SURROUNDING: FS (Te al ini (0) Te walls comer () Te wall we a the vcinons of FIGURE 7-70 Graphical representation of entropy generation during a heat transfer process through finite temperature difference ‘Most steady-flow devices operate under adiabatic condi- tions, and the ideal process for these devices is the isentropic process. The parameter that describes how efficiently a device approximates a corresponding isentropic device is called isentropic or adiabatic efficiency. It is expressed for turbines, compressors, and nozzles as follows: _ Actual turbine work 71 Teentropic turbine work _ Isentropic compressor work Mc ~~ Aetual compressor work Actual KE at nozzle exit w= ~ Isentropic KE at nozzle exit In the relations above, hs, and ht, are the enthalpy values at the exit state for actual and isentropic processes, respectively.MEDIUM 1 MEDIUM 2 Wall qh b Heat transier Entropy generated = Exergy transfer (! ( FIGURE 8-27 The transfer and destruction of exergy during a heat transfer process through 2 finite temperature difference. He T%‘The actual gas power cycles are rather complex. To reduce the analysis to fa manageable level, we utilize the following approximations, commonly known as the air-standard assumptions: & ‘The working fluid is air, which continuously circulates in a closed loop and always behaves as an ideal gas. . All the processes that make up the cycle are internally reversible. . The combustion process is replaced by a heat-addition process from an external source (Fig. 9-9). . The exhaust process is replaced by a heat-rejection process that restores the working fluid to its initial state.Imeake Exhaust valve valve FIGURE 3-10 Nomenclature for reciprocating engines. (a) Displacement ‘volume ‘volume (by Clearance FIGURE 9-11 Displacement and clearance volumes of a reciprocating engine. FIGURE 9-12 The net work output of a cycle is equivalent to the product of the mean effective pressure and the displacement volume.(a) Acta four-srokespakiiton engine FIGURE 9-13 ‘Actual and ideal cycles in spark-ignition engines and thee P-v diagrams.a Spark plug Exhaust iia por I = Crankcase —s Fuel—air sninture FIGURE 9-14 ‘Schematic of a two-stroke reciprocating engine ()T-s diagram FIGURE 9-21 T-s and P-v diagrams for the ideal Diesel cycle.1 cS als 2 q ale ce a ’ "| rae aig" ay 2 FIGURE 9-26 = 7s and P-v diagrams of Carol % y 7 Stirling, and Eriesson cyeles. (ey Caner eycte Stang eset Cobnesson ge