Review from Pre-Calculus Vector in 3-D

The most common tools in Physics (Sciences) are vector notations. They are abstract tools
that can help us to visualize imaginary fields such as Electric or Magnetic fields. To make
Vectors more tangible, we give them Magnitude (Length) and Direction (Angle)
Given a vector from starting point P( Px , Py , Pz ) to terminal point Q(Qx , Q y , Qz ) , the vector

PQ = Qx Px , Q y Py , Qz Pz with length of DPQ (Qx Px ) 2 (Qy Py ) 2 (Qz Pz ) 2

angles of Tan

y2 z2
, Tan 1
x

x2 z2
, Tan 1
y

In 2-Dimension, when z 0, then 90 , Tan 1

y
x

x2 y2
with x, y, z-axis.
z

, Tan 1

x
y

. You can show that

Cos 2 Cos 2 Cos 2 1 (Sum of squares of directional cosines is one)

Vector V A, B, C has a magnitude of V

A2 B 2 C 2

V
with unit vector of U v
V

Equation of Sphere: Location of all the points that are equidistance to a point call center

( x0 , y0 , z 0 ) is surface of Spheres. Its equation is ( x x0 ) 2 ( y y0 ) 2 ( z z 0 ) 2 R 2

(Where R is the distance of all the points to the center). Use Pythagorean to show
distance formula and then use it to prove the formula for equation of Sphere.
Equation of a line: A line is defined by a point and a direction. In parametric form with a

point P ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and directional vector V a, b, c is

x x1 at , y y1 bt , z z1 ct where the parameterized variable t is Time.

Equation of a plane: A plane is defined by a point and a normal vector (A vector which is
perpendicular to the plane). The equation of a plane with a point P ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and normal

vector N a, b, c is a( x x1 ) b( y y1 ) c( z z1 ) 0

or

ax by cz d

Given a point Q( x0 , y0 , z 0 ) on plane S and a Normal vector N a, b, c to the plane S, for any

point P( x, y, z ) on plane S, the vector PQ x x0 , y y 0 , z z 0 is orthogonal to

N a, b, c .

PQ N 0 or a( x x1 ) b( y y1 ) c( z z1 ) 0

or

ax by cz d

Dot product /inner product/ scalar product is defined as A B . (Two ways to find it)

If the components are given then A B = a1b1 a2 b 2 a3b 3

If the angle between the vectors is given A B = A B cos

Use Dot product to show the following
a) The angle between two vectors if the components are given Cos 1

a1b1 a 2 b 2 a3b3
AB

A B
A B
)U B
b) Component of A on B = Comp
, Projection of A on B = Pr oj BA (
B
B

A
B

c) The angle between two lines. (Use their directional vectors)

The angle between two planes (Use their Normal vectors)
The angle between a line and a plane (use Normal vector of the plane and directional vector
of the line)

 x x1 at

d) Distance of point Q ( x2 , y 2 , z 2 ) to line y y1 bt

z z ct
1

Step1: Find vector PQ

Step2: Find Component of PQ on directional vector V

Step3: (Use Pythagorean) distance of the point to the line D

( PQ ) 2 (CompVPQ ) 2

e) Distance of point Q ( x2 , y 2 , z 2 ) to Plane ax by cz d

Step1: Find vector PQ

Step2: Find Com of PQ on Normal vector N

D= Comp NPQ

f) Distance of a line to a parallel plane

Step1: Find vector Pp Pl

Step2: Find Component of Pp Pl on Normal vector N

g) Point of intersection of x x1 at , y y1 bt , z z1 ct with ax by cz d

Step1: Sub. for variables

Step2: Solve for t (time)

Step3: Find the coordinate of the point.

h) Line of intersection of ax by cz d with a1 x b1 y c1 z d1
Step1: Call one variable t

Step2: Solve for the system for other two variables

Step3: Now you have x,y, and z all in terms of t. That is an equation of line of intersection.

Cross product /outer product/ vector product is defined as A B . (Two ways)

i
With the components A B = a x
bx

j
ay
by

k
a z a y bz a z b y , a z bx a x bz , a x b y a y bx
bz

With the angle between the vectors A B = A B Sin

Use Cross product to show the following

(Direction is right hand rule)

A B

a) The angle between two vectors if the components are given Sin 1

AB

b) The relation between Cross product and Dot product A B ( A B ) 2 ( A B) 2

c) Equation of a plain with three given points A,B, and O

Step1: Find OA and OB

Step2: Find N OA OB

Step3: Use any of the points and normal vector a( x x1 ) b( y y1 ) c( z z1 ) 0

x x1 at

d) Equation of a plain with point Q ( x2 , y 2 , z 2 ) and line y y1 bt

z z ct
1

Step1: Find vector PQ

Step2: Find Cross product of PQ and directional vector V

Step3: Use point Q and normal vector a( x x2 ) b( y y 2 ) c( z z 2 ) 0

e) Area of a triangle with three given points A,B, and O Area =

1
OA OB
2

f) Volume of a parallelepiped with three vectors A, B, C

Step1: Find D A B

Step2: Find (Component of C on D) CompC =Height

D

Step 3: Volume = Area X height

V= A B X Comp C = C D
D

Line: Plot the given point and stretch it in the direction of its directional vector. Or pick
two different values for time T and evaluate the x, y, z. Then ploy the points and connect
them. Plane: Find x, y, and z intercepts and connect them. If any of variables is missing in
the equation then draw a line with two other variables and elongated in the direction of
missing variable. If two variables are missing then the plane is elongated in two directions.
Sphere: Plot the center and stretch the center with length R along positive and negative
of x, y, and z axes. Then connect the end points of the lines with circular curves.

Chapter 11 vectors
We all started learning mathematics with arithmetic (Numbers and Basic operations).
You have been misled to memorize order of operations blindly and use it over and over
(Since there were so many rules) until you thought that you had the mastery of these
basic operations. All is well since you had the mastery of these basic operations but as you
moved up to Algebra and pre-Calculus, you came across more operations and more rules.
Lets learn mathematics with less rules and a better conceptual understanding.
All we need addition and scalar multiplication as two operations to do all arithmetic and
vector algebra.
Numbers are scalar with no directions such as mass, Energy, distance, and speed.
You know how to solve problems such as pulling a chain with which a mass M is attached
to the end of it. Easily you use concept of super-position to add the work needed to pull
the chain and then added to the work needed to pull the mass. Now if there was multiple
identical masses were attached, then simply you multiply the energy needed for one mass
to pull up and then multiply that value by the number of masses. This is called scalar
multiplication.
How do the mathematics of vectors which possess the magnitude and direction work?
One can define a direction in a few ways. 1- Introduce the starting and terminal point of
the vector. 2- Give the length and angles with respect to some known axis. 3- Describe the
components of the vector.
Some of the vectors which you have seen in the past including displacement, Velocity and
acceleration are mathematical properties of an object. The vector fields such as Force
Field, Electric, and Magnetic Fields are assumed to be measured at a point and they are
properties of the space.
Each vector can be resolve in to its components; number of non-zero components gives you
the rank of the vector (The minimum dimension needed for the vector to be in that space).

If V 3,4,0 then the rank of V is 2 in a 3D space. This vector is fixed in time since the
magnitude of it is in dependent of time. So, it can be a vector in a vector field which was
measured at a point in time or space. For the vectors which are time dependent, then we
can differentiate and integrate them respect to time.

Example1: A particle with position vector r (t ) 3t 2, t 2 2t 10 moves on a curve.

Find the following for this particle at time t 1sec .

dr

a) Speed v
3, 2t 2 At t 1sec r 3, 2(1) 2 3,4 speed v 5m / s
dt
b) Acceleration in Tangential direction aT 0, 2 at any time aT 2m / s 2

c) Force in Tangential direction if the particle mass is 4kg. FT maT 4kg2m / s 2 8N

Example 2: A force F 3t 2 , 2t 1 N is excreted to a particle in duration 0 t 2 sec .

What is its momentum?

2
dp
Momentum we know by Newtons 2 law that F
so P F .dt 3t 2 , 2t 1 dt
dt
0
nd

2
3t dt,

(2t 1)dt t

c1 , t 2 t c2 0 t 2 P 8 2 N / Sec

Example3: A particle under the influence of a force field F ( x) 2 x,4 y N moves from
origin to point (2, 4). Find the work done. Note that the force is a function of space and it
contains the mass of the particle.

W Sum 2 x,4 y . dx, dy

0

2
2
2 xdx 4 ydy 4 ydy 2 xdx 2 y x 32 4 36 Joule
4

Practice1: A particle with position vector r (t ) RCos (t ), RSin (t ) moves on a curve.

Find the following for this particle.
a) Graph of the curve in 2D

b) Velocity vector V

c) Show that the velocity vector is orthogonal to r (t )

d) Speed V v

b) Acceleration and then show that it is anti-parallel to r (t )

c) Show that the force in normal direction is F M
d) Momentum

v2
for any mass M
R

Example4: Given vector V and line L with directional vector U . Find the reflection of
vector V respect to line L.

OC PROJ uv and OP 2PROJ uv we know V V * 2PROJ uv

*
v
Then V 2PROJ u V

Practice2: Find reflection of vector V 3, 1 on line L : x 2 t y 1 3t .

Some Geometry by Vector Methods

Proposition 1: The diagonals of a parallelogram are perpendicular iff the parallelogram is a
rhombus.
Since the diagonals of a parallelogram are perpendicular, we have:

(a b) (a b) 0

aa ab ba bb 0

a b
2

||=||
Parallelogram is a rhombus
Proposition 2: Every angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle.

a b ( xm r )(r xmm ) y m2 r 2 ( xm2 y m2 ) (1)

a xm r , y m

b r xm , y m

= < , >

| = = +
|

(2)

From (1) and (2), we have a . b = =

a is perpendicular to b
Every angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle.
Proposition 3: In a parallelogram the sum of squares of the lengths of the diagonals equals
the sum of the squares of the lengths of the sides.
| + |2 + | |2 = ||2 + ||2 + 2|||| + ||2 + ||2
2|||| = 2||2 + 2||2

Proposition 4: The three altitudes of a triangle meet at one point.

1/ We have PQ is perpendicular to OK,

.
= 0
(xQ - xP)(xK - xO) + (yQ - yP)(yK - yO) = 0
xQ xK xQ xO xP xK + xP xO + yQ yK - yQ yO yP yK + yP yO = 0 (1)
2/ We have OQ is perpendicular to PK,

.
= 0
(xQ xO)( xK - xP) + (yQ - yO)(yK - yP) = 0
xQ xK - xQ xP xO xK + xP xO + yQ yK - yQ yP yO yK + yQ yP = 0 (2)
3/ Take (1) (2), we have:
xQ xP xQ xO + xO xK xP xK + yQ yP - yQ yO + yO yK yP yK = 0
(xQ xK)( xP xO) + (yQ - yK)( yP - yO) = 0

.
= 0
Proposition 5: The three medians of a triangle meet at one point.

l1 : r (t ) (a b)t

1
1

The equations of lines: l 2 : r (u ) b (a b)u Solve the system equations

2
2

1
1

l3 : r (v) 2 a (b 2 a)v

t uv

1
3

Three medians of a triangle meet at one point.

sin
||

Proposition 6: The law of sines

sin
||

||

We have: a b c 0 then a (a b c) a 0 0 a a a b a c 0 since a a 0

|||| sin = |||| sinB

sin
||

sin
||

(1) similarly for a (a b c) 0

b x a c x b = 0 |||| sin = |||| sinA

sin
||

sin
||

(2)

ab ca 0

From (1) and (2), we have

sin
||

sin
||

||

Proposition 7: If two distinct planes have a point in common, they have a line in common.
Plane (S1) has the normal vector n and plane (S2) has the normal vector N.
Let R and Ro be two random points on plane S1.
Let r and ro be two random points on plane S2.
Let A be the point in common between two planes S1 and S2.
We have:

n . (R - Ro) = 0

and

N . (r - ro) = 0

The equation of line in common: r(t) = (n x N) t + A

If there exists a line in common that goes through a point in common between two planes,
all points on that line are also on the two planes.
We plug the equation of line in common in N . (r - ro) = 0 (1) and n . (R - Ro) = 0 (2)
N . (r - ro) = N . [(n x N) t + A - ro] = N. [(n x N) t] + N. (A - ro) = 0 (3)
0

Similarly, n . (R - Ro) = n . [(n x N) t + A - Ro] = n. [(n x N) t] + N. (A - Ro) = 0 (4)

0

From (1) & (3), and (2) & (4), we have 0 = 0 (true); therefore all points on the line in
common are also on the two planes.
Conclusion: If two distinct planes have a point in common, they have a line in common.

Ori (Fold) gami (Paper) and Geometry

Axiom 1: For two points p1 and p 2 , there is a unique fold that passes through both of them.
This is equivalent to using a straight edge and compass to connect two points. (Solving a
first degree equation)

Figure 1 Axiom 1

Figure 2 Axiom 2

Axiom 2: For two points p1 and p2 , there is a unique fold that place p1 onto p2 .
This creates the perpendicular bisector to a line that contains the two points

Axiom 3: For two lines L1 and L2 , there is a fold that place L1 onto L2 .
This is equivalent to bisecting the angle between the two lines

Figure 3 Axiom 3

Figure 4 Axiom 4

Axiom 4: For a point p1 and line L1 , there is a unique fold perpendicular to L1 that passes
through point p1
This is equivalent to finding the perpendicular to a line that goes through a given point

Axiom 5: For two points p1 and p2 and a line L1 , there is a fold that places p1 onto L1 and
passes through p2 .
This is equivalent to solving a second degree equation.

Figure 5 Axiom
5

Figure 6 Axiom 6

Axiom 6: For two points p1 and p2 and two lines L1 and L2 , there is a fold that places p1 onto

L1 and p2 onto L2 .
This is equivalent to solving a third degree equation

Axiom 7: For one point p and two line L1 and L2 , there is a fold that places p onto L1 and is
perpendicular to L2 . (Solving a first degree equation)

Figure 7 Axiom 7

Figure 8 Parabola

Figure 9 Ellipse

Parabola: (Axiom 5 above). For two points P and Q and line L, one folds along a line through

Q , taking P to a point p on L. So if the point P is the focus and L is the directrix, then the
folded line is the tangent line of the parabola.
Ellipse: A circle with radius R , center at origin with a point A on x axes. Fold the paper
such that every point A1 on the circle is the reflection point of A . Repeat the same for
different point A1 and find the collection of the points on these lines.

Keplers Law of planetary motion

1- Every planet travels around the sun in an elliptical orbit and sun at on focus. It was
discovered at 1605 and published at 1609.
2- The velocity of a planet varies in such a way that the line joining the planet to the sun
sweeps out equal areas in equal time. It was discovered at 1602 and published at 1609.
3- The square of the time required by a planet for one revolution around the sun is
proportional to the cube of its mean distance from the sun. It was discovered at 1618 and
published at 1619.
Galileo (Italian) in 1605 was not convinced with Keplers laws. Bullialdus (French) in 1645
asked What cause the planets to move?
Newton (British) in 1680 claimed that the orbits are in the form of Ellipses. Newton in
1684 with the request of astronomer Halley (British) gave a correct proof of the claim.
It took 2 years for newton to write Principia in 1687

Newtons law of motion

1- Every object continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line, unless
it is compelled to change this state by force impressed upon it.
2- The Change of momentum is proportional to the motive force impressed, and is made in

dp d

the direction of the line in which that force is impressed. F

(mV )
dt dt

V ma If the mass of the object stays constant for duration of measurement then
F m

the equation reduces to F ma Newton deduced his universal Laws of Gravity from
Keplers Law

Newtons Law of gravity

1
R
a 2 and U r n
r
R


a a U arU r Since the Gravitational force is along the line joining the masses then

a 0 and a r

K
r2

d
d U r Sin , Cos U
U r Cos , Sin
Since
U

U Sin , Cos
d U Cos , Sin U
r
d

R rU r
d
d
d

dt U r d U r dt U
d

Since V r U r rU r rU rU r

dt

d U d U d U

r
dt
a (r r 2 )U r (r 2r)U
d
dt
The angular component of acceleration is a (r 2r)
Since a 0 then

a r (r r 2 )

d 2
c
(r ) 0 and (r 2) Const then 2
dt
r

K
dr dr d dr c
since r

2
dt d dt d r 2
r

With the above substitution we get r c

r c

r 2 2rr 1 d 2

(r )
r
r dt

Let z

1
r

dz 1dr

d r 2 d

dz
This sub eliminate r 2 from the equation
d

2
2
d 2z c
c2 d 2 z
2 2 d z
2 c 2 z 2 d z c 2 z 3

Rewrite
a

c
z
r
d 2 r 2
r 2 d 2
d 2
d 2

a r c 2 z 2 (

d 2z
d 2z
K
2

z
)

Kz
z 2 . This differential equation can
it
simplifies
to
2
2
d
d
c

be written as

d2
K
K
( z 2 ) ( z 2 ) 0 then the solution of this second order differential
2
d
c
c

equation is linear combination of the solutions, in this case Sine and Cosine functions.
The solution is z

K
HCos( ) Recall ASin BCos HCos( )
c2

and convert it back to in terms of r,

1 K

HCos( )
r c2

A2 B 2

Solve for r and simplify r

c2
c2 / K

K Hc 2 Cos( ) 1 ( Hc 2 / K )Cos ( )

1
1 2
Recall A r 2 d so the rate of change of area is r 2
2
2 1
Since r 2 Const then

1 2 c
r . This shows that the rate at which area is swept out by
2
2

radius to the planet.

T (Time to orbit the sun)

Therefor c

Then

c
(Rate at which area swept out) ab (Area of an ellipse)
2

2ab
and we have from the ellipse b 2 a 2 (1 e 2 ) and Pe a(1 e 2 )
T

3
c2
2ab 2 1
4 2 a 2 b 2 4 2 a 2 a 2 (1 e 2 ) 4 2 3
2 a
(
)
2
2

Pe
T
Pe T
Pe
T
a(1 e 2 )
T2
T2

T 2 4 2 4 2 Pe
2
Const This is the third law of planetary motion
a3
c
c2
Pe

Recall In a rotational motion F mR 2 for R =a F ma 2 which is balance by F

GMm
a2

T 2 4 2
GMm
2
2 2 GM
,
we get ( ) 3 simplify to 3
which is constant
F ma
GM
T
T
a
a2
a
2

Kepler knew that

T2
is constant but he did not know its value.
a3

Homework set #2

1- For line l : p(3,2,2) and V 1,1,2 and the plane S which contains points A(1,2,1),
B(2,-1,2), and C(0,-2,1).
a) Find the point of intersection of the line and the plane. (time and space)
b) Find the acute angle between the line and the plane
c) How far the position of a particle on the line at t 2 sec is away from the plane?
d) If the source of light is shines normal to the plane, how fast the shadow of the
particle is moving on the plane?
2- For the given Planes S1 : 2 x y z 4 and S 2 : x 2 y z 1
a) Find line of intersection of the planes
b) Find the angle between the planes
c) Graph the planes and indicate the line of intersection and the angle
d) If a particle on plane S1 at point (1,1,-1) moves directly to pint H on line of
intersection of the planes, what are the coordinates of point H?

e) If the point P(1,1,-1)shines a laser beam in the direction of V 1,1,1 , what are
the coordinate of point (Q) intersection of laser beam with plane S 2 ?
f) Find the Area of a triangle made by point P, Q, and H as its vertices?
3- Solve the systems of equations by finding point of intersection of the planes.

x 2 y z 3

2 x y z 4
2 x y 2 z 5

First find line of intersection of two planes and then use the line and the third plane to
find the point of intersection.
4-A Laser beam at point P (1,2,1) shines on to mirror S: 2 x y 2 z 6 ,in the direction of

V 2,2,1 . We want to locate position of a detector after 2sec which the beam bounces

off of the plane. How far this point is away from point P(1,2,1)?
5- A Laser beam at point P (1, 1, -1) is aimed at point Q (-2, -1, 0) after it bounces off of
mirror S: x y z 4 . What is the location on the mirror which the beam bounces off of?

6- Given plane S: x y z 2 , Graph it

a) Find the volume created by plane S and the coordinate planes in the first octane?
b) Find the distance of the plane x y z 2 to the origin.
7- Find a general formula for
a) The distance of a point to a plane. (2 different methods)
b) The distance between two parallel planes. (2 different methods)
c) The distance between two skewed lines.
d) The distance between a point and a line. (4 different methods)
8- Find the equation of tangent plane to the sphere with equation C: x 2 y 2 z 2 9 at
point P(2, 2, 1).
9- Find the parametric equation of line of intersection between two tangent planes to the
sphere with equation C: x 2 y 2 z 2 9 at point P(1, -2, 2) and Q(1,2,2).
10- Show that a) the three points A (1,2,-1) , B (2,-1,1) and C(3,-4,3) are collinear and find
the which passes through them. B) the four points A (1,2,1) , B (0,-1,1) , C(1,-4,2) and
D(2,1,0) are not coplanar. Then find the distance of each point to the plane created by the
other three points.
11- Find the relation between magnitude Dot product and Cross product.
12- Show that sum of the squares of the directional cosines is one.
13- You want to place the ball in to pocket at point S, while it bounces at point Q and R.
What are the locations of point Q and R on the rim of the pool table as shown?

14- Find the equation of the plane that passes through the point (-1, 2, 1) and contains the
line of intersection of the planes x y z 2 and 2 x y 3z 1.
15-Given a system of equations.

2x y z 2
x 2y z 1

2x y 2z 3
a) Solve for line of intersection of first two planes.
b) Solve for the point of intersection of above line with the third plane.
16- Graph x y z 4 and Find the closest point on the above plane to point (-1, -3, 2)
17- Graph 2 x y z 2 Find the shortest distance from the plane to the origin in 4
different methods.
1) Partial derivatives. 2) Dot product. 3) Cross product. 4) Geometry
18-When a charge particle moves in an electric field. The force excreted on the charge
particle is
that

F qE

F ma

where q is the charge and E is the electric field (vector). We know

then the ma qE can be used to find the mass of a charge particle if the

electric field, acceleration and charge of the particle are known. Find the mass of a

charged particle with q 2 Columb in a field E 52 1010 N / C and acceleration

a 16, 24 10 20 m / s 2 .

19- When a charge particle moves in a magnetic field. The force excreted on the charge

F q (v E) where v is the velocity of the particle and B is the Magnetic

field (vector). We know that F ma then the ma q(v B) can be used to find the
particle is

mass of a charge particle if the magnetic field, acceleration, velocity and charge of the
particle are known. Find acceleration of a charged particle with

m 5 10 10 Kg and q 5 10 6 C in a field B 10, 20 Tesla and velocity

v 8, 4 10 6 m / s . Find angle between acceleration / velocity and acceleration /

magnetic field.

20-When a particle moves in straight line, and then its kinetic energy is KE

1
mv v
2

What is KE (in Joules) of a 2miligram fly that is going with velocity v 4, 3 m / s ?

21-Potential energy of an object at height H is PE mg. H where g is acceleration of

gravity and H is change in height. A 2kg mass moved from point A(3, -4) to point B(5, 12).

How much work was done on the object? g 0,10 m / s 2

22- Central petal force on an object is a fictitious force do to rotation. If a mass moves

around a circle of radius R with linear speed of v , then the magnitude of the central petal

v v
force will be F m
and the direction is toward the center of circle. What is
R
acceleration (direction and magnitude) of a mass going around a circle ( R 0.5m) and

v 5, 12 m / s . Show that acceleration is inversely proportional to the radius.

23- Angular momentum of an object is L r P where change in linear momentum for

constant mass is P mv . Find L for a 0.5 kg object going around a circle

r 3, 2 m and v 10, 6 m / s

24- Angular momentum in 3D: Find L for a 0.5 kg object going around a circle

r 3, 4 2 m and v 8, 4, 6 m / s

10
6
25- Find acceleration of a charged particle with m 5 10 Kg and q 5 10 C in a

6
field B 10, 20, 5 Tesla and velocity v 8, 4, 12 10 m / s . Find angle between

acceleration / velocity and acceleration / magnetic field.

26- Find area of a triangle with vertices A(2, 3,6) and B(3, 2, 5) and C(1, 3,4).

27- Find volume of a tetrahedron created by V 3, 2, 5 ,U 3, 2, 6 , W 1, 4, 6

28- Find the net force for F1 3, 5, 6 N , F32 4, 2, 7 N F3 8, 4 4 N

, F4 5, 1, 2 N . Then find the acceleration of a 2kg object which influences by

these forces.
29- Prove the formula for dot product and cross product.
30-

a) Find the line of intersection of 2x y z 2

and

x 2y z 1

b) Find the acute angle of the above planes.

c) Find point of intersection of the above planes with plane x y z 3 .

31- Find the closest point on plane x y z 4 to the origin.

32-Find the line of intersection of 2x y z 2

and

x 2y z 1 then Find the acute

angle of the planes.

33-A particle at t 0 started at point (4, 0, 3) in the direction v 1, 2, 0 bounces
off the surface x y z
4.

A) Find the location of the particle after 4 sec.

B) Find the displacement during the interval [0, 4] sec.
34-A particle at t 0 was detected at point (2, 1, 3). Then after it bounces off the
surface x y z 3 was observed at point (2, 2, 2). For how long the particle was missing?
(How long did it take for particle to travel from one point to another?)
35- Given r (t ) t , ln sect , 2 , 0 t ln 2

a) Show that r (t ) is a smooth vector function.

b) Find the length of the curve from t = 0 to t = ln2.
36-A particle with initial velocity v0 2 2 m / s and

is lunched from the origin in a

field with a 0, 2, 0 m / s 2 . Find all the points that the particle intersects the plane

S : x y z 3.
37-Two planes S1 : x 2y z 4 and S2 : x y z 1 intersect at line L.
Find the distance of the point P (1, 0, 2) to both planes and line L.

is the mirror image of vector Vr 1,2,1 respect to Ur 2,1,2

38- What
39- A boy on a skateboard is moving toward a basketball hoop at 2 m/s. The hoop is 3
meters above the ground. At time
t = 0, the boy throws
the ball from 2 meters above the
ground at an angle of 45 when he is 6 meters away. How fast (in respect to him) does he
have to throw the ball in order to make a basket?
40- Find the equation of the plane that passes through the point (-1, 2, 1) and contains the
line of intersection of the planes x y z 2 and 2 x y 3z 1.

41- Find the work done to move a 4kg mass with an acceleration a 2,3,1 form point

p(2,4,5) to point Q(1,3,2) .

42- Find magnitude of torque if the moment arm is r 2,2,1 and applied force is

F 3,4,12 . What is the angle between moment arm and the force in above question?

43- a)Find parametric equation of a line L whose passes through point A(1,1,2) , B(2,2,3) .
b) Find equation of a plane S1 whose passes through points C (3,2,2) , D(3,2,4) , E (4,2,1) .
c) Find equation of a plane S 2 whose passes through point F (1,1,2) and contains

r (t ) 2,3,1 t 1,3,2 .

d) Find equation of a plane S 3 whose contains r (t ) 1,1,1 t 2,2,3 and

r (t ) 3,2,1 t 2,1,1 .

e) Find point of intersection of line L (from #43a) and each of the planes (from
#43b,#43c,and 43d)
f) Find line of intersection of S1 and S 2 . Call the line L3.

g) Find line of intersection of S 2 and S 3 . Call the line L1.

h) Find line of intersection of S1 and S 3 . Call the line L2.
i) Show that any of the lines crosses the other planes exactly at the same point.
j) Find the angle between Lines L1 , L2 and L1 , L3and L3 , L2. What can you conclude?
k) Find the angle between Planes S1 , S2 and S1 , S3and S3 , S2. What can you conclude?
l) Find the distance of point P(1,4,-2) to lines L1, L2, and L3.
m) Find the distance of point P(1,4,-2) to Planes S1, S2, and S3
n) Find the area of ABC where A(2,1,-1), B(3,2,1), and C(3,1,0)
o) Find Volume of a parallelepiped with A(1,2,-1), B(2,1,3), C(2,-1,2) and D(2,1,2).
44- Go through all the 7 Geometric theorems and proof those using vectors.
45- Use a piece of paper to demonstrate all the axioms in origami.

d
d
U r U and
U U r then show that
d
d

V rU rU r
a (r r 2 )U r (r 2r)U

46- Show that

R rU

47- Show that (r 2) Const then a r

K
r2

48- Show that ASin BCos HCos( )

for value of H

A2 B 2

49- Show the following relation in an ellipse b 2 a 2 (1 e 2 ) and Pe a(1 e 2 )

50- Show the following relation

T 2 4 2
between the period and mean distance of the

a 3 GM

planet to the sun.

51- Match that total energy for the following models of conic sections on v-x coordinates.
a) An oscillating spring on a horizontal plane with no friction.
b) An oscillating spring on a vertical plane (gravity) with no friction.
c) An oscillating pendulum on a vertical plane with no friction.