Therefore the question raised whether refinements could be brought to the T-stub model of

Eurocode 3 with the result that the amended model would provide a higher resistance for failure
mode 1 without altering significantly the accuracy regarding both failure modes 2 and 3.
In (Jaspart, 1991), an attempt has been made in this respect. In the Zoetemeijers approach, the
forces in the bolts are idealised as point loads. Thus, it is never explicitly accounted for the actual
sizes of the bolts and washers. If this is done, the following resistance may be expressed for
Mode 1 (Jaspart, 1991):
FRd ,1 =

( 8n 2 ew )l eff ,1m pl ,Rd

(2.3.7)

[ 2mn ew ( m + n )]

with ew = 0.25 dw (d w designates the diameter of the bolt/screw or of the washer if any.
Of course, Equation (2.3.7) confines itself to Zoetemeijer's formulae (2.3.2) when distance ew is
vanishing.
During the recent revision of Annex J of Eurocode 3, formula (2.3.7) which describes the Mode
1 failure as dependent on the actual bolt dimensions has been agreed for inclusion as an
alternative to formula (2.3.2).

2.23