiare etc.).
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Facultatea de Geografie
n mod tradiional,
competitivitatea a fost
legat de agresivitatea
economic a statelor i
anume volumul
exporturilor de bunuri,
servicii i de investiii
strine directe.
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Facultatea de Geografie
Anuarul Competitivitii
Mondiale ierarhizeaz i
analizeaz abilitatea
rilor de a oferi un mediu
n care ntreprinderile s
poat concura. Adoptnd o
nou metodologie, se
analizeaz competitivitatea
folosind statistici pentru 60
de economii industrializate
i n curs de dezvoltare
care se focalizeaz asupra
a 4 factori, care includ
peste 300 de criterii socioeconomice: performana
economic, eficiena
guvernului eficiena
mediului de afaceri,
infrastructura.
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
Politica monetar se
analizeaz ndeosebi n
funcie de rata inflaiei
pe o anumit perioad
de timp. Valoarea
valutei unei ri depinde
n mod deosebit de
politica monetar a rii
respective.
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Facultatea de Geografie
Salariile i preurile
reprezint un factor
care se msoar n
funcie de ct permite
un guvern pieei s
stabileasc preuri i
salarii.
Drepturile de
proprietate sigure
confer cetenilor
ncrederea de a prelua
activiti economice.
Acest factor examineaz
msura n care guvernul
protejeaz proprietatea
particular.
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Facultatea de Geografie
O caracteristic actual
a economiei
internaionale, unul
dintre actorii principali
n cadrul mediului de
afaceri internaional,
societile
transnaionale s-au
dovedit a fi, n ultimii
ani, principalul
purttor al capitalului
peste hotare, al
formrii i modificrii
diferitelor tipuri de
fluxuri de capital.
O societate
transnaional este un
ansamblu la scar
internaional format
din firma mam (cu
sediul n ara de
origine) i un anumit
numr de filiale
prezente n alte ri
(ri gazd).
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Facultatea de Geografie
Societatea de tip
etnocentric este cea
care manifest o
predispoziie ctre
luarea de decizii
strategice ghidndu-se
mai ales dup valorile
i interesele
companiei-mam.
Aceasta controleaz
strns att
sucursalele, ct i
filialele sale amplasate
n strintate.
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Facultatea de Geografie
Societatea regiocentric
urmrete, n fapt,
realizarea
compromisului ntre interesele de ansamblu ale
centrului i cele ale
filialelor de afaceri, cel
puin la nivel regional.
Aceasta urmrete att
eficiena n ansamblu,
ct i acceptarea
public la nivel local.
Societatea geocentric
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este cea care caut s
integreze diferitele
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ca ntreg, sub forma
Facultatea de Geografie
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pozitiv al investiiilor
strine directe (ISD)
asupradin
competitivitii
Universitatea
Bucureti
rilor receptoare este
unanim recunoscut, fie
c este vorba despre firme
investitoare, autoriti ale
unor state-gazda, analiti
ai fenomenului.
Atragerea de ISD
constituie o problem
fundamental pentru
economiile n curs de
dezvoltare, care
promoveaz diferite
metode i mijloace pentru
ca intrrile de capital
strin s fie ct mai mari.
rile dezvoltate cunosc
de civa ani o scdere
procentual a intrrilor
de investiii strine, dar
pe ansamblu, ele continu
s atrag de trei ori mai
multe investiii dect
rile din sud.
Facultatea de Geografie
Medie
1992- 1997
Mondial
310
ri dezvoltate,
180
din care:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
690
472
1086
828
1387
1 107
817
571
678
489
560
366
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Facultatea de Geografie
Uniunea
Europeana
America de Nord
ri in curs de
dezvoltare, din
care:
Asia, din care:
China
America de Sud
America Central
Africa
Europa Central
i de Est
95
249
479
671
357
374
295
68
118
197
194
308
231
380
252
186
219
83
157
36
172
74
33
22
16
6
11
102
45
52
29
9
24
112
4040
69
37
11
26
146
40
57
39
9
27
111
48
38
49
19
26
94
52
26
24
11
31
107
53
21
28
15
21
Sursa: UNCTAD,2004
Modificri structurale n orientarea sectorial a
ISD. n ultimele decenii compoziia ISD s-a schimbat,
procentajul primirilor destinate sectorului servicii a
crescut de la 25% n anii '70 la aproape jumtate n anul
1990 i la 60% n anul 2003. n aceeai perioad ponderea
sectorului primar n stocurile mondiale de ISD a sczut de
la 9% la 6%, iar a sectorului manufacturier a avut un
declin de 8 procente (tabel 2.2).
Tabel 2.2
Distribuia sectorial a stocurilor de ISD (%)
Economia
Mondial
ri dezvoltate
ri n curs
dezvoltare
de
Primar
1990 2003
9
6
10
6
7
7
Secundar
1990 2003
42
34
41
32
48
38
Servicii
1990
2003
49
60
49
62
45
55
O economie
competitiv presupune
o infrastructur
modern i de
siguran corelat cu o
funcionare eficient a
serviciilor financiare,
tehnice. Creterea
Copyright DEPARTAMENT ID 2009
importanei economiei
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toate activitile.
Facultatea de Geografie
Unele companii
multinaionale prefer
s desfoare activiti
peste grani prin
intermediul unor firme
subcontractoare
genernd astfel aa
numitul ,,outsourcing.
Lupta pentru cel mai
mare client de
outsourcing a fost
castigat de ctre
Europa, care a luat
locul Statelor Unite,
liderul de pn acum.
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Facultatea de Geografie
Vi V min
,
V max V min
unde:
Vi valoarea variabilei pentru ara respectiv;
Vmin - cea mai mic valoare pentru tarile analizate;
Vmax cea mai mare valoare din irul de ri.
Cele opt variabile analizate pentru a calcula valoarea
indicelui de potenial sunt:
PIB/loc (indic nivelul dezvoltrii economice a rii
gazd, cuprinznd mrimea i complexitatea cererii de
bunuri i servicii, arat nivelul de trai i probabilitatea de
atragere a ISD);
Rata de cretere a PIB pentru ultimii 10 ani (prevede
mrimea pieei rii gazd pentru perioada urmtoare);
Ponderea exporturilor n formarea PIB (arat nivelul
de implicare al rii n schimburile economice
internaionale);
Numar
de
linii
telefonice/1000
locuitori
(telecomunicaiile sunt elemente de baz ale infrastructurii
fizice, absolut necesare pentru dezvoltarea mediului de
afaceri);
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
Indicele de performan
pentru ISD compar
cota deinut de o ar n
fluxurile de investiii
directe globale cu partea
pe care o are n PIB-ul
global. Considernd
partea deinut de o ar
n fluxurile globale de
ISD ca fiind egal cu
partea sa n PIB-ul
mondial
ri cu o valoare a indicelui supraunitar (>1) atrag investiii strine peste ateptrile date de mrimea
PIB-lui lor;
ISDi / ISDm
PIBi / PIBm
unde:
Ip indicele de performan
ISDi fluxurile de ISD primite de ctre ara
respectiv;
ISDm - totalul mondial al intrrilor de ISD;
PIBi - PIB al rii;
PIBm - PIB mondial
Conform datelor pentru perioada 1998-2003 un
numr de 9 state au valori ale indicelui egale cu 1 (intrrile
de ISD sunt n concordan cu mrimea lor economic); 31
de ri nregistreaz o concordan relativ (valori ale
indicelui ntre 0,8 i 1,2); 43 de ri au performane
superioare fa de mrimea economic, iar 66 de economii
primesc ISD-uri sub potenialul lor.
rile
dezvoltate
nregistreaz
diferene
semnificative ntre ele: Uniunea European primete cele
mai multe ISD-uri (se remarc Belgia,Irlanda, Suedia,
Olanda), iar altele (Australia, Noua Zeeland, Israel,
Japonia) rmn n baza ierarhiei pentru aceast grup.
rile n curs de dezvoltare, pe ansamblu, pstreaz
un relativ echilibru n privina potenialului i a
rile dezvoltate
nregistreaz diferene
semnificative ntre ele:
Uniunea European
primete cele mai multe
ISD-uri (se remarc
Belgia,Irlanda, Suedia,
Olanda), iar altele
Copyright DEPARTAMENT ID 2009
(Australia, Noua
Zeeland, Israel,
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Facultatea de Geografie
Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
Bibliografie minimal:
Aliber R., (1970), A theory of foreign direct investment, n The International
Corporation, Cambridge University Press
Baud Pascal, Bourgeat Serge, Bras Catherine (1997), Dictionnaire de gographie,
Edition Hatier, Paris
Blatu Laureniu (1997), Tendine majore n activitatea societilor transnaionale
din domeniul chimiei, n Conjunctura economiei mondiale;
Braghin C., (1998), Foreign Direct Investments in Post-Comunist Romania, n
Romanian-British Geographical Interchange, Editura Corint
Braghin C., (2002), Criterii de ierarhizare economic a naiunilor, Terra 1-2/2001,
SGR
Braghin C., Zamfir Daniela, (2003), Investiiile strine directe. Indicele de
potenial i indicele de performan, Comunicri de geografie vol. VII, Editura
Universitii din Bucureti
Braghin C.,(2004), Aspecte actuale n distribuia geografic i sectorial a
investiiilor strine directe, Comunicri de geografie vol. VIII, Editura
Universitii din Bucureti
Bran P. (1997), Relaii financiare i monetare internaionale, Editura Economic,
Bucureti;
Dumitrscu Sterian, Ana Bal (1999), Economie Mondial, Editura Economic,
Bucureti;
Erdeli G, Cndea Melinda, Braghin C, Costachie S., Zamfir Daniela (1999),
Dicionar de Geografie Uman, Editura Corint, Bucureti
Gaftoniuc Simona (1995), Finane internaionale, Editura Economic, Bucureti;
Hristea Anca Maria (1994), Considerente privind cooperarea internaional n
materie fiscal i n domeniul tehnic, n Conjunctura economiei mondiale;
Copyright DEPARTAMENT ID 2009
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Facultatea de Geografie
CAPITOLUL 3
GEOGRAFIA TRANSPORTURILOR
Cuprins:
Copyright DEPARTAMENT ID 2009
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Facultatea de Geografie
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Obiective:
Transporturile feroviare
Transportuile rutiere
Transporturile maritime
Transporturile aeriene
Test de autoevaluare
Rspunsuri i comentarii teste
Bibliografia minimal
Obiective:
Apariia i dezvoltarea
transportului feroviar
este socotit ca o
revoluie tehnic n
istoria omenirii.
Posibilitatea crescut
de circulaie a
mrfurilor,
persoanelor,
informaiilor a dus la
dinamizarea produciei
materiale, la
dezvoltarea unor
regiuni geografice
izolate.
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Facultatea de Geografie
n perioada actual, la
nivel mondial, reeaua
feroviar are o repartiie
neuniform, ea aflndu-se
n concordan cu nivelul
de dezvoltare economicosocial i cu
particularitile fizicogeografice ale diverselor
regiuni.
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Facultatea de Geografie
Cile ferate
principale sunt
caracteristice zonelor
industrializate, cu o
mare densitate a
populaiei; sunt
construite pentru a
asigura deplasarea
unor cantiti mari
de mrfuri i a unui
numr mare de
persoane
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
Drumurile reprezint
cea mai veche cale de
legtur ntre diversele
puncte de pe Glob. Dac
drumurile sunt
cunoscute nc din
antichitate, preocupri
mai intense n ceea ce
privete modernizarea
acestora au aprut abia
n secolul al XVIII-lea n
Frana, unde n 1775 s-a
trecut la pietruirea
drumurilor.
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
Flota pentru
transportul mrfurilor
solide este format din
cargouri (pentru
transportul mrfurilor
generale,
manufacturate), nave
pentru transportul
mrfurilor n cantitate
mare vrachiere (minereuri, crbuni,
cocs, bauxit, cereale
etc.), vrachiere
universale (nave care
pot transporta orice fel
de mrfuri n vrac).
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
dintre porturile
Copyright DEPARTAMENT ID 2009
diverselor state care
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Constana - Odessa)
Facultatea de Geografie
Canalele maritime
sunt ci de navigaie
artificial i n funcie
de poziia lor n
sistemul rutelor
maritime pot s fie de
importan naional
sau internaional.
Cele de importan
naional sunt situate
pe teritoriul unui
singur stat i nu au
importan mare
pentru traficul
internaional.
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Facultatea de Geografie
Transportul de cabotaj
este un transport delungul coastelor, la
maximum 100 mile
marine distan de limita
apelor teritoriale.
Transportul mrfurilor
prin cabotaj se face sub
control vamal i este
rezervat, n special,
navelor naionale.
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
La nivel mondial, i
transportul aerian de
mrfuri va progresa
din ce n ce mai mult,
fiind prevzut n
urmtorii douzeci de
ani o triplare a acestei
categorii de transport,
care va depi valorile
traficului de pasageri.
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
Bibliografie minimal:
Erdeli G., Braghin C., Frsineanu D., (2000), Geografie economic mondial, Ed. Fundaiei
Romnia de Mine, Bucureti;
Gamblin A., (2004), Economia Lumii -2004, Ed. tiinelor Sociale i Politice, Bucureti;
Iau C., Muntele I., (2002), Geografie economic, Editura Economic, Bucureti;
Marin I., Nedelcu A., (1994), Geografie mondial, Editura Prahova S.A., Ploieti;
Matei H., Negu S., Nicolae I., (2003), Enciclopedia statelor lumii, Editia a 9-a, Meronia,
Bucureti;
Muntele I., (2000), Geografia agriculturii, Edit.Univ.Al.I.Cuza, Iai;
Negoescu B.,Vlsceanu Gh., (2001), Geografie economic. Resursele Terrei, Ed. Meteora Press.
Bucureti;
Velcea I., Ungureanu Al. (1993), Geografia economic a lumii contemporane, Ed. ansa SRL,
Bucureti;
Vlsceanu Gh., Negoescu B., (2005)., Geografia transporturilor, Edit. Meteora Press.
Bucureti;
***(2000-2005), Review of maritime transport, UNCTAD, Geneva.
CAPITOLUL 4
GEOGRAFIA SCHIMBURILOR ECONOMICE
INTERNAIONALE
Cuprins:
Copyright DEPARTAMENT ID 2009
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Facultatea de Geografie
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Obiective:
Cunoatera condiiiilor de apariie i evoluie a pieei mondiale;
Evidenierea faptului c zonele libere au o mare diversitate i importan n comerul
mondial;
Identificarea rolului burselor de mrfuri n derularea schimburilor economice;
Subliniera importanei zonelor de integrare economic n dezvoltarea regional.
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Facultatea de Geografie
Perioada
manufacturier a
nsemnat o dezvoltare
deosebit a diviziunii
muncii i a pieelor
interne, relaiile
economice au cptat
amploare, ncepe s se
formeze piaa
mondial.
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Facultatea de Geografie
Etapa capitalismului
monopolist cunoate
apariia i ascensiunea
deosebit a marilor
firme, creterea rolului
i instituirea
dominaiei capitalului
financiar.
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
Organizaia Mondial
a Comerului i-a
nceput activitatea la 1
ianuarie 1995 i este
cadrul instituional al
activitii sistemului
comercial mondial.
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Facultatea de Geografie
Conceptul de zon
prelucrtoare pentru
export semnific o
enclav teritorial n
care firmele strine,
beneficiare de privilegii
speciale, produc bunuri
industriale pentru
export.
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Facultatea de Geografie
Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
Nucleul acestei
organizaii a fost format
n 1951 prin nfiinarea
Comunitii Economice
a Crbunelui i Oelului
(CECO) de ctre 6
state: Frana,
R.F.Germania, Italia,
Olanda, Belgia,
Luxemburg.
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Facultatea de Geografie
Cooperarea Economic
a Mrii Negre (CEMN)
a fost nfiinat prin
declaraia semnat n
iunie 1992 la Istanbul de
ctre statele riverane
Mrii Negre: Turcia,
Bulgaria, Romnia,
Rusia, Ucraina, Georgia
precum i de alte ri:
Grecia, Rep. Moldova,
Armenia, Azerbaidjan,
Albania.
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Facultatea de Geografie
Asia de Sud-Est
Copyright DEPARTAMENT ID 2009
(ASEAN). Este o
organizaie creat la
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din Vietnam, avnd ca
scop regruparea rilor
Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
BIBLIOGRAFIE
ALBERT M. (1994), Capitalism contra capitalism, Editura Humanitas, Bucureti.
ALBU CORNEL, ANDRESCU EUGEN (1995), Consideraii privind viitoarea lrgire
spre Est a Uniunii Europene, n Conjunctura economiei mondiale;
ALIBER R. (1970), A theory of foreign direct investment, n The International
Corporation, Cambridge University Press
ALLIX, J.P. SOPPELSA J. (1981) Images de la Terre et des Hommes, Editura Belin,
Paris;
Copyright DEPARTAMENT ID 2009
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
HRISTEA ANCA MARIA (1995), Spaiul economic Asia Pacific n perspectiva anilor
2020, n Conjunctura economiei mondiale;
HRISTEA ANCA MARIA (1997), Fora de munc i omaju1 n ri1e OCDE
Evo1uii i perspective, n Conjunctura economiei mondia1e;
ILIE AL., ILIE DORINA (1998), Resursele naturale, Editura Universitii din
Oradea,
INOTAI A. (1994), Some remarks on deve1opments n foreign trade, n Centra1 and
eastern eurpean economise, I.W.E., Papers nr. 36/1994;
IONESCU V. (1972), Combaterea eroziunii solului, I.D.T., Bucureti.
IORDACHE LUCIA (1994), Orientri1e po1iticii de restructurare a agricu1turii n
Po1onia n u1time1e dou decenii i efecte1e acesteia asupra sectoru1ui agrico1, n
Conjunctura economiei mondia1e;
IVAN MARI1ENA (1997), Situaia actu1 a cerecetrii tiinifice i experimenta1e n
Cehia, n Conjunctura economiei mondia1e;
IVANCIU N.V. (1992), Istoria gndirii economice, Edittura Didactic i Pedagogic,
Bucureti;
JIRITESCU C. (1978), Re1aii va1utar financiare internaiona1e, Editura tiinific
i Encic1opedic, Bucureti;
JOUVEN M. (1942), Les p1antes a hui1e, Editura Rustica, Paris;
KELLOG C. E. (1970), Soil, Plant Agriculture, San Francisco.
KEYNES J.M. (1970), Teoria general a folosirii minii de lucru, a dobnzii i a banilor,
Ed. tiinific, Bucureti;
KNAFOU R. (1992), De que1ques rapports souvent contradictoires entre tourism
et1environnement, La Documentation francaise, Paris;
KOLOSOV I. (1999), Mejdunarodnoe pravo, Izdatelistvo Grand, Moscva;
KOMAREK V. (1993), Czeck and S1ovak Federa1 Repub1ic: a new apporch, n
Economic Transformation n Centra1 Europe a progress report, Londra;
KRIFA H. (1993) La dinamique des investissments directs etrangers en Po1ogne:
enjeux, determinatnts et impacts, n CEASCH n r. 16/1993;
LAMARTIERE GENEAU ISABELLE, STASZAK J F. (2000), Principes de
gographie conomique, Breal, Paris.
LEBEAU R. (1992), Les grands types de structures agraires dans 1e monde,
Editura Nathan, Paris;
LELART M. (1988), Les operations du FMI, Economica, Paris;
LERY F. (1970), Le cacao, Editura PUF, Paris;
LEEA I., UNGUREANU AL. (1979), Geografie economic mondial, Ed. Didactic
i Pedagogic, Bucureti.
LEEA I., V1SCEANU GH. (1980), Transporturi1e mondia1e n seco1u1 XX,
Editura A1batros, Bucureti;
LINDERT H.P. (1986), Internationa1 Economics, Irwin, Homewood, I11inois;
LIUSNEA DANIE1A SEBASTIANA (1994), Stadiu1 reforme1or economice n
repub1ici1e ex-sovietice, n Conjunctura economiei mondia1e;
LUCA I., VASILESCU N. (1957), Cultura orezului, Editura Agrosilvic de Stat,
Bucureti.
MAIER A. (2006), Geografie economic mondial, Editura Risoprint, Cluj-Napoca;
MALTHUS TH. R. (1846), Principles of Political Economy, Guillaumin, Paris;
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
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Facultatea de Geografie
VELCEA I., UNGUREANU AL. (1993), Geografia economic a lumii contemporane, Editura
ansa SRL, Bucureti
CAMPEANU VIRGINIA, (1997), Agricu1tura urban i 1egi1e pieei 1ibere, n
Conjunctura economiei mondia1e;
VRNCEANU V., VOINEA S. (1968), Cultura plantelor oleaginoase, Editura
Agrosilvic, Bucureti.
WALLERSTEIN E. (1974), The modern world system, Mc Millan, Londra;
WALRAS L. (1953), Elments dconomie politique pure, Paris;
WALTER H. (1978), Vegetaia pmntului, Ed. tiinific, Bucureti.
WEISNER C. J. (1970), Climate, irrigation and agriculture, Sydney.
WEISS E.A. (1983), Oi1seed Cops, Longman, Londra, New York;
WHITE L. C., GRIFFIN R. P., Mc. KNIGHT L. T. (1966), World economic
geography, Methuen and Co., London.
WHITTLESEY D. (1936), Major agricultural regions of the earth, Annals of the
Association of American Geographers, nr. 26.
ZOTTA B.(1969), Elemente de geografie economic mondial, Centrul de Multiplicare
al A.S.E. Bucureti.
* * * (1966), Le cocotier dans une agriculture, FAO, Roma.
* * * (1972), Raportul FAO asupra orezului, Roma.
* * * (1997), Statistical Yearbook O.N.U., New York.
* * * (1997), Statistics Yearbook, U.N.
* * * (1997), World Development Report, The World Bank.
* * * (2001), FAO Production Yearbook, Roma.
* * * (2001), The World Bank Atlas, Washington.
* * * (2004), Handbook of International Trade and Development Statistics, U.N.,
New York.
* * * (2004), Handbook of International Trade and Development Statistics, U.N.,
New York.
* * * November, 1997, Monthhy Bulletins of Statistics, U.N.
*** (1987), Forum du Development, Raportul Brundtland.
*** (1990-2005), Human Development Report, UNDP, New York.
*** (1990-2005), World Investment Report, UNCTAD, New York
*** (2002), FTAA Free Trade of the Americas, Draft Agreement;
***(1994), Encyclopdie de lconomie et de la gestion, Hachette ducation, Paris.
***(2002), World Investment Report 2002, U.N.C.T.A.D.
***(2004), Conjunctura economiei mondiale, Editura Institutului de Economie
Mondial, Bucureti;
***Annuaire de 1e popu1ation, O.N.U., New York, 1991;
***Anuaru1 statistic a1 Romniei, Comisia Naiona1 de Statistic, Bucureti,
1996, 1997;
***At1as mondia11, Nouve11e cartographie de 1a Terre, Editura France 1oisirs,
Paris, 1997;
***Dicionar ecic1opedic, vo1. I, II, Editura Encic1opedica, Bucureti, 1993;
***Internationa1 Petro1eum Encyc1opedia, PennWe11 Pub1ishing Co., Tu1sa,
1997;
***LEtat du monde, Editura 1a Decouverte, Paris, 1998;
Copyright DEPARTAMENT ID 2009
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Facultatea de Geografie
ANEXE
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