M 2
Tema
--Energie si mediu-Obiectivul proiectului este de a selecta filiera de producere a energiei electrice cu
impactul cel mai mic asupra mediului nconjurtor.
Filierele de producere a energiei electrice sun urmtoarele:
A. Extracia gazului natural din bazinul Transilvaniei si producerea de energie
electric ntr-o turbin cu aburi n condensaie.
B. Extracia gazului natural din bazinul Moscovei si producerea de energie electric
ntr-un ciclu combinat gaze-abur.
C. Extracia lignitului din Valea Jiului si producerea energiei electrice ntr-o turbin
cu aburi n condensaie.
Etapele proiectului:
1. Descrierea obiectivelor de studiu.
2. Alegerea unitii funcionale respectiv a unittii de referin pentru fiecare etap a
filierelor analizate .
3. Realizarea bilanului materie-energie pentru fiecare etap a ciclului de via
(crbune respectiv gaz natural ).
4. Calcularea emisiilor generate n etapa de combustie.
5. Clasificarea claselor de impact n funcie de poluanii inventariai la punctul 3.
6. Cuantificarea claselor de impact (calcularea indicilor de impact).
7. Interpretarea rezultatelor:
- comportarea filierelor dup fiecare etap;
- comportarea filierelor dup un anumit poluant ( sau dup un indicator);
- comportarea global a filierelor energetice innd cont de toi indicatorii
de impact.
d1 500
km
Filiera 2:
d2 2500
km
Filiera 3:
d3 300
km
NO2ex1 0.073
NOex1 5.7 10
g/Nm3
CO2ex1 1.102
g/Nm3
COex1 7.6 10
SO2ex1 1.33 10
2.78 10
N2Oex1 2.95 10
prafex1 3.6 10
g/Nm3
6.38 10
5
8.5 10
g/Nm3
5
SO2ex1 4.388 10
g/Nm3
CH4ex1 0.915
g/Nm3
5
N2Oex1 9.968 10
prafex1 1.295 10
g/Nm3
g/Nm3
Etapa de tratare:
NO2tr1 0.0024 0.004 N
NO2tr1 0.046
NOtr1 9.6 10
g/Nm3
CO2tr1 1.3
g/Nm3
COtr1 0.081
g/Nm3
SO2tr1 0.012
g/Nm3
SO2tr1 4.3 10
6.8 10
CH4tr1 7.2 10
N2tr1 1.96 10
g/Nm3
7.18 10
N2tr1 9.858 10
g/Nm3
g/Nm3
4
praftr1 5.1 10
5.2 10
praftr1 1.082 10
g/Nm3
NO2tp1 1.31
g/Nm3
NOtp1 0.435
g/Nm3
CO2tp1 52
g/Nm3
Etapa de transport:
NO2tp1 ( 0.0042 0.002 N)
500
10
500
10
SO2tp1 3.7 10
8 10
500
10
10
8.2 10
6.2 10
praftp1 1.61 10
COtp1 0.575
500
N2Otp1 4.6 10
10
500
10
500
g/Nm3
4
SO2tp1 6.25 10
g/Nm3
CH4tp1 6.2
g/Nm3
500
10
N2Otp1 6.81 10
500
10
praftp1 0.042
g/Nm3
g/Nm3
Filiera 2
Etapa de extractie:
NO2ex2 0.024 0.005 N
NO2ex2 0.079
SO2ex2 2.3 10
2.78 10
g/Nm3
NOex2 6.7 10
g/Nm3
CO2ex2 1.09
g/Nm3
3
COex2 6.2 10
g/Nm3
5
SO2ex2 5.358 10
g/Nm3
CH4ex2 0.95
g/Nm3
N2Oex2 3.1 10
prafex2 4.2 10
6.38 10
8.5 10
N2Oex2 1.012 10
prafex2 1.355 10
g/Nm3
g/Nm3
Etapa de tratare:
NO2tr2 0.0016 0.004 N
NO2tr2 0.046
g/Nm3
NOtr2 0.011
g/Nm3
CO2tr2 1.6
g/Nm3
COtr2 0.014
g/Nm3
SO2tr2 0.011
g/Nm3
SO2tr2 3.9 10
6.8 10
CH4tr2 6.22 10
N2tr2 2.1 10
7.18 10
praftr2 4.1 10
5.2 10
g/Nm3
N2tr2 9.998 10
praftr2 9.82 10
g/Nm3
g/Nm3
Etapa de transport:
NO2tp2 ( 0.0033 0.002 N)
NOtp2 ( 0.0029 0.0007 N)
CO2tp2 ( 0.2 0.07 N)
praftp2 2.8 10
2500
10
2500
10
7
8.1 10
10
2500
10
2500
2500
10
2500
10
6
8.2 10
6.2 10
2500
10
2500
10
NO2tp2 6.325
g/Nm3
NOtp2 2.65
g/Nm3
CO2tp2 242.5
g/Nm3
COtp2 2.375
g/Nm3
3
SO2tp2 2.518 10
g/Nm3
CH4tp2 28.5
g/Nm3
N2Otp2 0.032
g/Nm3
praftp2 0.24
g/Nm3
Filiera 3
Etapa de extractie:
NO2ex3 0.06 0.005 N
NO2ex3 0.115
NOex3 8.3 10
g/Nm3
CO2ex3 1.2
g/Nm3
COex3 6.2 10
SO2ex3 7.8 10
2.78 10
N2Oex3 1.2 10
prafex3 8.5 10
g/Nm3
6.38 10
8.5 10
g/Nm3
4
SO2ex3 1.086 10
g/Nm3
CH4ex3 0.64
g/Nm3
5
N2Oex3 8.218 10
prafex3 1.785 10
Etapa de tratare
NO2tr3 0.006 0.004 N
NO2tr3 0.05
NOtr3 6.5 10
CO2tr3 2.19
SO2tr3 9.5 10
6.8 10
COtr3 0.015
N
SO2tr3 0.017
N2Otr3 0.78 10
praftr3 3.7 10
7.18 10
5
5.2 10
CH4tr3 6.22 10
N
N2Otr3 8.678 10
praftr3 9.42 10
g/Nm3
g/Nm3
Etapa de transport
NO2tp3 ( 0.003 0.002 N)
300
10
NO2tp3 0.75
300
10
NOtp3 0.501
300
300
10
SO2tp3 5.2 10
8.1 10
N2Otp3 0.7 10
praftp3 3.6 10
CO2tp3 26.31
10
COtp3 0.435
300
10
6
8.2 10
6.2 10
300
10
CH4tp3 2.82
SO2tp3 4.233 10
300
10
N2Otp3 2.916 10
300
10
praftp3 0.031
Mcb
E
g PCI
g randamentul_global
PCI puterea_calorifica_inferioara
E energia
E P daj
unde
daj durata_anuala_de_functionare
daj 8000 15 N
daj 7.835 10
M 8
P 500 5 N 2 M
P 571
E P daj 3600
E 1.611 10
MW
10
MJ
GAZ NATURAL
Pentru gaz natural PCI va fi :
MCH4 16
MCO2 44
MC2H6 30
MSO2 64
MC3H8 44
MC4H10 58
MC5H12 72
MH2S 34
CH4 0.819
C2H6 0.025
C3H8 0.036
C4H10 0.038
C5H12 0.035
H2S 0.007
MCH4 35774
MC3H8 91138
MC2H6 63669
MC4H10 118498
MC5H12 160000
PCIgn ( CH4 MCH4 C2H6 MC2H6 C3H8 MC3H8 C4H10 MC4H10 C5H12 MC5H12) gn
gn
CH4 MCH4 C2H6 MC2H6 C3H8 MC3H8 C4H10 MC4H10 C5H12 MC5H12 CO2 MCO2 H2S MH2S
22.4
4
gn
gn
trunc gn10
gn
10
kj
kg
LIGNIT
Puterea calorifica inferioara a lignitului se calculeaza astfel:
MC 12
MSc 45
MH 1
MO 16
MN 14
MW 18
PCIgn 8.795 10
Kg
Ci 0.55 0.005N
Ci 0.605
Hi 0.09 0.001 M
Hi 0.082
Sci 0.018
Ni 0.01
Oi 0.01
Wi 0.15
Ai 1 ( Ci Hi Ni Oi Wi)
Ai 0.143
PCIlignit 2.887 10
kj
kg
Filiera 1
TA 0.4 0.003 N
TA 0.433
10
E 1.611 10
Mcb1 1000
E
TA PCIgn
Mcb1 4.229 10
kg
M'cb1
Mcb1
tp1
tp1 0.917
M'cb1 4.612 10
tr1 0.935
5
M''cb1 4.933 10
kg
M'''ex1
ex1 0.84
M''cb1
M'''ex1 5.872 10
ex1
kg
Filiera 2
TA 0.433
10
E 1.611 10
Mcb2 1000
Mcb2 4.229 10
TA PCIgn
kg
tp2 0.917
5
M'cb2 4.612 10
kg
M''cb2
M'cb2
tr2
tr2 0.935
5
M''cb2 4.933 10
kg
M''cb2
ex2
ex2 0.84
5
M'''ex2 5.872 10
kg
Filiera 3
CC 0.5 0.005 N
CC 0.555
10
E 1.611 10
Mcb3 1000
Mcb3 1.005 10
CC PCIlignit
kg
tp3 0.895
Mcb3
M'cb3 1.123 10
tp3
kg
M''cb3
tr3 0.915
M'cb3
M''cb3 1.228 10
tr3
kg
M'''ex3
ex3 0.865
M''cb3
M'''ex3 1.419 10
ex3
Indicatori de impact
1 Gaze cu efect de sera :
GWP
mi GWPi
era 0.9+0.002N
kgco2efectiv
kg
GWPCO2 1
GWPCH4 21
GWPN2O 280
kgco2efectiv
kgco2efectiv
kgco2efectiv
FILIERA 1
M''cb1
gn1000
kgCO2echiv
gn1000
kgCO2echiv
M'''ex1
M'cb1
gn1000
kgCO2echiv
FILIERA 2
gn1000
kgCO2echiv
M'''ex2
kgCO2echiv
M''cb2
gn1000
APex1
[ SO2ex1
APSO2 GWPCO2
NO2ex1 APNO2
NOex1
APNO ( NO2ex1
NOex1
) APNOX
GWPtp2
( CO2tp2
CH4tp2
GWPCH4
N2Otp2
GWPN2O
) ]
M'cb2
M'''ex1
gn1000
gn
1000
GWPtp2 197.815
kgCO2echiv
FILIERA 3
M'''ex3
1000
kgCO2echiv
M''cb3
1000
kgCO2echiv
kgCO2echiv
Acidificarea
AP
miAP i
APSO2 1
APNO2 0.7
APNO 1.07
APNOX 0.7
Filiera 1
APex1 0.033
kg SO2echiv
uF
M'cb3
1000
APtr1 [ SO2tr1 APSO2 NO2tr1 APNO2 NOtr1 APNO ( NO2tr1 NOtr1) APNOX]
M''cb1
gn1000
APtr2 [ SO2tr2 APSO2 NO2tr2 APNO2 NOtr2 APNO ( NO2tr2 NOtr2) APNOX]
APtr1 0.023
M''cb2
gn1000
kg SO2echiv
uF
APtp1 0.606
kg SO2echiv
uF
APtp1 [ SO2tp1 APSO2 NO2tp1 APNO2 NOtp1 APNO ( NO2tp1 NOtp1) APNOX]
M'cb1
gn1000
Filiera 2
APex2 0.036
kg SO2echiv
APex2 [ SO2ex2 APSO2 NO2ex2 APNO2uF NOex2 APNO ( NO2ex2 NOex2) APNOX]
APtr2 0.023
kg SO2echiv
uF
M'''ex2
gn1000
APtp3 [ SO2tp3 APSO2 NO2tp3 APNO2 NOtp3 APNO ( NO2tp3 NOtp3) APNOX]
M'cb3
1000
APtp2 [ SO2tp2 APSO2 NO2tp2 APNO2 NOtp2 APNO ( NO2tp2 NOtp2) APNOX]
M'cb2
gn1000
kg SO2echiv
APtp2 3.153
uF
Filiera 3
M'''ex3
APex3 [ SO2ex3 APSO2 NO2ex3
APNO2 NOex3 APNO ( NO2ex3 NOex3) APNOX]
kg
SO2echiv
APex3 125.911
gn1000
uF
M''cb3
APtr3
7.705
[ SO2tr3APSO2
NO2tr3 APNO2 NOtp3 APNO ( NO2tr3 NOtr3) APNOX]
APtr3
10
kgSO2echiv
1000
uF
APtp3 2.176 10
kgSO2echiv
uF
3) Poluarea fotochimica
POCPCH4 0.006
POCPCO 0.027
POCPpraf 0.045
Filiera 1
M'''ex1
gn1000
POCPex1 1.705 10
kgCH4echiv
POCPtr1 5.673 10
M''cb1
gn1000
kgCH4echiv
M'cb1
gn1000
kgCH4echiv
Filiera 2
POCPex2 1.757 10
M''cb2
gn1000
kgCH4echiv
gn1000
kgCH4echiv
M'''ex2
M'cb2
gn1000
kgCH4echiv
Filiera 3
kgCH4echiv
M'''ex3
gn1000
M''cb3
gn1000
kgCH4echiv
M'cb3
gn1000
kgCH4echiv
4) Eutrofizarea
NP
mi NPi
Se cunosc:
NPNO2 0.13
Filiera 1
M'''ex1
NPex1 3.146 10
kgPO4echiv
NPtr1 1.979 10
M''cb1
gn1000
kgPO4echiv
gn1000
M'cb1
gn1000
kgPO4echiv
NPNO 0.2
Filiera 2
M'''ex2
NPex2 3.441 10
gn1000
kgPO4echiv
M''cb2
NPtr2 2.003 10
kgPO4echiv
NPtp2 1.873 10
gn1000
M'cb2
gn1000
kgPO4echiv
Filiera 3
M'''ex3
kgPO4echiv
M''cb3
gn1000
kgPO4echiv
gn1000
kgPO4echiv
M'cb3
gn1000
ADPgn 0.0187
ADPlignit 0.19
Nm
kgSB
kg
Filiera 1
ADP1 ADPgn
M'''ex1
kgSB
ADP1 5.542
gn
uf
Filiera 2
ADP2 ADPgn
M'''ex2
kgSB
ADP2 5.542
gn
uf
Filiera 3
ADP3 ADPlignit
M'''ex3
gn
ADP3 1.361 10
kgSB
uf
( kg)
Filiera 1
Sc1 0.00007
32
34
Sc1 6.588 10
kgSO2
Filiera 2
Sc2 0.00007
32
34
Sc2 6.588 10
kgSO2
Filiera 3
Sc3 0.00007
32
Sc3 6.588 10
34
2 0.03
3 1
grad de recirculare
Hi 43918.92
r 0.25 N 0.005
i1 3500
i2 2200
r 0.195
kgSO2
mg 0.9
3
Dn 3.6
P 10
Dn 1.757 10
( i1 i2) mg
12 Dn
t
h
k 10.774
200 Dn
Filiera 1
1 0.85
mNO 2.1 0.034 1 k Mcb1 Hi 1 q4 0.01 1 2 r 3
mNO 2.1 5.749 10
Filiera 2
Filiera 3
Pentru carbune
kNO2
f 1.4
kT NO2 kC NO2
f coeficientul_de_exces_aer
Tf1 temperatura_flacari
Tgt 1873
Tf0 1273
Tf1 1.428 10
64500
f 1
f
kNO2T 1.556 10
Tf1
kC NO2
XN 10
0.7 XN N r 0 w
Ni
PCIlignit
p
6
XN 3.464 10
N 0.35 i 0.4
N 0.672
p 0.2
p 1.73 p 0.48
r 1 0.016 r
p 0.826
1
2
r 0.993
1
0 0.024
kw 2.4
2
w 0.4 kw 0.32
w 2.624
kNO2C 0.7 XN N p r 0 w
kNO2C 8.463 10
6
kNO2 1.64 10
Emisia de cenusa
Enm M A( 1 x) ( 1 y)
x gradul_de_retinere
x 0.15
y randamentul_electrofillului
y 0.98
Enm AMcb3 ( 1 x) ( 1 y)
Enm 1.709 10 A
kg
Emisia de CO
ET CO ECO M
gn
Filiera 1
mg
ECOgn 150
Nm
ECOT1 ECOgn
Mcb1
ECOT1 0.032
gn10
kg
Filiera 2
ECOgn 150
mg
3
Nm
ECOT2 ECOgn
Mcb2
gn10
ECOT2 0.032
kg
Filiera 3
mg
ECOcarb 250
Nm
ECOT3 ECOcarb
Mcb3
10
ECOT3 2.513 10
Emisia de praf
ET praf Epraf M
mg
Eprafgn 5
Nm
Filiera 1
EprafT1 5
Mcb1
EprafT1 1.067 10
10 gn
Filiera 2
EprafT2 5
Mcb2
10 gn
EprafT2 1.067 10
Filiala 3
EprafT3 5
Mcb3
6
10 gn
Emisia de CO2
EprafT3 2.537
kg
Mc
GCH4 100
MCH4
GCH4
MCH4 XCH4 1
Mam
Mam Mi Xi
MCO2 44
MCH4 16
MSO2 64
MC2H 30
MC5H12 72
MH2S 34
MC4H10 58
MC3H8 44
Mam CH4 MCH4 C2H6 MC2H6 C3H8 MC3H8 C4H10 MC4H10 C5H12 MC5H12 CO2 MCO2 H2S MH2S
Mam 1.588 10
GCH4 MCH4
Ci
CH4
Mam
MC
GCH4 100
MCH4
kg
GCH4 8.255 10
Ci 0.619
Filiera 1
Ci
Mcb1
100
Cam1
Cam1 2.619 10
Kg
3
Kg
Filiera 2
Ci
Mcb2
100
Cam2
Cam2 2.619 10
Filiera 3
Cam3 CiMcb3
ECO 2.3 Cam3 3.67
Cam3 6.225 10
kg
kg
GWP miGWPi
GWPCO2 1
Filiera 1
GWPcb1 GWPCO2 ECO 2.1
GWPcb1 9.61 10
GWPcb2 9.61 10
kgCO2echiv
F
Filiera 2
GWPcb2 GWPCO2 ECO 2.2
Filiera 3
kgCO2echiv
F
GWPcb3 2.284 10
kgCO2echiv
F
AP mi APi
Filiera 1
APcb1 APNO2 mNO 2.1 APSO2 mSO 2.1
APcb1 4.024 10
Filiera 2
APcb2 APNO2 mNO 2.2 APSO2 mSO 2.2
APcb2 1.42 10
Filiera 3
APcb3 APNO2 mNO 2.3 APSO2 mSO 2.3
3)
POCP mi POCPi
Filiera 1
POCPcb1 POCPCO ECOT1 POCPpraf EprafT1
4
POCPcb1 9.124 10
Filiera 2
POCPcb2 9.124 10
Filiera 3
APcb3 3.397 10
4) NP mi
POCPcb3 6.786 10
NPi
Filiera 1
NPcb1 NPNO2 mNO 2.1
NPcb1 7.473 10
Filiera 2
NPcb2 NPNO2 mNO 2.2
NPcb2 2.638 10
Filiera 3
NPcb3 NPNO2 mNO 2.3
NPcb3 6.188 10
APex2
NPex1
NPex2
APex3
Tabel1
POCPex1 POCPex2 POCPex3
APex1
NPex3
6.029
6.243
7
2.081 10
0.033
0.036
125.911
Tabel1
1.705 10
1.757 10
2.928
3
3
3.441 10
3.146 10
11.896
Etapa de tratare
APtr1
APtr2
NPtr1
NPtr2
APtr3
POCPtr1 POCPtr2 POCPtr3
Tabel2
Filiere 1
Filiere 2
3.595
0.023
Tabel2
5.673 10
1.979 10
NPtr3
Filiere 3
0.438
6
2.879 10
0.023
7.705 10
4
1.124 10
2.003 10
0.295
4.832
Etapa de transport
APtp2
NPtp1
NPtp2
APtp3
Tabel3
POCPtp1 POCPtp2 POCPtp3
APtp1
NPtp3
Filiere42.851
1 Filiere 2 Filiere
3
197.815
7
9.699 10
0.606
3.153
6
2.176 10
0.013
0.057
17.047
Tabel3
3
3
1.873 10
1.851 10
4.422
Etapa de combustie
APcb1
APcb2
NPcb1
NPcb2
APcb3
POCPcb1 POCPcb2 POCPcb3
Tabel4
Filiere 1
Filiere 2
9.61 103
4.024 10
9.124 10
7.473 10
Filiere 3
9
2.284 10
9.61 10
Tabel4
NPcb3
1.42 10
3.397 10
9.124 10
2.638 10
6.786 10
6
Filiere 3
Tabel5
0.016
8
7.473 10
6.806 10
0.06
7
2.638 10
6.188 10
TOTAL
Filiere 1
6.188 10
Filiere 2
Filiere 3
4.024 10
Tabel6
0.016
1.42 10
0.06
3.692 10
6.806 10
8
7
6
7.473 10 2.638 10 6.188 10
5.542
5.542
1.361 10
Concluzii :
Din tabele se observa ca in etapa de extractie cel mai mare poluator este Filiera 3 pentru
etapa de
tratare tot Filiera 3, la etapa de transport impactul cel mai mare il are Filiera 2 iar la etapa de
combustie
Filiera 1 si Filiera2 ( aici intalnim valori mari ale indicatorilor AP si NP ).
Cele mai multe gaze cu efect de sera sunt produse de Filiera 3, insa Filierele 1 si 2 au
indicatorii
AP si NP mult mai ridicati ca Filiera 3
Meval Tabel6
0.016
7.473 10
0.06
2.638 10
5.542
5.542
2.405 109 3.692 107 6.806 103 6.188 106 1.361 105
P ( 4 8 2 7 10 )
Vectorul ponderilor:
Me stack ( Meval P)
Me
7.473 10
0.016
2.638 10
0.06
5.542
5.542
Meval0
Meval2 0
Meval0
Mn
Meval2 0
0
Meval
Meval2 0
10
Meval1
Meval2
Meval3
Meval1 1
Meval1 2
Meval1 3
Meval1
Meval1 1
1
1
Meval1
Meval
1
Meval2
Meval1 2 1
Meval2
Meval
1
Meval3
Meval1 3 1
Meval3
Meval
1
Meval4
Meval2 4 1
Meval4
Meval
2
Mnorm stack ( Mn P)
4.018 10 6 28.333
4.081 10
Mnorm
28.333 4.072 10
0.265
1
4.072 10
0.26
1.134 10
0.235
10
Meval4
Meval2 4 0
PT 31
c 0.5
C12
0 0
21
C13
8 7 0
31
C21
8 7 2 10 4 0
31
C23
8 7 2 0
31
C31
C32
( 10 4 2) 0
31
10 4 0
31
Cik C21
C12 C23
0
C C
31 32
C23
Cik
0.548
0.548
0.516 0.452
JGWP21 6.321 10
JAP21 27.333
JPOCP21 0.735
JNP21 27.333
JADP21 0
Jmax21 0.735
GWP 1
AP 0.74
POCP 0.735
NP 0.765
Jmax21
D12
POCP
ADP 1
D12 1
JGWP31 1
JPOCP31 1.134 10
JADP31 1
Jmax31
D13
ADP
Jmax31 1.134 10
D13 1.134 10
D21 0
JGWP32 Mnorm2 0 Mnorm1 0
JGWP32 1
JADP32 1
Jmax32 1
Jmax32
D23
ADP
D23 1
JAP13 28.073
JNP13 28.099
Jmax13 28.099
1
Jmax13
NP
D31
D31 36.711
JAP23 0.74
JPOCP23 1.134 10
1
Jmax23
NP
D32
JNP23 0.765
Jmax23 0.765
D32 1
Md D21
D12 D13
0
D D
31 32
Md
D23
5
1 1.134 10
0
1
36.711 1
d 0.5
Cum D21<d ==> grupa (F1,F2) satisface testul de nondiscordanta ==> Filiera 1 surclaseaza Filiera 2
Filiera 1 este solutia optima. Aceasta se bazeaza pe extractia gazului natural din bazinul Transilvaniei si
producerea energiei electrice intr-o turbina cu aburi in condensatie