Insurgency in Africa

ANONINTEL
INTELLIGENCE REPORT
Insurgency in Africa
January 16 th , 2015
Isugecy Afca
Islac Extests ad Mltat Goups
Contents
1
Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002present)
1.1
Tele ad ode of evets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1
Ed of te Algea cvl wa ad tal ltat actvtes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.2
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.3
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.4
2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.5
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.6
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.7
2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.8
2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.9
2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.10 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.11 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.12 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.13 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.14 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3
Refeeces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
11
2.1
Nae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
2.2
Hstoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
2.2.1
As Sala st Goup fo Peacg ad Cobat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
2.2.2
As al-Qaeda te Islac Mageb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
2.3
Iteatoal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
2.4
Stateets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
2.5
Tele of attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
2.6
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
2.7
Refeeces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
2.8
Fute eadg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
2.9
Exteal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Boko Haram
17
CONTENTS
3.1
Nae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
3.2
Ideology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
3.2.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Hstoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
3.3.1
Backgoud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
3.3.2
Boko Haa foudg ad ealy yeas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Capag of volece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
3.4.1
2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
3.4.2
2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
3.4.3
2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
3.4.4
2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
3.4.5
2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
3.4.6
2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
3.4.7
2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Ogazato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
3.5.1
Leades, stuctue ad ebes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
3.5.2
Facg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
3.5.3
Tes to ote desgated teost goups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
3.6
Respose by Ngea autotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
3.7
Iteatoal esposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
3.7.1
Desgato as a teost ogazato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
3.7.2
Uted States esposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
3.7.3
Afca Coalto foce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
3.7.4
Fec ad Bts assstace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
3.7.5
Cese assstace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
3.8
Related Atcles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
3.9
Refeeces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
3.10 Exteal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
Ansaru
36
4.1
Attacks o westees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
4.2
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
4.3
Refeeces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
4.4
Fute eadg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
3.3
3.4
3.5
Sybols
Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa
38
5.1
Hstoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
5.2
Leadesp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
5.3
Icdets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
5.3.1
Captue ad sezue of Gao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
Refeeces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
5.4
CONTENTS
Al-Mourabitoun (jihadist group)
41
6.1
41
Refeeces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia)
42
7.1
Backgoud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
7.2
Foeg Relatos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
7.2.1
Desgato as a teost ogazato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
7.2.2
Alles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
7.3
Refeeces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
7.4
Fute eadg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
7.5
Exteal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
Jabhatul Islamiya
44
8.1
44
Refeeces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Al-Shabaab (militant group)
45
9.1
Nae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
9.2
Ogazato ad leadesp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
9.2.1
Leades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
9.2.2
Foeges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
9.3
Teost desgato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
9.4
Hstoy ad actvtes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
9.4.1
Opposto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
9.4.2
Tele . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
9.5
Defectos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
9.6
Stategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
9.6.1
Meda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
9.6.2
Dougt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
9.6.3
Opeato Lda Nc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
9.7
Mege wt Al-Qaeda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
9.8
Iteal ft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
9.9
Collaboato wt AQIM ad Boko Haa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
9.10 Splt wt Hzbul Isla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
9.11 Boutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
9.12 Suppot allegatos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
9.12.1 Etea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
9.12.2 Soallad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
9.13 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
9.14 Refeeces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
9.15 Exteal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
10 Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia

10.1 Po le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
77
CONTENTS
10.2 Te Djbout peace ageeet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
10.3 Refeeces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
10.4 Exteal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
11 Ras Kamboni Brigades

11.1 Refeeces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12 Muaskar Anole
78
78
79
12.1 Refeeces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
12.2 Text ad age souces, cotbutos, ad lceses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
12.2.1 Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
12.2.2 Iages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
12.2.3 Cotet lcese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
Chapter 1
Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002present)

Activity in the Maghreb efes to ltay actvty
Algea, Mautaa ad Moocco 2002 waged by te
Islast lta, Sala st Goup fo Peacg ad Cobat
(GSPC). Te GSPC alled tself wt te Al-Qaeda Ogazato te Islac Mageb agast te Algea
goveet.[18] Ts allace ceated a dvso wt
te GSPC ad led to te ceato of te Fee Sala st
Goup (GSL) aote ltat goup opposg te Algea goveet.[18] Te co ct s a afteat of te
Algea Cvl Wa (eded 2002), ad as sce spead
to ote egbog coutes.
of State, ad slaly classed as a teost ogazato

by te Euopea Uo.
Yet ceta obseves ave cosstetly agued tat te
clas about teost teats te Saaa ad a allace
betwee tese goups ad Al-Qada ae exaggeated, tat
ceta key evets wee fabcated, ad tat uc of te
ype s te esult of a capag of decepto ad dsfoato led by te Algea goveet, ad pepetuated
by te eda.[23]
Algea ad ote Mageb states a ected by te ac- 1.1.2 2002

tvty ave bee asssted gtg Islast ltats
O Apl 11, 2002, Gba syagogue bobg
by te Uted States ad te Uted Kgdo sce
klled 22 (14 Gea tousts, ve Tusas, ad
2007, we Opeato Edug Feedo Tas Saaa
two Fec atoals ad te sucde bobe).
bega.[19][20]
1.1
O May 5, 2002, 15 goveet soldes ae klled

a abus ea Tz Ouzou, te Kabyle ego of ote Algea. About 50 ebes of te
Sala st Goup fo Peacg ad Cobat (GSPC)
wee blaed fo te assault.[24]
Timeline and order of events
1.1.1 End of the Algerian civil war and initial militant activities
O Jue 23, 2002, ltats klled 6 cvlas a

attack o youts playg football ea a bus stato
Zealda, ea Alge.[25]
Wt te Aed Islac Goup of Algea's decle, te

GSPC was left as te ost actve ebel goup, wt about
300 gtes 2003.[21] It cotued a assassato
capag of polce ad ay pesoel ts aea, ad
also aaged to expad to te Saaa, wee ts soute dvso, led by Aa Sa (ckaed Abdeezak el-Paa , te paatoope ), kdapped a ube
of Gea tousts 2003, befoe beg foced to ee
to spasely populated aeas of Mal, ad late Nge ad
Cad, wee e was captued.
O July 17, 2002, ltats klled 7 cvlas

Ouled Allal, Boua Povce. Bgg te deat
toll of te pevous tee days to 22.[26]
O Septebe 13, 2002, ltats klled 11 cvlas
o a oad ote Algea, A De a Povce.
Te pevous ot, accodg to a toll copled
fo pess epots ad o cal accouts, a estated 140 people wee klled extest volece,
bgg to 1,070 te ube of people wo ad
bee klled sce te begg of te yea.[27]
Soe beleve tat El Paa actually woks fo te Algea

goveet. By late 2003, te goup s foude ad bee
supplated by te eve oe adcal Nabl Saaou, wo
aouced s ope suppot fo al-Qaeda, tus stegteg goveet tes betwee te U.S. ad Algea. He
was epotedly klled sotly aftewads, ad was succeeded by Abu Musab Abdel Wadoud 2004.[22]
O Septebe 19, 2002, 15 people ae epoted to

ave bee aested Kabyle ude suspco of
povdg oey ad logstcal elp to te GSPC[28]
Te GSPC as declaed ts teto to attack Algea,

Fec, ad Aeca tagets. It as bee desgated as
a Foeg Teost Ogazato by te U.S. Depatet
O Octobe 2, 2002, ltats klled 13 cvlas

a eote vllage weste Algea, A De a
Povce.[29]
1
CHAPTER 1. INSURGENCY IN THE MAGHREB (2002PRESENT)
1.1.3 2003
O Octobe 22, 2004, ltats attacked a vecle

ea Medea cayg fas to a football atc te
captal Alges kllg 16 people.[42]
O Jauay 6, 2003, ltats abused a ltay

covoy ot-east Algea kllg 43 soldes ad
woudg 19 otes. Also ltats attacked fales ea te captal, Alges, kllg 13 people.[30]
1.1.5
2005
Betwee 22 Febuay ad 24 Mac 2003, te Free

Salast Group o GSL, a splte goup of te
GSPC led by Aa Sa( Abdeazak El Paa ),
allegedly captues 32 Euopea tousts soute Algea. O 13 May 2003, sevetee ostages
ae eleased ad 2 ltats ae klled a gu battle te Algea deset. Te eag gtes,
wt ftee ostages, ee to ote Mal. Afte ecevg a pupoted 5 llo aso pad
by te Gea goveet,[31] te GSL/GSPC eleases te foutee eag ostages o 19 August
2003.[32] Te fteet ostage, a Gea, ded of
eat exausto.[33]
O May 15, 2005, gtes abused a ay covoy te ego of Kecela kllg 12 soldes.[44]
OMay 16 2003, 2003 Casablaca bobgs klled

45 cludg 12 sucde-bobes.
O Jue 23, 2005, a explosve devce klls 1 polcea o te oad lkg Azzefoue ad Agb
te povce of Tz Ouzou.[47]
I Septebe 2003, Nabl Saaou was epoted to

ave eplaced Hassa Hattab as leade of te GSPC
but ote eda epots ave deed tat ay cage
as take place.[34]
O Novebe 27, 2003, Messad, Djelfa
Povce, Algea, a well-kow poet ad ebe
of te exteded Royal Saud faly was klled ad
fou otes wee jued a appaet teost attack, accodg to pess epots.[35]
1.1.4 2004
O Apl 9, 2005, ltats klled 14 people at a fake

oadblock ea Alge. I addto aote 36 people, cludg 15 secuty foce ebes ave bee
klled sce te stat of Mac.[43]
O Jue 13, 2005, a explosve devce klls 3 soldes ad 2 cvlas west of Tpaza.[45]
O Jue 18, 2005, a explosve devce klled a polcea dug a polce ad El-Dje.[46]
O July 18, 2005, Islast ltats klled ve

polcee a abus A De a weste
Algea.[48]
O Septebe 25, 2005 ltats klled 5 ebes of te secuty foces. Tee days befoe 7 soldes ad 3 cvlas wee klled two ote attacks.
Sce te begg of te ot aote 16 soldes, 12 cvlas ad 1 polcea wee klled. Te
attacks took place Bouedes Povce ad close
to Sada.[49][50]
O May 2, 2004, t was epoted tat te pevous 1.1.6 2006

two days 7 ebes of te secuty foces, 6 cvlas ad 2 ltats wee klled seveal locatos:
O Febuay 1, 2006, te Algea daly Lbet
ea Alge, ad te povces of Medea, Boua
epots tat sptual leade Aed Abou al-Baaa
ad Relzae.[36]
(eal ae Aed Zaabb) as bee klled by Algea goveet foces te outas ea
O May 18, 2004, two bobs exploded kllg two
Toudja o Jauay 17.[51]
soldes ad woudg 13 people, cludg fou soldes, Setf easte Algea.[37]
O Mac 30, 2006, Hassa Hattab, a foude of
O Jue 2, 2004, gtes abused a Algea
ltay covoy Bjaa easte Algea, kllg
10 soldes ad woudg 45 otes.[38]
te goup, s epoted to ave called o ts eag ebes to accept a aesty o eed by te

Algea goveet.[52]
O Jue 28, 2004, te ay klled tee Islac extests a ad ea te captal, Alges.[39]
O Apl 7, 2006, gtes abused a goveet

covoy te deset ego of Gadaa Algea
cayg custos agets kllg 13 people.[53]
O Septebe 20, 2004, ltats klled 4 people

at a oadblock tey set up ea Kalous Boua
Povce.[40]
O Septebe 29, 2004, ltats attacked a cvl
defese post ea te cty of A De a, kllg 6
ebes of te cvl defese foce.[41]
O Apl 26, 2006, a sucde bobe attacked te

base of te Multatoal Foces ad Obseves at
al-Jua woudg two ebes of te foce.[54]
O Jue 21, 2006, te Algea ay klled 10 Islasts Gzewal, ea Bouedes.
1.1. TIMELINE AND ORDER OF EVENTS

O Jue 26, 2006, te Algea ay klled 19 Islasts te easte ego of Kecela, bg te
ube of people klled sce te stat of te latest
uest Algea to 53, cludg 36 suspected Islasts. Aog te dead wee also 7 soldes klled
o Jue 21 ad 5 cvlas klled o Jue 20.[55]
O July 20, 2006, gtes klled 4 goveet ucpal guads ea A De a. Te attack followed
a sla oe o July 12 we 5 guads wee klled
ea Tpaza.[56]
O August 29, 2006, gtes attacked a ceckpot
El-Kseu Bjaa Povce, kllg 2 polcee
ad 1 cvla.[57]
O Septebe 14, 2006, al-Qaeda aouced t wll
jo te GSPC te gt agast Face. Tey
pla to attack Face, te Uted States, ad te
alles.[58][59]
O Septebe 2, 2006 sepaate clases 6 soldes
wee klled te egos of Bjaa ad Medea.[60]
I Octobe, 2006 a sees of tuck bobs exploded
Alges kllg tee ad woudg 24.[61]
O Novebe 3, 2006 15 ltats abused
a ay patol te A De a ego kllg 8
soldes.[62]
O Novebe 9, 2006 ltats abused a ay
patol te Boua ego kllg 7 soldes ad
woudg 13.[62]
O Novebe 28, 2006 10 ltats wee klled
clases eote outaous egos ad also a
week befoe a ltay elcopte was sot dow by
te Islasts kllg 3 soldes ad 2 local guads.[63]
O Decebe 10, 2006 a bob toe apat a bus cayg foeg ol wokes Alges, kllg two ad
woudg egt.[61]
1.1.7 2007
Fute foato: 2007 Alges bobgs (dsabguato), 2007 Dellys bobg ad Opeato
Edug Feedo Tas Saaa
I Jauay, 2007 Tusa sad t klled 12 GSPC ltats wle losg two secuty e. Te ltats
allegedly plaed to attack te U.S. ad Bts ebasses Tus.[64]
3
O Jauay 30, 2007 5 soldes ad 10 Islasts
wee klled gtg te easte ego of
Bata.[67]
O Febuay 6, 2007, te Uted States bega
Opeato Edug Feedo Tas Saaa
patesp wt te Uted Kgdo ad a ube
of pate states te Sael ego.
O Febuay 13, 2007 seve bobs exploded at
seve polce statos te Kabyle ego kllg 2
polcee ad 4 cvlas.[61]
O Mac 3, 2007 a bob ts a covoy of Russa ppele wokes betwee te tows of Medea
ad A De a, kllg fou Russas ad tee
Algeas.[68]
Betwee Mac 11 ad Apl 14, 2007 Casablaca
bobgs klled 8.
O Apl 7, 2007 9 soldes ad 10 Islasts wee
klled gtg a wooded aea te A De a
Povce.[69]
O Apl 11, 2007, a sucde attack at te etace of
te Msty of Iteo klled oe ta 24 people
ad wouded 300.[70]
O May 11, 2007 vaous cdets 6 Islasts,
1 solde ad 1 polcea wee klled ea Tz
Ouzou, Sada ad Jjel.[71]
O May 13, 2007 a bob exploded at a polce
ceckpot Costate, Algea, kllg oe polcea ad woudg two.[72]
O May 14, 2007 20 ltats wee klled clases
ea te captal.[73]
O July 11, 2007 a sucde tuck bobe attacked
a ltay baacks ea Boua, kllg 10 soldes
ad woudg 35.[74][75]
O Septebe 3, 2007 dug clases te Tebessa
ego ve secuty foces ebes ad a cvla
wee klled.[76]
O Septebe 5, 2007 seve ltats wee klled
we te ay bobed a suspected ltat deout
te Tebessa ego.[76]
O Jauay 5, 2007 gtes klled 18 soldes a

abus te ego of Bska.[65]
A US C-130 plae was attacked by a ace gu

eplaceet o Septebe 12. Te plae eaced
ts destato Mal ad obody was jued.[77]
Sce te begg of OEF-TS, 100 AQIM ebes ave bee klled by secuty foces wt 261
ocobat fataltes.[78]
O Jauay 21, 2007 a oadsde bob exploded ude a ay vecle ea Jjel easte Algea
kllg oe solde ad woudg aote egt.[66]
O Septebe 15, 2007 a bob exploded fot of

a polce copoud Zeou, ea Bouedes,
kllg tee people ad woudg ve otes.[74]

O Septebe 22, 2007 a sucde bobe wouded
e people, cludg two Fece ad a Itala, a attack Lakdaa, te Boua
Povce.[75]
O Octobe 9, 2007 clases Kabyle tee
ltats, cludg te GSPC deputy leade, wee
klled.[79]
O Octobe 15, 2007 gtg te Tz Ouzou
povce tee ltats wee klled.[80]
O August 19, 2008, a sucde ca-bobe attacked

a polce acadey Les Isses as ecuts led up
fot of te buldg, 43 people wee klled, oly
oe of te a polcea. Ts attack was o cally
codeed by te Uted Natos Secuty Coucl.[86]
O August 20, 2008, aote two ca-bobs attacked a otel Boua kllg 11 cvlas oe day
afte te ca bob attack Les Isses.[87]
O Septebe 15, 12 Mautaas wee captued

O Novebe 16, 2007, Algea foces klled
ad late beeaded ote Mautaa.[88]
te teasue of al-Qaeda Algea, Abdelad
Sadaou, also kow as Abou el Hayte, ea Tz
Ouzou.[79]
1.1.9 2009
O Decebe 11, 2007, two sucde tuck bobes
attacked U.N. o ces Alges, kllg 37 people ad jug 171. Te Uted Natos Secuty
Coucl o cally codeed ts attack.[81]
O Decebe 25, 2007, 4 Fec tousts wee
klled by gue Mautaa ad a ft seously
jued. Vcts wee all pat of te sae faly.
See 2007 Fec tousts kllg Mautaa
1.1.8 2008
Al Qaeda s wg ot Afca says t klled 20
Algea soldes ad wouded 30 clases ts
easte stogold, wee te ay as lauced
a capag agast te ebels. I a Iteet
stateet posted o Mac 8, te goup deed a
ewspape epot tat 25 of ts gtes ad bee
klled ad played dow epots ts leade ad bee
suouded.[82]
O Jue 6, 2008, oadsde bob klled sx soldes
ad wouded fou Cap Djeat. Te bobg
cae a day afte a sucde bobe tageted a ltay baacks a easte Alges subub but klled
oly self.[83]
O Jue 8, 2008, two bobs uck successo
ocked a ta stato Be Aae, about 60
les east of Alges. Te st bob klled a
Feca wokg o a eovato poject at te
stato alog wt s dve. Te secod bob
cae about ve utes late ttg te st espodes ad kllg egt soldes ad tee e gtes.
Jauay 19: Te Buboc Plague, also kow as

Black Deat fected ad klled at least 40 ebes
of AQIM a tag cap.[89]
Jauay 22: Gue abduct a Swss couple, a Gea woa, ad a Bts a Nge. I Febuay, Al-Qaeda te Mageb claed to ave abducted te fou tousts as well as Caada dploat
Robet Fowle Decebe.[90] Fowle ad tee
otes wee eleased Apl wle te Bts a,
Edw Dye, was executed Jue.[91]
Febuay 22: Mltats attack a gas stallato at te
Zaa Masoua coue te coastal povce
of Jjel, kllg e secuty guads te deadlest
stke sce August.[92]
Jue 17: 18 gedaee toops ad a cvla wee
klled a attack o a ltay covoy ea Bodj
Bou Aedj, about 125 les souteast of Alges.Local souces sad tat te soldes wee etug afte escotg to base a goup of Cese
wokes buldg te futue otoway teded to
coss te wole of te ot Afca couty fo
east to west.
July 30: At least 14 Algea secuty guads wee
klled a abus by alleged Islac gtes.[93]
August 9: 2009 Nouakcott sucde bobg.
Octobe 8: 2 botes suspected of lks to AQIM
wee aested Face. Oe of te two was a
CERN eseace.[94]
A Moocca cout covcted a cell of 29 ecutes

to pso o Jue 11, 2008.[84]
Nov. 26: Feca Pee Caatte was kdapped

Maka, Mal by al-Qaeda.[95]
Moocca foces aested 35 Al Qaeda ecutes o

July 2, 2008.[85]
Nov. 29: Spas ad wokes Roue Pascual, Albet Vlalta, ad Alca Gaez wee kdapped o a
coastal oad Mautaa.[95] Gaez was eleased
Mac 2010, wle Pascual ad Vlalta was eleased August 2010.[96]
O July 14, 2008, a leade of Al-Qada Algea

was klled a secuty foces ad.
1.1. TIMELINE AND ORDER OF EVENTS

Dec. 19: A Itala ad s wfe fo Buka Faso
wee kdapped easte Mautaa.[97] Tey wee
eleased o Apl 19, 2010.[98]
Dec. 28: Tee Saud tousts ae klled ad tee
otes jued a attack ea Djabala, Nge.[99]
A fout Saud ded two days late.[100]
1.1.10 2010
Jauay 29: A bob exploded at te passage of a
fegt ta loa Tezt. Nobody was jued.[101]
Mac 8: At least ve soldes wee klled close to
Nge s bode wt Mal, a suse abus
wc ebels attacked a covoy wt ockets ad ace gu e at a solated bode post.[102]
Mac 21: 3 ltats wee klled by secuty foces
ea El Ma Labod, 35 k fo Tebessa.
Mac 25: Two soldes wee klled ad ve otes
wouded a attack te cty of Kada.[103]
Mac 26: 3 ltats wee klled wle aote was
captued by secuty foces At Yaa Moussa, 30
k fo Tz Ouzou.
Apl 1: A bob attack agast a tax klled two people Tz-Ouzou. Aote attack agast a polce
patol does ot ut.[104]
Apl 3: Seve secuty o ces ad oe solde
wee klled a double bob attack te ego
of Bejaa. Two ote soldes wee wouded te
secod exploso.[105]
Apl 14: Accodg to Algea o cals, at least 10
ltats wee klled sce a coute-teost opeato stated Bodj Bou Aedj ao. Te opeato s ogog. Top ltat Abdelalek Doukdel
could be suouded wt ote ltats, a ltay
spokesa sad.
Apl 23: At least 2 polcee wee klled ad aote was slgtly wouded we a bob exploded
Iague (betwee Bejaa ad Jjel) wle tey
wee passg by. No ote detals ave bee epoted.
Apl, 28: A ece gubattle betwee Algea ay
ad a goup of ltats occued ea Tdjellabe
(2 k fo Bouedes). It s kow tat oe solde
was klled, but te coute-teost opeato was
stll gog o accodg to Algea o cals.
May 2: Oe ltat was klled a clas wt Algea foces a foest betwee Akfadou ad Adeka.
He was weag a old ltay jacket (...) e
was klled o te spot a ltay spokesa sad.
Te coute-teost opeato s stll gog o e
5
added. Ts eavly foested aea s ofte te scee
of clases betwee ltats fo Al Qaeda te
Islac Mageb (AQIM, foe GSPC) ad Algea ay.
May 4: 3 ltats, cludg te e of
Takoukt Jaaat Zakaa Abdelkaa, wee
klled by secuty foces Daa El Mze (45 k
fo Tz-Ouzou). It was epoted tat te autotes deaded te to stop te ca ad to suede, but tey efused ad wee klled. Seveal
weapos ad autos wee dscoveed te
ca. No ote detals ave bee epoted.
May 9: 2 people cludg a cld wee klled a
abus Kabyle. Aote peso s ssg.[106]
Jue 7: 2 people wee klled ad a td ctcally
jued a bob attack ea Degua.[107]
Jue 11: A sucde ca bob dected by a sucde
bobe agast a xed bae of te gedaee
Aal esulted 8 dead, cludg 3 polcee,
fou cvlas ad a Cese atoal. Tus a scoe
of wouded cludg 10 polcee ad 10 cvlas.
At least tee teosts wee klled dug te volet
clas tat occued afte te blast.[108]
Jue 24: 5 people wee klled ad oe wouded
by gu e dug a weddg at doua Gab ea
Tbessa.[109]
July 1e: 11 polcee wee klled a abus
te cty of Tzaouate. Ts attack was claed by
AQIM.[110]
July 4: 3 polcee klled by a bob o a oad ea
Jjel by suspected Islasts.[111]
July 14: 4 soldes wee klled ad 13 otes
wouded seveal bob attacks.[112]
July 25: Sx ltats wee klled a FacoMautaa ad agast a cap of Al-aeda Mal
to ty to fee te ostage Mcel Geaeau. At te
sae te oe peso was klled ad 10 wouded
a sucde attack agast a polce bgade TzOuzou, Algea.[113][114]
July 26: A few days afte AQIM claed e was
executed epsal agast te Fec-Mautaa
ad, te Fec pesdet co s te deat of 78yea-old Fec volutee ad woke Mcel Geaeau, wo ad bee kdapped o Apl 21.[115]
It caot be uled out tat e ded as a esult of ug out of eat dugs.[116]
August 7: Te ayo of te tow of Bagla, Moaed Id, was udeed we e wet to te
osue.[117]
August 20: A attack agast a ltay covoy ea
Bagla klled 3 people ad jued at least two.[118]

August 22: a foe teost was assassated by
bullets te tow of Bagla Algea.[119]
August 24: A attepted sucde attack wouded
3 Mautaa. Te bobe s vecle exploded
befoe eacg ts taget, a ltay baacks
Na.[120]
August 30: A sucde ca bob agast a ltay
covoy left 3 dead ad at least 20 wouded te
tow of Zeou Kabyle.[121]
Septebe 16: Gue abduct ve Fece, a
Togolese, ad a Malagasy fo a uau e
ote Nge.[122]
Septebe 18: A battle betwee Mautaa ay
ad ebes of Al-Qaeda klled at least 6 ebes
of te ay ad 12 ltats.[123]
Octobe 3: Fve soldes wee klled ad te otes jued a bob attack agast te covoy Zek, a tow of Kabyle, dug a seac
opeato.[124]
Octobe 12: A depatetal ead publc woks,
s two collaboatos ad two cotactos wee klled
a bob attack Tldjee.[125]
Octobe 25: 1 solde was klled ad fou otes
wouded by a bob exploso te passage te
patol te Bouedes ego.[126]
1.1.11 2011
Jauay 4: A attack agast te ebassy of Face
Mal s captal Baako esultg 2 jues. Ts
s te st suc attack o Mala tetoy.[127]
Jauay 7: Two Fec ctzes wee kdapped
Naey, Nge ad ded Mal wle Fec toops
wee atteptg to escue te.[128] AQIM declaed
o 15 Jauay tat t ad executed oe of te wle
te ote oe was klled by te Fec ltay.[129]
A post-ote exaato establsed tat oe of
te eceved a dect sot, wle te ote oe was
klled by te teal e ects of e .[129]
Jauay 29: A ebe of te ucpal guad
was klled ad tee otes wouded a attack
agast te eaduates of te coual guad
te soutwest of Tz Ouzou.[130]
Febuay 3: Te Mautaa ay as detoated
a vecle lled wt explosves 12 k sout of
Nouakcott kllg ts tee passeges ad woudg egt soldes. Te attack was to assassate
te Pesdet of Mautaa Moaed Ould Abdel
Azz. Tat attack was claed by AQIM.[131]
Mac 9: A attack ea Djelfa left 5 dead, wat

appeaed to be a espose to te deat of Abou
Touab, a leade of AQIM.[132]
Apl 17: 20 Algea soldes wee klled ad
twety-two jued tee attacks claed
by Al Qaeda.
Eleve ltats wee also
klled.[133][134][135]
Apl 28: 2011 Maakec bobg. A eote cotolled bob explode Agaa caf, o Jeaa elFaa suae. Aogst te dead ae 7 Fec atoal, 2 Caadas ad a Dutc.
Apl 29: Te exploso of a bob te tow of
Oued Djeaa as klled ve coual guads wo
wet to te place of wok.[136]
May 6: A bob tat exploded at te passage of a
ltay covoy klled ve soldes ad wouded ve
ote a ego of Jjel. Sce Apl 15 ad te
addess to te ato of Abdelazz Boute ka tee
wee fty deats Islast attacks.[137]
May 4: Fou polcee wee klled a bob attack
o te oad betwee Tz-Ouzou, te a tow of
Kabyle, Alges te captal of te couty.[138]
May 6: Tee soldes wee klled ad two otes
wouded by gue te ego of Jjel. Oe was
tally klled by g a gu, te otes wee klled
by a bob attack.[139]
May 12: Seve soldes wee klled ad tee teosts klled a attack agast a ltay outpost
te ego of Jjel, Algea. A egt ebe
s ssg ad two wee wouded te attack wt
ace gus, pepetated Tzaae.[140]
July 5: Al-Qada clas to ave attacked a Mautaa ay base Mal clag to ave klled 20
soldes ad destoyed 12 vecles. tey also say e
lost two of te e. Te Mautaa ay fo ts
pat says t klled 15 ltats ad lost two e.[141]
July 16: Fou people wee klled ad twety jued
attacks, cludg two attacks by sucde bobes
te east of Alges. I addto ea te Tusa
bode, two gue wee klled.[142]
August 14: A sucde bobg agast a polce
stato jued oe ta 30 te cty of Tz
Ouzou, Slaly, two people wee klled a double bob attack tagetg a polce stato Bodj
Meael.[143]
August 17: A solde was klled ad ve jued a
bob attack te tow of Tea.[143]
August 22: A solde was klled ad two otes
wouded te exploso of a oadsde bob
Taouga. I addto, two o ces fo te Hasaou wee udeed ad a youg cvla was t
by bullets.[144]
1.2. SEE ALSO

August 24: Oe ltat was wouded ad polcee ecoveed two Kalaskovs a clas ea
Tz-Ouzou.[145]
August 27: A sucde attack agast te Mltay
Acadey Cecell, a uded kloetes west of
Alges, klled 18 people, 16 o ces ad two cvlas ad wouded 20 otes. Te attack occued
less ta te utes afte beakg te fast of
Raada.[146]
Septebe 27: 5 e suspected of fudg AQIM
wee aested by Spas polce. Sce 2004, ove
400 suspected AQIM ebes ave bee aested
by Spa.[147]
Octobe 23: Two Spaads ad a Itala wee
abducted ea Tdouf weste Algea. Te
Spaads wee de ted as Aoa Feadez
de Rco, a po-Saaw actvst, ad Ec
Goyalos, a ebe of te Basue o-po t
goup Mudubat. Te Itala was aed as Rossella
Uu fo Roe-based Cotato Italao Svluppo
de Popol. Te tee wee feed o 18 July
2012.[148]
Novebe 23: Gue kdapped two Fec
wokes Hobo, Mal.[148]
Novebe 25: Gue klled a Gea toust
ad kdapped a Swede, a Dutca ad a
Bts/Sout Afca Tbuktu, Mal.[148][149]
1.1.12 2012
Jauay 16: stat of Note Mal co ct
1.1.13 2013
Jauay 16: I Aas ostage css Algea.
May 23: Tw sucde attacks occu Nge tagetg a ltay base Agadez ad a uau e
Alt.
1.1.14 2014
Apl 19: AQIM ltats kll Eleve Soldes
Tz Ouzou ego of Algea east of captal Alges.
It was oe te deadlest attacks o Algea Mltay
seveal yeas.
Decebe 11:Fec toops Mal klled top Islast coade Aed al Tles. Tles was
a foudg ebe of Moveet fo Uty ad Jad West Afca (MUJWA) ad eld a $5 llo
bouty.[16]
1.2 See also

Note Mal co ct
1.3 References
[1] WORLD BRIEFING | AFRICA; Moocco: 9 Ipsoed Fo Casablaca Blasts Escape . AFP (Published by
The New York Times). 8 Apl 2008. Reteved Novebe
26, 2014.
[2] Nge sucde bobes taget Aeva e ad baacks .
BBC News. 23 May 2013. Reteved Novebe 26, 2014.
[3] Al-Qaeda clas ecet attack o Tusa ste s
oe . Al Arabiya. 13 Jue 2014. Reteved Novebe
26, 2014.
[4] Al-Qaeda 'bed' Mautaa ad . BBC News. Jue 6,
2005. Reteved May 5, 2010.
[5] Nge ay uts fo Al-Qaeda afte clas . AFP. 15
Jue 2011.
Mautaa
[6] Patcpated
ads
alogsde
ltayttp://ole.wsj.co/atcle/
SB10001424052748703578104575396912437173940.
tl
[7] Jeey Keea (2010-08-29). Al-Qaeda te Sael Focus . Al Jazeea Egls. Reteved 2011-04-23.
[8] Te al Qaeda Teat fo West Afca ad te Mageb:
Fec Hostage Executo ad Beyod . Ctcal Teats.
2010-08-02. Reteved 2011-04-23.
[9] Ha1. Dutc foces covet sso Afca | Rado Netelads Woldwde . Rw.l. Reteved 201104-23.
[10] Al-Qaeda te Islac Mageb (AQIM)". Council on
Foreign Relations. Reteved 26 Octobe 2014.
[11]
[12] AFP: West Afca states dscuss Al-Qaeda gt .
Google.co. 2010-08-07. Reteved 2011-04-23.
[13] Al Qaeda o soot clas Algea attack . AFP (Published by Wayback Machine). 3 Mac 2012. Reteved
Novebe 26, 2014.
[14] Fec ostage Heve Goudel beeaded Algea .
BBC News. 24 Septebe 2014. Reteved Novebe
30, 2014.
[15] Repot: 5 otes Mooccas sougt Spa bobg .
16 Mac 2004. Reteved 26 Novebe 2014.
[16] Fec foces Mal kll Islast o U.S. wated lst .
Reutes. 11 Decebe 2014. Reteved 11 Decebe
2014.
[17] Al-Qaeda ap: Iss, Boko Haa ad ote a lates
stogolds acoss Afca ad Asa . 12 Jue 2014. Reteved 1 Septebe 2014.
8
[18] Fee Sala st Goup (GSL)".
Novebe 2014.

TRAC. Reteved 26
[43] Algea abus toll ts 14: Afca: News: News24

[44] Islast abus klls 12 toops: Afca: News: News24
[19] US Stats At-Al-Qaeda Mltay Execse Saaa .

BBC. 3 May 2010.
[45] MIPT Teos Kowledge Base
[20] Bta Sgals Mageb Pus wt At-Teo Help .

Reutes Afca. 18 Octobe 2011.
[21] Po le: Algea s Sala st goup, BBC News, Wedesday

14 May 2003
[48] 'Islast ltats kll cops: Afca: News: News24
[22] New cef fo Algea s Islasts, Aezk Heu, BBC

News, Tuesday, 7 Septebe 2004.
[49] Mltats kll 5 Algea : Afca: News: News24

[50] 'Islac ltats kll fou: Afca: News: News24
[23] see especally te ueous wtgs by Jeey Keea,

suc as ttp://www.fpf.og/fpftxt/3544 o Wagg Wa
o Teo: te Iplcatos of Aeca s 'New Ipeals' fo Saaa Peoples, Journal of North African Studies
vol. 10, o. 3 (Septebe Decebe 2005), p619-648
[51] Sala st leade klled Algea Al-Jazeea, 2 Febuay

2006
[24] Algea abus leaves 15 dead, BBC News, 6 May 2002
[53] Sala sts ae back: Kll 13 Algea .

bue.co. Reteved 2011-04-23.
[25] 6 klled ea Algea captal: News24: Acve: News24

[26] Algea ebels kll 7: News24: Acve: News24
[28] Algea ay klls 24 guellas, BBC News, 19 Septebe 2002

[29] Algea ltats assace: News24: Acve: News24
[30] Oual, Aoa (Jauay 6, 2003). Algea Islasts kll
56 ads o ay ad fales . The Independent (Lodo). Reteved May 5, 2010.
[31] Newspape: Bel pad aso to fee ostages, Deutsche
Welle 6 August 2004
-
[33] Cag Wtlock (2006-10-28). Takg Teo Fgt to N.

Afca Leads U.S. to Ulkely Allaces . The Washington
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[34] Algea goup backs al-Qaeda, BBC News, 23 Octobe
2003
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[36] 15 de Algea volece: Afca: News: News24
[37] Two soldes klled Algea volece.
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UPI New-
[38] 10 Algea soldes klled deadlest attack ts yea .

USA Today. Jue 2, 2004. Reteved May 5, 2010.
[39] 3 Algea extests klled: Afca: News: News24
[40] Fou klled at fake oadblock: Afca: News: News24
[41] Algea: Rebels kll 6: Afca: News: News24
[42] 16 Algeas klled attack: Afca: News: News24
Wold T-

[55] 19 Islasts klled Algea: Afca: News: News24
[27] 11 klled attack Algea: News24: Acve: News24
[32] Islast Teos te Sael: Fact o Fcto?

Iteatoal Css Goup Repot, 31 Mac 2005
[52] Top Algea Islast slas Qaeda goup, uges peace,

Reutes, 30 Mac 2006
[56] Algea ebels kll 4 abus: Afca: News: News24

[58] c
[59] Al-Qaeda s Fa-Reacg New Pate: Sala st Goup
Fds Lted Appeal Its Natve Algea, Washington
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[60] Sx soldes klled Algea: Afca: News: News24
[61] Bob attacks t Algea polce . BBC News. Febuay
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[63] ABC News: ABC News
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Chapter 2
Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb

al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM;[7] Aabc:
Tanm al-Q idah f

Bild al-Maghrib al-Islm ) s a Islast ltat ogazato wc as to ovetow te Algea goveet
ad sttute a Islac state.[8] To tat ed, t s cuetly
egaged a at-goveet capag.
Goup (GIA) egoal coade wo boke wt te

GIA 1998 potest ove te GIA s slaugte of cvlas. Afte a aesty 1999, ay foe GIA gtes lad dow te as, but a few eaed actve, cludg ebes of te GSPC.[18]
Te goup as declaed ts teto to attack Euopea

(cludg Spas ad Fec) ad Aeca tagets.
Te goup as bee desgated as a teost ogazato by te Uted Natos, Austala, Caada, Russa,
te UAE ad te Uted States.
Mebesp s ostly daw fo te Algea ad local
Saaa coutes (suc as te Tuaegs ad Beabce
tbal clas of Mal),[9] as well as Mooccas fo cty
sububs of te Not Afca couty.[10][11][12][13] Te
out t as also bee suspected of avg lks wt te
Ho of Afca-based ltat goup Al-Sabaab.[14]
AQIM as focused o kdap fo aso as a eas of
asg fuds ad s estated to ave ased oe ta
AQIM militants in the Algerian desert
$50 llo te last decade.[15]
2.1
Name
Estates of te ube of GSPC ebes vay wdely,

fo a few uded to as ay as 4,000.[19] I Septebe 2003, t was epoted tat Hattab ad bee deposed
as atoal e of te GSPC ad eplaced by Nabl
Saaou (Sek Abou Iba Mustapa), a 39 yea-old
foe GIA coade wo was subseuetly epoted
to ave pledged GSPC s allegace to al-Qaeda,[20] a step
wc Hattab ad opposed.[18][21] Followg te deat of
Saaou Jue 2004, Abu Musab Abdel Wadoud becae te leade of te GSPC.[22] Abdeladjd Dcou s
also epoted to ave eaded te goup.[23]
Te goups o cal ae s Organization of al-Qaida

in the Land of the Islamic Maghreb (Qaedat al-Jihad
Bilad al-Maghrib al-Islami), ofte soteed to AlQaeda te Islac Mageb (AQIM).[16] Po to
Jauay 2007 t was kow as te Sala st Group for
Preaching and Combat (Aabc:
al-Jam ah as-Sala yyah lid-Da wah wal-Qil) ad te
Fec acoy GSPC (Goupe Sala ste pou la Pd- A splte o sepaate bac of Hattab s goup, te Free
cato et le Cobat).[17]
Salast Group (GSL), eaded by El Paa, was lked
to te kdappg of 32 Euopea tousts Algea
ealy 2003.[18] Ote souces llustate te volveet
of te Algea tellgece sevces exaggeatg te
2.2 History
clas about teost teats te Saaa, ad te supposed allace betwee ts goup ad Al-Qaeda. Soe
2.2.1 As Salast Group for Preaching and of te eputato of El Paa s also attbuted to te AlCombat
gea goveet, as a possble eploye, ad t as
bee alleged tat ceta key evets, suc as kdappgs,
Te Sala st Goup fo Peacg ad Cobat (GSPC) wee staged, ad tat tee was a capag of decepwas fouded by Hassa Hattab, a foe Aed Islac to ad dsfoato ogated by te Algea gov11
12
CHAPTER 2. AL-QAEDA IN THE ISLAMIC MAGHREB
eet ad pepetuated by te eda.[24][25]

By Mac 2005, t was epoted tat te GSPC ay be
pepaed to gve up te aed stuggle Algea ad
accept te goveet s ecoclato tatve. [26]
Mac 2005, te goup s foe leade, Hassa Hattab,
called o ts ebes to accept a goveet aesty
ude wc tey wee o eed uty fo posecuto etu fo layg dow te as.[27] Howeve,
Septebe 2006, te top Al-Qada leade Aya alZawa aouced a blessed uo betwee te goups
declag Face a eey. Tey sad tey would wok
togete agast Fec ad Aeca teests.[2]
2.2.2 As al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb

I Jauay 2007, te GSPC aouced tat t would
ow opeate ude te ae of Al-Qaeda te Islac
Mageb (AQIM).[16][28]
GSPC Area of Operations and Pan-Sahel Initiative nations
O 19 Jauay 2009, te UK ewspape The Sun epoted
tat tee ad bee a outbeak of buboc plague at a
AQIM tag cap te Tz Ouzou povce Alge- glg, potecto ackets, ad oey laudeg acoss
a. Accodg to The Sun, at least foty AQIM ltas te bodes of Mautaa, Mal, Nge, Lbya ad Cad,
ded fo te dsease. Te suvvg AQIM ebes possbly to udep te goup s aces.[18] Howeve,
fo te tag cap epotedly ed to ote aeas of ecet developets see to dcate tat a splte goup
Algea opg to escape fecto.[29] Te Washington ay ave sougt efuge te Tuaeg egos of ote
Times, a atcle based o a seo U.S. tellgece Mal ad Nge followg cackdows by Algea govo cal souce, claed a day late tat te cdet was eet foces te ot ad sout of te couty sce
ot elated to buboc plague, but was a accdet volv- 2003. Fec secet sevces epot tat te goup as eg ete a bologcal o cecal aget.[30]
ceved fudg fo te couty of Qata.[36]
Al Qaeda te Islac Mageb s oe of te ego s
wealtest, best-aed ltat goups due to te payet of aso deads by uataa ogazatos
ad Weste goveets.[31] It s epoted tat 90 pe
cet of AQIM esouces coe fo asos pad etu fo te elease of ostages.[32] Oua Ould Haaa
sad Te souce of ou acg s te Weste coutes. Tey ae payg fo jad. [31]
Soe obseves, cludg Jeey Keea, ave voced

doubts egadg te GSPC s capacty to cay out lagescale attacks, suc as te oe attbuted to t oteaste Mautaa dug te "Fltlock 2005" ltay
execse.[37] Tey suspect te volveet of Algea s
Depatet of Itellgece ad Secuty s a e ot to
pove Algea s teatoal stadg as a cedble
pate te Wa o Teos, ad to lue te Uted
States
to te ego.[24]
I Decebe 2012, oe of AQIM s top coades,
Mokta Belokta, splt o fo AQIM ad took s Allegatos of GSPC lks to al-Qaeda pedate te
gtes wt , executg te I Aeas ostage c- Septebe 11, 2001 attacks. As followes of a Qutbst
ss Algea weeks late, just afte Face lauced stad of Sala st jads, te ebes of te GSPC ae
Opeato Seval Mal.[5] Belokta late claed e tougt to sae al-Qaeda s geeal deologcal outlook.
acted o bealf of Al Qaeda.[33]
Afte te deposto of Hassa Hattab, vaous leades
A top coade of AQIM, Abdelad Abou Zed, of te goup pledged allegace to al-Qaeda. Soe obwas epoted klled by Fec ad Cada foces seves ave agued tat te GSPC s coecto to alot opeatoal. Clas of
ote Mal o Febuay 25, 2013.[34] Ts was co- Qaeda s eely oppotustc,
[38]
ae
dsputed by ote souces,
GSPC
actvtes
Italy
[35]
ed by AQIM Jue 2013.
wo say tat tee s o evdece of ay egageet
teost actvtes agast US, Euopea o Isael tagets:
Wle te GSPC ... establsed suppot etwoks Eu2.3 International links
ope ad elsewee, tese ave bee lted to acllay
fuctos (logstcs, fud-asg, popagada), ot acts
Algea o cals ad autotes fo egboug of teos o ote volece outsde Algea. [18] Icoutes ave speculated tat te GSPC ay be ac- vestgatos Face ad Bta ave cocluded tat
tve outsde Algea. Tese actvtes ay elate to te youg Algea gats sypatetc to te GSPC o
GSPC s alleged log-stadg volveet wt sug- al-Qaeda ave take up te ae wtout ay eal co-
2.4. STATEMENTS
ecto to ete goup.[19]
13
clas fo Tbuktu tat s oveet wet to Nge,
Algea, Buka Faso ad Ngea, to ogaze cells of
AQIM. He explas te stategy: Tee ae ay people wo ave otg, ad you ca eac te by te wod
of God, o by elpg te. [50]
Sla clas of lks betwee te GSPC ad Abu

Musab Al Zaaw Ia[39] ae based o pupoted
lettes to Zaaw by GSPC leade Abu Musab Abdel
Wadoud.[40] I a Septebe 2005 tevew, Wadoud
aled Zaaw s actos Ia.[22] Lke te GSPC s eale publc clas of allegace to al-Qaeda, tey ae
tougt to be oppotustc legtsato e ots of te 2.4 Statements
GSPC s leades due to te lack of epesetato Algea s poltcal spee.[18]
Al Qaeda te Islac Mageb opeates a eda outI 2005, afte yeas of absece, te Uted States sowed let kow as al-Adalus, wc egulaly eleases popaeewed ltay teest te ego[41][42] toug - gada vdeos sowg AQIM opeatos, ostages, ad
[51]
volveet te Fltlock 2005 execse, wc - stateets fo ebes.
volved US Specal Foces tag soldes fo Alge- Accodg to Lodo-based sk aalyss Stlg Asa, Seegal, Mautaa, Mal, ad Cad. Te Uted syt, AQIM ssued a call fo vegeace agast Bejg
States alleged tat te Sael ego ad becoe a tag fo steatet of ts Musl oty followg te
goud fo Islast ecuts.[43] Howeve, te two ost July 2009 ots.[52]
potat peces of evdece of 'teost actvty' te
toust kdappg of 2003 ad te attack o te Mau- AQIM voced suppot fo deostatos agast te
taa ay base just as Fltlock got udeway ave Tusa ad Algea Goveets a vdeo eleased
o 13 Jauay 2011. Al Qaeda o eed ltay ad
subseuetly bee called to uesto.[37][44]
ad tag to te deostatos, callg o te to
Obseves say tat te ego s goveets ave uc ovetow te coupt, cal ad tyacal ege,
to ga fo assocatg[45] local aed oveets ad callg fo etalato agast te Tusa goveet,
log-establsed sugglg opeatos wt al-Qaeda ad ad also callg fo te ovetow of Algea pesdet
te global Wa o Teos .[37] I Jue 2005, wle te Abdelazz Boute ka. AQIM leade Abu Musab Abdul
Fltlock execse was stll udeway, Mautaa asked Wadud appeaed te vdeo, callg fo Islac saa
Weste coutes teested cobatg te teost law to be establsed Tusa.[53] Al Qaeda as besuge te Afca Sael to supply t wt advaced l- gu ecutg at-goveet deostatos, soe of
tay eupet. [46]
wo ave pevously fougt agast Aeca foces
[54]
I Novebe 2007 Ngea autotes aested ve e Ia ad Isael foces Gaza.
fo alleged possesso of seve stcks of dyate ad AQIM as also edosed e ots Lbya to topple te
ote explosves. Ngea posecutos alleged tat tee ege of Coloel Muaa Gadda , toug t eas
of te accused ad taed fo two yeas wt te te uclea ow ay gtes Lbya ae loyal to al-Qaeda.
Sala st Goup fo Peacg ad Cobat Algea.[47] Gadda sezed o te expesso of suppot ad elp fo
I Jauay 2008 te Daka Rally was cacelled due to te ebel oveet to blae al-Qaeda fo foetg te
teats ade by assocated teost ogazatos.
upsg.[55]
I late 2011, te splte goup Moveet fo Oeess
ad Jad West Afca was fouded ode to spead
jihadi actvtes fute to West Afca. Te ltay 2.5 Timeline of attacks
leade s Oa Ould Haaa, a foe AQIM gte.[48]
Accodg to U.S. Ay Geeal Cate Ha, Al-Qaeda
te Islac Mageb, te Soala-based Al-Sabaab,
ad te Ngea-based Boko Haa wee as of Jue 2012
atteptg to sycoze ad coodate te actvtes tes of sag fuds, tag ad explosves.[14]
Ha added tat e beleved tat te collaboato peseted a teat to bot U.S. oelad secuty ad te
local autotes.[5][49] Howeve, accodg to couteteos specalst Rck Nelso wt te Wasgtobased Cete fo Stategc Iteatoal Studes, tee
was lttle evdece tat te tee goups wee tagetg
U.S. aeas, as eac was paly teested establsg fudaetalst adstatos te espectve
egos.[14]
I a Al Jazeea tevew, AQIM coade Tala
23 Novebe 2002: A goup of Algea soldes

ae abused. Ne ded ad twelve wee wouded.
Febuay 2003: 32 Euopea tousts ae kdapped. Oe ded of eat stoke, sevetee ostages
wee escued by Algea toops o 13 May 2003,
ad te eade wee eleased August 2003.[56]
12 Febuay 2004: Nea Tget, Islac extests abus a polce patol, kllg seve polce o ces ad woudg tee otes. Te assalats also
sezed eas ad tee vecles.[57]
7 Apl 2005: I Tablat, Blda Povce, aed assalats e o ve vecles at a fake oad block,
kllg 13 cvlas, woudg oe ote ad bug ve vecles.[58]
14
15 Octobe 2006: I Sd Medjaed, A De a, assalats attack ad kll egt pvate secuty guads
by ukow eas.[59]
11 Apl 2007: Two ca bobs wee detoated by
te goup. Oe was close to te Pe Mste s
of ce Alges ad te blast klled oe ta 30
people ad wouded oe ta 150.[17]
Febuay 2008: Two Austas wee captued
Tusa ad take va Algea to Mal ad feed late
tat yea, te kdappgs wee attbuted to AlQaeda te Islac Mageb[60]
Decebe 2008: Two Caada dploats wee
take ostage alog wt te dve soutweste Nge wle o o cal UN sso to esolve a css ote Nge. Te dve was feed
Mal Mac 2009. Te dploats wee feed
Mal Apl 2009. Te kdappgs wee attbuted to Al-Qaeda te Islac Mageb[60]
22 Jauay 2009: Fou Westees wee kdapped
wle vstg te Adeaboukae festval Nge
ea te bode wt Mal. AQIM deaded te
Bts goveet elease Abu Qatada, ad o 31
May 2009 a stateet was eleased clag Edwy
Dye ad bee executed, wc was co ed by
te Bts Pe Mste Godo Bow o 3 Jue
2009. All of te ote tousts wee evetually eleased.
30 July 2009: At least 11 Algea soldes ae klled
a abus wle escotg a ltay covoy outsde te coastal tow of Daous, ea Tpaza.[61]
Mac 2010: a Itala atoal, Sego Ccala, ad
s wfe ae eld ostage. Tey wee eleased o
Apl 16, 2010.[62][63]
21 Mac 2010: Tee ltats ae klled by secuty foces ea El Ma Labod, 35 kloetes (22 )
fo Tebessa.
26 Mac 2010: Tee ltats ae klled ad
aote captued by secuty foces At Yaa
Moussa, 30 kloetes (19 ) fo Tz Ouzou.
14 Apl 2010: Accodg to Algea o cals,
at least te ltats ae klled dug a couteteost opeato Bodj Bou Aedj wlaya.

te Netelads, Joge Gustafsso fo Swede
ad Stepe Malcol McGowa fo te Uted
Kgdo. A fout toust, fo Geay, was
klled we e efused to coopeate wt te pepetatos.
9 Decebe 2011: AQIM publsed two potos,
sowg ve kdapped pesos of Euopea descet. Fec ostage Plppe Vedo was klled
Mac 2013. Hs body was foud July 2013.
Fec ostage Sege Lazaevc was eleased o Decebe 9. 2013.[67][68][69][70]
30 Septebe 2013: AQIM claed esposblty
fo a sucde ca bobg Tbuktu tat klled at
least two cvlas.[71]
2.6 See also

Mokta Belokta
Isugecy te Mageb (2002 peset)
Jud al-Klafa
Moveet fo Oeess ad Jad West Afca
I ltato of teost goups
2.7 References
stogolds acoss Afca ad Asa . 12 Jue 2014. Reteved 29 August 2014.
[2] Al-Qada jos Algeas agast Face , AP, 14
Septebe 2006
[3] ttp://fas.og/sgp/cs/ow/R43558.pdf
[4] ttp://fas.og/sgp/cs/ow/R43558.pdf
[5] Aoso, Sauel (28 Apl 2014). AQIM s Teat to
Weste Iteests te Afca s Sael . Cobatg Teos Cete Setel (CTC), West Pot.
[6] Bay'a to Bagdad: Foeg Suppot fo Abu Bak alBagdad ad te Islac State (Pat 2)". 27 Septebe
2014. Reteved 17 Novebe 2014.
16 Septebe 2010: seve eployees fo Aeva

ad Vc ae kdapped Alt, Nge ( ve Fec,
oe Togola ad oe Malagasy). Te captue was
claed o 21 Septebe by AQIM a couu publsed Al Jazeea. Tee of te ostages
wee eleased o Febuay 24, 2011. Te ote fou
wee eleased o Octobe 28, 2013.[64][65][66]
[8] Algea . CIA. Reteved 17 Jauay 2013.
25 Novebe 2011: Tee Weste tousts wee

abducted Tbuktu, cludg Sjaak Rjke fo
[9] ttp://eva.aecopsuvesty.og/wp-cotet/
uploads/2011/12/Al_Qada_Body_LOWRES2.pdf
[7] Watso, Bob. "Algea blasts fuel volece feas", BBC

News, 11 Apl 2007. Reteved 22 Apl 2007.JeaPee Flu, Local ad global jad: Al-Qa'da te Islac Magb , Te Mddle East Joual,Vol.63, spg
2009.
15
2.7. REFERENCES
[10] Dao Csta; Rccado Faba (Apl 2011). Al
Qaeda te Islac Mageb (AQIM): Iplcatos
fo Algea s Regoal ad Iteatoal Relatos . IAI
Wokg Papes. Reteved 17 Jauay 2013.
[11] Moocco dsatles AQIM cell Magaeba, 26 Decebe 2012
[12] Moocco dsatles teo ecutet cell Magaeba,
27 Novebe 2012
[13] Moocco abs ebes of AQIM cell Up.co, 5 Jauay
2011
[29] West, Alex, Deadlest Weapo So Fa...Te Plague , The

Sun, 19 Jauay 2009.
[30] Lake, El (20 Jauay 2009). Al Qaeda Bugles As
Expeet . Washington Times. p. 1.
[31] Nosste, Ada; Baue, Maa de la (13 Decebe 2012).
Kdappgs Fuel Extests I West Afca . The New
York Times. p. A1. Reteved 13 Decebe 2012.
[32] Sdb, Kallou (August 2012). Secuty Maageet
Note Mal: Cal Netwoks ad Co ct Resoluto . Isttute of Developet Studes. Reteved 17
Mac 2014.
[14] Afca Teost Goups Statg to Coopeate, U.S.

Says . Bloomberg L.P. 25 Jue 2012.
[33] ICCT . Reteved 21 Novebe 2014.
[15] Coea, Godo (14 Jauay 2013). Islasts pose teat

to Fec teests Afca . BBC. Reteved 20 Jauay
2013.
[34] Al Qaeda co s Abou Zed klled Mal . Inquirer

(Nouakcott). AFP. 4 Mac 2013. Reteved 10 Mac
2013.
[16] THE GSPC Newest Facse Al-Qa'da s Global Jad . Cobatg Teos Cete. 2 Apl 2007.
[35] Afca - AQIM co s Zed ded Mal battle .

France 24. Reteved 21 Novebe 2014.
[17] Stebeg, Gudo; Isabelle Weefels (Novebe 2007).

Betwee te 'Nea' ad te 'Fa' Eey: Al-Qaeda te
Islac Mageb . Mediterranean Politics 12 (3): 407
413. do:10.1080/13629390701622473.
[36] Deep Read: Mala tdebox

July 2012.
A dageous puzzle. 9
[37] US tagets Saaa 'teost ave', BBC News, 8 August

2005
[18] Islas, Volece ad Refo Algea: Tug te

Page (Islas Not Afca III) Iteatoal Css
Goup Repot, 30 July 2004
[38] GSPC Italy: Te Fowad Base of Jad Euope by

Katy Haa, Jaestow Foudato, 9 Febuay 2006)
[19] BBC Docuetay about ceased US ltay focus o

te Saaa ego. August 2005.
[39] "'Te Al-Qaeda Ogazato te Islac Mageb':

Te Evolvg Teost Pesece Not Afca", Iuy
ad Aalyss, Mddle East Meda Reseac Isttute, 7
Mac 2007. Reteved 8 Septebe 2007.
[20] Algea goup backs al-Qaeda, BBC News, 23 Octobe

2003
[21] Itevew wt te Foe Leade of te Sala st Goup fo
Call ad Cobat, Ash-Sharq al-Awsat, 17 Octobe 2005
[22] Itevew wt Abu Musab Abdel Wadoud, coade
of te GSPC, 26 Septebe 2005 (globalteoalet.co
webste) (pdf)
[23] "Sala st Goup fo Peacg ad Cobat (GSPC)",
Teost Ogazatos, Wold Statesa. Reteved 8
Septebe 2007.
[24] El Paa, te Mageb s B Lade wo staged te
toust kdappgs? by Sala Mella ad Jea-Baptste
Rvoe, Le Monde Dploatue, Febuay 2005
[40] Algea teo goup seeks Zaaw s elp, UPI 2 May

2006
[41] Geeal Sees Expadg Stategc Role fo U.S. Euopea
Coad I Afca by Cales Cobb J., Aeca Etepse Isttute, 16 Apl 2004 Acved 28 Jue 2007
at WebCte
[42] Afca Coad Not Euopea Coad, Says O cal
by Cales Cobb J., Aeca Etepse Isttute, 4 May
2004 Acved 28 Jue 2007 at WebCte
[43] DoD Pess Release about te Fltlock 2005 ltay
execse, 17 Jue 2005
[44] L'attaue cote la gaso de Legety toujous la
ue, Panapress, Jeue Afue, 16 Jue 2005
[25] Keea, Jeey (26 Septebe 2006). Te Collapse of

te Secod Fot . Foeg Polcy Focus. Reteved 17
Jauay 2013.
[45] U Maoca at e Mautae pou teose, La

Libration (Casablanca), 8 Jue 2006
[26] Geoges Rass, Ed of Isugecy , al-Mustaqbal, as epoted MidEast Mirror, 24 Mac 2005. Quoted
Islast Teos te Sael: Fact o Fcto?
[46] Mautaa autotes tasfo Legety post to

ltay base, Al-Akhbar webste Aabc 1410 gt 22
Ju 5, BBC Motog Sevce.
[27] Top Algea Islast slas Qaeda goup, uges peace,

Reutes, 30 Mac 2006
[47] Fve Ngeas o teo cages . BBC News.

Novebe 2007. Reteved 23 Apl 2010.
[28] Bad al-Qaeda . Sydney Morning Herald. 28 Jauay

2007.
[48] Tolay, Bos (3 9 Octobe 2012). Le djad du Babu

ouge"". L'Express ( Fec). pp. 40 41.
23
16
[49] Al-Qaeda, Boko Haa, ad Al-Sabaab 'ege'". Hurriyet Daily News. 26 Jue 2012.
2.8 Further reading
[50] Opas of te Saaa, pat two, fo ute 28.30 . Al

Jazeera. ja 16 2014, tevew dates fo spg 2013.
Ceck date values : |date= (elp)
Atwa, Abdel Ba (2008). The Secret History of Al

Qaeda. Uvesty of Calfoa Pess. pp. 222
249.
[51] Al Qaeda opes st o cal Twtte accout . Washington Times. 27 Septebe 2013. Reteved 23 Decebe
2014.
Buss, Tey F.; Buss, Natael J.; Pcad, Lous

A. (2011). Al-Qaeda in Africa: The Threat and
Response. African Security and the African Command: Viewpoints on the US Role in Africa (Kuaa Pess). pp. 193 200.
[52] Ca deads Tuks etacto . BBC News. 14 July

[53] eaa (14 Jauay 2011). Al-Qaeda suppots te
evets Tusa ad Algea . Ennaharonline/ M. O. Reteved 15 Jauay 2011.
[54] Ade Ae Alges ad Jael Afaou Tus fo
Magaeba (13 Jauay 2011). AQIM leade explots
Tusa, Algea uest . Magharebia. Reteved 15 Jauay 2011.
[55] Cucksak, Paul (25 Febuay 2011). Lbya: A oppotuty fo al Qaeda?". CNN Iteatoal. Acved
fo te ogal o 25 Febuay 2011. Reteved 27
Febuay 2011.
[56] BBC NEWS - Afca - Saaa ostages feed . Reteved
21 Novebe 2014.
[57] Vew Icdet
[58] Vew Icdet
[59] Vew Icdet
[60] West s ade-up teo lks to blae fo kllg . The
Independent. 4 Jue 2009. Reteved 20 Jauay 2013.
[61] Yaoo! Seac Web Seac
[62] Itala eld by Qaeda akes plea to Belusco govt I .
Iue. 28 Febuay 2010. Reteved 20 Jauay 2013.
[63] BBC News - Al-Qaeda fees abducted Itala couple
Mal . Reteved 21 Novebe 2014.
[64] Al-Qaeda bac was Face . Al Jazeera. 19 Novebe 2010. Reteved 20 Jauay 2013.
[65] ttp://www.ytes.co/2011/02/26/wold/afca/
26befs-Nge.tl
[66] CNN Sta (29 Octobe 2013). 4 Fec ostages eleased Nge, Pesdet says . CNN. Reteved 21
Novebe 2014.
[67] Agece Nouakcott d'Ifoato (ANI) 9 Decebe
2011
[68] Al-Qaeda Meda A to Aswe Questos o Twtte .
Reteved 21 Novebe 2014.
[69] BBC News - Fec Mal ostage Plppe Vedo coed dead . BBC News. Reteved 21 Novebe 2014.
[70] ttp://www.bbc.co.uk/ews/wold-afca-30450092
[71] News - s . Reteved 21 Novebe 2014.
Lecoc, Baz; Scjve, Paul (2007).

Te
Wa o Teo a Haze of Dust: Potoles
ad Ptfalls o te Saaa Fot . Journal of
Contemporary African Studies 25 (1): 141 166.
do:10.1080/02589000601157147.
Wlkso, Hey (2013). Revesal of fotue:
AQIM s staleate Algea ad ts ew fot
te Sael . Global Security Risks and West Africa:
Development Challenges (OECD Publsg). ISBN
978-92-64-11066-3.
2.9 External links

Al-Qaeda te Islac Mageb (aka Sala st
Goup fo Peacg ad Cobat) Te Coucl o
Foeg Relatos
Is Sala s a Idcato of Teos, Poltcal Volece ad Radcalzato?
Chapter 3
Boko Haram
}}[23]
Te goup s desgated as a teost ogazato by New
Zealad, Austala, te Uted Kgdo, Caada, te
Uted States ad te Uted Natos Secuty Coucl,
wc declaed t a al-Qaeda a late ad posed te
al-Qaeda sactos ege o te goup.[9][24][25]
Abubakar Shekau, the leader of Boko Haram, in a propaganda

video released in October 2014.
Boko Haram Map
Malam Fatori
Mamuri
Abadam Ali-Jilamari
Gogobirni
Kangarwa Baga
Gashigar
Damasak
Kurnawa
Marte
Gambaru
Ngala
Dikwa
Mafa
Damaturu
Konduga Bama
Sambisa Forest Banki
Buni Yadi
Damboa
Bula rafa
Gwoza
AshakaBara
Bajoga
Kala
Maiduguri
Goniri
Madagali
Gulani
Biu
Chibok Gulak
Michika
Hong Mubi
Gombi Fulani
Nigerian territory under the control of Boko Haram as of 5 December 2014
Boko Haa klled oe ta 5,000 cvlas betwee

July 2009 ad Jue 2014, cludg at least 2,000 te
st alf of 2014, attacks occug aly oteast, ot-cetal ad cetal Ngea.[26][27][28] Coupto te secuty sevces ad ua gts abuses
cotted by te ave apeed e ots to coute
te uest.[29][30] Sce 2009 Boko Haa ave abducted
oe ta 500 e,[31][32] woe ad clde, cludg
te kdappg of 276 scoolgls fo Cbok Apl
2014.[33] 650,000 people ad ed te co ct zoe by August 2014, a cease of 200,000 sce May; by te ed
of te yea 1.5 llo ad ed.[34][35]
Afte ts foudg 2002, Boko Haa s ceasg adcalsato led to a volet upsg July 2009 wc
ts leade was executed. Its uexpected esugece, followg a ass pso beak Septebe 2010, was accopaed by ceasgly sopstcated attacks, tally
agast soft tagets, ad pogessg 2011 to clude
sucde bobgs o polce buldgs ad te Uted Natos o ce Abuja. Te goveet s establset
of a state of eegecy at te begg of 2012, exteded te followg yea to cove te ete oteast
of te couty, esulted a aked cease bot secuty foce abuses ad ltat attacks. Te Ngea
ltay poved e ectve couteg te sugecy,
apeed by a eteced cultue of o cal coupto. Sce d-2014, te ltats ave bee cotol
of swates of tetoy ad aoud te oe state of
Boo, but ave ot captued te captal of Boo state,
Madugu, wee te goup was ogally based.
Boko Haram ( Weste educato s fobdde ), o - As of Jauay 2015, Boko Haa cotolled tows ad
cally called Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'Awati Wal- vllages acoss about 20,000 suae les, a aea te sze
Jihad ( People Cotted to te Popet s Teacgs of Belgu, te states of Boo ad Yobe.[36]
fo Popagato ad Jad ), s a teost, ltat ad
Islast oveet based oteast Ngea wt addtoal actvtes Cad, Nge ad Caeoo.[9] Te
goup s led by Abubaka Sekau, ad te ube of
gtes s usually estated at aoud 9,000.[20][21][22]
17
18
3.1
CHAPTER 3. BOKO HARAM
Name
Te o cal ae s Jam atu

Ahli is-Sunnah lid-Da wati wal-Jihd, eag People
Cotted to te Popet s Teacgs fo Popagato
ad Jad. [37] Te goup was also ogally kow foally as 'Yus yya', afte ts st leade, Moaed
Yusuf.[38]
Te ae 'Boko Haa' s usually taslated as 'Weste educato s fobdde'. Haa s fo te Aabc
arm, 'fobdde'; ad te Hausa wod boko [te
st vowel s log, te secod poouced a low toe],
ogally eag 'fake' but as coe to ea[39] ad s
wdely taslated as Weste educato ad tougt to
possbly be a coupto of te Egls wod 'book'.[40][41]
Boko Haa as also bee taslated as Weste uece s a s [42] ad Westezato s saclege. [28]
Soe Ngeas dsss Weste educato as ilimin
boko ( educato fake ) ad daw a dstcto betwee
makaranta alkorani (elgous scool), based o te
Qu'a wee studets lea to wte ad ecte Aabc, ad makaranta boko
goveet scools patg secula educato te coloal Egls (o cal)
laguage.[43] Tee s ostlty by ay ote Ngea
Musls towads aytg eotely peceved as foeg,
a dset of boko haram tat as te past bee appled
eve towads vocal ectato of te Qu'a ad ode
fag pactces.[40][41][44]
3.2
Ideology
of a Islac state Ngea, ad opposes te Westesg of Ngea socety tat as cocetated te wealt
of te couty aog a sall poltcal elte, aly te
Csta sout of te couty.[51][52] Ngea s Afca s
bggest ecooy, but 60% of ts populato of 173 llo (2013) lve o less ta $1 a day.[53][54][55] Te saa
law posed by local autotes, begg wt Zafaa
Jauay 2000 ad coveg 12 ote states by late
2002, ay ave pooted lks betwee Boko Haa
ad poltcal leades, but was cosdeed by te goup to
ave bee coupted.[56]:101[57][58][59]
Accodg to Boo Su Ia Sek Fata, Yusuf
was taed by Kao Sala Izala Sek Ja'afa Maud
Adau, wo called te leade of youg people";
te two splt soe te 2002 4. Tey bot peaced
Madugu's Id Mosue, wc was atteded by
te deputy goveo of Boo.[38][60] May of te goup
wee epotedly sped by Moaed Mawa, kow
as Matatse ('He wo cuses otes ), a self-poclaed
popet (annabi, a Hausa wod usually used oly to descbe te foude of Isla), bo Note Caeoo,
wo codeed te eadg of books ote ta te
Qua.[40][61][62][63] Boko Haa klls people wo egage pactces see as u-Islac, suc as dkg
alcool.[57] I a 2009 BBC tevew, Yusuf, descbed
by aalysts as beg well-educated ad avg a lavs
lfestyle, ea ed s opposto to Weste educato.
He ejected te teoy of evoluto, ad sad tat a s
ot a evapoato caused by te su , ad tat te Eat
s ot a spee.[64]
3.2.1 Symbols
Recently, Boko Haram has been using the same Black Standard
ag as ISIL as one of its symbols.[65]
Nigerian states with sharia law
Boko Haa uses a ube of vsual sybols ags,

pted ateals ad popagada vdeos tat ae egBoko Haa was fouded as a Su Islac fudaulaly eleased to te publc. Te a logo s coposed
etalst sect advocatg a stct fo of saa law ad
of tee eleets, wc ay also appea sepaately:
developed to a Sala st-jad goup 2009, ueced by te Waab oveet, but t s so d use tat
gtes assocated wt t do't ecessaly follow Sala
Two cossed Kalaskov AK-47 autoatc es.
docte.[45][25][46][47][48][49][50] It seeks te establset
Ts s a coo sybol wt teost ogaza-
3.3. HISTORY
19
tos ad sybolzes aed stuggle ad te wll- Except fo a bef peod of cvla ule betwee 1979
gess to use volece.
ad 1983, Ngea was goveed by a sees of utless ltay dctatosps fo 1966 utl te advet
A ope Qua, te oly book of Isla. Ts sy- of deocacy 1999. Etc ltacy s tougt to
bolzes Islac poselytzg.
ave bee oe of te causes of te 1967 70 cvl wa;
elgous volece eaced a ew egt 1980 Kao,
Te Islac declaato of fat, te saada. Te te lagest cty te ot of te couty, wee te
declaato s wtte Aabc, wc s te oly Musl fudaetalst sect Ya Tatse ( followes of
laguage of Isla. It s ead fo gt to left ad Matatse") stgated ots tat esulted fou o ve
eads Tee s o God but Alla ad Muaad s tousad deats. I te esug ltay cackdow,
te essege of Alla . Te saada s a coo Matatse was klled, fuellg a backlas of ceased
sybol fo waabs, a a stad of Islac fu- volece tat spead acoss ote ote ctes ove te
daetals. Wle te sae sybol s also foud ext twety yeas.[70] Socal eualty, povety ad te
o te Flag of Saud Aaba ad s ot tself co- ceasgly adcal atue of Isla, locally ad tetovesal, t s used by ay Islast teo goups atoally, cotbuted bot to te Matatse ad Boko
aoud te wold.
Haa upsgs.[56]:97 98
I addto to tese sybols, cocet wt te poclaato of suppot fo te Sya/Ia based goup, Boko
Haa as also stated to use te Black Stadad vaat
ag used by Islac State of Ia ad te Levat as oe
of ts sybols.
3.3
History
I te decades sce te ed of Bts occupato, poltcas ad acadecs fo te aly Islac Not ave
expessed te fudaetal opposto to Weste educato. Poltcal eto-elgous teest goups, wose
ebesp cludes uetal poltcal, ltay ad elgous leades, ave tved Ngea, toug tey wee
lagely suppessed ude ltay ule. Te paaltay
wgs, foed sce te couty s etu to cvla ule,
ave bee plcated uc of te sectaa volece
te yeas followg.[71]
3.3.1 Background
3.3.2 Boko Haram founding and early
years
Kano
Ma atcle: Fout Ngea Republc

Befoe colosato ad subseuet aexato to te
Bts Epe 1900 as Coloal Ngea, te Bou
Epe uled te tetoy wee Boko Haa s cuetly
actve. It was a soveeg sultaate u accodg to te
pcples of te Costtuto of Meda, wt a ajoty Kau Musl populato. I 1903, bot te Bou
Sultaate ad Sokoto Calpate cae ude te cotol
of te Bts, wo used educatoal sttutos to elp
spead Cstaty te ego.[66] Bts occupato
eded wt Ngea depedece 1960.[67][68][69]
Moaed Yusuf fouded te sect tat becae kow

as Boko Haa 2002 Madugu, te captal of te
ot-easte state of Boo. He establsed a elgous
coplex ad scool tat attacted poo Musl fales
fo acoss Ngea ad egboug coutes. Te
cete ad te poltcal goal of ceatg a Islac state,
ad becae a ecutg goud fo jads. By deoucg te polce ad state coupto, Yusuf attacted followes fo ueployed youts.[67][45][72][73] He s epoted to ave used te exstg fastuctue Boo
of te Izala Socety (Jaa'at Izalatl Bdawa Iaatus
Sua), a popula cosevatve Islac sect, to ecut
ebes, befoe beakg away to fo s ow facto.
Te Izala wee ogally welcoed to goveet,
alog wt people sypatetc to Yusuf. Te Coucl
of Ulaa advsed te goveet ad te Ngea Televso Autoty ot to boadcast Yusuf s peacg, but
te wags wee goed. Yusuf s aest elevated
to eo status. Boo s Deputy Goveo Alaj Dbal
as claed tat Al Qada ad tes wt Boko Haa, but
boke te we tey decded tat Yusuf was a uelable peso.[38]
Boko Haa coducted ts opeatos oe o less peacefully dug te st seve yeas of ts exstece, wtdawg fo socety to eote ot-easte aeas.
Te goveet epeatedly goed wags about te
20
ceasgly ltat caacte of te ogazato.[46][74]

I 2009 polce bega a vestgato to te goup
code-aed 'Opeato Flus'. O 26 July, secuty
foces aested e Boko Haa ebes ad co scated weapos ad bob-akg eupet. Ete ts
o a clas wt polce dug a fueal pocesso led
to evege attacks o polce ad wdespead otg. A
jot ltay task foce opeato was lauced espose, ad by 30 July oe ta 700 people ad bee
klled, ostly Boko Haa ebes, ad polce statos,
psos, goveet o ces, scools ad cuces ad
bee destoyed.[28][56]:98 102[75][76] Yusuf was aested,
ad ded custody wle tyg to escape . He was
succeeded as leade by Abubaka Sekau, foely s
secod--coad.[77][78] A class ed cable set fo
te US Ebassy Abuja Novebe 2009, avalable
o WkLeaks, s lluatg:[38]
"[Boo poltcal ad elgous leades] ...
asseted tat te state ad fedeal goveet
espoded appopately ad, apat fo te
opposto paty, ovewelgly suppoted
Yusuf s deat wtout sgvgs ove te
extajudcal kllg. Secuty eaed a coce Boo, wt esdets expessg coce about potato of as ad excages
of elgous essages acoss poous teatoal bodes. Te goveet as poposed
a peacg boad tat would cetfy Musl peaces, but t as ot yet bee auguated. Wle ost cotacts descbed Boo as
a State of Peace ad dd ot expect addtoal
attacks, te Noteast eaed vuleable to
volece ad extest attacks due to lack of
eployet oppotutes fo yout, exaspeated by etc ad elgous tesos.
Map of Nigeria from the CIA Wold Factbook
3.4.2 2010
Maiduguri prison break
I Septebe 2010, avg egouped ude te ew
leade, Boko Haa boke 105 of ts ebes out of
pso Madugu alog wt ove 600 ote psoes
ad wet o to lauc attacks seveal aeas of ote Ngea. As ad bee te case decades eale
te wake of te 1980 Kao ots, te goveet s elace o a puely ltay stategy, oce aga executg te leade of a ltat goup, would ave uteded
coseueces.[70][79][80]
3.4.3 2011
3.4
Campaign of violence
Ma atcle: Tele of Boko Haa attacks Ngea
3.4.1 2009
Ude Sekau s leadesp, te goup cotuously poved ts opeatoal capabltes. Afte laucg a
stg of IED attacks agast soft tagets, ad ts st
vecle-boe IED attack Jue 2011, kllg 6 at
te Abuja polce eaduates, August Boko Haa
bobed te UN eaduates Abuja, te st te tey
ad stuck a Weste taget. A spokesa clag esposblty fo te attack, wc 11 UN sta ebes
ded as well as 12 otes, wt oe ta 100 jued,
waed of futue plaed attacks o US ad Ngea goveet teests. Speakg soo afte te US ebassy s
aouceet of te aval te couty of te FBI, e
wet o to aouce Boko Haa s tes fo egotato:
te elease of all psoed ebes. Te ceased sopstcato of te goup led obseves to speculate tat
Boko Haa was a lated wt AQIM, wc was actve
Nge.[79][80][81][82][83][84]
Goveet o cals wee awae of as spets cog to Boo; tee wee epots tat Yusuf s deputy
ad suvved, ad audo tapes wee beleved to be
cculato wc Boko Haa teateed futue attacks. Howeve, ay obseves dd ot atcpate et bloodsed. Secuty Boo was dowgaded.
Boo goveet o cal Alaj Bogua beleved tat
te state deseved pase fo te teatoal couty fo edg te co ct suc a sot te, ad tat Boko Haa as ataed a steady ate of attacks sce
2011, stkg a wde age of tagets, ultple tes pe
te wave of fudaetals as bee cused. [38]
21
3.4. CAMPAIGN OF VIOLENCE

week. Tey ave attacked poltcas, elgous leades,
secuty foces ad cvla tagets. Te tactc of sucde
bobg, used te two attacks te captal o te
polce ad UN eaduates, was ew to Ngea, ad
ale to ts eceay cultue. I Afca as a wole, t
ad oly bee used by al-Sabab Soala ad, to a
lesse extet, AQIM. Sce ealy 2013, Boko Haa ave
ceasgly opeated Note Caeoo, ad ave
bee volved skses alog te bodes of Cad
ad Nge. Tey ave bee lked to a ube of kdappgs, ofte epotedly assocato wt te splte goup Asau, dawg te a ge level of teatoal atteto. Begg August 2014, tey caged
te t-ad-u tactcs, stead occupyg swates of
tetoy oteast Ngea fo wc te ceasgly
beleagueed Ngea ltay wee uable o uwllg
to expel te.[9][28][82][85][86][87]
Wounded people following a bomb attack by Boko Haram in

Nyanya, Nigeria in April 2014
Bombings following 2011 presidential inauguration

Ma atcle: Ngea pesdetal electo, 2011
Wt ous of Goodluck Joata's pesdetal auguato May 2011, Boko Haa caed out a sees
of bobgs Bauc, Zaa ad Abuja. Te ost successful of tese was te attack o te ay baacks
Bauc. A spokesa fo te goup told BBC Hausa tat
te attack ad bee caed out, as a test of loyalty, by
sevg ebes of te ltay opg to jo te goup.
Ts cage was late efuted by a ay spokesa, wo
claed, Ts s ot a baaa epublc". Howeve, o
8 Jauay 2012 te Pesdet would aouce tat Boko
Haa ad ealty ltated bot te ay ad te polce, as well as te executve, palaetay ad legslatve
baces of goveet. Boko Haa s spokesa also
claed esposblty fo te kllg outsde s oe
Madugu of te poltca Abba Aas Ib Ua Gaba,
te youge bote of te Seu of Boo, wo was te
secod ost poet Musl te couty afte te
Sulta of Sokoto. He added, We ae dog wat we ae
dog to gt justce, f tey stop te satac ways of
dog tgs ad te justces, we would stop wat we
ae dog. [88][89]
Ts was oe of seveal poltcal ad elgous assassatos Boko Haa caed out tat yea, wt te pesued teto of coectg justces te goup s
oe state of Boo. Meawle, te tal of assaces
cotued eletlessly, appaetly leadg te couty towads cvl wa. By te ed of 2011, tese co ctg
stateges led obseves to uesto te goup s coeso;
copasos wee daw wt te dvese otvatos of
te ltat factos of te ol-c Nge Delta. Addg
to te cofuso, Novebe, te State Secuty Sevce
aouced tat fou cal sydcates wee opeatg
ude te ae 'Boko Haa'.[85][90][91][92]
Targeting the police
Te coo tee tougout te oteast was te tagetg of polce, wo wee egulaly assaced at wok
o dve-by sootgs at te oes, ete evege
fo te kllg of Yusuf, o as epesetatves of te state
appaatus, o fo o patcula easo. Fve o ces wee
aested fo Yusuf s ude, wc ad o otceable effect o te level of uest. Oppotutes fo cal etepse oused. Hudeds of polce wee dead ad
oe ta 60 polce statos ad bee attacked by d2012. Te goveet s espose to ts self-efocg
ted towads secuty was ot to estuctue o eoet te secuty sevces, but ate to vest eavly
secuty eupet, spedg $5.5 bllo, 20% of te
oveall budget, o bob detecto uts, coucatos
ad taspot; ad $470 llo o a Cese CCTV syste fo Abuja, wc as faled ts pupose of detectg
o deteg acts of teo.[91][93][94][95][96][97]
Te electo defeat of foe ltay dctato
Muaadu Bua ceased elgous poltcal
teso, as t boke te tes of a tact ageeet
weeby, afte two tes, te pesdecy was expected
to cage ads to a ote, Musl caddate, tus
dstbutg te couty s ol wealt oe faly, toug
te custoay coupt caels. Sectaa ots egulfed
te twelve ote states of te couty dug te
tee days followg te electo, leavg oe ta 800
dead ad 65,000 dsplaced. Te subseuet capag
of volece by Boko Haa culated a stg of
bobgs acoss te couty o Cstas Day. I te
outskts of Abuja, 37 ded a cuc tat ad ts oof
blow o . Cas wee aes ad bodes ltteed
eveywee, oe esdet coeted, wods epeated
ealy all pess epots about te afteat of te
bobgs. Sla Cstas evets ad occued
pevous yeas. Joata declaed a state of eegecy
o New Yea s Eve local goveet aeas of Jos,
Boo, Yobe, ad Nge, ad closed te teatoal
bode te oteast. O te ext day, e aouced
tat e was scappg fuel subsdes. Te IMF ad
ecoeded te ove, but Ngeas beleved tat
te savgs of $8 bllo a yea would be stole. Fuel
pces uckly doubled, leadg to wdespead stkes
22
ad potests, wc wee uelled a fotgt late,
wt ay ceckpots tougout te coecal
captal Lagos ad polce g lve auto ad
teagas.[98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106]
Northern Cameroon border, where Boko Haram operates
Boko Haa caed out 115 attacks 2011, kllg 550.

Te cog state of eegecy would use a tes cato of volece.
3.4.4 2012
State of emergency
Te opeg tee weeks of 2012 accouted fo oe
ta alf of te deat total of te pecedg yea. Two
days afte te state of eegecy was declaed, Boko
Haa eleased a ultatu to soute Ngeas lvg te ot, gvg te tee days to leave. Tee
days late tey bega a sees of ostly sall-scale attacks
o Cstas ad ebes of te Igbo etc goup,
causg udeds to ee. I Kao, o 20 Jauay, tey
caed out by fa te ost deadly acto yet, a assault
o polce buldgs, kllg 190. Oe of te vcts was
a TV epote. Te attacks cluded a cobed use of
ca bobs, sucde bobes ad IEDs, suppoted by ufoed gue.[25][107][108][109][110][111][112]
Denouncements of violence and human rights abuses
Aesty Iteatoal ad Hua Rgts Watc publsed epots 2012 tat wee wdely uoted by goveet ageces ad te eda, based o eseac coducted ove te couse of te co ct te wost a ected
aeas of te couty. Te NGOs wee ctcal of bot
secuty foces ad Boko Haa. HRW stated Boko
Haa sould edately cease all attacks, ad teats
of attacks, tat cause loss of lfe, juy, ad destucto
of popety. Te Ngea goveet sould take uget
easues to addess te ua gts abuses tat ave
elped fuel te volet ltacy. Accodg to te 2012
US Depatet of State Country Report on Human Rights
Practices,[30]

"... seous ua gts pobles cluded extajudcal kllgs by secuty foces,
cludg suay executos; secuty foce
totue, ape, ad ote cuel, ua, o degadg teatet of psoes, detaees, ad
cal suspects; as ad lfe-teateg
pso ad deteto cete codtos; abtay aest ad deteto; pologed petal
deteto; deal of fa publc tal; executve uece o te judcay; fgeets
o ctzes pvacy gts; estctos o feedo of speec, pess, assebly, elgo, ad
oveet ...
O Octobe 9, wtesses Madugu
claed ebes of te JTF Restoe Ode,
[a vglate goup] based Madugu, wet o
a kllg spee afte a suspected Boko Haa
bob klled a o ce. Meda epoted te
JTF klled 20 to 45 cvlas ad azed 50 to
100 ouses te egboood. Te JTF
coade Madugu deed te allegatos. O Novebe 2, wtesses claed te
JTF sot ad klled up to 40 people dug
ads Madugu. Te ay claed t dsssed soe o ces fo te ltay as a esult of alleged abuses cotted Madugu,
but tee wee o kow foal posecutos
Madugu by yea s ed.
Cedble epots also dcated ... ufoed ltay pesoel ad paaltay
oble polce caed out suay executos,
assaults, totue, ad ote abuses tougout
Bauc, Boo, Kao, Kadua, Plateau, ad
Yobe states ... Te atoal polce, ay, ad
ote secuty foces cotted extajudcal
kllgs ad used letal ad excessve foce to
appeed cals ad suspects, as well as to
dspese potestes. Autotes geeally dd
ot old polce accoutable fo te use of excessve o deadly foce o fo te deats of pesos custody. Secuty foces geeally opeated wt puty te llegal appeeso, deteto, ad soetes extajudcal
executo of cal suspects. Te epots of
state o fedeal paels of uy vestgatg
suspcous deats eaed upublsed.
Tee wee o ew developets te
case of ve polce o ces accused of executg Muaad Yusuf 2009 at a state polce eaduates. I July 2011 autotes aaged ve polce o ces te fedeal g
cout Abuja fo te ude of Yusuf. Te
cout gated bal to fou of te o ces, wle
oe eaed custody.
Polce use of excessve foce, cludg
use of lve auto, to dspese deostatos esulted ueous kllgs dug
te yea. Fo exaple, altoug te Ja-
23

uay fuel subsdy deostatos geeally eaed peaceful, secuty foces epotedly
ed o potestes vaous states acoss te
couty dug tose deostatos, esultg
10 to 15 deats ad a ukow ube of
wouded.
Despte soe poveets esultg
fo te closue of polce ceckpots ay
pats of te couty, states wt a ceased
secuty pesece due to te actvtes of Boko
Haa expeeced a se volece ad letal
foce at polce ad ltay oadblocks.
Cotug abductos of cvlas by
cal goups occued te Nge Delta
ad Souteast ... Polce ad ote secuty
foces wee ofte plcated te kdappg
scees.
Altoug te costtuto ad law pobt
suc pactces ad povde fo puset of
suc abuses, totue s ot calzed, ad secuty sevce pesoel, cludg polce, ltay, ad State Secuty Sevce (SSS) o ces,
egulaly totued, beat, ad abused deostatos, cal suspects, detaees, ad covcted psoes. Polce steated cvlas to
extot oey. Te law pobts te toducto to tals of evdece ad cofessos obtaed toug totue; oweve, polce ofte
used totue to extact cofessos. [113]
3.4.5 2013
See also: 2013 Baga assace
Operations in Cameroon, Niger and Chad
I Febuay 2013, Boko Haa was esposble fo kdappg seve Fec tousts
te fa ot of Caeoo. I Novebe 2013, Boko Haa ebes kdapped
a Fec pest Caeoo. I Decebe 2013, Boko Haa gue epotedly attacked cvlas seveal aeas of ote
Caeoo. Secuty foces fo Cad ad
Nge also epotedly patook skses
agast suspected Boko Haa ebes alog
Ngea s bodes. I 2013, te goup also
kdapped egt Fec ctzes ote
Caeoo ad obtaed aso payets fo
te elease.[9]
Boko Haa as ofte aaged to evade te Ngea
ay by eteatg to te lls aoud te bode wt
Caeoo, wose ay s appaetly uwllg to
cofot te. Ngea, Cad ad Nge ad foed
a Multatoal Jot Task Foce 1998. I Febuay 2012, Caeoo sged a ageeet wt Ngea to establs a Jot Tas-Bode Secuty Cottee, wc was auguated Novebe 2013, we
Caeoo aouced plas to coduct coodated but
sepaate bode patols 2014. It coveed aga
July 2014 to fute pove coopeato betwee te
two coutes.[114][115][116][117][118]
I late 2013 AI eceved 'cedble' foato tat ove
950 ates ad ded custody, ostly deteto cetes Madugu ad Daatuu, wt te st alf of
te yea. O cal state coupto was also docueted
Decebe 2013 by te UK Hoe O ce:[119][120]
Te NPF, SSS, ad ltay epot to
cvla autotes; oweve, tese secuty
sevces peodcally act outsde of cvla cotol. Te goveet lack e ectve ecass to vestgate ad pus abuse ad
coupto. Te NPF ea susceptble to
coupto, cot ua gts abuses, ad
geeally opeate wt puty te appeeso, llegal deteto, ad soetes executo of cal suspects. Te SSS also
cot ua gts abuses, patculaly
estctg feedo of speec ad pess. I
soe cases pvate ctzes o te goveet
bougt cages agast pepetatos of ua
gts abuses tese uts. Howeve, ost
cases lgeed cout o wet uesolved afte
a tal vestgato.
Lake Chad
Te state of eegecy was exteded May 2013 to

cove te wole of te tee oteaste states of Boo,
Adaawa ad Yobe, asg tesos te ego. I te
12 ots followg te aouceet, 250,000 ed te
tee states, followed by a fute 180,000 betwee May
Te US Bueau of Couteteos povdes te follow- ad August 2014. A fute 210,000 ed fo bodeg suay of Boko Haa s 2013 foeg opeatos: g states, bgg te total dsplaced by te co ct to
Ngea s Boo State, wee Boko Haa s based, adjos Lake Cad, as do Nge, Caeoo ad te couty
of Cad. Te co ct, ad efugees, splled ove te atoal bodes to volve all fou coutes.
24
650,000. May tousads left te couty. A August
2014 AI vdeo sowed ay ad alled lta executg
people, cludg by slttg te toats, ad dupg
te bodes ass gaves.[121][122][123]
Parents of the 276 girls kidnapped in April 2014 mourning their

daughters
Damage to the school where the girls were kidnapped

te eade ave ot bee eleased. Istead, Sekau,
wo as a ewad of $7 llo o eed by te US DOS
sce Jue 2013 fo foato leadg to s captue,
aouced s teto of sellg te to slavey. Te
cdet bougt Boko Haa exteded global eda atteto, uc of t focused o te poouceets of
te US Fst Lady. Faced wt outspoke codeato fo s peceved copetece, ad detaled accusatos fo Aesty Iteatoal of state colluso,
Pesdet Joata espoded by g a Wasgto PR
.[126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133]
Paets of te ssg scoolgls ad tose wo ad
escaped wee kept watg utl July to eet wt te
Pesdet, wc caused te coce. I Octobe, te
goveet aouced te gls et elease, but
te foato poved uelable. Te aouceet
to te eda of a peace ageeet ad te et
elease of all te ssg gls was followed days late
by a vdeo essage wc Sekau stated tat o suc
eetg ad take place ad tat te gls ad bee
aed o . Te aouceet to te eda, uaccopaed by ay evdece of te ealty of te ageeet, was tougt by aalysts to ave bee a poltcal
ploy by te pesdet to ase s populaty befoe s
co ato of s caddacy te 2015 geeal electo. Eale te yea, te gls plgt ad featued
o "#BgBackOuGls poltcal capag postes
te steets of te captal, wc te Pesdet deed
kowledge of ad soo took dow afte ews of ctcs sufaced. Tese postes, wc wee tepeted,
to te dsay of capages fo te gls ecaptue, as
beg desged to bee t fo te fae of te kdappg, ad also bee pat of Joata s pe-pesdetal
capag . I Septebe, "#BgBackGoodluck2015
capag postes aga dew ctcs.[134] Te o cal
aouceet of te Pesdet s caddacy was ade befoe ceeg cowds Abuja o 11 Novebe.[135]
Kidnapping of the Cameroon vice-presidents wife
I 2014 Boko Haa cotued to cease ts pesece

ote Caeoo. O 16 May, te Cese wokes wee abducted a ad o a costucto copay
cap Waza, ea te Ngea bode. Vecles ad
The First Lady of the United States, Michelle Obama, holds a
explosves wee also take te ad, ad oe Caeoo
sign with the #BringBackOurGirls Twitter hash tag, helping to
solde was klled. Caeoo s atteost Rapd Ite[124][125]
spread awareness of the kidnapping.
veto Battalo attepted to tevee but wee vastly
outubeed.[136] I July, te Vce-Pesdet s oe vllage was attacked by aoud 200 ltats; s wfe was
3.4.6 2014
kdapped, alog wt te Sulta of Kolofata ad s faly. At least 15 people, cludg soldes ad polce, wee
Kidnapping of 276 schoolgirls in April 2014
klled te ad. Te Vce-Pesdet s wfe was subseuetly eleased Octobe, alog wt 26 otes cludMa atcle: Cbok scoolgls kdappg
g te te Cese costucto wokes wo ad bee
captued May; autotes ade o coet about ay
I Apl 2014, Boko Haa kdapped 276 gls fo aso, wc te Caeoo goveet ad pevously
Cbok, Boo. Moe ta 50 of te soo escaped, but claed t eve pays.[137] I a sepaate attack, e bus
25

passeges ad a solde wee sot dead ad te so of a
local cef was kdapped. Hudeds of local youts ae
suspected to ave bee ecuted. I August, te eote
Ngea bode tow of Gwoza was oveu ad eld by
te goup. I espose to te ceased ltat actvty,
te Caeooa Pesdet sacked two seo ltay ofces ad set s ay cef wt 1000 efoceets
to te ote bode ego.[138][139][140]
Betwee May ad July 2014, 8,000 Ngea efugees
aved te couty, up to 25% su eg fo acute
alutto. Caeoo, wc aked 150 out of 186
o te 2012 UNDP HDI, osted, as of August 2014,
107,000 efugees eeg uest te CAR, a ube tat was expected to cease to 180,000 by te
ed of te yea.[141][142][143] A fute 11,000 Ngea
efugees cossed te bode to Caeoo ad Cad dug August.[144]
Mubi in Adamawa
Announcing an Islamic caliphate

Te attack o Gwoza sgalled a cage stategy fo
Boko Haa, as te goup cotued to captue tetoy
ot-easte ad easte aeas of Boo, as well as
Adaawe ad Yobe. Attacks acoss te bode wee
epelled by te Caeoo ltay.[145] Te tetoal
gas wee o cally deed by te Ngea ltay. I
a vdeo obtaed by te ews agecy AFP o 24 August,
Sekau aouced tat Gwoza was ow pat of a Islac
calpate.[146] Te tow of Baa, 45 les fo te state
captal Madugu, was epoted to ave bee captued at
te begg of Septebe, esultg tousads of esdets eeg to Madugu, eve as esdets tee wee
teselves atteptg to ee.[147] Te ltay cotued
to dey Boko Haa s tetoal gas, wc wee, oweve, co ed by local vglates wo ad aaged to
escape. Te ltats wee epotedly kllg e ad
teeage boys te tow of ove 250,000 abtats.
Soldes efused odes to advace o te occuped tow;
udeds ed acoss te bode to Caeoo, but wee
poptly epatated. Ffty-fou desetes wee late seteced to deat by g suad.[148][149]
O 17 Octobe, te Cef of te Defece Sta aouced
tat a cease e ad bee bokeed, statg I ave accodgly dected te sevce cefs to esue edate
coplace wt ts developet te eld. Despte
a lack of co ato fo te ltats, te aouceet was publcsed ewspape eadles aoud te
wold. Wt 48 ous, oweve, te sae publcatos
wee epotg tat Boko Haa attacks ad eveteless cotued uabated. It was epoted tat factoalsato would ake suc a deal patculaly d cult to
aceve.[150][151][152]
O 29 Octobe Mub, a tow of 200,000 Adaawa, fell
to te ltats, fute udeg co dece te
peace talks. Tousads ed sout to Adaawa s captal
cty, Yola.[153] Ad eda speculato tat te cease e
aouceet ad bee pat of Pesdet Joata s eelecto capag, a vdeo stateet eleased by Boko
Haa toug te oal coucato caels va
AFP o 31 Octobe stated tat o egotatos ad fact
take place.[154][155] Mub was sad to ave bee ecaptued by te ay o 13 Novebe. O te sae day,
Boko Haa sezed Cbok; two days late, te ay ecaptued te lagely deseted tow. As of 16 Novebe
t was estated tat oe ta twety tows ad vllages
ad bee take cotol of by te ltats.[156][157] O 28
Novebe, 120 ded a attack at te cetal osue
Kao dug Fday payes. Tee wee 27 Boko Haa
attacks dug te ot of Novebe, kllg at least
786.[158][159]
O 3 Decebe, t was epoted tat seveal tows
Not Adaawa ad bee ecoveed by te Ngea ltay wt te elp of local vglates. Bala Nggla, te
goveo of Adaawa state, sad tat te ltay wee
ag to ecut 4,000 vglates.[160] O 13 Decebe
Boko Haa attacked te vllage of Gusu Boo,
kllg ove 30, ad kdappg ove 100 woe ad
clde.[161]
Attacks in Cameroon
Ma atcle: Decebe 2014 Caeoo clases
I te secod alf of Decebe, te focus of actvty
swtced to te Fa Not Rego of Caeoo, begg o te og of 17 Decebe we a ay covoy was attacked wt a IED ad abused by udeds of ltats ea te bode tow of Acde, 40
les ot of te state captal Maoua. Oe solde
was co ed dead, ad a estated 116 ltats wee
klled te attack, wc was followed by aote attack
ovegt wt ukow casualtes.[162] O 22 Decebe
26
te Rapd Iteveto Battalo followed up wt a attack o a Boko Haa tag cap ea Gudvg, aestg 45 ltats ad sezg 84 clde aged 7 15
wo wee udegog tag, accodg to a stateet
fo Caeoo s Msty of Defese. Te ltats ed
pck-up tucks cayg a ukow ube of te
dead; o foato o ay casualtes was eleased.[163]
O 27 28 Decebe ve vllages wee sultaeously
attacked, ad fo te st te te Caeoo ltay
lauced a attacks we Boko Haa be y occuped
a ay cap. Casualty gues wee ot eleased. Accodg to Ifoato Mste Issa Tcoa, Uts of
te goup attacked Maka, Acde, La ad Acgaca a cage of stategy wc cossts of dstactg Caeooa toops o d eet fots, akg te
oe vuleable te face of te oblty ad upedctablty of te attacks. [164]
3.4.7 2015
Baga massacre
Ma atcle: 2015 Baga assace

also opeates as a cladeste cell syste usg a etwok stuctue.[170] Te boudaes of te ogazato
ae soetes ot clea. I ay cases leadesp s dect wle otes t s oe 'spatoal'. Boko Haa
opeates as a sugecy/guella foce, wt uts avg
betwee 300 ad 500 gtes eac.[171] Te total ube
of gtes s estated at 9,000.[172][173][174] Fgtes ae
aly daw fo te Kau etc goup[175] .
Betwee 2002 ad 2009, Boko Haa was led by te
ogazato foude, Islast clec Moaed Yusuf.
I 2009, afte Yusuf was klled, leadesp passed to
Abubaka Sekau, wo was Yusuf s secod- coad.
Sekau as sce aed oe of Moaed Yusuf s
fou wves. Abubaka Sekau was bo Yobe, Ngea
betwee 1965 ad 1975 ad s of Kau etcty.[176]
He speaks Aabc, Hausa, Fula, Kau. I addto to
opeatoal leadesp, Sekau s also te elgous leade
of Boko Haa ad egulaly delves seos to s
followes. I 2012, te US Depatet of State desgated Abubaka Sekau a Specally Desgated Global
Teost ude Executve Ode 13224. Ude Sekau s
leadesp, Boko Haa s opeatoal capabltes ave
gow.[176]
Moodu Baa ad bee aed as secod coad
afte Abubaka Sekau took ove as leade. Baa was
klled 2013. Aote egoal leade tat was klled
was kow as Abba (Boko Haa). Au Sad Ogwuce s suspected of ogazg te Apl 2014 Abuja
bobg ad s wated coecto wt te 2014 gl
kdappgs.
O 3 Jauay 2015, Boko Haa aga attacked Baga,

sezg t ad te ltay base used by a ultatoal
foce set up to gt te. Te tow was bued ad
te people assaced.
Altoug te deat toll of te
assace was eale estated by local o cals to be upwads of 2000,[165] , te Defece Msty as ow dsssed tese clas as speculato ad cojectue ad
exaggeated . Tey estate te deat toll to be close
to 150 stead. It sould be oted, oweve, tat ts s 3.5.2 Financing
a estato ad tat Ngea as ofte bee accused of
udeestatg casualty gues a e ot to dowplay Kidnappings, robbery and extortion
te teat of Boko Haa.[166] Soe esdets escaped to
Boko Haa gets fudg fo bak obbees ad kdeaby Cad.[167]
appg asos.[108][177] As a exaple, te spg
of 2013 gue fo Boko Haa kdapped a faCameroon raids
ly of seve Fec tousts o vacato Caeoo.
Two ots late, te kdappes eleased te ostages
O Jauay 12 Boko Haa attacked a Caeoo alog wt 16 otes excage fo a aso of $3.15
ltay base Kolofata. Goveet foces epot llo.[178]
kllg 143 ltats, wle oe Caeoo solde was
klled.[168] O Jauay 18 Boko Haa aded two Ay fudg tey ay ave eceved te past fo
Touou Caeoo aea vllages, tocg ouses, kllg al-Qaeda a lates s sg cat copaed to te estsoe esdets ad kdappg betwee 60 ad 80 peo- ated $1 llo aso fo eac wealty Ngea o
ple cludg a estated 50 youg clde betwee te foege kdapped. Cas s oved aoud by coues, akg t possble to tack, ad coucato s
ages of 10 ad 15.[169]
coducted face-to-face. Te ode of opeato, wc
s tougt to clude payg local youts to tack ay
oveets, s suc tat lttle fudg s eued to cay
3.5 Organization
out attacks.[179] Eupet captued fo eeg soldes
keeps te goup costatly well-suppled.[180] Te goup
also extots local goveets. A spokesa of Boko
3.5.1 Leaders, structure and members
Haa claed tat Kao state goveo Iba SekaAltoug Boko Haa s ogazed a eaccal au ad Bauc state goveo Isa Yuguda ad pad te
stuctue wt oe oveall leade, te vey lage goup otly.[181][182]
3.5. ORGANIZATION
27
Donations from Islamist sympathizers
Boko Haa also egages ote fos of sugglg.

Accodg to a epot fo te Aal Potecto IAfte Boko Haa was fouded, t eceved ost of ts sttute, te goup as joed ote cal goups
fuds fo local doos wo suppoted ts goal of pos- Afca te bllo-dolla o ad elepat poacg
g Islac law wle ddg Ngea of Weste u- dusty.[178]
eces. I oe ecet tes, Boko Haa as boadeed
ts fudg by dawg o foeg doos, ad ote vetues suc as fake caty ogazatos.[178] I Febuay 3.5.3 Ties to other designated terrorist
groups
2012, ecetly aested o cals evealed tat wle te
ogazato tally eled o doatos fo ebes,
ts lks wt Al-Qaeda te Islac Mageb opeed Evdece gog back to 2002 o eale tes Boko Haa
t up to fudg fo goups Saud Aaba ad te to al-Qada ad ts egoal a lates. Accodg to E.J
Hogedoo, auto of a epot o Boko Haa fo te
UK.[183][184]
Iteatoal Css Goup, Osaa b Lade self
Boko Haa cloaks ts souces of ace toug te
set $3 llo seed oey to Ngea to fud te
use of a gly decetalzed dstbuto etwok. Te
speadg of s deologes, ad soe of ts oey was
goup eploys a Islac odel of oey tasfe called
used to elp stat te Boko Haa goup. Ts foawala, wc s based o a oo syste ad a global
ato cae fo a Ngea eseace s tevew wt
etwok of agets tat akes te acg d cult to
a ebe of Boko Haa wo was vey kowledgetack.[178] I te past, Ngea o cals ave bee ctable about te ogs of te goup. It also appeas tat
czed fo beg uable to tace uc of te fudg tat
b Lade povded stategc decto to te Ngeas.
Boko Haa as eceved.[185]
I 2011, Cooespodace betwee b Lade ad Boko
Haa was foud b Lade s copoud afte te ad
tat klled .[190]
Drug tracking, smuggling and poaching
I July 2009 AQIM ssued a stateet of suppot fo
Boko Haa as occasoally bee coected e- Boko Haa ad we te Ngea goveet attacked
da epots wt cocae ta ckg;[186][187] accodg to te goup, ts ebes scatteed to vaous al-Qada
soe tee appeas to be a lack of evdece egadg opeatos.[191]
ts eas of fudg. Jaes Cockaye, foely CoDecto of te Cete o Global Couteteos Co- I July 2010, Boko Haa s leade Abubaka Sekau
opeato ad Seo Fellow at te Iteatoal Peace pased al-Qaeda ad o eed s codoleces fo te
atydo of al-Qaeda s two top Ia leades. Do ot
Isttute, wote 2012,[188][189]
tk jad s ove, Sekau sad. Rate, jad as just
begu. O Aeca, de wt you fuy. I Novebe
Gve te appecato of te cotested
2012, Sekau expessed Boko Haa s soldaty wt al
atue of uc Afca goveace, t coes
Qaeda a lates Afgasta, Ia, Not Afca, Soas soetg of a supse tat Cae ad
ala ad Yee. [192]
Klatscg [Review of Africa and the War on
I Jue 2012 te US State Depatet desgated Kald
Drugs, 2012] ecely dowplay te pact tat
al Baaw ad Abubaka Ada Kaba as teosts tat
cocae ta ckg s avg o West Afca
ave tes to Boko Haa ad ave close lks to al Qaeda
goveace. O te bass of just tee case
te Islac Mageb, at te sae te as t desgated
studes (Guea-Bssau, Lesoto ad Ngea)
Boko Haa leade Abubaka Sekau as a teost. Oe
te autos coclude tat 'state coplcty'
yea I Jue 2013 we Rewads fo Justce poga
te Afca dug tade s 'ae', ad te doo eed a $7 llo ewad fo foato leadg to
at paadg s 'epesso'. As a esult, tey
te captue of Sekau, sla ewads wee o eed fo
adcally udestate te close volveet of
leades AQIM ad ts o soots. Sekau s caged
poltcal ad ltay actos dug ta ckg
wt expessg soldaty wt al Qaeda ad teatepatculaly West Afca cocae ta ckg te Uted States ad tat Tee ae epoted cog ad ovelook te gowg powe of dug
ucatos, tag, ad weapos lks betwee Boko
oey Afca electoal poltcs, local ad
Haa, al Qaeda te Lads of te Islac Mageb
tadtoal goveace, ad secuty.
(AQIM), al Sabaab, ad al Qaeda te Aaba PeAccodg to Loetta Napoleo, a expet o teost sula [AQAP], wc ay stegte Boko Haa s caace, Boko Haa fuds tself by ta ckg dugs pacty to coduct teost attacks. Tese tee ogafo dug catels Lat Aeca. Nobody wats zatos ae foal baces of al Qaeda tat ave swo
to adt tat cocae eaces Euope va West Afca, a oat of allegace to Aya al Zawa.
says Napoleo, Ts kd of busess s a type of bus- Speakg by poe to epotes Novebe 2012,
ess wee Islac teost ogazatos ae vey uc goup spokesa Abu Qaa sad We ae togete wt
volved. [178]
al Qaeda, tey ae pootg te cause of Isla, just as
28
we ae dog. Teefoe tey elp us ou stuggle ad

we elp te, too. Te 2012 Reutes specal epot detals ow gtes ave taed wt al-Qada a lates
sall goups ove at least 6 yeas.[193]
o te top , toops ae sowg sgs of eal fea, ad

ae afad to eve egage. [25]:9
Howeve, al-Qaeda Coe as eve o cally accepted

Boko Haa as a a late, ad afte te Cbok scoolgls kdappg al-Qada dd ot pase Boko Haa,
leadg soe aalysts to coclude tat te goup was too
volet fo al-Qada.[197][198] Te fo ad stuctue of alQada ad ts a lates eas a atte of debate wt
te US Itellgece Couty, ad te exact cuet
status of tes betwee Boko Haa ad te al-Qaeda ogazato eas uclea.[199]
Asau as teost ogasatos Novebe 2013, ctg vaous easos cludg lks wt AQIM, tousads of deats oteast ad cetal Ngea ove te
last seveal yeas, cludg tageted kllgs of cvlas ,
ad Asau s 2013 kdappg ad executo of seve teatoal costucto wokes. I te stateet t was
oted, oweve, Tese desgatos ae a potat
ad appopate step, but oly oe tool wat ust be
a copeesve appoac by te Ngea goveet
to coute tese goups toug a cobato of law
efoceet, poltcal, ad developet e ots. [24][212]
Te State Depatet ad essted eale calls to desgate te goup as a teost ogasato afte te 2011
UN bobg.[213] Te U.S. goveet does ot beleve
Boko Haa s cuetly (2014) a lated wt al Qaeda
Cetal, despte egula peodc pledges of suppot ad
soldaty fo ts leadesp fo al-Qaeda, but s patculaly coceed about tes betwee Boko Haa ad Al
Qaeda te Islac Mageb (AQIM), cludg lkely
sag fuds, tag, ad explosve ateals, [25]
I July 2014, Ngea was estated to ave ad te gest ube of teost kllgs te wold ove te past
Te Novebe 2013, Uted States desgato of Boko yea, 3477, klled 146 attacks.[203] Te goveo of
Haa as a foeg teost ogazato cted Boko Boo, Kas Setta, of te opposto ANPP, sad
Haa s lks to AQIM ad esposblty fo tou- Febuay 2014:[204]
sads of deats oteast ad cetal Ngea ove te
last seveal yeas cludg tageted kllgs of cvlas.
Boko Haa ae bette aed ad ae betTe State Depatet s aual Couty Repots o Tete
otvated
ta ou ow toops. Gve te
os, publsed o Apl 30, 2014.[194]
peset state of a as, t s absolutely posAccodg to te UN Secuty Coucl lstg of Boko
sble fo us to defeat Boko Haa.
Haa ude te al-Qada sactos ege May
2014,[195] te goup as ataed a elatosp wt
AQIM fo tag ad ateal suppot puposes, ad
3.7 International responses
gaed valuable kowledge o te costucto of povsed explosve devces fo AQIM. Te UN foud
tat a ube of Boko Haa ebes fougt alogsde 3.7.1 Designation as a terrorist organizaal Qaeda a lated goups Mal 2012 ad 2013 betion
foe etug to Ngea wt teost expetse. AQIM
s oe of al Qaeda s egoal baces wo s leade, Abu 3.7.2 United States responses
Musab Abdel Wadoud as swo a oat of allegace)
to al-Qaeda s seo leadesp.[196]
Te US State Depatet desgated Boko Haa ad
I July 2014 Sekau eleased a 16 ute vdeo wee

e voced suppot fo ISIL's ead Abu Bak al-Bagdad,
Al-Qaeda ead Aya al-Zawa ad Afga Talba
leade Mulla Oa. [200] Te ext ot e declaed
a Islac state but t was ot clea f te declaato was
teded to ake Ngea pat of ISIL s slac state o
aote Islac state.[201]
3.6
Response by Nigerian authorities
Te Ngea ltay s, te wods of a foe Bts

ltay attac speakg 2014, a sadow of wat t s
eputed to ave oce bee. It s falle apat. Tey ae
sot of basc eupet, cludg ados ad aoued
vecles. Moale s sad to be low. Seo o ces ae alleged to be skg ltay pocueet budget fuds
tat ae teded to pay fo te stadad ssue eupet
of soldes. Te couty s defese budget accouts fo
oe ta a td of te secuty budget of $5.8 bllo,
but oly 10% s allocated to captal spedg.[202] I a
2014 US DOD assesset, fuds ae beg sked
E ots to coopeate feeg te Cbok scoolgls

ad falteed, lagely due to utual dstust; te ltato of te ltay by Boko Haa eat tat US o cals wee way of sag aw tellgece data, ad te
Ngea ltay ad faled to supply foato tat
gt ave aded US doe gts locatg te kdapped gls. Te Ngea goveet clas tat Boko
Haa s te West Afca bac of te wold-wde AlQada oveet wt coectos wt Al sabb Soala ad AQIM Mal. Tey dey avg cotted ua gts abuses te co ct, ad teefoe oppose US estctos o as sales, wc tey see as beg based o te US s-applcato of te Leay Law
due to coces ove ua gts Ngea. Te US
29
3.9. REFERENCES
ad suppled te Ngea ay wt tucks ad eupet but ad blocked te sale of Coba elcoptes. I
Novebe 2014 te US State depatet aga efused
to supply Cobas, ctg coces ove te Ngea ltay s ablty to ata ad use te wtout edageg cvlas.[214][215][216][217]
O 1 Decebe 2014 te U.S. ebassy Abuja aouced tat te U.S. ad dscotued tag a Ngea battalo at te euest of te Ngea goveet.
A spokesa fo te US state depatet sad, We eget peatue teato of ts tag, as t was to
be te st a lage plaed poject tat would ave
taed addtoal uts wt te goal of elpg te Ngea Ay buld capacty to coute Boko Haa. Te
US goveet wll cotue ote aspects of te extesve blateal secuty elatosp, as well as all ote assstace pogas, wt Ngea. Te US goveet s
cotted to te log tadto of patesp wt Ngea ad wll cotue to egage futue euests fo coopeato ad tag. [217][218]
3.7.3 African Coalition force
3.9 References
stogolds acoss Afca ad Asa . 12 Jue 2014. Reteved 1 Septebe 2014., see teactve fogapc
[2] ttp://www.coflct-ews.co/boko-aa-wose-ss/
[3] ttp://www.vsoofuaty.og/stes/default/fles/
Global%20Teos%20Idex%20Repot%202014.
pdf
[4] Secuty Coucl Al-Qada Sactos Cottee .
[5] ttp://www.aljazeea.co/dept/opo/2014/06/
boko-aa-al-aeda-201463115816142554.tl
[6] ttp://www.eutes.co/atcle/2014/05/28/
us-gea-bokoaa-aalyss-dUSKBN0E81D320140528
[7] ttp://www.telegap.co.uk/ews/
woldews/al-aeda/10893889/
Al-Qaeda-ap-Iss-Boko-Haa-ad-ote-afflates-stogolds-acoss-Af
tl
[8] Boko Haa voces suppot fo ISIS' Bagdad . Al Aabya. 13 July 2014. Reteved 3 Jauay 2014.
[9] Bueau of Couteteos. Couty Repots o TeoAfte a sees of eetgs ove ay ots,[219][220][221]
s 2013 . US Depatet of State. Reteved 7 August
Caeoo s foeg ste aouced o 30 Nove2014.
be 2014 tat a coalto foce to gt teos, cludg Boko Haa, would soo be opeatoal. Te [10] ttp://www.gguadaews.co/ews/atoal-ews/
foce would clude 3,500 soldes fo Be, Cad,
187812-fve-lake-cad-ego-atos-eet-ove-boko-aa
Caeoo, Nge ad Ngea.[222][223] Dscussos betwee te Ecooc Couty Of West Afca States [11] ttp://suewsole.co/ew/?p=85939
(ECOWAS) about a boade based ltay foce ave [12] ttp://www.teguada.co/wold/2014/ay/17/
bee sceduled.[224]
west-afca-coutes-ust-ute-fgt-boko-aa-gea
3.7.4 French and British assistance
[13] ttp://www.gguadaews.co/ews/atoal-ews/
[14] ttp://suewsole.co/ew/?p=85939
Face ad te UK, coodato wt te US, ave

set taes, ad ateal assstace to Ngea to assst [15] ttp://www.teguada.co/wold/2014/ay/17/
te gt agast Boko Haa.[225] Face plaed to
use 3,000 toops te ego fo coute-teos op- [16] Cada Foces Deploy Agast Boko Haa . VOA. 16
eatos. Isael ad Caada also pledged suppot.[226]
Jauay 2015. Reteved 16 Jauay 2015.
3.7.5 Chinese assistance
I May 2014 Ca o eed Ngea assstace

tat cluded satellte data ad potetally ltay [19] ttp://www.teguada.co/wold/2014/ay/17/
eupet.[227]
3.8
Related Articles
Tele of Boko Haa attacks Ngea

Islac extes Note Ngea

stogolds acoss Afca ad Asa . 12 Jue 2014. Reteved 1 Septebe 2014., see teactve fogapc
pdf
30
pdf<!-pg 53-->
[24] O ce of te Spokespeso (13 Novebe 2013).
Teost Desgatos of Boko Haa ad Asau .
U.S. Depatet of State. Reteved 24 July 2014.
[25] Laue Ploc Blacad (Jue 10, 2014). Ngea s Boko
Haa: Feuetly Asked Questos . Cogessoal Reseac Sevce. Reteved 3 August 2014.
[26] 19 July 2014 (2014-07-19). Boko Haa sugets
kll 100 people as tey take cotol of Ngea tow .
Guada. Reteved 2014-07-20.
[27] Afca Poga at te Coucl o Foeg Relatos
(2014). Ngea Secuty Tacke . www.cfr.org. Coucl of Foeg Relatos. Reteved July 21, 2014.
[28] Boko Haa . Ecyclopaeda Btaca. Reteved
Septebe 2014.
[29] Gle Kessle (May 19, 2014). Boko Haa: Isde te
State Depatet debate ove te 'teost' label . Wasgto Post. Reteved 3 August 2014.
[30] Ngea: Boko Haa Attacks Lkely Ces Agast
Huaty . Hua Rgts Watc. Octobe 11, 2012.
Reteved 6 August 2014.
[31] 3 Jauay 2015 (2015-01-03). Boko Haa uest:
Gue kdap Ngea vllages . BBC. Reteved 201501-05.
[32] 15 August 2014 (2014-07-15). Boko Haa Kdap
Dozes Of Boys I Noteast Ngea: Wtesses . Hu gto Post. Reteved 2015-01-05.
[33] Ngea: Vcts of Abductos Tell Te Stoes . Hua Rgts Watc. 27 Octobe 2014. Reteved Novebe 2014.
[34] Islasts foce 650 000 Ngeas fo oes . News
24. 2014-08-05. Reteved 6 August 2014.
[35] Boko Haa Oveus Vllages ad Ay Base Noteast Ngea . Wall Street Journal. 5 Jauay 2015. Reteved 5 Jauay 2015.

[41] Paul Newa (2013). Te Etyology of Hausa boko .
Mega-Cad Reseac Netwok. Reteved August 2014.
[42] Ngea cottg 'wa ces to defeat Boko Haa .
Te Idepedet. 17 August 2014. Reteved August
2014.
[43] Wlla F.S. Mles (9 May 2014). Beakg Dow Boko
Haa ". cognoscenti.
[44] D. Alyu U. Tlde. A -ouse Suvey to te Cultual
Ogs of Boko Haa Moveet Ngea . Reteved
24 July 2014.
Backgoude - Boko
[45] Joso, To (2011-12-27).
Haa . www.cfr.org. Coucl of Foeg Relatos. Reteved Mac 12, 2012.
[46] Cook, Davd (26 Septebe 2011). Te Rse of Boko
Haa Ngea . Cobatg Teos Cete. Reteved 2012-01-12.
[47] ttp://www.scadc.og/uploads/2/6/5/4/26549924/
bedekawaabs.pdf
[48] THE DIFFUSION OF INTRA-ISLAMIC VIOLENCE
AND TERRORISM: THE IMPACT OF THE PROLIFERATION OF SALAFI/WAHHABI IDEOLOGIES .
[49] sucty.co . Reteved 10 Novebe 2014.
[50] Ouoa, Feedo (2014). Boko Haa ad te evolvg
Sala Jadst teat Ngea . I de Motclos, Pouse.
Boko Haram: Islamism, politics, security and the state in
Nigeria (PDF). Lede: Afca Studes Cete. p. 158.
ISBN 978-90-5448-135-5. Reteved May 14, 2014.
[51] Afca Aguets Edtoal Boko Haa Ngea
: aote coseuece of ueual developet . Afca
Aguets. Novebe 9, 2011. Reteved 31 July 2014.
[52] Batolotta, Cstope (23 Septebe 2011). Teos
Ngea: te Rse of Boko Haa . The Whitehead
Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations. Reteved 2012-01-12.
[53] Zaab Usa (May 1, 2014). Ngea s Ecooc Tasto Reveals Deep Stuctual Dstotos . Afca Aguets. Reteved August 2014.
[36] ttp://www.telegap.co.uk/ews/woldews/
afcaaddaocea/gea/11337722/
[54] Data . Te Wold Bak. Reteved 3 August 2014.
Boko-Haa-s-ow-a--Islac-State-wt-ts-ow-tetoy.
[55] Ngeas lvg povety se to ealy 61%". BBC. 13
tl
Febuay 2012. Reteved August 2014.
[37] Depatet of Publc Ifoato News ad Meda Dvso New Yok (22 May 2014). SECURITY COUN- [56] Adesoj, Abbola (2010). Te Boko Haa Upsg
ad Islac Revvals Ngea . Afca Spectu.
CIL AL-QAIDA SANCTIONS COMMITTEE ADDS
Reteved August 2014.
BOKO HARAM TO ITS SANCTIONS LIST . UN Secuty Coucl. Reteved 30 July 2014.
[57] USCIRF Aual Repot 2013 - Teatc Issues: Sevee
elgous feedo volatos by o-state actos . UN[38] US Ebassy, Abuja (Novebe 4, 2009). Ngea:
HCR. 30 Apl 2013. Reteved 3 August 2014.
Boo State Resdets Not Yet Recoveed Fo Boko
Haa Volece . Wkleaks. Reteved August 2014.
[58] Baaby Pllps (20 Jauay 2000). Islac law ases
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34
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[185] Boko aa fudg: Ngea ay face teatoal
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8 Jauay 2014.
[187] Ntayke Dve J. (Septebe 8, 2012). Dug Tafckg Rsg Cetal Afca, Was Itepol . Voce [209] Poscbed Teost Ogasatos . Hoe O ce. 20
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Jue 2014. Reteved 31 July 2014.
[188] Lasaa Gbee (Jauay 22, 2013). Revew of Afca [210] Secuty Coucl Al-Qada Sactos Cottee Adds
ad te Wa o Dugs . Wold Peace Foudato. ReBoko Haa to Its Sactos Lst . Reteved 8 Jauay
teved August 2014.
2014.
35
3.10. EXTERNAL LINKS

[211] Foeg Teost Ogazatos . Bueau of Couteteos. Uted States Depatet of State. Reteved 28
July 2014.
3.10 External links
[212] A BILL To pose sactos agast pesos wo kowgly povde ateal suppot o esouces to Boko
Haa o ts a lates, assocated goups, o agets, ad
fo ote puposes . 113TH CONGRESS 1ST SESSION.
27 Septebe 2013. Reteved 21 Novebe 2014.
[213] Cottee o Hoelad Secuty (Novebe 30, 2011).
BOKO HARAM Eegg Teat to te U.S. Hoelad . US House of Repesetatves. Reteved Septebe 2014.
Boko Haram: Its Beginnings, Principles and Activities in Nigeria (PDF), Kao, Ngea: Islac Studes Depatet, Uvesty of Bayeo.
'Leay Law, Ngea Css Focus of House Heag 10 July 2014, US Repesetatve Cs St
(NJ04)
Css Goup Repot o Boko Haa Isugecy
[214] A Stable ad Secue Ngea: A Asset to Aeca .

Ebassy of te Fedeal Republc of Ngea, Wasgto
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[215] Boko Haa css: Ngea fuy ove US as efusal .
BBC. 11 Novebe 2014. Reteved 12 Novebe 2014.
[216] Ec Scdt (31 Decebe 2014). Wt Scoolgls
Take by Boko Haa Stll Mssg, U.S.-Ngea Tes
Falte . New York Times. Reteved 1 Jauay 2015.
[217] Je Scogol ad Joe Gould (1 Decebe 2014). Ngea
eds U.S. sso to coute Boko Haa . Navy Tes.
Reteved 1 Decebe 2014.
[218] AFP (1 Decebe 2014). Ngea cacels US ltay
tag to gt Boko Haa . Daly Mal. Reteved 1
Decebe 2014.
[221] ttp://www.teguada.co/wold/2014/ay/17/
[222] AP (1 Decebe 2014). Mste: Mltay Allace Vs.
Boko Haa Reades . ABC News. Reteved 1 Decebe 2014.
[223] ttp://www.foxews.co/wold/2014/12/01/
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[224] ttp://www.voaews.co/cotet/
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2600935.tl
[225] ttp://www.scp.co/ews/
ca-sde/atcle/1507498/
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[226] ttp://www.aaetz.co/ews/wold/1.591226
[227] ttp://www.scp.co/ews/
ca-sde/atcle/1507498/
ca-pledges-elp-geas-ut-boko-aa-ltats
Chapter 4
Ansaru
Vanguard for the Protection of Muslims in Black
Lands (

Jamatu Anril Muslimna f Bildis Sdn), bette

kow as Ansaru, s a Islast jadst ltat ogasato based te oteast of Ngea.[1] It s a splte
goup of te lage Boko Haa ogasato, fouded
Jauay 2012, ad epotedly as oe of a teatoal
focus ta te latte.
I te goup s st stateet, eleased o te Iteet Jauay 2012, ts leade, Abu Usatul al-Asa
(soetes wtte 'Abu Ussaata al-Asay').[2] descbed Boko Haa actos as ua to te Musl
Ua". Asa also pased te Sokoto Calpate ad
ts foude, Usa da Fodo. I aote Iteet vdeo
eleased by te goup Jue 2012, al-Asa claed
tat te goup would ot kll ocet o-Musls o
secuty o cals, except self defese ad tat te
goup would defed te teests of Isla ad Musls
ot just Ngea but te wole of Afca.[3] Ulke Boko
Haa, wc s based aoud Boo State oteaste Ngea, Asau opeates ad aoud Kao State
ot-cetal Ngea, te eatlad of te Hausa-Fula
peoples.[4]
Flag of Ansaru
uau e Nge coopeato wt Mokta

Belokta.[9]
Te goup as caed out a ube of kdappgs

Ngea, cludg te May 2012 abductos of a Bto
ad a Itala fo Kebb State, te Decebe 2012 kdappg of a Fec egee, Facs Collop,[10]
Katsa State ad te Febuay 2013 kdappg of seve
foeges fo a costucto ste Bauc State.[11]
Collop escaped Novebe 2013.[12] Asau executed
Te ogasato s otto s Jihad Fi Sabilillah , eag te ostages take bot May 2012 ad Febuay 2013
followg wat t sad wee faled escue attepts by te
stuggle fo te cause of Alla .[5]
Bts ad Ngea goveets.[13]
Te goup epotedly coodates ts opeatos wt te
ote Mal-based al-Qaeda te Islac Mageb
ad te Moveet fo Oeess ad Jad West
4.2 See also
Afca.[6] Asau s desgated as a poscbed teost
ogazato by New Zealad[7] ad te UK Hoe Of Boko Haa
ce.[8]
Ngea Saa co ct
Seveal of Asau s coades ave bee epoted as

etug to Boko Haa ove 2013.[9]
4.1
4.3 References
Attacks on westerners
Attacks tat Asau as claed esposblty fo clude

a pso beak at te Specal At-Robbey Suad eaduates Abuja Novebe 2012,[1] a Jauay 2013
attack o a covoy of Ngea toops o te way to patcpate te co ct agast Jadst goups Note
Mal[6] ad a 23 May 2013 attack o a Fec-owed
36
[1] Asau: A Po le of Ngea s Newest Jadst Moveet . Jamestown Foundation. 10 Jauay 2013.
[2] Cota, Faouk (19 Febuay 2013). Po le: Wo ae
Ngea s Asau Islasts?". BBC News.
[3] ABU USMATUL AL-ANSARI ANNOUNCES BOKO
HARAM BREAKAWAY FACTION . Jamestown Foundation. 30 Jue 2012.
4.4. FURTHER READING

[4] Boko Haa: Revesals ad Retecet . Combating
Terrorism Center. 29 Apl 2013.
[5] Boko Haa : Splte goup, Asau eeges . Vanguard Newspaper. 1 Febuay 2013.
[6] Islasts Asau cla attack o Mal-boud Ngea
toops: pape . Reuters. 20 Jauay 2013.
[7] Lsts assocated wt Resoluto 1373 . New Zealad
Polce. 20 July 2014. Reteved 16 August 2014.
[8] Lst of Poscbed Teost Goups Hoe O ce of te
Bts goveet
[9] Ngea al-Qaedas . Hudson Institute. 27 Jauay
2014.
[10] e-TF1. TF1 vdeo . Lc.tf1.f. Reteved 2014-06-04.
[11] Asau: ew teat estve ote Ngea . AFP. 18
Febuay 2013.
feca-escaped-11-ots-captvty-gea-151646821.
tl
[13] Islast goup says executes seve foeg ostages,
Ngea doubts epot . Reuters. 9 Mac 2013.
4.4
Further reading
Ouoa, Feedo. Jaa'atu Asaul Musla F

Blads Suda: Ngea s Evolvg Mltat Goup .
Al Jazeea. Reteved 4 May 2013.
37
Chapter 5
Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West

Africa
Te Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa
(MOJWA), Movement for Unity and Jihad in West
Africa (MUJWA), o Jam at at-tawd wal-jihd f
gharb afrqqy[3] (Aabc:
would ot estate to attack ay coutes o pesoel

tat would be volved a vaso foce wt te
Azawad ego.[8] O 20 Decebe 2012, te Uted
Natos Secuty Coucl passed esoluto 2085 wc
te goup as pat of te Al-Qada sactos
, Fec: Mouvement pour l'Unicit et le Jihad en sactoed
[9]
lst.
Afrique de l'Ouest (MUJAO)) s a actve ltat ogasato tat boke o fo Al-Qaeda te Islac I te Jauay 2013 Battle of Koa, MOJWA tepoaMageb.
ly gaed cotol of Koa befoe beg foced to eteat
It aouced ts st aed acto o vdeo 12 Dece- by te Mala ay ad ts alled Fec aed foces.
be 2011, wt te teded goal of speadg jihad acoss Te goup eged August 2013 wt te Masked Me
a lage secto of West Afca, toug opeatos ave Bgade to a goup called Al-Mouabtou.[4]
bee lted to soute Algea ad ote Mal. Te
goup as bee sactoed by te Uted Natos Secuty Coucl, ctg a allace wt AQIM 2012. Te
5.2 Leadership
goup eged wt te Masked Me Bgade to a goup
called Al-Mouabtou.[4]
Mautaa Haada Ould Moaed Keou s beleved
by te local eda to be te cef of te goup, as te
pcpal speake o te 12 Decebe vdeo. Mauta5.1 History
a autotes ssued a teatoal aest waat o
28 Decebe. Ote key ebes ae Algea Aed
Te Moveet fo Oeess ad Jad West Afca Al-Talas ad Mala Sulta Ould Bad, wo s deed by Mala autotes as a dug ta cke .[10][11]
(MOJWA) boke wt Al-Qaeda te Islac Mageb
(AQIM) d-2011 wt te alleged goal of spead- Oa Ould Haaa was MOJWA s ltay coade
[12]
g jihad fute to aeas of West Afca tat wee ot ( cef of sta ).
wt te scope of AQIM. Soe aalysts beleve tat te
splt of te Black Afca-led MOJWA s a coseuece
of te Algea pedoace o AQIM s leadesp.[5] 5.3 Incidents
Te goup eleased a vdeo tat efeeced te deologcal a ty fo suc gues as Al-Qaeda foude Osaa Te st appeaace of te Moveet fo Oeess ad
b Lade ad Talba leade Mulla Oa but placed Jad West Afca was o 22 Octobe 2011, we
geate epass o stocal gues of West Afca te goup kdapped tee weste ad wokes fo
og, clag to be te deologcal descedats of te Saaw efugee caps Tdouf, Algea. Te
Cekou Aadou, Usa Da Fodo ad El Hadj Ua Polsao Fot, wc adstes te efugee caps,
Tall. Today we ae auguatg jad West Afca tally blaed AQIM. MOJWA eleased Dececlaed oe of te ltats, wo spoke Egls ad be a vdeo of te abducted Itala ad Spas woe
Hausa.[6] Al-Qaeda-a lated goups Algea, Mal, as well as a Spas a, deadg 30 llo euos
Nge ad Mautaa ad bee peset fo at least a fo te elease. Te tee ostages wee feed July
decade po to te goup s foudg ad escalated fu- 2012 excage fo $18 llo ad te elease of tee
te followg te 2011 Lbya cvl wa ad te ux of Islasts.[13][14] O 3 Mac 2012, MOJWA claed eweapos te deset aea.[7]
sposblty fo a sucde ca bobg at a paaltay
Followg te Battle of Gao, MOJWA waed tat t polce base Taaasset tat esulted jues to 10
38
5.4. REFERENCES
39
soldes ad oe cvla, soe of wo wee seous Buka Faso fo edcal teatet.[27] MOJWA s gtcodto.[3]
es patolled te cty s steets toug te gt ad a[28]
Afte wag tat t would attack Fec tagets fo te ested at least tee people cayg gus.
O 1 Septebe, MOJWA took ove te ote tow of
Douetza, wc ad pevously bee eld by a Soga
secula lta, te Ganda Iso (Soga fo Sos of te
Lad ). Oa Ould Haaa sad tat te goup ad a
ageeet wt te Ganda Iso to gove te tow, but ad
we te lta appeaed
I spg 2014, MOJWA, alog wt AQIM ad MNLA, te decded to take t ove[29]
to
be
actg
depedetly.
Afte MOJWA s toops
took cotol of Kdal ad ote aeas followg a egoal
suouded
te
tow,
te
lta
epotedly suedeed
[17]
vst by Pe Mste Moussa Maa.
wtout a gt ad wee te dsaed.[29][30]
ole attackg ote Mal, MOJWA wee suspected

of cayg out two ca bobgs Nge o 23 May
2013.[15] I Mac 2014, Mala ltay souces epoted tat Oa Ould Haaa ad Abu Wald Saaou
ad bee klled by a Fec a stke te oteast.[16]
5.3.1 Capture and seizure of Gao

Fute foato: Battle of Gao
Te Uted States lsted t a teo goup o 7 Decebe

2012 ad te Uted Natos two days eale.[31][32] O 2
Jue 2014 te goveet of Caada lsted t as a teost
goup.[33]
Dug te 2012 Tuaeg ebello late Mac, MOJWA

stated tat t ad take pat te captue of Gao,[18] 5.4 References
alog wt Asa De, wc was co ed late by
esdets of te tow. O 9 Apl, MOJWA claed [1] Radcal Islast goup teates Face . News24
te kdappg of seve Algeas fo te cosulate
(AFP). 03-01-2012. Reteved 06-04-2012. Ceck date
values : |date=, |accessdate= (elp)
Gao, cludg te cosul ad vce-cosul.[19] Tee
days late, t ssued a stateet tat ead te ostages
wee beg teated well accodg to Saa law ad [2] Repot: Islast ltats cla 2 deadly attacks
Nge . CNN. 2013-05-24. Reteved 2013-05-24.
tey asked fo te lbeato of psoed ebes of
MOJWA Algea excage fo te cosula sta , [3] AFP: Al-Qaeda o soot clas Algea attack .
accodg to souces etoed by te Algea ewsGoogle.co. Acved fo te ogal o 5 Mac
pape Echorouk.[20] Tee of te dploats wee feed
2012. Reteved 4 Mac 2012.
July 2012.[21] Afte Algea aested tee Islasts
leades, MOJWA teateed to execute te ostages u- [4] Belokta s ltats 'ege' wt Mal s Mujao .
BBC. 22 August 2013. Reteved 22 August 2013.
less Algea eleased Necb Tayeb, also kow as Abdeaae Abou Isak Essou , a seo ebe of [5] Mal s evocable css . Al Jazeea. 16 Apl 2012.
AQIM.[22] Te vce-cousul, Taa Touat was executed
o 1 Septebe,[23] accodg to Agence Nouakchott
d'information. Wald Abu Saaou, te pesdet of MO- [6] New Qaeda sp-o teates West Afca . Al-Aa
(AFP). 22 Decebe 2011. Reteved 6 Apl 2012.
JWA s goveg coucl, sad: We ave caed out
ou teat. Te ostage as bee klled. Algea ad [7] Al-Qaeda o soot clas Algea attack . Al Jazeea. 3
te te to ove egotatos alog but dd ot wat to.
Mac 2012. Reteved 5 Mac 2012.
We executed te ostage o Satuday. [24] Howeve, Algea s Foeg Msty eleased a stateet tat ead: [8] Al Qaeda Islac Mageb ssues Mal wag . Hindustan Times. Agece Face-Pesse. 1 July 2012. ReTe stateet aoucg te executo of te Algea
teved 3 July 2012.
vce-cosula o cal ca oly fuel supse ad justfy te
steps take to ty to co te accuacy of te foa- [9] Resoluto 2085 (2012)". UN Secuty Coucl. 20 Deto set out o late Satuday. At te sae te, Algecebe 2012. Reteved 23 Jauay 2013.
a s polcy of ot egotato o eleasg covcted teosts fo psos was see by El Watan as a dace [10] Teosts, ta ckes foge uo Afca deset .
Magabea. 24 Febuay 2012. Reteved 6 Apl 2012.
to te elease of te ote ostages.[25] Aote dploat,
Bouale Sayes, late ded captvty fo a coc ll[11] Al-Qaeda splte goup eveals teal eoso .
ess. Te suvvg dploats wee eleased o August
Magabea. 30 Decebe 2011. Reteved 6 Apl 2012.
31, 2014.[26]
O 27 Jue 2012, MOJWA gtes clased wt te [12] Tolay, Bos (3 9 Octobe 2012), Le djad du Babu
ouge"", L'Express ( Fec): 40 41
foces of te Natoal Moveet fo te Lbeato of
Azawad. MOJWA took cotol of te goveo s palace [13] AFP: Islasts wat 30 l euos to fee Weste
ad MNLA Secetay Geeal Blal Ag Acef's esostages: souce . TesLve.co.za. 3 Mac 2012.
dece, as well as takg 40 MNLA soldes psoe. Ag
Acved fo te ogal o 5 Mac 2012. Reteved
Acef was wouded te gtg ad was evacuated to
31 July 2012.
40
CHAPTER 5. MOVEMENT FOR ONENESS AND JIHAD IN WEST AFRICA
[14] Mal Islasts elease Spas, Itala ostages . Al Aabya. 18 July 2012. Reteved 31 July 2012.
[15] ttp://www.aljazeea.co/ews/afca/2013/05/
201352394018909665.tl
[16] Dallo, Teoko (14 Mac 2014), French air strikes kill
wanted Islamist militant 'Red Beard' in Mali, Reutes, eteved 15 Mac 2014
[17] ttp://www.aljazeea.co/ews/afca/2014/05/
al-leade-calls-ceasefe-wt-tuaegs-20145226403360795.
tl
[18] Rebels seze Tbuktu as juta poses poll . Te
Sydey Mog Heald. 03-04-2012. Reteved 03-042012. Ceck date values : |date=, |accessdate= (elp)
[19] U goupe dssdet d AQMI evedue le apt (
Fec). El Wata. 9 Apl 2012. Reteved 12 Apl
2012.
[20] Les sept dploates elevs au Mal se potet be (
Fec). Ecoouk. 11 Apl 2012. Reteved 12 Apl
2012.
[21] AFP: Mal Islasts 'fee tee Algea ostages ".
Google. 12 July 2012. Reteved 7 Novebe 2012.
[22] Islast ebels Mal cla executo of kdapped
Algea dploat . Mddle East Ole. 2 Septebe
2012. Reteved 3 Septebe 2012.
[23] AFP: Mal Islasts say Algea dploat executed .
Google. 2 Septebe 2012. Reteved 7 Novebe 2012.
[24] AFP (1 Septebe 2012). Mal Islasts say Algea
dploat executed . AFP. Reteved 3 Septebe 2012.
[25] Yase Rya (3 Septebe 2012). Algea ba ed by
epoted dploat ude . Al Jazeea. Reteved 7
Novebe 2012.
algea-dploats-feed-two-yeas-captvty-al-193842417.
tl
[27] Sege Dael (27 Jue 2012). Islasts seze ot Mal
tow, at least 21 dead clases . Google. Agece
Face-Pesse. Reteved 27 Jue 2012.
[28] Tuaeg ebels dve out of Tbuktu . Al Jazeea. 29
Jue 2012. Reteved 31 July 2012.
[29] Islast ebels ga goud Mal, seze cotol of
Douetza, oustg foe alled lta . The Washington Post. 1 Septebe 2012. Acved fo te ogal
o 2 Septebe 2012. Reteved 2 Septebe 2012.
[30] Mal Islasts take stategc tow of Douetza . BBC
News. 1 Septebe 2012. Acved fo te ogal o
2 Septebe 2012. Reteved 2 Septebe 2012.
[31] ttp://www.state.gov//pa/ps/ps/2012/12/201660.t
[32] ttp://www.u.og/sc/cottees/1267/NSQE13412E.
stl
[33] ttp://www.publcsafety.gc.ca/ct/tl-sct/ct-ts/
lstd-tts/ct-lstd-tts-eg.aspx#2011
Chapter 6
Al-Mourabitoun (jihadist group)

Al-Mourabitoun (Aabc: al-Murbin; Te
Setels ) s a Afca ltat Jadst ogasato
foed by a ege betwee te Moveet fo Oeess ad Jad West Afca ad Mokta Belokta s
Masked Me Bgade.[2]
Al-Mouabtou s coposed ostly of Tuaegs ad
Aabs fo te ote Mal egos of Tbuktu, Kdal
ad Gao, but also cludes Algeas, Tusas ad ote
atoaltes. Its aea of opeatos s te ot of Mal,
ea tows suc as Tessalt ad Asogo.[1]
Altoug te goup s establset was aouced by
Belokta, te goup s leade was sad to be a oAlgea vetea of te at-Sovet jad Afgasta
ad te 2002 battles agast Aeca foces te
sae couty,[3] late det ed by Fec Itellgece
as a Egypta kow as Abubak al-Nas (al-Mas).
Abubak was epotedly klled by Fec Specal foces
Not Easte Mal betwee 10 ad 17 Apl 2014,
as was seo coade Oa Ould Haaa weeks
eale.[1]
Te goup s aed afte te Aloavds, a Not
Afca Islac dyasty of te 11t ad 12t cetues.[3]
Te goup as bee desgated as a teost ogazato
by te Uted Natos,[4] Austala, Caada, te Uted
Kgdo ad te Uted States.
6.1
References
[1] Mal: u sot les ouveaux cefs des katbas jadstes?". Rado Face Iteatoale. 14 May 2014.
Reteved 19 May 2014.
[2] Belokta s ltats 'ege' wt Mal s Mujao .
BBC. 22 August 2013. Reteved 22 August 2013.
[3] Al-Muabtu: Not Afca s Jadsts Reac to
Hstoy Te Battle agast Euopea Cusades ".
Jaestow Foudato. 17 Octobe 2013. Reteved 27
Jauay 2014.
[4] Te Lst establsed ad ataed by te Al-Qada
Sactos Cottee wt espect to dvduals, goups,
udetakgs ad ote ettes assocated wt Al-Qada .
41
United Nations Security Council Committee 1267. UN.og.

2014-11-19. Reteved 2014-11-21.
Chapter 7
Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia)

Fo ote uses, see Asa al-Saa (dsabguato).
te assassato of Cok Belad (Febuay 2013) ad

Moaed Ba (July 2013).[10]
Ansar al-Sharia in Tunisia s a adcal Islast goup

tat opeates Tusa. It as aoud 1,000 people as
pat of te oveet.[1] It as bee lsted as a teost 7.2
goup by te Tusa goveet[2] as well by te Uted
Natos, te UAE, te Uted Kgdo ad te Uted 7.2.1
States.[3]
7.1
Foreign Relations
Designation as a terrorist organization
Coutes ad ogazatos below ave o cally lsted

te Asa al-Saa Tusa as a teost ogazato.
Background
Followg te Tusa evoluto, ay Islast poltcal 7.2.2 Allies

psoes eld by te ege of Ze El Abde Be Al
wee eleased, cludg Abu Ayad al-Tus, wo ad Teost Ogazatos Asa al-Saa as alled wt.
pevously co-fouded te Tusa Cobat Goup wt
Taek Maaou Jue 2000.[4]
Abu Ayad fouded Asa al-Saa late Apl 2011.
Te goup uckly establsed a eda bac, alQaawa Meda Foudato, ad developed d eet
eda outlets cludg a blog, Facebook page, ad a
agaze.[5]
7.3 References
Asa al-Saa as capaged fo te elease of Islast psoes, suc as Oa Abdel-Raa, Abu

Qatada ad Tusas wo ad fougt wt al-Qaeda
Ia ad ae eld Ia jals.[5]
Asa al-Saa eld a atoal cofeece at Kaoua
2012 wc Abu Ayad called fo te Islazato
of Tusa s eda, educato, tous ad coecal
sectos, ad te establset of a Islac tade uo
to cofot te secula Tusa Geeal Labou Uo.[6]
Mebes of Asa al-Saa ave egulaly take pat
potests Tusa agast peceved blaspey ad ave
bee suspected volveet a ube of volet cdets, but lttle evdece as bee peseted ad te
ogasato as ot bee baed. Te Tusa Iteo sty ad accused te goup of astedg
te 2013 wave of poltcal assassatos Tusa.[7]
Aogst te cdets ae attacks o a televso stato tat sowed te ove Pesepols Octobe 2011,
attacks o a cotovesal at exbt Jue 2012,[8]
a attack o te US ebassy Septebe 2012[9] ad
42
[1] Meetg Tusa s Asa al-Saa . Foeg Polcy. 8

Mac 2013. Reteved 10 Jauay 2014.
[2] Tusa declaes Asa al-Saa a teost goup . BBC
News. 27 August 2012. Reteved 10 Jauay 2014.
[3] US Declaes Asa al-Saa a Teost Ogazato .
BBC News. 10 Jauay 2014. Reteved 10 Jauay 2014.
[4] Taek Maaou : Tusa s Most Notoous Jadst, Retus Hoe . Tusa Lve. 1 Apl 2012. Reteved 10
Jauay 2014.
[5] Te Sala Callege to Tusa s Nascet Deocacy .
Wasgto Isttute. 8 Decebe 2011. Reteved 10
Jauay 2014.
[6] Radcal Islasts uge bgge ole fo Isla Tusa .
Reutes. 21 May 2012. Reteved 10 Jauay 2014.
[7] Nouedde Baltayeb (3 Octobe 2013). Tusa: New
Detals Opposto Assassato Pot to Lbya Islast . Al Akba. Reteved 10 Jauay 2014.
[8] Tusa: Cosevatve Islasts Rot Ove At Exbt .
New Yok Tes. 12 Jue 2012. Reteved 10 Jauay
2014.
7.5. EXTERNAL LINKS

[9] Two dead as potestes attack U.S. ebassy Tusa .
Reutes. 14 Septebe 2012. Reteved 10 Jauay 2014.
[10] Tusa leades evcted fo polce eoal . Al
Jazeea Egls. 18 Octobe 2013. Reteved $1 $2.
Ceck date values : |accessdate= (elp)
[12] ttp://www.state.gov/j/ct/ls/ote/des/123085.t
[13] ttp://www.polce.govt.z/stes/default/fles/
publcatos/desgated-ettes-26-11-2014.pdf
[14] ttps://www.gov.uk/goveet/uploads/syste/
uploads/attacet_data/fle/324603/20140627-Lst_
of_Poscbed_ogasatos_WEBSITE_fal.pdf
[15] allAfca.co: Tusa: Asa Al-Saa Tusa
Spokesa Backs Iss . Reteved 25 Septebe 2014.
[16] Abdalla Sulea Al (3 July 2014). Global jadsts
ecogze Islac State . Al-Moto. Reteved 25
Septebe 2014.
7.4
Further reading
Daveed Gateste-Ross, Bdget Moeg & Katlee Soucy, Raising the Stakes: Ansar Al-Sharia
in Tunisia s Shift to Jihad (Iteatoal Cete fo
Coute-Teos - Te Hague, 2014)
Daveed Gateste-Ross, Ansar al-Sharia Tunisia s
Long Game: Dawa, Hisba and Jihad (Iteatoal
Cete fo Coute-Teos - Te Hague, 2013)
7.5
External links
Asa al-Saa o Twtte (Aabc)
43
Chapter 8
Jabhatul Islamiya
Jabhatul Islamiya (JABISO) also kow as te Somali
Islamic Front (SIF) was a Islast suget goup
Soala. Te goup patcpated te 2006-2009 sugecy agast Etopa ad Jauay 2009 eged
wt te Asaa based wg of te Allace fo te Relbeato of Soala, led by Sek Hassa Da Aweys,
te Ras Kabo Bgade, led by Sek Hassa Abdulla Hes al-Tuk ad a salle goup Mu'aska Aole to
fo Hzbul Isla wc becae te secod ost poweful suget goup (afte al-Sabaab) Soala wc
cotued gtg te TFG ad AMISOM peacekeepes,
afte Etopa wtdawal.[2]
19 Jauay 2009, Jabatul Islaya fougt a battle ove
te polce eaduates of Mogadsu's Dakley dstct wt te Soal goveet wc klled at least
2 people. Jabatul Islaya ad sezed te polce stato a week eale but was ovepoweed ad foced to
wtdaw. Late te day oweve tey eceved eefoceets ad aaged to e-take cotol ove te polce stato.[1]
8.1
References
[1] allafca Fgtg Eupts Mogadsu, 2 Klled, 19 Jauay 2010

[2] allafca Islasts Wat to Keep Fgtg Agast te New
Goveet, 7 Febuay 2009
44
Chapter 9
Al-Shabaab (militant group)

Harakat
al-Shabaab
al-Mujahideen
(HSM;
Aabc:
;
arakat ash-Shabb
al-Mujhidn, Soal: Xaakada Mujaadta Alsabaab, "Mujahideen Youth Movement o Movement of
Striving Youth ), oe cooly kow as al-Shabaab
(Aabc: ) , eag Te Yout , o Te Yougstes , s a Islast teost goup based Soala.
I 2012, t pledged allegace to te ltat Islast
ogazato al-Qaeda.[6] As of 2013, te goup as
eteated fo te ajo ctes, but poses stct fos
of Saa law soe ual egos.[7][8] Al-Sabaab s
toop stegt as of 2014 was estated at 7,000 to
9,000 ltats.[5] I Febuay 2012, soe of te goup s
leades uaeled wt Al-Qaeda ove te uo,[9] ad
uckly lost goud.[10]
Te goup s a o -soot of te Islac Couts Uo
(ICU), wc splteed to seveal salle factos afte ts defeat 2006 by te Soal Tastoal Fedeal Goveet (TFG) ad te TFG s Etopa ltay alles.[11] Al-Sabaab descbes tself as wagg jad
agast eees of Isla , ad s egaged cobat
agast te TFG ad te Afca Uo Msso to Soala (AMISOM).
fo weste coutes, otably Saata Lewtwate

ad Abu Masoo Al-Ak.
Al-Sabaab as also bee accused of beg esposble
fo te deats of tes of tousads of elepats evey
yea fo te voy, ad fo kllg ages ed to potect
te. Te poceeds fo te voy tade allegedly supply Al-Sabaab wt coe wt wc to cay out te
opeatos.[22][23][24][25] At te sae te, te goup also
ad soe socal suppot dug ts te adstato
wt Soala as t patook soe efos.[26]
I August 2014, te Soal goveet-led Opeato
Ida Ocea was lauced to cleaup te eag suget-eld pockets te coutysde.[27] O 1
Septebe 2014, a U.S. doe stke caed out as pat
of te boade sso klled Al-Sabaab leade Mokta
Al Zubey.[28] U.S. autotes aled te ad as a ajo sybolc ad opeatoal loss fo Al-Sabaab, ad
te Soal goveet o eed a 45-day aesty to all
odeate ebes of te ltat goup. Poltcal aalysts also suggested tat te suget coade s deat
wll lkely lead to Al-Sabaab s fagetato ad evetual dssoluto.[29]
Allegg ulteo otves o te pat of foeg ogazatos, goup ebes ave also epotedly tdated, 9.1 Name
kdapped ad klled ad wokes, leadg to a suspeso of uataa opeatos ad a exodus of elef
al-Sabaab s also kow as Ash-Shabaab, Hizbul
agets.[12] Al-Sabaab as bee desgated as a teost
Shabaab (Aabc: Paty of te Yout ),[30] ad te
ogazato by Austala, Caada, te UAE, te Uted
Popular Resistance Movement in the Land of the
Kgdo ad te Uted States.[13][14]
Two Migrations (PRM).[31] Fo sot, te ogazaAs of Jue 2012, te US State Depatet as ope to s efeed to as HSM, wc stads fo Haakat
boutes o seveal of te goup s seo coades.[15] al-Sabaab al-Mujadee . Te te Shabaab eas
I ealy August 2011, te TFG s toops ad te AMI- yout Aabc, ad te goup sould ot be cofused
SOM alles epotedly aaged to captue all of Mo- wt slaly aed goups.
gadsu fo te al-Sabaab ltats.[16] A deologcal
ft wt te goup s leadesp also eeged espose
to pessue fo te ecet dougt ad te assassato 9.2 Organization and leadership
of top o cals te ogazato.[17] Due to ts Waab
oots, Al Sabaab s ostle to Su tadtos ad as of- See also: Mujadee
te clased wt te ltat Su goup Alu Sua Waljaa'a.[18][19][20][21] Te goup as also bee suspected
of avg lks wt Al-Qaeda Islac Mageb ad Al-Sabaab s coposto s ultetc, wt ts leadad
Boko Haa. Te goup as attacted soe ebes esp postos aly occuped by AfgastaIa-taed etc Soals ad foeges.[32] Accod45
46
g to te Natoal Couteteos Cete, te goup s
ak-adle ebes al fo dspaate local goups,
soetes ecuted by foce.[33] Ulke ost of te ogazato s top leades,[34] ts foot soldes ae paly
coceed wt atoalst ad cla-elated a as as opposed to te global jad. Tey ae also poe to gtg ad sftg allaces.[33] Accodg to te Jaestow
Foudato, Al-Sabaab seeks to explot tese vuleabltes by apulatg cla etwoks ode to eta
powe. Te goup tself s lkewse ot etely ue
to local poltcs.[34] Moe ecetly, Musl covets fo
egboug coutes ave bee coscpted, typcally
to do udesable o d cult wok.[35]
Altoug al-Sabaab s leadesp ultately falls upo alQaeda leade Aya al-Zawa, te teal leadesp
s ot fully clea, ad wt foeg gtes tcklg out
of te couty, ts stuctue s ceasgly decetalzed.
Aed Abd Godae was publcly aed as e of alSabaab Decebe 2007.[36] I August 2011, Godae
was eavly ctczed by Al-Sabaab co-foude Hassa
Da Aweys ad otes fo ot lettg ad to te uge
stcke pats of soute Soala. Altoug ot foally aouced, Sabaab was e ectvely splt up to
a foeg lego, led by Godae, ad a coalto of factos fog a atoal lego ude Aways. Te latte goup ofte efused to take odes fo Godae ad
te two goups adly talked to eac ote. I Febuay 2012, Godae ade Bay'a, o a oat of allegace,
to al-Qaeda. Wt t e lkely oped to ecla ad exted s autoty, ad to ecouage foeg gtes to
stay. Ts ove wll fute coplcate te coopeato
wt te atoal lego of al-Sabaab.[6] Godae was
klled a U.S. doe stke Soala o Septebe 1,
2014.[37] Aad Ua was aed Godae s successo
o 6 Septebe 2014, e s beleved to ave pevously
played a ole al-Sabaab s teal secet sevce kow
as Amniya.[38]
9.2.1 Leaders
Aad Ua (Abu Ubada) (2014-)[38]
Mokta Al Zubey Godae (2007 2014)[39]
Aab sub-cla of ote Isaa cla[40][41] (klled
U.S. doe stke 2014)
Other leaders:
Mukta Robow Abu Masoo Secod Deputy
Leade ad egoal coade cage of Bay
ad Bakool.[42]
CHAPTER 9. AL-SHABAAB (MILITANT GROUP)

Husse Al Fdow
(Pe Mste)[45]
poltcal cef ad Was
Al Moaud Rage Deee

cuet Deputy
A. He s fo Hawye Muusade cla. O cal
spokesa.[43] (Not to be cofused wt te Sek
Al Dee wo establsed te st Islac cout
Mogadsu 1996.)
Ade Has Faa Ayo cetal Hawye cla[46]
(klled U.S. astke 2008.)
al-Afga
Iba Haj Jaa Mee'aad
(Abubaka al-Seyl')
He was Goveo of
te Ksayo adstato[43] (klled by Godae
loyalsts 2013.)
Hassa Yaub Al was o cal spokesa of te
Ksayo adstato but cuetly e s Waal
(goveo) of Gal-Mudug.[43] (Raaway cla)[40]
Abdaa Hassa Husse leade (Goveo) of
te Mddle Sabelle ego[47]
Hassa Abdulla Hes al-Tuk
leade of te
Ras Kabo Bgades wc cotols te Juba Valley ad was st pat of Hzbul Isla but eged
wt al-Sabaab 2010.[48] (Ogade sub-cla of
Daod)[40] (suedeed to Fedeal Goveet
2014.)
Moaed Sad Ato walod ad as deale[49]
wo July 2010 aouced allegace to alSabaab ad te al-Sabaab coade
Putlad.[50] (suedeed to Fedeal Goveet
2014.)
Mukta Abu-Musl ead of fatwas,[51] fo Raawey cla.
Abdula Haj Daud [51] ead of assassatos,
fo Hawye cla of Muusade sub-cla.
Saal Isku Duu[51] ead of kdappgs of ad
wokes fo aso, fo D cla of Byoaal subcla.
Hassa Afa,[51] ead of elatosp wt pates,
fo Hawye cla of Saleba sub-cla.
Da Gaaey Abd Al-Ha [51] judge of AlSabaab, fo Hawye cla of Duduble sub-cla.
Tall Abdsaku ead of te elte Al-Ayat
assassato ut (klled U.S. doe stke
2014).[52]
Fuad Moaed Kalaf Sagole

td-ost
potat leade afte Abu Masoo .[43] I cage 9.2.2 Foreigners
of publc a as. (Awtabe sub-cla of Daod)[40]
al-Sabaab s sad to ave ay foeges wt ts
Hassa Da Aweys sptual leade[44] (sue- aks, patculaly at te leadesp level.[32][53] Fgtes
deed to Fedeal Goveet 2013.)
fo te Pesa Gulf ad teatoal jadsts wee
9.2. ORGANIZATION AND LEADERSHIP

called to jo te oly wa agast te Soal goveet ad ts Etopa alles. Toug Soal Islasts
dd ot ogally use sucde bobg tactcs, te foeg eleets of al-Sabaab ave bee blaed fo seveal sucde bobgs.[54][55] A 2006 UN epot det ed
Ia, Lbya, ad Egypt, aog coutes te ego, as
te a backes of te Islast extests. Egypt as
a logstadg polcy of secug te Nle Rve ow by
destablzg Etopa.[56][57]
47
sks', dvduals wo ave ot cotted ay ces
but ae beleved to ave tes wt te goup.[68] Tee s
also evdece of fudg of te goup by Soals esdet
Bta.[65][69]
Of te te people subject to cotol odes (ow Tp odes) 2012, at least ve ae assocated wt al-Sabaab:
(pseudoyously) CC, CE a Bts ctze of Iaa
og, aged 28 2012 , CF, ad DD a o-Bts ctze [] beleved [] to ave bee assocated wt te
Foely a pedoatly atoalst ogazato, al- fudg ad pooto of [teos-elated actvty]
Sabaab epostoed tself as a ltat Islast goup East Afca. [70] At least two Bts Soals, Iba
tat also attacted a lage cade of Weste devotees.[58] Magag[69] (efeed to as BX Cout docuetato)
As of 2011, te goup s foeg ecutet stategy was ad Moaed Aed Moaed,[71] ave abscoded.
actve te Uted States, wee ebes attepted to I 2012, t was also epoted tat te goup was attactg
ecut fo te local Musl coutes.[59] Accod- a ceasg ube of o-Soal ecet covets fo
g to a vestgatve epot by te U.S. House Cot- Keya, a pedoatly Csta couty te Afca
tee o Hoelad Secuty, Al Sabaab ecuted ove 40 Geat Lakes ego. Estates 2014 placed te gMusl Aecas sce 2007.[59] I 2010, te New York ue of Keya gtes at aoud 25% of Al-Sabaab s
Times epoted tat afte oe ta a doze Aecas total foces.[72] Refeed to as te Keya Mujadee
wee klled Soala, te ogazato s ecutg suc- by Al-Sabaab s coe ebes,[35] te covets ae typcess ad deceased te US.[60]
cally youg ad ovezealous. Povety as ade te
ease tagets fo te goup s ecutg actvtes. Te
Keya sugets ca bled wt te geeal populato of Keya, ad tey ae ofte ade to tack by
law efoceet.[73] Repots suggest tat al-Sabaab s
atteptg to buld a eve oe ult-etc geeato
of gtes te lage ego.[1] Oe suc ecet covet,
wo elped cay out te Kapala bobgs but ow coopeates wt te Keya polce, beleves tat te goup
s tyg to use local Keyas to do ts dty wok fo
t, wle ts ow coe ebes escape uscated.[35] Accodg to dploats, Musl aeas coastal Keya ad
Tazaa, suc as Mobasa ad Zazba, ae especally
[1]
Most of te foeg al-Sabaab ebes coe fo vuleable fo ecutet.
Yee, Suda, te Swal Coast, Afgasta, Saud Foeges fo Afgasta ad Ia, as well as AfgaAaba, Paksta, ad Baglades. As of 2010, te taed Soals, play a potat ole te goup s
ube was estated at betwee 200 to 300 ltats, leadesp aks owg to te cobat expeece.
augeted by aoud 1,000 daspoa etc Soals.[32] Bgg wt te specalzed sklls, tese coades
May of Al-Sabaab s foot soldes also belog to So- ofte lead te doctato of ew ecuts, ad povde
ala s agalzed etc otes fo te fag tag eote-cotolled oadsde bobgs, sucde
sout.[63]
attack tecues, ad te assassato ad kdappg
joualsts, uataa ad
Of te foeg ebes, Joata Evas, te foe of goveet o cals,
[32]
cvl
socety
wokes.
ead of MI5, addessg a Lodo secuty cofeece
Tese Aeca ad foeg ecuts played a dual ole

wt te ogazato, sevg as eceaes ad as
a popagada tool fo adcalzato ad ecutet.
Tese dvduals, cludg Oa Haa, appeaed
popagada vdeos posted ole fous ode to
appeal to dsa ected Musl yout ad spe te to
jo te Islast stuggle.[61] Ts was a top-dow stategy, wee Islast agets attepted to use osues
ad legtate busesses as a cove to eet, ecut, ad
ase fuds fo opeatos te US ad aboad.[61] By
d-2013, te U.S. Cogess epoted tat suc ltat
ecutet appeaed to ave alted.[62]
2010,[64] advsed tat a sg cat ube of UK Foeg al-Sabaab coades clude:[74]

esdets wee tag wt al-Sabaab. Lkg ts Foreign leaders and members:
ceased volveet wt a educto Al Qada actvty Paksta s tbal aeas, e also suggested tat
Fazul Abdulla Moaed: Moaed, a
sce Soala, lke Afgasta, at te te ad o efKeya atoal, was appoted by Osaa b
fectve cetal goveet, te pesece of foeg gtLade as al Qaeda s leade East Afca late
es tee could spe teost cdets te UK. It
2009. Befoe te deat of Sale Al Sale Nabs oly a atte of te befoe we see teos o ou
a, Moaed seved as te ltay opeatos
steets sped by tose wo ae today gtg alogsde
cef fo al Qaeda East Afca. He was a exal-Sabaab. [65] Te actual ube as bee estated at
peeced al-Qaeda leade wo s kow to be able
betwee 50[66] ad 100[67] pesos; oe souce estatto ove ad out of East Afca coutes wt
g aoud 60 actve Al-Sabaab ecutes, cludg 40
ease. I August 2008, e eluded a polce daget
Soals ad a addtoal 20 aly Bts-based 'clea
Keya. Moaed ad bee dg Soala
48

wt Sabaab ad te Islac Couts fo yeas. Moaed was cosdeed to be Sabaab s ltay
leade, wle Mukta Abdelaa Abu Zubey was
Sabaab s sptual leade. He was klled o Jue 8,
2011.[75]
te sultaeous attacks o te Paadse Hotel

Kkabala, Keya, 2002, ad te attept tat
yea to dow a Isael ale Mobasa.[82][83]
Sayk Muaad Abu Fa'd: Fa'd, a Saud ct- 9.3 Terrorist designation
ze, seves as a top ace ad a aage fo
Sabaab.
Coutes ad ogazatos below ave o cally lsted
Al-Sabaab as a teost ogazato.
Abu Musa Mobasa: Mobasa, a Paksta ctze,
seves as Sabaab s cef of secuty ad tag.
Abu Masoo Al-Ak: Ak, wose eal ae 9.4 History and activities
was Oa Haa, was a U.S. ctze wo coveted to Isla ad taveled to Soala 2006.
Ma atcles: Wa Soala (2006 2009) ad Wa
Oce Soala, e uckly ose toug te aks.
Soala (2009-)
He seved as a ltay coade, ecute, Wle Al-Sabaab pevously epeseted te ad-le
ace, ad popagadst. Ak appeaed seveal Sabaab popagada tapes. He becae a pay ecute fo Al Sabaab; ssued wtte stateets o te bealf ad appeaed ts popagada vdeos ad audo ecodgs. A dctet
usealed August 2010 caged wt povdg ateal suppot to teosts.[76] I Jauay
2013, Ak was ousted fo al-Sabaab because
t felt e ad joed a acssstc pusut of
fae . He te publcly voced deologcal d eeces wt te goup va YouTube ad Twtte, assetg tat local ltat leades wee oly coceed wt gtg Soala ad ot globally.
He was assassated by te sugets Septebe 2013.[77] He was eoved fo te FBI's Most
Wated Teosts lst Novebe 2013.[78] He was
eoved fo te US State Depatet s Rewads
fo Justce lst Jauay 2014.[79]
Abdkada Moaed Abdkada Ika": a
Keya-bo Soal Al-Sabaab coade alleged
by te Keya goveet to ave plaed seveal
attacks te couty, cludg a plot to taget te
UN s bueau Naob, te Keya palaetay
buldg, ad a Etopa estauat patozed by
Soal goveet epesetatves. Accodg to
US o cals, Abdkada was also a close assocate of
te late Al-Qaeda opeatves Hau Fazul ad Sale
Naba.[80][81]
Maud Mujaj: Mujaj, a Sudaese ctze, s
Sabaab s cef of ecutet fo sucde bobes.
Saata Lewtwate: Allegedly a Al-Sabaab
ebe, se s beleved to ave bee bed a attack o a spots ba Mobasa 2012. Wdow
of 7/7 sucde bobe Geae Ldsay.
Political situation in Somalia as of October 12, 2014.
ltat yout oveet wt te Islac Couts Uo

(ICU),[89] t s ow descbed as a extest splte
goup of te ICU. Sce te ICU s dowfall, oweve,
te dstcto betwee te yout oveet ad te socalled successo ogazato to te ICU, te PRM, appeas to ave bee blued. Al-Sabaab ad ecetly begu ecouagg people fo acoss socety, cludg
eldes, to jo te aks. I Febuay 2012, Fu'ad Moaed Kalaf Sogole, te cef of awaeess asg
of al-Sabaab, sad tat At ts stage of te jad, fates ad otes ust sed te uaed gls to gt
alogsde te (ale) ltats . Te addto of eldes
ad youg gls aks a cage te oveet, wc
ad pevously volved oly e, patculaly youg
boys.[90]
Issa Osa Issa: Issa seves as a top al-Qaeda ecute ad ltay stategst fo Sabaab. Befoe
jog, e patcpated te sultaeous attacks Te coe cossted of veteas wo ad fougt ad deo te U.S. ebasses Naob ad Da es Salaa feated te secula Mogadsu walods of te Allace
1998. He as bee descbed as a cetal playe fo te Restoato of Peace ad Coute-Teos
9.4. HISTORY AND ACTIVITIES

(ARPCT) at te Secod Battle of Mogadsu.[91] Te
ogs ae ot clealy kow, but foe ebes say
Hzbul Sabaab was fouded as ealy as 2004. Te ebesp of Al-Sabaab also cludes vaous foeg gtes fo aoud te wold, accodg to a Islac adle Mukta Robow Abu Masso .[92]
49
Wle Al-Sabaab as bee educed powe ad sze
sce te begg of te coodated opeato agast
t by te Soala ltay ad te Keya ay, te
goup as cotued ts e ots at ecutet ad tetoal cotol. Te goup atas tag caps
aeas ea Ksayo te soute egos of Soala. Oe suc cap was costucted Laata Bu vllage ea Afgooye, wc s also wee te foe K-50
apot s located.[100] O July 11, 2012, Soal fedeal
toops ad te AMISOM alles captued te aea fo
te ltats.[101]
I Jauay 2009, Etopa foces wtdew fo Soala ad Al-Sabaab caed o ts gt agast foe ally ad Islac Couts Uo leade, Pesdet
Saf Aed, wo was te ead of te Tastoal
Fedeal Goveet.[8] Al-Sabaab saw soe success
ts capags agast te weak Tastoal Fedeal
Goveet, captug Badoa, te base of te Ta9.4.1 Opposition
stoal Fedeal Palaet, o Jauay 26, 2009, ad
kllg tee stes of te goveet a Decebe
Te U.S. as asseted tat al-Sabaab ad al-Qaeda pose
3, 2009 sucde bob attack o a edcal scool gadua global teat.[102] Secetay of Defese Leo Paetta
[93]
ato ceeoy.
stated tat U.S. opeatos agast al-Qada ae ow coBefoe te dougt 2010, Soala, cludg te Al- cetatg o key goups Yee, Soala ad Not
Sabaab cotolled aeas, ad ts best cop yeld seve Afca.
yeas. Al-Sabaab claed soe cedt fo te success,
Coplats ade agast te goup clude ts attacks o
sayg tat te educto of ove-szed ceap food ad wokes ad as efoceet of Saa law. Acpots allowed Soala s ow ga poducto, wc ocodg to joualst Jo Lee Adeso:
[94]
ally as g potetal, to ous. Tey asseted tat
ts polcy ad te e ect of sftg coe fo uba
Te ube of people Soala wo ae
to ual aeas, fo d-coe goups to low-coe
depedet o teatoal food ad as tpled
goups, ad fo oveseas faes to local faes. Howsce 2007, to a estated 3.6 llo. But
eve, espose to te dougt, Al-Sabaab aouced
tee s o peaet foeg expatate pes July 2011 tat t ad wtdaw ts estctos o ece soute Soala, because te Sabaab
teatoal uataa wokes.[95]
as declaed wa o te UN ad o WestI 2011, accodg to te ead of te U.N.'s coutee o-goveetal ogazatos. Iteapacy dvso, Coloel Jo Steed, Al-Sabaab ceastoal elef supples ae ow o spped to
gly sougt to coopeate wt ote cal ogazate couty ad dstbuted, weeve possble,
tos ad pate gags te face of dwdlg fuds ad
toug local elef wokes. Isugets ou[96]
esouces. Steed, oweve, ackowledged tat e ad
tely attack ad ude te, too; foty-two
o de te poof of opeatoal tes betwee te Islast
ave bee klled te past two yeas aloe.[8]
ltats ad te pates. Detaed pates also dcated
to UNODC o cals tat soe easue of coopeato
o te pat wt Al-Sabaab ltats was ecessay, as Sabaab ave pesecuted Soala s sall Csta tey ave ceasgly lauced ate ads fo a- oty, soetes a xg te label o people tey sus[103]
Te goup
eas soute Soala cotolled by te suget goup. pect of wokg fo Etopa tellgece.
Al-Sabaab ebes ave also extoted te pates, de- as also desecated te gaves of poet Su Musls
adg potecto oey fo te ad focg sezed addto to a Su osue ad uvesty, clag tat
pate gag leades Haadee to ad ove 20% of Su pactces co ct wt te stct tepetato of
Islac law.[104][105] Ts as led to cofotatos wt
futue aso poceeds.[97]
Su ogazed aed goups wo ave ogazed ude
Despte outely expellg, attackg ad aassg ad
te bae of Alu Sua Waljaa'a.[106]
wokes, Al-Sabaab pets soe ageces to wok
aeas ude ts cotol. At te egt of ts tetoal Ecog te tasto fo a atoalstc stuggle to oe
cotol t pleeted a syste of ad agecy egulato, wt elgous peteses, Al Sabaab s popagada stattaxato ad suvellace. Wee ageces ae allowed to egy s statg to e ect ts sft. Toug te elgous
opeate, ts s ofte due to te dese of Al-Sabaab to etoc Al Sabaab attepts to ecut ad adcalze pocoopt ad ateally ad poltcally bee t fo te potetal caddates, deoalze te eees, ad dovso of ad ad sevces.[98] Seo ad agecy epese- ate dalogue bot atoal ad teatoal eda.
tatves ofte stogly ejected clas tat tey talked wt Accodg to epots Al Sabaab s tyg to tesfy
Al-Sabaab, wle ad wokes wokg Al-Sabaab te co ct: It would appea fo te alleged AMISOM
cotolled aeas ofte epoted tey dectly egotated kllgs tat t s deteed to potay te wa as a affa betwee Cstas ad Musls to soe up suppot
wt te goup out of ecessty.[99]
fo ts edglg cause... Te bodes, soe beeaded, wee
50
dsplayed alogsde Bbles ad cuc xes. Te goup usually beeads tose wo ave ebaced Cstaty o
Weste deals. Mltats ave begu placg beeaded
copses ext to bbles ad cuc xes ode to tdate local populatos. [107] I Apl 2010 Al Sabaab aouced tat t would beg bag ado statos fo
boadcastg BBC ad Voce of Aeca, clag tat
tey wee speadg Csta popagada. By e ectvely
suttg dow te Soal eda tey ga geate cotol
of te dalog suoudg te actvtes.[108]
1,000 (lowe ta ote clas by foe ebes), but tey do ot ave ay weapos ay oe.
Stll, tee was suppot fo te call of leades to
ata jihad agast te Etopas ad secula
goveet.[112]
9.4.2 Timeline
Ma atcle: 2015 tele of te Wa Soala
2006
Jue 10, 2006 The Guardian epots A uaed etwok u by oe of Aweys s poteges,
Ade Has Faa Ayo s lked to te ude
of fou weste ad wokes ad ove a doze Soals wo allegedly coopeated wt coute-teo
ogasatos. [109]
Jue 15, 2006 Al-Sabaab leade Ade Has
Faa Eyow , was sad to ave take as set
fo Etea[110] (see page 12).
Jauay 19, 2007 Po-Islac Couts Uo webste featued a vdeo descbg te efoato of
te ICU to te Popula Resstace Moveet
te Lad of te Two Mgatos (PRM), alteatvely taslated ad efeed to pess epots as te Soal People s Isuget Moveet
(SPIM) o Soal People s Resstace Moveet
(SPRM). O Jauay 24, Sek Abdkad was
aouced to be ts coade of te Baad
ego.[113]
Jauay 31, 2007 Al-Sabaab ade a vdeo wag Afca Uo peacekeepes to avod cog to
Soala, clag Soala s ot a place wee you
wll ea a salay
t s a place wee you wll
de. [114]
Febuay 9, 2007 800 Soal deostatos
ot Mogadsu, wee Islast suppot was
stogest, bued U.S., Etopa, ad Ugada
ags potest of te poposed Afca Uo (AU)
led ad Uted Natos edosed peacekeepg sso, kow as AMISOM. Abdsa , a asked
epesetatve of te esstace goup, te PRM,
sad Etopa toops would be attacked te
otels.[31][115][116]
July 26, 2006 Mukta Robow o Abu-Masu

was epoted acceptg aote load of as fo
2008
Etea[110] (see page 15).
July 720 Soal volutees wee selected by Ade
Has Faa Eyow to tavel to Lebao to gt
agast te Isaels. Of tose, oly 80 etued to
Mogadsu. I Septebe, aote 20 etued,
alog wt ve ebes of Hzbolla.[110] (see page
24).
Te bakuptcy of a ettace copay, Dalsa
Iteatoal, wose sta cluded te bote of
Ade Has Faa Eyow , volved te suspcous dsappeaace of $10 llo. It was alleged,
a ICU ltay leade aaged to dvet a lage
aout of oey to elp acally suppot te ogazato te gt fo te cotol of Mogadsu
dug te Jue 2006 cofotato wt te foe
coute teos allace [110] (see page 39). (Also
see ARPCT, Secod Battle of Mogadsu)
2007
As of Jauay 6, 2007, afte te Fall of Mogadsu
ad Ksayo to te TFG, te leades of te Sabaab
wee dg stll at lage.[111] A ebe of te
dsbaded goup sad tey oce ubeed about
Febuay 28: Uted States Depatet of State

desgates al-Sabaab as a Foeg Teost Ogazato accodace wt secto 219 of te U.S.
Igato ad Natoalty Act (INA).[13]
August: Al-Sabaab aceve a ltay vctoy
te Battle of Ksayo. Afte seveal days of gtg wc scoes of deats ae epoted, AlSabaab gtes defeat te lta of Bae Ada
Se Haale ad took cotol of te pot cty.
Ksayo ad bee eld by te TFG sce Jauay
2007.[117] Te gtg Ksayo s epoted to
ave dsplaced a estated 35,000 people. Afte te wtdawal of Haale s gtes, Al-Sabaab
coece a peaceful dsaaet pocess tagetg local aed goups tat ad bee cotbutg
to secuty Ksayo.[118] Te goup as bee
blaed o claed esposblty fo, aog ote
attacks, te Febuay 2008 Bosaso bobgs ad te
2008 Hagesa Bosaso bobgs.[119][120] By late
2008, t was estated tat te goup cotolled te
wole of soute Soala, except fo soe pockets of Mogadsu. Ts was oe tetoy ta tat
cotolled by te Islac Couts Uo at te egt
of te powe.[121]

Octobe 27: Afte beg seteced to publc executo by Al-Sabaab couts, Asa Iba Duulow s stoed to deat by aoud 50 ltats te
soute pot tow of Ksayo. Ital epots of
te kllg stated tat se was a 23-yea-old woa
foud gulty of adultey. Howeve, Duulow s fate asseted tat se was oly 13, ude te age of
aage elgblty, ad tat se was aested ad
executed afte tyg to epot tat se ad bee
aped. Te stog took place a publc stadu
wt ougly 1,000 bystades t, seveal of wo
attepted to tevee but wee te pocess sot
by te ltats.[122][123]
Decebe: Awa al-Awlak seds a couue
to Al-Sabaab, cogatulatg te. He taks
te fo gvg us a lvg exaple of ow we
as Musls sould poceed to cage ou stuato.
Te ballot as faled us, but te bullet as ot . I
cocluso, e wtes: f y ccustaces would
ave allowed, I would ot ave estated jog
you ad beg a solde you aks .[124]
2009
Jauay: UN-sposoed peace talks coclude Djbout wt Etopas ageeg to wtdaw fo Soala ad Islast leade Saf Aed ageed to
stop gtg.
Jauay 31: Sek Saf Aed s elected peset
of te Tastoal Fedeal Goveet. Opposg
ay egotated settleet wt Etopa, al-Sabaab
declaes wa o . [8]
Febuay 22: 2009 Afca Uo base bobgs
Mogadsu: al-Sabaab caed out a sucde
ca bob attack agast a Afca Uo ltay
base Mogadsu, kllg at least sx Buuda
peacekeepes.[125]
May: al-Sabaab, alog wt alled goup Hzbul Isla, lauced a ajo o esve te cty of Mogadsu to take ove te cty, leavg udeds klled
ad jued ad tes of tousads dsplaced. Te
goup ade lage gas, takg ove ost of te captal.
Jue 18: Al-Sabaab claed te 2009 Beledweye
bobg, wc klled 35 people cludg Soal
secuty ste Oa Has Ade.
Jue 18: U.S. Dploatc Secuty Daly cable,
09STATE63860, cludes te deat of Oa Has
Ade ad al Sabaab s sft of tactcs to clude sucde bobgs.
July 8: A vdeo essage featug a Aeca
coade al-Sabaab, Abu Masu al-Ak,
s eleased wc e espods ad deouces U.S.
51
Pesdet Baack Obaa's Jue 2009 Cao speec
to Aabs ad Musls.[126]
August 4: Fou e allegedly coected wt alSabaab Melboue, Austala wee caged ove
te Holswoty Baacks teo plot, a pla to sto
te Holswoty Baacks wt autoatc weapos;
ad soot ay pesoel o otes utl tey wee
klled o captued.[127][128] Al-Sabaab as deed
ay coecto wt te e.[129] It as subseuetly bee lsted as a teost ogasato
Austala.[130]
August 11: Reutes epots esdets Maka copla al Sabaab as bee oudg up ayoe see
wt a slve o gold toot ad takg te to a
asked a wo te ps te out usg basc
tools. Resdets told Reutes tat al Sabaab declaed tat sce gold ad slve teet ae used fo
faso ad beauty, tey ae agast Isla.[131]
Septebe 14: Mebes of te goup wee klled
a ad tagetg Sale Al Sale Naba, wo was
also klled.[132][133]
Septebe 17: Te goup clas a secod bobg
of a AU base, wc klls 17 peacekeepes.
Septebe 20: Haakat al-Sabaab al-Mujadee
eleased a 48-ute vdeo, Labayka Ya Usaa,
( Hee I a at You Sevce, Usaa ) o tasatoal jad web stes. Te vdeo s faed aoud
Usaa b Lade s Mac 2009 audo essage
Fgt O, O' Capos of Soala, ad featues
footage of Afca Uo atoctes Soala ad
Haakat al-Sabaab uts udegog ltay tag. B Lade ad te A (leade) of Haakat
al-Sabaab, Aed Abd Godae, also kow as
Abu al-Zubay, ctcze Soala s te pesdet, Saf Aed, ad te elgous scolas of
Soala ('ulaa al-Suaal) fo apostasy. Abu Masoo Al-Ak, te Aeca eld coade
te goup, s also be y featued.[134]
Octobe 15: Al-Sabaab bega publcly wppg
woe fo weag bas tat tey cla volate Isla as tey ae deceptve. Tey set gue to
te steets of Mogadsu to oud up ay woe
wo appea to be beg deceptve. Te woe wee
te spected by ote woe to see f tey ae beg deceptve, f tey ae te tey ae odeed to
stop.[135]
Novebe 1: Al-Sabaab aouced te establset of Al Quds Bgade, a ltay ut spec cally
tasked wt attackg Isael ad Jews teests
Afca. I a ally eld te pevous week Mogadsu, a top Al Sabaab o cal sad, It s te to
go fo ope wa agast Isael ode to dve te
fo te oly ctes. [136]
52
Decebe 3: Suspected of beg bed te 2009
Hotel Sao bobg, wc klls 24, cludg
tee goveet stes.
2010
Jauay 2: A a lked to al-Sabaab ted to kll
Das catoost Kut Westegaad at s oe
Aaus, Deak. Westegaad was ot ut ad
te assalat was sot, wouded, ad aested.[137]
Febuay 1: al-Sabaab declaes fo te st te
tat t atas stog tes wt al-Qaeda.[138][139]
Febuay 7: Te ltat goup declaes jad o
Keya ove allegatos tat t s tag Soal
toops altoug Keya deed volveet.[140]
Febuay 15: a al-Sabab sucde ca bobe attepted to assassate Soala s state ste fo
defece, Yusuf Moaed Syad we e dove s
explosve-lade vecle towads M Syad s ca ad
detoated, jug two of s secuty guads.[141]
Mac 5: Te Goveet of Caada lsts Al
Sabaab as a teost goup.[142]
Mac 26: al-Sabaab claed esposblty fo a
oadsde bob tat exploded Mogadsu kllg a
Soal goveet o cal ad jug te deputy
DC fo secuty.
Mac 27: al-Sabaab destoys gave stes of foeg
soldes ad a poet Su scola ad des te
body of te scola.[143]
Apl 15: Te goup bas te gg of scool
bells as u-Islac sce bell gg s, te
wods of Sek Faa Kala, a sg of te Csta cuces. [144]
Jue 5: Two New Jesey e, Moaed Maood
Alessa ad Calos Eduado Alote, wo wee
boud fo Soala seekg to jo Al Sabab wee
aested at Keedy Iteatoal Apot New
Yok Cty.[145] Te e, wo ave bee caged
wt cospg to kll, a, ad kdap pesos
outsde te Uted States, allegedly plaed to kll
Aeca toops wo tey tougt would soo be
deployed to Soala to elp gt Al Sabaab.[146]
July 11: Al-Sabaab clas esposblty fo te
July 2010 Kapala attacks, wc klled 74 people. The Wall Street Journal uotes a Iteatoal Css Goup aalyst as sayg, [Al-Sabaab
s] sedg a essage: Do't coe ee poppg
up te Soala goveet ... It s a essage of
deteece. [147]
July 21: Zacay Cesse, te Vga a wo
teateed te ceatos of Sout Pak fo satzg ssues suoudg te depcto of Muaad,

was aested ad caged July 2010 fo povdg
ateal suppot to Al Sabaab. Cesse was ogally appeeded New Yok as e attepted to
boad a Afca-boud plae. He late told fedeal
autotes tat e ad attepted to jo Al Sabaab
Soala o two pevous occasos.[148]
July 22: Afca Uo stes agee to expad
AMISOM s adate fo a peacekeepg focus to
a peace-efoceet focus tat would egage alSabaab oe dectly. Te decso was to be
dscussed at upcog eetgs of te AU Secuty Coucl ad te UN Secuty Coucl fo al
appoval.[149]
August 23 24: Al Sabaab s accused of laucg attacks te Soal captal Mogadsu tat kll
ove 300.
Octobe 28: Al-Sabaab publcly executed two
teeage gls, by g suad, o cages of spyg.
Resdets gave co ctg foato egadg te
gls ages, but tey wee beleved to ave bee 17
ad 18 yeas old.[150]
Decebe 20: Hzbul Isla ad te Soal Islac
paty eged wt Al-Sabaab, etag te ae
'Al-Sabaab'.[151][152]
2011
Febuay 4: Al-Sabaab lauc teestal ews
cael Al-Kata'b to boadcast popagada. Te
st footage sow s a ecodg of cofessos of
a alleged foeg spy captued Soala[153]
Mac 5: Al-Sabaab loses cotol of te bode
tow of Bulo Hawo a jot o esve coducted
by goveet foces wokg wt AMISOM; te
lta ad cotolled te cty fo two yeas befoead. It was also epoted tat al-Sabaab was esstg agast UN/Goveet foces fo cotol of
tee of Mogadsu s sxtee dstcts, wt sx stll
eag te cotol.[154]
Mac 16: Abdkad Yusuf Aa aka Sek Qalb
a seo Al-Sabab o cal sevg as te goups
leade Juba ad Gedo ego was klled
Mogadsu.[155][156]
Apl 3: Al-Sabaab loses cotol of te tow Dobley ea te Keya boade. TFG foces togete
wt Raskabo oveet ad bee gtg fo
seveal days befoe tey took cotol of te tow
wt suppot fo elcoptes of te Keya A
Foce.[157][158] Te sae day as Al-Sabab lost cotol of te tow Hassa Abduaa Guaey, a
Al-Sabaab o cal was klled acto (KIA)
Dobley.[159]

Jue 11: Wated Al-Sabaab opeatve ad AlQaeda collaboato Fazul Abdulla Moaed s
klled by secuty foces of te SNA Afgooye
otwest of Mogadsu; oe ote teost was
klled ad $40,000 wot of U.S. dollas ae ecoveed.
July 5: Al-Sabaab o cally lfts ts ba o soe
ad ageces, but upolds t late te ot vsa-vs ceta ogazatos. As a explaato fo
ts dscepacy, te goup s spokesa Sek Al
Dee dcates tat te goup as o ssue wt
allowg bot Musl ad o-Musl dvduals
fo elpg te dougt-pacted people as log
as tose goups abo o ulteo otves dog so. Dee adds tat s ogazato beleves
tat ay ad ageces ae exaggeatg te elef eueets so as to satsfy te ow sel s
objectves. He also suggests tat te actual atue
of ay of te elef opeatos ae twofold: st,
soe of te ad wokes ae e ect attackg as
spes , wle otes, cludg te UN, e cages
ave a tact poltcal ageda ot keepg wt wat
tey cla to be dog. I addto, Dee alleges
tat ad ageces tat ae povdg assstace
egbog coutes ae atteptg to spo away
te vaous Musl peoples of Soala ode to
oe easly doctate te to Cstaty. AlSabaab ebes ae epoted to ave tdated,
kdapped ad klled soe ad wokes, leadg to
a suspeso of uataa opeatos ad a exodus of elef agets.[12] As a esult, AU toops step
up e ots late July 2011 to potect cvlas ad
ad wokes fo attacks.[160]
July 26: Al-Sabaab ebes ba saosas (sambusas) egos tey cotol, deeg te sack
too Csta o accout of ts tagula, allegedly
Holy Tty-lke sape.[161]
53
oveuled by Aed Abd Godae, a ote coade cedted wt stegteg te goup s tes
wt Al-Qaeda. Obseves suggest tat te ove s a
afestato of Godae s ceasg paaoa sce
te assassato of s close ally Fazul Abdulla
Moaed, te latte of wo Godae suspects
was set up by s foes wt te ogazato.[17]
Hassa Da also poposes tat te goup cage
ts tactcs by abadog Mogadsu to lauc Talba style attacks Paksta ad Afgasta , but
s ebu ed by leades wt te ogazato.[162]
Octobe 4: A tuck cayg explosve was dve
to a goveet sty Soala kllg 139
ad jug 93. Te goup as claed esposblty fo tese attacks.[163]
Octobe 16: A coodated opeato agast AlSabaab begs betwee te Soal ltay ad
te Keya ltay, as Keya toops coss ove
to Soala afte avg et wt Soal ltay
o cals.[164]
Octobe 20: Two woe, Aa Faa Al ad
Hawo Moaed Hassa, bot fo Roceste,
Mesota wee aested fo sedg oey ad
gtes to ad te goup.[165]
Novebe 26: Matysp vdeo of Masu Nas
al Ba, a al Qaeda vetea of Afgasta, wo
taed al Saabab gtes, s killed in a clash with
American forces o the coast of Somalia. [166]
Decebe 31: Te Tastoal Fedeal Goveet etakes cotol of te cetal tow of
Beledweye fo te Al-Sabaab ltats. Soal
Natoal Ay (SNA) soldes ad aoud 3,000
alled Etopa ay toops attacked te cty
te ealy og, captug t afte ous of gtg. Aoud 20 people wee klled te battle, aly cosstg of Etopa soldes ad AlSabaab sugets.[167]
August 6: Te Tastoal Fedeal Goveet s

toops ad te AMISOM alles epotedly aage
to captue all of Mogadsu fo te Al-Sabaab
ltats. Wtesses epot Al-Sabaab vecles
abadog te bases te captal fo te sout- 2012
cetal cty of Badoa. Te goup s spokesa
Jauay 6: US Ay vetea Cag Baxa s
Sek Al Moaud Rage descbes te exodus as
caged Maylad wt atteptg to led aa tactcal eteat, ad vows to cotue te suteal suppot to Al-Sabaab. Baxa ad bee e
gecy agast te atoal goveet. Obseves
oute to Soala we e was detaed Keya
suggest tat te pullout ay at least pat ave
o Decebe 23 ad epatated to te Uted
bee caused by teal deologcal fts te ebel
States.[168]
ogazato.[16]
August 9: A deologcal splt epotedly eeges
wt Al-Sabaab s leadesp. Mukta Al Robow,
Hassa Da ad ote soute coades wo
al fo te aeas of te couty wost-t by te effects of te dougt, epotedly wat to exted elef
e ots to te pacted peoples. Howeve, tey ae
Jauay 20: TFG foces ad te AU alles lauc a

successful o esve agast Al-Sabaab postos o
te ote outskts of Mogadsu.[169] Te ove
was teded to secue te cty s oute peetes
fo exteal attack. Two AMISOM soldes wee
wouded te esug battle.[170]
54
Jauay 9: Repots dcate tat Al-Sabaab leade
Moall Jwa s sacked fo s leadesp posto. Ove 1,000 fotle toops loyal to te coade subseuetly follow to s oe tow
of Racadey te soute Bay ego.[171]
Jauay 22: Blal el-Bejaw, a Bts atoal ad
alleged Al-Qada ebe ad Al-Sabaab tae,
s klled a U.S. doe attack. Te ca e was tavelg was stuck by tee ssles o te outskts
of Mogadsu.[172]
Febuay 9: Al-Sabaab s leade, Mukta Abu alZuba, aouces tat te goup would be jog
al-Qaeda.[6]
Febuay 19: Te Soala ebassy Yee dcates tat 500 Al-Sabaab ltats ave ed to
Yee to jo foces wt Al-Qaeda opeatves
te ego.[173]
Febuay 22: TFG ad Etopa foces captue te stategc soute tow of Badoa, a Islast stogold. Al-Sabaab co tat t ad
ade a tactcal eteat , vowg a guella wa
etalato.[174]
Febuay 25: Repots dcate tat udeds of
Al-Sabaab ltats, cludg ay foeges,
ae eeg Ksayo ad ote soute tows fo
Yee so as to escape doe attacks ad a o-lad
o esve by alled Soal, Etopa, Keya ad
AMISOM foces. Al-Sabaab ebes dey tat
tey ae eeg ad dcate stead tat tey ae egoupg eaby slads. Tey also cage tat
te uous of te gt ae teded to deoalze te gtes.[175]
Mac 9: Scoolteace Sabaaz Hussa covcted
of sedg ove 9,000 2010 to tee Soalaboud feds wo ad left te UK to allegedly jo
Al-Sabaab.[176]
Mac 11: Al-Sabaab s blaed fo a geade
attack wc klled 4 people at a bus stato ad
jued dozes otes Naob, Keya. Te
geade was uled fo a vecle passg te bus
stato.[177]
Mac 17: Abu Masu Al Ak (Oa Haa) eleases a ew vdeo tatg tat e feas
fellow Al-Sabaab ebes ay assassate
due to d eeces opo ove stategy ad saa
law.[178]
May 25: Soal goveet toops ad te AMISOM alles captue te stategc tow of Afgoye
fo Al-Sabaab.
May 31: Soal goveet foces ad Afca
Uo toops fo Keya captue Afadow fo
Al-Sabaab, a soute tow cosdeed potat

te ltay capag owg to ts etwok of
oads tat gat access to ay d eet pats of
te couty. Pe Mste Al also aouces tat
Ksayo, stuated 115 k (71 les) to te sout
ad te seat of Al-Sabaab s eaduates, would be
te ext lkely taget, followed by ote tows ad
ctes te lage ego.[179]
Jue 26: Soal goveet foces asssted by
AMISOM soldes ad taks captue te AlSabaab stogold of Balad, stuated 30 k (20
les) to te ot of Mogadsu, addto to te
suoudg vllages. Te sugets epotedly ed
te aea po to te aval of te alled toops. Secug Balad gves te Soal autotes ad AMISOM cotol of a key bdge ove te Sebelle Rve
leadg towad Jowa ad oe otely aeas.[180]
July 11: Soal goveet toops ad te AMISOM alles captue te tow of Lata Buuo fo
Al-Sabaab. Stuated appoxately 40 k west of
Mogadsu, te aea ad bee used as a tag base
fo te ltat goup. 11 Al-Sabaab gtes wee
klled te battle; a few alled casualtes wee also
epoted.[101]
August 27: Soal goveet foces asssted by
AMISOM toops captue te pot tow of Meca
fo Al-Sabaab. Resdets dcate tat te ltats ad ed a few ous eale to Ksayo, wc
epesets te goup s last ajo stogold.[181]
August 29: Soal goveet foces backed by
Afca Uo toops battle Al-Sabaab ltats
te vllages of Aglba, Jaaay, Abdulle ad Bta
Dee, stuated betwee Afadow ad Ksayo.
Accodg to Geeal Isal Saadd, te coade cage of Soal Ay toops te
Lowe Jubba ego, ove 60 sugets ded te
coss e. Al-Sabaab clas tu to ave klled
dozes of goveet soldes te esug gu
battle. Wt te alled foces epotedly aoud 50
kloetes (31 les) ea Ksayo, Geeal Saadd dcates tat s e ae advacg towad
te stogold wt cauto but expect to captue
t wt a peod of seve days. Accodg to a
local esdet, Al-Sabaab ave also postoed aoed vecles o te ccufeece of te tow
ad ae patollg te aea eavy battle gea ad
wagos.[182]
Septebe 1: Soal goveet foces asssted by
Afca Uo toops cotue te ac towad
Ksayo, captug te soute tow of Mdo, stuated 86 k fo te Al-Sabaab stogold. As
ay as 36 sugets wee epotedly sla te
assault. AMISOM also dey clas tat te sugets ad sezed back Afadow, ad dsss as utue Al Sabaab popagada epots tat te ltat goup ad gued dow a AU elcopte. Addtoally, a AMISOM spokesa caactezes as

a vey despcable ad a saeful act potos eleased by Al-Sabaab sowg bodes of fou alled soldes beg dagged toug te Ksayo
steets.[183]
55
Geeal Moaed Iba Faa (Goda) s klled
a abus attack by Al-Sabaab sugets. Te
supse assault occued te tow of El Waegow,
ea te pot of Mako (Meca). Al-Sabaab dd ot
coet o te assassato.[188]
Septebe 28: Accodg to AMISOM o cal

Col. Cyus Ogua, te Soal Natoal Ay
Decebe 9: Soal goveet foces asad Keya AU aval, a ad goud foces
ssted by AMISOM toops captue te Al-Sabaab
lauced a supse attack o Ksayo, captustogold of Jowa, stuated 90 kloetes (60
g te cty wt lttle esstace outed by Alles) ot of Mogadsu.[189]
Sabaab. Te spokesa assets tat te su Decebe 17: Al-Sabaab posts a essage o Twtgets cued eavy losses dug te o esve,
te publcly catsg te goup s seo Aeca
weeas o alled soldes wee wouded o klled.
coade Abu Masuu al-Ak (Oa Sa k
Fgtes fo te Ras Kabo lta also eHaa) fo eleasg vdeos a acssstc
potedly asssted te SNA ad AU toops, wo
pusut of fae. Te tweet also assets tat attepts
led te cage. Al-Sabaab s ltay opeatos
bed te scees by te goup to talk to Al-Ak
spokesa Sek Abdass Abu Musab states tat
wee va, so Al-Sabaab was oally oblgated
ece gtg s udeway betwee s coades
to dvulge s obstacy .[190]
ad te Soal ad AMISOM foces. Local esdets slaly dcate tat te alled toops ave
sezed te pot, but te ltats ae stll peset
2013
elsewee te tow ad ae uckly akg te
way towad te fotles vecles. Te Islast
Jauay 4: Al-Sabaab ssue a ultatu to esgoup s popagada ado stato s also stll epottaged Aeca coade Abu Masoo Aledly boadcastg ateal ad allegedly atteptg
Ak (Oa Haa) to ete tu self
to tck esdets to eeg towad te ocog
to s coades by Satuday, Jauay 19, o face exSoal goveet ad AMISOM toops. Ksayo
ecuto. Te ove cae afte Al-Ak ad ss egaded as Al-Sabaab s last ajo stogold
sued a sees of ctcss of te goup s leades va
o accout of te eveue tat te goup as bee
seveal ole vdeos ad s abuaeca Twtte
able to geeate fo tself toug expotg caaccout. He accused seo Al-Sabaab coacoal ad levyg pot taxes o poted goods. Col.
des of keepg te spols of wa fo teselves
Ogua dcates tat captug te cty ay sgwle ot sag t wt te ak-adle sugets
al te ed of al-Sabab because Ksayo as bee
wo fougt fo t, ad stead psog te fo
te basto wc as aced actvtes of te altoucg t. He also caged te goup s seo coSabab ote egos of Soala . Owg to
ades of focusg too uc o teal stuggles
ucetaty as to wo wll adste te tow af Soala ate ta te global jad, ad of aste te Islasts ave bee copletely ousted, te
sgg assasss to kll fellow ltats.[191]
AU spokesa adds tat te o esve was etculously plaed .[184][185]
Jauay 5: Soal ltay toops ad te
Etopa ay alles fed o a Al-Sabaab a Octobe 14: Soal goveet soldes asssted by
bus attept a aea betwee te soute tows
AMISOM toops captue te stategcally potat
of Luu ad Gabaaey. Accodg to Soal ltow of Wala Wey, located 93 k sout of Motay epesetatves, two of te e wee klled
gadsu. Te vctoy pets a dect oute co te esug battle, wt seve ote soldes ectg te captal wt te ecetly secued cty of
jued. Isuget casualtes ae uco ed. Te
Badoa. Accodg to Soal goveet ad AU
alled foces ae acg towads te ebel goup s
o cals, t also cuts o Al-Sabaab s access to ote
last eag stogolds te soute Gedo eegos, ad dees te ltats aote key souce
go, cludg Badee.[192]
of fuds. Addtoally, te alled foces seze cotol
of a foe Soal A Cops (SAC) base, stuated
Jauay 11: Al-Sabaab gtes kll tellgece
wt 15 k of Wala Wey.[186]
o ce Des Allex ad two ote Fec soldes
Octobe 23: Al-Sabaab posts a sees of 11 essages o Twtte codeg te Uted Kgdo
fo te extadto of adcal Musl clec Abu
Haza to te Uted States, teateg a teost
attack Bta wc would be boud to eclpse
te oos of 7/7 ad 21/7 cobed .[187]
Octobe 29: Soal ltay souces epot tat
a botced escue attept by Fec foces. A

DGSE opeatve, Allex ad bee eld sce 2009,
we e was take ostage by te sugets wle
tag Soal goveet toops. I excage
fo s elease, Al-Sabaab ad deaded cessato of Fec suppot fo te Soal autotes
ad te coplete wtdawal fo Soala of AMISOM foces. Accodg to te Fec Msty
56

of Defece, 17 ltats wee also sla te
coss e.[193]
Jauay 29: a sucde bobg o te pesdet s

copoud klled ay people.[194]
Mac 18: a sla attack ea te pesdet s
palace.[194]
Apl 14: teost attacks Mogadsu klled 28
people.[194]
May 5: a sucde bobe attacked a goveet
covoy.[194]
Jue 20: al-Sabab ebes loyal to Godae
clased wt val factos te soute pot of
Baawe. Aog te dead wee two leades ad cofoudes of te goup, Iba Haj Jaa Mee'aad
ad Abul Had Has Olay.[195]
Jue 28: UN epots tat te Al-Sabaab sptual
leade Hassa Da Aweys as tued self
to po-goveet o cals te cetal tow of
Adado. Local eldes asset tat e ad s lta
ae statoed te cetal Galudug ego, avg ed fo te ow coades Al-Sabaabcotolled tetoy afte a bout of gtg. Accodg to te Sabelle Meda Netwok, legslatos ad eldes ew to te tow a attept to
pesuade Aweys to egotate wt te goveet.
Howeve, te eldes dcate tat te e ots wee
usuccessful.[196]
Jue 30: Aweys s aested by Soal goveet
foces, afte yg to Mogadsu fo talks wt
te fedeal autotes.[197]
Septebe 4: I a poe tevew wt VOA, Oa
Haa (Abu Masou al-Ak) aouces
tat e as eouced lks wt bot Al-Sabaab
ad Al-Qaeda. He ctes Al-Sabaab coade
Godae s assassato attept agast , as well
as te ude by Godae s facto of a dvdual
wo epotedly o eed selte to s two wves as
te a easos fo s seveg of tes wt te suget goup. Haa also assets tat e stll
egads self as a jadst, ad dcates tat e
s dg pats of te soute Bakool ad Bay
egos.[198]
Septebe 12: Al-Sabaab ebe Sek Abu
Moaed aouces tat Oa Haa (Abu
Masou Al-Ak) s klled a abus te
soute Bay ego. Moaed assets tat s
assocates caed out te assassato o te odes of te ltat goup s leade. Howeve, te
sugets dd ot o e ay evdece of Haa s
deat.[77][199]
Septebe 19: Soal Natoal Ay foces asssted by AMISOM toops seze te Mddle Sebelle
povcal tow of Maadeey fo Al-Sabaab.

Te ltats wtdew fo te aea followg a
ealy og ad by te alled foces, wt o casualtes epoted. It was oe of te last uba cetes tat te suget goup cotolled. Te ad
s te st ajo tetoal ga by te alled foces
seveal ots afte a atus ltay opeatos. Accodg to goveet o cals, te o esve epesets te stat of a obbg out opeato
teded to elate eats of Al-Sabaab ad
Al-Qaeda.[200]
Septebe 21: Al-Sabaab clas esposblty
ove Twtte fo te Westgate cete sootg, a
aed attack a Naob soppg all. Te suget goup assets tat ts ltats sot aoud 100
people etalato fo te deployet of Keya
toops Soala, wt te Keya Red Coss cog 62 fataltes ad ove 120 jues.[199][201]
Septebe 25: Soal goveet foces asssted
by AMISOM toops captue te tow of Byo Adde
fo Al-Sabaab. Reats of te suget goup
wtdew fo te Mddle Sebelle settleet followg a ac towad te cty by te alled soldes
ad te aed tucks. Accodg to local epots,
tee ltats wee klled dug te sks.[202]
Octobe 5: Al-Sabaab spokesa Sek Abdass Abu Musab aouces tat Weste aval foces
lauced a assault o a ouse te suget
stogold of Baawe, a tow stuated aoud 180
k sout of Mogadsu. He states tat te foeg soldes ad slece gus, ad excaged gue ad geades wt te ltats befoe beg
dve away. Musab late assets tat te attack
was lauced by te UK SAS ut as well as Tuks specal foces, ad tat oe Bts coade
was klled dug te ad ad fou ote SAS opeatves wee fatally wouded. Addtoally, a Soal tellgece o cal dcates tat a Cece
Al-Sabaab leade was te taget of te sso, ad
tat te suget coade was wouded dug
te o esve ad oe of s guads was klled.[203]
Soal polce also state tat te opeato ad te
appoval of te Soal goveet, ad tat seve
dvduals wee klled dug te sso.[81] Bot
NATO ad EU Navfo dey volveet te ad,
as does a Tuks Foeg Msty epesetatve.
A spokeswoa fo te Bts Defece Msty
also says tat se ad e colleagues ae ot awae
of ay Bts volveet te opeato.[203] Accodg to aote Soal tellgece o cal, te
taget of te ad was Al-Sabaab leade Aed
Godae (Mukta Abu Zubey). A seo US ltay epesetatve also dcates tat Seal Tea Sx,
te specal foce ut esposble fo kllg Osaa
b Lade Paksta 2011, lauced te offesve but late abadoed te sso afte cog ude oe e ta expected. Speakg about

te aboted sso, US Secetay of State Jo
Key says tat te sugets ca u but tey ca't
de . A spokesa fo te Petago lkewse assets tat US soldes ad bee volved a couteteos sso Soala agast a kow AlSabaab ebe, but does ot elaboate. He also
dcates tat tee wee o US fataltes dug te
opeato.[204] US o cals late co tat te taget of te ad was Al-Sabaab coade Abdkada Moaed Abdkada Ika .[81]
Novebe 10: As a tatve sposoed by Pce
Cales ad Pce Wlla, te Bts Ay seds
25 ebes of te 3d Battalo, Paacute Reget to Keya to be based 200 les ot of
Naob, wee tey ae to ta Keya ages egaged elepat cosevato e ots te face of
poacg by Al-Sabaab.[24][205]
Novebe 16: Te Elepat Acto League, a depedet ogazato gtg elepat explotato ad wldlfe ce, assets tat te llegal expot poaced voy by Al-Sabaab va pots
soute Soala povdes te goup a otly coe of betwee $200,000 to $600,000 USD. Te
tusks ae cut to blocks ad dde cates of
cacoal, te latte of wc s ude a UN-posed
ebago.[206][207] Al-Sabaab s also accused of
kllg 60 wades ad 30,000 elepats 2012
aloe, ad epotedly g poaces to kll te elepats ad eove te tusks, fo wc te goup
pays te poaces $50 100 pe kloga. Te ajoty of te voy s spped to custoes Ca,
wee t s sold fo $3,000 pe kloga.[25]
2014
Jauay 8: Al-Sabaab aouces tat t s bag te Iteet te aeas of Soala tat t
cotols. Iteet Sevce Povdes wee gve 15
days to teate te sevce ad waed of sactos fo o-coplace. Te suget goup s
o Repotes Wtout Bodes' lst of Pedatos of
Feedo of Ifoato .[208]
Jauay 26: Saal Iskudu, a seo Al-Sabaab
coade ad co dat of te ltat goup s
sptual leade, s klled betwee Baawe ad
Sablale Soala s soute Lowe Sabelle
ego.[209][210] Abu Moaed, a leade wt te
suget out t, dcates tat Iskudu ad s
dve ded we te vecle tey wee was stuck
by a doe ssle. Moaed blaes U.S. autotes fo te attack, wt two Aeca ltay ofcals late te day co g te ssle stke.
Howeve, te epesetatves do ot specfy te taget of te opeato, ad oe of te o cals dcates tat U.S. tellgece was stll ascetag just
ow e cacous te stke ad bee.[210] Soala s
57
Pesdetal o ce cocuetly ssues a pess stateet welcog te doe attack by ts U.S. pate.
Pe Mste Abdwel Sek Aed also suggests va Twtte tat te ssle stke would seve
as a e ectve deteet agast te aval of addtoal jadsts, ad would pede attepts by te
ltats to pose a blockade locally.[211]
Febuay 21: Al-Sabab ltats lauc a supse
attack o Vlla Soala, we a ca loaded wt
eavy explosves as to te cocete bae suoudg te peete of te palace.[212] A goup
of te aed e peetate te aea wee te st
bob t. All of te attackes ae cayg sucde
vests ad gt a legty gu-battle wt pesdetal
guads sde te copoud. Te assault eds we
Soal goveet toops ad AMISOM foces efoce te pesdetal guads etakg seveal
key buldgs. Pesdet Hassa Sek Moaud
s uaed. Goveet casualtes ae estated
at ve palace guads klled, cludg te deputy tellgece cef Moaed Nu Sbow ad Moaed Abdulle, a close ade to te pe ste.
All e of te attackes wee late foud ad coed dead.[213]
Mac 6: Soal foces ad te Etopa AMISOM alles captue Rabdue te soutweste
Bakool ego, a key Al-Sabaab stogold. Wtesses epot te aval te tow of Etopa fatye ad battle taks, as esdets vacate te
ouseolds aead of te alled o esve. Accodg to Soal fedeal goveet o cals, dozes
of Al-Sabaab sugets ae klled te esug battle,[214][215] wt ealy epots puttg te gue at 12 dead ltats. Casualty gues fo te
Soal ay soldes ad AMISOM toops ae as
yet uco ed.[216] Te suget goup ad pevously used te tow ad ts evos as a base
fo wc to lauc attacks. Addtoally, a AlSabaab spokesa co s tat a tese battle
fo cotol of Rabue took place, but does ot elaboate o te sezue of te tow. He also assets tat
te ltats aaged to gt o a attack o te
bases. Te alled foces cotue te ac towad
Hudu.[214][215]
Mac 7: Soal goveet foces asssted by
Etopa toops captue Hudu, te captal of te
soute Bakool povce, fo Al-Sabaab ltats. Te suget goup ad sezed cotol
of te tow about a yea eale, followg a supse wtdawal by Etopa toops. Hudu sce
tat te seved as te ltat out t s lagest eag stogold. Addtoally, AMISOM cos o Twtte tat te alled foces ave sezed
te tow.[217] Accodg to AMISOM spokesa
Coloel Al Ade Houed, te Al-Sabaab ltats eteated afte atteptg to egage te al-
58

led foces, wt tee Soal ay soldes cug o jues ad o AMISOM casualtes.[218]
Hudu s Mayo Moaed Moall Aed also aouces tat Soal soldes ad Etopa AMISOM toops ae coductg doo-to-doo vestgatos a jot secuty opeato, wt a ube of
suspects appeeded.[217]
Mac 9: Soal goveet foces asssted by a

Etopa battalo wt AMISOM captued Wajd
Dstct te soute Bakool povce. Accodg
to te dstct Goveo Abdulla Yasow, te sege
took a few ous ad local esdets welcoed te
alled foces. He dd ot specfy ay casualtes.[219]
Soal goveet toops asssted by AMISOM
soldes cocuetly egage Al-Sabaab ltats
a gu battle o te outskts of Budubo te
soute Gedo povce. It s te secod lagest of
te eag tows te ego tat ae ude AlSabaab cotol.[220] Accodg to a seo Soal
ltay o ce statoed te povce, Col. Abd
Bule Abd, te alled foces captued tee of te sugets dug te opeato. Te o cal also dcates tat tey klled at least sx ote gtes, but
decles to coet o casualtes by te jot Soal ad AMISOM toops.[221] Wt a few ous,
te alled foces captue Budubo.[222] Accodg
to te Gedo ego Goveo Moaed Abd Kal,
te Soal ad AMISOM toops ae ow acg towad Badea, Al-Sabaab s lagest eag
stogold ad a place of esdece of seveal of ts
seo coades.[220]
Mac 13: Soal ay foces backed by AMISOM
toops captue Bulobate fo Al-Sabaab. Stuated te Ha ego, te tow was te suget goup s stogest base cetal Soala. Accodg to te tet Soal atoal ay cotget
cossoe, Coloel Moaed A, te ltats vacated Bulobate teeby allowg te alled
foces to seze cotol of te aea. He adds tat Soal goveet soldes ad AMISOM foces ae
ow eaded towad te ote pats of te ego ude suget cotol, wt te jot toops expectg
to eove te ltats altogete fo Ha ove
te ext few days. Addtoally, te alled foces
seze cotol of Budaaable; te sugets out
o esstace. Te tow s located aoud 90 k
fo Beledweye, Ha s captal.[223]
May 24: Al-Sabaab ltats tavelg a Vecle Boe Ipovsed Explosve Devce (VBIED)
attept to tespass te etace to te palaetay copoud Mogadsu. Afte te VBIED explodes, te ufoed gue t ete a uoccuped poto of te buldg. Tey ae edately
coute-attacked by Soal Natoal Ay soldes
asssted by AMISOM secuty pesoel, wo ave
bee deployed to te aea. Te esug gu gt
lasts ve ous. All legslatos ae te eate safely evacuated fo te peses. Tee

MPs, Oa Moaed Fs, Abdalla Boos ad
Moaed Moall, susta o jues fo te
blast ad ae take to local osptals fo teatet.
Medcal teas ae also dspatced oto te scee,
ad ote wouded pates, ost of wo ae secuty guads, ae ecevg teatet at te AMISOM
osptal. All of te attackes ae klled.[224][225]
May 24: A pa of sucde bobes lauc a attack
o a estauat popula wt foeges dowtow
Djbout. 20 deats ad 15 wouded dvduals ae
epoted.[226] Al-Sabaab clas esposblty fo
te cdet fou days late, assetg tat te attack
was etalato fo te Djbouta ltay s patcpato AMISOM, te Fec ltay s opeatos agast Islasts te Saaa, ad te Aeca ltay pesece Djbout.[227]
May 31: Soal Natoal Ay soldes ad AMISOM toops lauc a og ad o Ceel-Waae
ad Dabadey, two tows stuated about 18 k fo
Bulobute o te a oad fo Beledweye. Accodg to SNA Coloel Moaed Al, te alled
foces ave lbeated te vllages fo Al-Sabaab,
co scated tee es fo te ltats, ad klled
a ube of sugets wle otes ed aead of te
o esve. Te jot foces ave te pocess feed
a doze cvla-owed tucks cayg coecal
goods to Bulobute, oe of seveal supply outes tat
Al-Sabaab ad attepted to block.[228]
July 8: Al-Sabaab ltats attept to beac te
gated peete of te Vlla Soala pesdetal
copoud Mogadsu wt a ca bob. At a
jot pess cofeece o te abotve teost attack, Ifoato Mste Mustafa Duulow dcates tat goveet soldes asssted by AMISOM toops aaged to epel te ad, wt o publc o cals jued. He adds tat secuty foces
klled tee of te sugets te ca pak dug te Ifta assault, wle te fout was take
to custody. Bob dsposal specalsts also epotedly aaged to deactvate a sucde vest tat
oe of te attackes ad o, wc ad faled to go
o , addto to seveal ote explosve devces.
Duulow lkewse states tat a tooug vestgato to te attack would be lauced.[229] AlSabaab spokesa Sek Abdass Abu Musab
clas tat te ltat goup s gtes klled 14 soldes dug te ad. Addtoally, polce Coloel
Abdulla Ade dcates tat tee was a eale gu gt ea a udegoud cell oldg sugets. Resdets also epot eag tettet
busts of gu e to te gt.[230] Duulow dcates tat cef of tellgece Bas Gobe ad
polce coade Abdak Saad ave bee edately eplaced. As pat of a boade secuty

efo, Pe Mste Abdwel Sek Aed
also aouces tat a ew atoal secuty ste as bee aed.[231] Speakg fo Vlla Soala, Pesdet Hassa Sek Moaud, wo was
at aote locato at te te of te attack, dspels as wld uous suggestos tat te sugets
cotolled state buldgs ad of ogog gu gts.
He co s tat state foces asssted by AMISOM
toops ave secued te copoud, ad uges te
ctzey to wok wt te goveet to fute
stegte secuty.[229][230]
July 13: Soal atoal secuty foces asssted by
AMISOM toops captue Saydelow ad Labata
fo Al-Sabaab. Te two vllages ae stuated
aoud 60 k fo te Bay ego cete of Badoa.
Accodg to te Bedaale dstct goveo Moaed Issack (Caacase), fataltes vs-a-vs te sugets ae uepoted, wle two goveet soldes wee wouded dug te gu gt. He also
dcates tat te alled foces sezed seveal aed
vecles fo te ltats.[232]
August 17: Soal atoal ay foces asssted by
AMISOM toops beg a ajo ltay opeato
agast Al-Sabaab cetal Soala. Te ove
coes 24 ous afte te atoal cef of ltay
aouced te stat of ew o esves agast te suget goup. Ha Goveo Abdfata Hassa
dcates tat te alled foces ae slated to lbeate
te eag pats of te povce tat ae ude
ltat cotol, ad te pocess eove oadblocks tat te sugets eected. A RBC Rado coespodet Beledweye also epots tat
te alled foces ave left Bulobute Ha ad
ae eadg towad Buae te Mddle Sabelle
povce. Addtoally, Hassa dcates tat AMISOM s Etopa cotget left Elbu te Galgadud povce ad ae boud fo Al-Sabaab cotolled aeas.[233]
August 25: Soal goveet foces asssted by
Etopa AMISOM toops captue Tyeglow fo
Al-Sabaab. Te o esve s pat of a lage ltay cleaup opeato dubbed Opeato Ida
Ocea. Stuated aoud 530 k oteast of Mogadsu alog te a oad lkg Beledweye ad
Badoa, Tyeglow pevously seved as a stategc
base fo te suget goup. Wtesses dcate tat
te Al-Sabaab gtes outed o esstace dug te ad, eeg stead to adjacet foested aeas. Accodg to AMISOM, te successful ltay
opeato depves te suget goup of g extoto fees tat t would pevously cage to vecles
tavelg alog te tow s pcpal oad. Te sege
also ow gves te Soal goveet full cotol of
te Bakool povce. Addtoally, AMISOM epesetatves dcate tat, a attept to slow te
alled foces ac, te sugets plated oadsde
59
explosve devces befoe eeg, wc tey wee
pesetly defusg.[234]
Septebe 1: U.S. specal foces ad does attacked a taget sout of Mogadsu, kllg AlSabaab s leade, Aed Godae[37]
Septebe 6: Al-Sabaab ackowledge tat ts
leade Aed Abd Godae as bee klled
a jot U.S.-Soala opeato.[235] Te ltats
cocuetly appot Aad Ua (Abu Ubada)
as s eplaceet.[2][235] Addtoally, Soal goveet foces asssted by Etopa toops seze El
Gaas te Galguduud povce fo Al-Sabaab.
Accodg to te Soal ltay spokesa Moaed Kaye Roble, te vllage was a a base fo
te suget goup, sevg as bot a spgboad
fo wc t would lauc attacks ad a supply stoage aea.[236]
Septebe 13: Te Fec agaze Le Point epots tat Fec tellgece sevces asssted te
U.S. ltay ts astke tat klled Al-Sabaab
coade Godae. Accodg to te weekly,
te Fec autotes, cludg Pesdet Faos
Hollade, povded suppot te fo of tellgece ad coodato. Aog ote foato,
Fec tellgece o cals epotedly fowaded to
te Petago detals as to wc exact tuck te ltat leade was beg taspoted ad o wc
oad e was tavelg. Face epotedly olds Godae esposble fo te abducto of two Fec
tellgece agets 2009, wc eded te executo of oe of te o cals, Des Allex, afte
a usuccessful escue attept by coados
2013.[237] Accodg to Petago spokespeso Adal Jo Kby, te Ugada AMISOM foces
ad also foed U.S. tellgece as to wee
Godae ad ote Al-Sabaab leades wee eetg ad povded foato o te covoy of vecles wc e was tavelg.[238] Al-Sabaab
subseuetly teate a attack Ugada fo te
UPDF cotget s ole wt AMISOM ad te
stke o Godae.[239][240] Te Ugada secuty
sevces, wt te assstace of te U.S. ltay
ad tellgece, also detfy ad foled a ajo
Al-Sabaab teost attack te Ugada captal
Kapala. Tey ecoveed sucde vests, ote explosves, ad sall as ad detaed Al-Sabaab
opeatves.[241][242][243]
Septebe 27: Te Natoal Itellgece ad Secuty Agecy (NISA) o es a $2 llo ewad
to ay dvdual wo povdes foato leadg
to te aest of te ew Al-Sabaab leade, Aed
Oa Abu Ubeyda. I addto, NISA o es a sepaate $1 llo ewad to ay peso wo supples
foato tat could esult te kllg of te ltat coade.[244]
60
Octobe 5: Soal goveet o cals aouce
tat Soal ltay foces asssted by AMISOM
toops ave captued Baawe fo Al-Sabaab.[245]
Te pot tow s stuated te Lowe Sabelle
povce, aoud 180 k (110 les) sout of
Mogadsu.[246] It was te ltat goup s lagest
eag stogold ad seved as a stategc deout, eveue cete, ad tag base fo te outt fo te past seveal yeas.[245][246] Wle ay
of te sugets bega vacatg te aea yesteday afte gettg wod of te appoacg jot
foces, a ube epotedly stayed bed to defed te postos. Accodg to te Lowe Sabelle Goveo Abdulkad Moaed Nuu Sd,
Al-Sabaab sustaed at least 13 fataltes te esug battle, wle two of te alled soldes wee
wouded.[247] Te Soal ltay o cal Abd
Me also co s tat te ay s ow full cotol of Baawe.[245] Most of te soldes ae gasoed o te outskts of te cty, wt a few statoed sde.[246] Addtoally, te Goveo dcates tat te stuato s cal, ad tat te egoal
adstato s slated to eet wt local esdets
ad tadtoal eldes.[245][247] Al-Sabaab ltay
opeatos spokesa Sek Abdass Abu Musab
does ot ssue a stateet wt egad to te ltats vacatg Baawe. He stead assets tat te
sugets ceated two goveet vecles
a aea close to te tow, a abus wc te AU
dcates was usuccessful.[246]
Novebe 22: Al-Sabaab ltats attack a bus
ea Madea ad kll 28 o-Musls.[248]
Decebe 2: Al Sabaab ltats ude 36
ostly Csta wokes at a uay ea Kooey,
Madea Couty ote Keya.[249] Keya
Pesdet Uuu Keyatta subseuetly es s Iteo Mste Josep Ole Leko, eplacg
wt eted geeal Josep Nkassey, ad accepts
te esgato of te s polce cef Davd Kayo.[250][251]
Decebe 2: Soal goveet foces ad AMISOM toops seze El-Dee tow te Mddle Sabelle povce fo Al-Sabaab. Resdets dcate
tat te localty was take wtout ay gtg. Te
sugets also do ot ssue ay stateet o te
ad. Accodg to secuty o cals, te captue of
te tow epesets a potat stage te jot
foces e ot to lbeate soute ad cetal aeas
fo te ltats.[252]
Decebe 7: Keya At-Teos Polce Ut
o ces cofess to Al-Jazeea tat tey ae esposble fo alost 500 extajudcal kllgs. Te assassatos epotedly total seveal uded ocdes evey yea, ad clude te ude of te
late Abubake Sa Aed Makabu , a AlSabaab assocate fo Keya. Accodg to te

agets, tey esoted to kllg afte te Keya polce could ot successfully posecute teo suspects.
I dog so, te o ces dcate tat tey wee actg o te dect odes of Keya s Natoal Secuty
Coucl, wc cossts of te Keya Pesdet,
Deputy Pesdet, Cef of te Defece Foces, Ispecto Geeal of Polce, Natoal Secuty Itellgece Sevce Decto, Cabet Secetay of Iteo, ad Pcpal Secetay of Iteo. Keya
Pesdet Uuu Keyatta ad te Natoal Secuty Coucl of Keya ebes dey opeatg a
extajudcal assassato poga. Addtoally,
te o ces suggest tat Weste secuty ageces
povded tellgece fo te poga, cludg te
weeabouts ad actvtes of goveet tagets.
Tey asset tat Bta suppled fute logstcs
te fo of eupet ad tag. Oe Keya ofce wt te Coucl s Geeal Sevce Ut also
dcates tat Isael stuctos taugt te ow to
kll. Te ead of te Iteatoal Ba Assocato,
Mak Ells, cautos tat ay suc volveet by
foeg atos would costtute a beac of teatoal law. Te Uted Kgdo ad Isael dey
patcpato te Keya Natoal Secuty Coucl s epoted extajudcal kllg poga, wt te
UK Foeg O ce dcatg tat t as appoaced
te Keya autotes ove te cages.[253]
Decebe 20: Te Uted Natos Secuty Coucl
cottee o Soala eoves foe Al-Sabaab
a late Moaed Sad Ato fo ts 1844 sactos lst. Te decso cae afte Ato ad ove
te sue defected fo ad eouced s allegace wt te ltat goup. Accodg to Mste of Ifoato Mustafa Duulow, te aouceet was popted by lobbyg o te pat of te
Fedeal Goveet of Soala, wc ad egotated wt UN o cals ad ebe states to pado
dvduals lke Ato wo ave sce dsavowed extest lks.[254]
Decebe 25:
A o cal, a Al-Sabaab
spokesa, ad a wtess dcate tat Al-Sabaab
ltats ave attacked AMISOM s a Halae
base Mogadsu, poptg a excage of
gu e wt soldes. Te copoud also seves as
a o ce fo local UN opeatos, wt te apot
ad Bts ad Itala ebasses stuated eaby.
Accodg to te suget goup, ts gtes wee
tagetg a Cstas paty sde te coplex.
AMISOM spokesa Col. Al Ade Houed dcates tat at least egt ltats eteed te aea.
Howeve, a Weste dploat wt te copoud
states tat ts walls wee ot peetated. Moaed
Abd, a polcea at te adjacet apot, also
epots eag explosos. Total casualtes ae
uceta. Accodg to Houed, ve of te
attackes wee klled, wt tee gued dow ad
two blowg teselves up besde a fuel depot; te
9.5. DEFECTIONS
61
eag tee ltats ay ave escaped. UN 9.5 Defections

spokesa Alee Sddue lkewse states tat all
UN pesoel ae safe. Addtoally, oads leadg
to te apot ave bee sealed.[255][256]
I 2009, Al-Sabaab wtessed a ube of ts gtes,
cludg seveal leades, defect to Soala s Tastoal
Fedeal Goveet. Oe suc g po le defecto was
Decebe 29: Te U.S. Petago aouces tat tat ealy Novebe 2009 of Sek Moaed Abts jets ave coducted a astke tagetg a se- dulla (also kow as Sek Baksta ), wo coo Al-Sabaab coade Soala. Mltay aded te Mayaa Bgade. Sek Baksta told
spokesa Rea Adal Jo Kby does ot spec- Voce of Aeca (VOA) Soal Sevces tat e foud
fy te detty of te tageted suget leade, but te goup s sucde ssos ad executos ubeaable.
dcates tat te ad was caed out te sout- He also dcated tat s fate, a well-kow local ee tow of Saakow. He adds tat U.S. secuty lgous leade, ad vsted seveal tes ad elped
pesoel ave ot dsceed ay cvla casualtes, covce to defect. Howeve, a spokesa fo Alad tat tey ae stll gaugg te stke s elatve Sabaab deed tat Sek Baksta was a ebe of
pact.[257] Soala s Natoal Itellgece ad Se- te goup.[262] Dug te sae ot, a tevew
cuty Agecy aouces a few ous late tat te wt Agece Face-Pesse (AFP) Vlla Soala aad klled te Al-Sabaab tellgece cef Ab- aged by te Soal fedeal goveet, oe foe
dsaku (Tall). Accodg to secuty o cals, Al-Sabaab gte epoted beg dsllusoed wt te
te sla ltat leade was pat of a ut tat was goup s decto, dcatg tat wle e bega gttasked wt cayg out sucde attacks. He ad g 2006 to kck out te Etopa vades , e deepotedly bee assged te posto oly a cou- fected a ot ago, dsgusted by te false tepetatos
ple of days po, afte s pedecesso Zakaya Al-Sabaab gve of Isla . Slaly, a foe Hzbul
Aed Isal Hes tued self to polce Isla coade ecetly defected to te Soal govte soutweste Gedo ego.[258] Te spy agecy eet; oe of s faly ebes (aote Hzbul Isalso dcates tat two ote Al-Sabaab sula coade) ad bee udeed by Al-Sabaab lgets wee klled dug te astke.[259] Petago tats as puset fo avg escoted a UN covoy.
pess secetay Kby late co s tat Tall Ab- He sad te VOA tevew tat f you do't wat to
dsaku was klled by Hell e ssles tat wee gt ayoe, tee s o pot. Tat s wy I ut .[263]
ed toug a uaed U.S. acaft. Gve te I Decebe 2009, Sek Al Hassa Gedd, wo at
fact tat Tall seved as te ead of Al-Sabaab s te te seved as Deputy Coade -Cef of Alelte Ayat ut, Kby suggests tat te ltat s Sabaab ltats te Mddle Sabele ego, also dedeat wll substatally pact Al-Sabaab s ablty fected to te goveet, dcatg tat Al-Sabaab s
to e ectvely cay out attacks agast goveet, cuelty agast te people s wat foced e to defect to
cvla ad teatoal tagets.[52]
te goveet sde. Tey extot oey fo te people
ad deal wt te agast te teacg of Isla . Aote easo e gave fo defectg was Al-Sabaab s te
pobto o te UN Wold Food Pogae (WFP)
2015
because e felt tat t dectly a ects cvlas.[264]
Jauay 1: Soal goveet foces ad AlSabaab ltats egage a gu gt ea te
soute tow of Kutu Waaey. Al-Sabaab coade Iba Fley s klled dug te sks,
addto to tee ote sugets.[260]
Jauay 8: AU Specal Repesetatve to Soala
Abassado Maa Sdkou aouces tat followg jot ltay opeatos by Soal goveet foces ad AMISOM toops, Al-Sabaab
as lost cotol of ove 80% of tetoy t pevously eld. He dcates tat te sugets ave
ow cocetated te capacty te Lowe Juba
povce. Sdkou does ot specfy we exactly
te cleaup opeatos agast Al-Sabaab wll coclude, but tey ae expected to be lauced wt a
few weeks.[261]
Wt oey fo extoto dwdlg aeas lke

Mogadsu,[265] defectos te face of AMISOM
foces, aog ote teal ssues, Al-Sabaab s tug
to ote ltat Islac goups fo suppot. Al Sabaab
as declaed te suppot ode to bolste te ubes ad as ade a ube of stategc opeatoal tes
to bot Al Qaeda ad AQAP Yee. I soe cases
Al Sabaab as begu yg te Al Qeada-Ia bae
at soe of ts alles ode to deostate soldaty
wt te goup. Tee ae sgs tat Al-Sabaab ltats ae leag fo Al Qaeda s popagada etods. Sabaab s popagada as ceasgly bee slcked
up to eseble essages poduced by Al Qaeda s 'AsSaab' ('Te Clouds ) eda wg ad AQAP s Inspire
agaze, cludg te elease of ap sogs by Oa
Haa. [61] It s uclea ow te deat of AQAP
leade Awa al-Aula ad otes as a ected ts bougeog elatosp betwee te two. As s evdet by
te ege wt Hzb-ul-Isla Decebe 2010, Al-
62
Sabaab s tug to foe vals fo assstace as te
ubes decease due to defectos ad casualtes dectly esultg fo battles wt AMISOM foces.[266]
I Jue 2012, TFG spokesa Abdaa Oa Osa aouced tat aoud 500 ltats ad aleady
defected fo Al-Sabaab to gt alogsde goveet
foces. He added tat te defectos wee epotedly
ceasg o a daly bass sce TFG foces ad captued te stategcally potat tow of Afgooye fo
te suget goup. AMISOM spokesa Lt. Col.
Paddy Akuda slaly dcated tat AU coades wee wtessg oe defectos ta at ay pevous te, a fact wc e suggested was a sg al-Sabab
s losg coeso, losg coad ad cotol. [267] AlSabaab s ceasgly stdet ules, copouded by extoto, as pusets, dscate kllgs ad
foced coscpto of youg e ad boys, ad also epotedly aleated local esdets, ecouagg a wave of
defectos.[268]
9.6 Strategy
9.6.1 Media
Al Sabaab uses vaous eda ode to polfeate

te popagada. Al Sabaab opeates ts ow ado stato, Rado Adalus, ad as acued elay statos ad
sezed ote eupet fo pvate ado statos cludg soe fo te BBC. Pesetes boadcast Soal,
Aabc, Swal ad Egls.[275] Besdes ado, te teet s te ost eavly utlzed by Al Sabaab ad ote
ltat Islac goups suc as Al Qaeda because t s te
easest ad ost cost-e ectve way to eac a lage audece. As te teet s especally popula wt today s
yout, ogazatos suc as Al Sabaab ae usg ole
fous ad cat oos ode to ecut youg followes to te cause. Al Sabaab s o cal webste, wc
as sce bee take dow, featued posts, vdeos ad ofcal stateets Egls, Aabc ad Soal, as well as
ole
classoos to educate followes.[276]
O Septebe 5, 2012, a fute 200 Al-Sabaab ltats ad a few seo coades Afadow sue- Po to ts expulso fo Mogadsu d-2011, Aldeed to te coalto foces. Te defectos wee - Sabaab ad also lauced te Al-Katab popagada
tepeted as substatally eacg te alled o esve televso stato te yea befoe. Te cael s plot posce te sugets could povde detals o te Islast ga aed te cofessos of Aed Ks, a alleged
goup s cobat stategy.[269]
CIA spy, wo ad bee executed eale te week.[277]
O Septebe 22, 2012, a addtoal 200 Al-Sabaab
sugets te tow of Gasale ea Jowa suedeed to alled toops. Ts followed a oud of teal battles betwee val ltats, wc left egt of
te goup s gtes dead, cludg two top coades.
AMISOM aouced a pess stateet tat t expects
te total ube of Al-Sabaab defectos te aea to
eac 250 e.[270]
I addto, Al-Sabaab s also usg usc to uece

ad appeal to te youg followes. Accodg to Rob
Wgt, by 2010, alost egt out of evey te soldes
Soala s ay ebel foces wee clde , wc
ae especally ueced ad susceptble essages coveyed to ode, weste-teed usc.[278] Oe of Al
Sabaab s foeg-bo leades, Aeca Oa Haa aka Abu Masoo Al-Ak, gaed otoety af[279]
Sce te stat of Opeato Ida Ocea o August te a Apl 2009 vdeo of appg about jad.
Sed Me a Cuse , de2014, ove 700 Al-Sabaab ltats ave suedeed Haa s ost ecet sog,[274]
buted
ole
o
Apl
9,
2011.
[271]
to te Fedeal Goveet.
I Octobe 2013 Al-Sabaab ssued a popagada vdeo
tagetg seveal Bts Musls wo ad spoke out
agast Islast extes, soe of te explctly
agast te ude of Lee Rgby.[280] Te vdeo uged
jadsts te UK to follow te exaple of Rgby s
klles, to a teselves f ecessay wt kves fo
B&Q.[280] Te Musls aed te vdeo fo sellg out [281] cluded Moaed Sa , Moaed
O 17 Jauay 2015, Lu Dstct Polce Cossoe Asa, Usaa Hasa ad Ajal Masoo.[280]
Syad Abdulkad Moaed aouced tat Sek Osa Sek Moaed, te coade of Al-Sabaab s
lta te Lu aea, ad tued self to te Twitter account
fedeal autotes. Te ebel leade lkewse epotedly
aded ove all of s weapoy. Accodg to te polce O Decebe 7, 2011, Al-Sabaab also epotedly beo cal, fute Al-Sabaab ebes ted to defect. ga usg te Twtte socal eda etwok. Te ove
He also dcated tat te fedeal goveet welcoes s beleved to be a attept by te goup to couteall foe sugets wo dsavow of te use of volece act tweets by alled o cals, ad to seve as a veue fo
ad stead pledge to take pat te peace pocess.[273] te dsseato of foato o alleged casualtes as
well as a way to teact wt te pess.[282] Te accout,
HSMPess, as attacted ove egt tousad followes
fo ts wtty tauts of te KDF geeal ad ts o cal
O 27 Decebe 2014, a Soal tellgece o ce dcated tat seo Al-Sabaab coade Zakaya Isal
Aed Hes suedeed to local polce te soutweste Gedo povce. Accodg to te o cal, Hes
ay ave tued self afte avg falle out eale
te yea wt ote Al-Sabaab ebes loyal to te
goup s late leade Godae.[272]
9.6. STRATEGY
63
spokesa, Maj. Eauel Cc, wt wo t as teats of volece ad usg te sevce fo llct pufeuet excages, patcula.[283]
poses o actvtes. Howeve, Al-Sabaab s Aabc ac[290]
Te goup late elauced ts
Fo exaple, afte Cc upbaded te Sabaab fo cout eaed ope.
Egls
Twtte
accout
o
Septebe 11, 2013.[292]
ot lettg woe te aeas ude te cotol wea
I Septebe 2013, Twtte suspeded at least sx AlSabaab accouts afte te out t dculed te Keya
goveet s espose to te Westgate soppg all attack Naob, a attack wc Al-Sabaab ad claed
esposblty fo. Te goup late e-opeed a Twtte accout Decebe, wt te explaato tat te
a s to vgoously callege defaatoy epots te
eda by pesetg a accuate potayal of te cuet state of Jad Soala ad couteg Weste, state-sposoed popagada aces tat ae pad
to deose te Mujadee. A Soal goveet
spokesa stated tat te Soal autotes wee opposed to Al-Sabaab s pesece o te socal eda webste, as te goup sould ot be gve te platfo to
[293]
Wle t s ot kow fo ceta f te HSMPess accout slead te yout.
s sactoed by te Sabaab, bot Weste ad Afca
Uo o cals beleve tat t s. It as elayed foato about battle outcoes tat as soetes bee oe
accuate ta ts oppoets, ad posted pctues of autetc detty cads of ssg AMISOM peacekeepes
tat wee pesuably klled cobat. Te accout tself
s opeated by a a wt te nom de guerre Sek Yoo- 9.6.2 Drought
s, wo as te past espoded to pess uestos dug telepoe tevews a clpped Bts accet .[283]
Followg te 2011 Easte Afca dougt, Al Sabaab
Most of Al-Sabaab s essages o Twtte ae Egls,
adapted ts popagada stategy to accoodate te
wt autotes suggestg tat tey ae teded fo a
cagg ccustaces. I soe cases, goup ebes
outsde audece ad potetal ecuts te West. Ofeployed uataa ad as a ecutet tool, usg
cals te Uted States, wee Twtte s based, ae
elef supples as bbes ad as a cetve to jo te
explog legal ways to teate te accout, altoug
ltats, wose ubes ad deceased due to casualtey ackowledge tat dog so gt ase fee speec
tes ad defectos.[294] Goup ebes dsssed te
[287]
coces.
Cc coeted a tweet of s ow
UN declaato of fae vaous egos as gossly
tat suc a ove would be coutepoductve, as Al
exaggeated ad baed vaous ogazatos fo poSabaab eeds to be egaged postvely ad twtte s te
vdg ad to tose egos.[295]
[288]
oly aveue .
I espose, te Pe Mste of Soala Abdwel MoI Jauay 2013, Twtte suspeded Al-Sabaab s Eaed Al July 2011 appoted a atoal cottee
gls accout.[289][290] Ts was appaetly espose to
to tackle te sevee dougt a ectg te soute pat
te accout avg ssued deat teats agast Fecof te couty,[296] ad te followg ot aouced
a Des Allex ad subseuetly posted potos of
te ceato of a ew 300-a secuty foce. Asssted
s copse afte te botced Bulo Mae ostage esby Afca Uo peacekeepes, te ltay ut ad as
cue attept, as well as tweetg teats to kll Keya
ts pay goal to potect covoys ad ad fo te Alostages.[290][291] Al-Sabaab late opeed a ew TwtSabaab ebels, as well as to secue te IDP caps we
te accout o Febuay 4, 2013.[291] Twtte closed te
te elef supples ae beg dstbuted.[297]
accout aga o Septebe 6, 2013 fo uspec ed easos. A few days eale, o Septebe 3, te suget Altoug gtg dsupted ad delvey soe agoup ad used te sevce to cla esposblty fo a eas, a scalg up of elef opeatos d-Novebe
usuccessful abus attept agast a covoy cayg popted te UN to dowgade te uataa stuSoala Pesdet Hassa Sek Moaud. Te l- ato seveal egos fo fae to eegecy levtats also tweeted afte te attack tat te goup ad els. Huataa access to Al-Sabaab-cotolled ao ote actve Twtte feeds Egls, ad cautoed eas ad also poved ad afall ad supassed expecuses agast paody accouts . Te suget goup also tatos, povg te pospects of a good avest ealy
[298]
I Febuay 2012, te UN declaes tat Soaessaged tat ext te, you wo't be as lucky, ap- 2012.
paet volato of Twtte s use polces agast ssug la as poduced a bupe avest, ad tat te fae s
ove.[299]
bas, sayg lfe ad oe to o e, HSMPess etoted
Lke bobg dokeys, you ea!" efeg to a ecet
aouceet by Cc tat ay lage goup of loaded
dokeys would be cosdeed a taget. You eccetc
battle stategy as got aal gts goups ute coceed, Majo. [284] Late, espodg to Cc s cla
tat Ksayo ad bee captued by te KDF, HSMPess
sad te Keya boys ae a gotesue paody of a ay!
Tey ca outpace u wold-class ues by fa. Ideed,
tey 'Ru lke a Keya'".[285] Te accout sows a less
bellgeet sde wt otes, tellg a UN o cal wo
ueed t s good we extests o peceved extests coe out ad talk[..] ca we ave a co ee wt te
too?" tat a caael accato would do!"[286]
64

g te vey ltats tey ted to stke ad leavg
te uable to act we tey obseve agat ltat
actvtes.[304] Accodg to Al-Jazeea, Al-Sabaab ave
also attepted to captalze o te coodated cuso
by depctg tself as a esstace foce gtg foeg occupes ad uged local esdets to take up as agast
te Keya soldes.[305]
9.7 Merger with Al-Qaeda

The Somali National Army (SNA), Somali Police Force (SPF)
and their allies have intensi ed security operations against AlShabaab.
9.6.3 Operation Linda Nchi
O Febuay 9, 2012, Mukta Abu al-Zuba 'Godae'

aouced a ftee-ute vdeo essage tat AlSabaab would be jog te Islast ltat teost
ogazato al-Qaeda, ude te leadesp of Aya
al-Zawa. Al-Zuba stated, O bealf of te soldes ad te coades al-Sabaab, we pledge
allegace to you. So lead us to te pat of jad
ad atydo tat was daw by ou a, te aty Osaa. [6] Al-Zawa appoved ad welcoed AlSabaab as al-Qaeda s Soala-based teost cell a
15-ute vdeo espose, statg Today, I ave glad
tdgs fo te Musl Ua tat wll please te beleves ad dstub te dsbeleves, wc s te jog of te Sabaab al-Mujadee Moveet Soala to Qaeda al-Jad, to suppot te jad uty agast
te Zo-Cusade capag ad te assstats aogst
te teaceous aget ules. [306] Te ege follows epots about a ft te leadesp,[307] ad t cocdes
wt epots about lage factos beakg away fo Al
Sabaab,[308] ad up to 500 Al Sabaab gtes eeg
o leavg soute Soala fo Yee,[309] wee a full
Al Qaeda bac AQAP s steppg up opeatos, ude
peceved ceased ltay pessue sce a ew pesdet took o ce.[310] Soala s Tastoal Fedeal Goveet o cally ecogzed te two Islast goups as
oe goup.[311]
Sce te TFG-led Opeato Lda Nc betwee te

Soala Natoal Ay (SNA) ad te Keya Defece
Foces (KDF) agast Al-Sabaab ltats soute
Soala bega,[300] Al Sabaab as bee tesfyg ts
popagada e ot a sgal peaps tat ltat foces s
gowg despeate as t su es eavy losses. Goup ebes ave stated to dvesfy te tactcs, egagg
vaous etods ode to deoalze te alled foces.
Accodg to te Assocated Pess, Al Sabaab as esoted to dessg up soe of ts ow casualtes TFG
ad AU ufos, altoug a Afca Uo spokesa
dcated tat oly two copses of AU soldes wee uaccouted fo. About alf of te dead bodes wee also
vsbly Soal, poptg eyewtesses to suggest tat
tey wee falle Soal goveet soldes. Te eade wee dessed Buud ltay ufos ad
esebled o-Soal foeges, wt Al-Sabaab ltats dsplayg a Bble ad soe cuc xes epotedly
take fo te deceased.[301] Addtoally, Al-Sabaab
as bee coductg lta paades as a sow of foce A poll coducted betwee 8 16 Apl 2012 by te teatoal aket eseac copay YouGov exaed
ctes suc as Maka.[302]
te vews of MENA ego esdets wt egad to te
As Al Sabaab s su eg eavy ltay losses, te ews of te ege. Te cobed goup evoked fea
e ectveess of te popagada capag to date s ost espodets, wt 42% belevg tat te ege
soewat coclusve. Wat s appaet, oweve, s aouceet ougt to be a souce of ala fo te tetat tey ae ceasg te popagada e ots wtout atoal couty; 23% of polltakes felt vey stogly
coespodg espose fo TFG, AMISOM ad KDF about ts. 45% of espodets beleved tat te fuso
foces. Al-Sabaab eteats fo egos soute So- of te two goups would eace Al-Qaeda s attepts at
ala ad aeas aoud Mogadsu ae falsely ealded ecutg ew opeatves, wt 12% dcatg tat te
as tactcal aeuves by te ltats wo ae facg de- ege would stegte te latte goup s capabltes
feat wle te alled foces ea lagely uted o te ad aote 11% belevg tat t would esult oe
success tat tey ave ade te ego.[303]
teost attacks o te cotet. A fute 55% of pollTe popagada tecues eployed by Al-Sabaab stes dd ot kow ow te Soala leadesp would
sow te stak cotast betwee ltat foces ad te espod to ews of te ege, toug 36% suggested
covetoal aes of AMISOM. Wle Sabaab foces tat t would lead to oe oveets agast Al-Sabaab
act wt puty egads to te guella tactcs, te by te Soala ltay. 34% of espodets also alled foces ae oblgated to coply wt atcles of te dcated tat aouceet of te ege costtuted a
Geeva Coveto wc eue te to wa cvlas popagada e ot aed at secug oe coveage fo
of a ads ad toop oveets oftetes fo- te two Islast goups, wt 30% of polltakes belevg
65
9.10. SPLIT WITH HIZBUL ISLAM
tat te decso to ege sows tat bot Al-Sabaab seted a teat to bot U.S. oelad secuty ad te
ad Al-Qaeda ae ude duess.[312]
local autotes.[323] Howeve, accodg to couteteos specalst Rck Nelso wt te Wasgtobased Cete fo Stategc Iteatoal Studes, tee
was lttle evdece tat te tee goups wee tagetg
9.8 Internal rift
U.S. aeas, as eac was paly teested establsg fudaetalst adstatos te espectve
I espose to Godae s aouced ae cage ad egos.[322] I May 2014, Seo Al-Sabab ebe
ege wt al-Qaeda, all ote Sabaab top leades Fuad Sogole stated tat al-Sabab gtes would cay
called a cofeece Badabo.[313] Tey efused to adopt out jad, o oly wa, Keya ad Ugada ad aftete ew ae (al-Qaeda East Afca) ad tey ageed wad, wt God s wll, to Aeca. [324]
o a ew polcy, focusg etely o doestc ssues ad
wt o eto ay oe of teatoal stuggle. Oe
sg cat polcy poposal was to fo a atoal, depedet Sua of Islac clecs, wc eas also 9.10 Split with Hizbul Islam
depedet of al-Qaeda. Wt t, tey see to ty
to eove soe obstacles fo eacg a etete wt O Septebe 24, 2012, Hzbul Isla spokesa Mote Su oppoets, ad to avod gettg tageted by US aed Moall aouced tat s goup was dscotdoes.[314][315] Aweys late declaed tat: Al-Sabaab ug ts assocato wt Al-Sabaab, a goup tat e asad al-Qaeda ae eely a sall pat of te lage Islac seted s ogazato ad oly oally uted wt.
goup ad al-Qaeda s deology sould ot be vewed as Moall cted te sg cat poltcal cages appeg
te sole, gteous pat fo Isla. [316]
Soala as well as Al-Sabaab s epoted ssuace of
Ts ope evolt agast al-Qaeda ade t oe lkely popagada agast Hzbul Isla as te pay easos
tat Al-Sabaab would slowly becoe eady fo soe fo s goup s decso to leave te coalto. He added
sot of egotated etete.[317] O Febuay 23, 2012, tat s ogazato dd ot sae Al-Sabaab s poltwle Sabaab was pused out of seveal stogolds, cal plosopy, ad tat e felt te ltat goup ad
Rado Magadsu epoted tat 120 al-Qaeda leades bee cosdeably weakeed . Moall also dcated
ad followes ed fo Ksayo to Yee.[318] Aweys tat Hzbul Isla was ope to talks wt ay poltcal ac[325][326]
was appoted ltay coade of Ksayo ad te tos te couty wokg fo a coo good.
sout.[319]
By 2013, te teal fts wt Al-Sabaab eupted to
all-out wafae betwee Godae s facto ad tose of
ote leades te ogazato. I late Jue, fou seo
Sabaab coades wee executed ude te odes
of Godae. Oe of tese coades was Iba alAfga, wo ad coplaed about te leadesp style
of Godae a lette to Aya al-Zawa. Sxtee
otes wee aested, ad Aweys ed.[320] He was late
take to custody Mogadsu by Soal goveet
foces.[197] O 12 Septebe, Oa Haa, wo ad
left te goup due to sg cat dsageeets wt Godae, was klled by Al-Sabaab foces. Te Westgate
soppg all sootg Septebe was sad by So
Tsdall to be a e ecto of te powe stuggle wt te
suget goup, wt Godae s adle global jad facto seekg to exet ts autoty.[321]
9.9
Collaboration with AQIM and

Boko Haram
Accodg to U.S. Ay Geeal Cate Ha, AlSabaab, Al-Qaeda Islac Mageb (AQIM) ad te
Ngea-based Boko Haa (BH) wee as of Jue 2012
atteptg to sycoze ad coodate te actvtes
tes of sag fuds, tag ad explosves.[322]
Ha added tat e beleved tat te collaboato pe-
9.11 Bounties
I 2012, te Uted States goveet bega a ew polcy of o eg acal ewads excage fo foato as to te weeabouts of Al-Sabaab ebes.
O Jue 7, te U.S. Depatet of State put fot a offe totalg $33 llo fo te captue of seve of AlSabaab s seo coades,[327] cludg a epoted
$3 $7 llo (2-4.5 llo) pe leade.[15] $7 llo
of te total fuds wee set asde fo foato egadg
te suget goup s A o Sptual Leade, Aed
Godae (Abu Zubay), wt aote $5 llo bouty
o Al-Sabaab s Deputy Leade, Mukta Robow (Abu
Masu).[327] Addtoally, a $3 llo bouty was eseved fo te seo coade Zakaya Isal Aed
Hes.[272]
O Jue 8, Soala s Tastoal Fedeal Goveet
(TFG) eleased a o cal stateet expessg suppot
fo te tatve.[327]
I espose, seo Al-Sabaab coade Fu'ad Moaed Kalaf (Sek Sogole) ssued a ock o e of
s ow te sae day, posg 10 caels to ayoe
possessg foato o U.S. Pesdet Baack Obaa.
Sogole also ockgly o eed a less valuable bouty of
10 cocks ad 10 es fo foato coceg Aeca Secetay of State Hllay Clto.[327]
66
Dug a o cal state vst to Mogadsu, top U.S. evoy

Joe Caso dsssed Al-Sabaab s coute-o e as
absud . He also dcated tat te Aeca goveet would pose sactos o ayoe atteptg to
twat te ogog poltcal pocess, cludg vokg
vsa ad tavel bas ad feezg assets.[15]
able, wt a depedet platfo toug wc t ay

tu ssue a espose.[330] I Novebe 2011 te UN
Motog Goup epeated clas tat Etea would
suppot al-Sabaab. Te epot says tat Etea gves
US$80,000 eac ot to al-Sabaab lked dvduals
Naob.[333]
O Mac 21, 2013, te U.S. Depatet of State aouced aote bouty of $5 llo fo foato
o two Aeca seo Al-Sabaab coades, Abu
Masou al-Ak (Oa Sa k Haa) ad Jead
Sewa Mostafa.[328]
O July 5, 2012 te Obaa adstato aouced

sactos o Etea s tellgece cef ad o a gakg ltay o ce elated to allegatos of te
suppot of Al-Sabaab. Col. Tewolde Habte Negas
s accused of povdg tag ad suppot wle Col.
Taee Abaa Goto s alleged to ogaze aed
opposto to te Soala goveet. Te sactos
feeze ay of te dvdual s U.S. assets ad pobts
Aecas fo coductg busess wt te.[334] O
July 16, 2012, a Uted Natos Motog Goup epot
stated tat t ad foud o evdece of dect Etea
suppot fo al Sabaab te past yea. [335]
O Mac 15, 2014, te U.S. Depatet of State also

bega o eg boutes of up to $3 llo apece fo
foato leadg to te aest o covcto of te
Al-Sabaab seo ebes Abdkad Moaed Abdkad, Yas Klwe ad Jafa. Accodg to State Depatet o cals, Abdkad coodates Al-Sabaab s
ecutet actvtes Keya, wt Jafa actg as s
deputy; Klwe seves as Al-Sabaab s E fo te oteaste Putlad ego. Te boutes ae pat of te
9.12.2 Somaliland
Rewads fo Justce poga, wee oey s ssued
[329]
fo leads o teo suspects.
I 2010, epots sufaced lkg te secessost goveO 27 Septebe 2014, te Natoal Itellgece ad et of te otweste Soallad ego wt te IsSecuty Agecy (NISA) o eed a $2 llo ewad last extests tat ae cuetly wagg wa agast
to ay dvdual wo povdes foato leadg to te Tastoal Fedeal Goveet ad ts Afca
te aest of te ew Al-Sabaab leade, Aed Oa Uo alles. Te Iteatoal Stategc Studes AsAbu Ubeyda. Accodg to te NISA Coade socato (ISSA) publsed seveal epots sotly afAbdaa Moaed Tuyae, a sepaate $1 llo te te 2010 pesdetal electos Soallad, acwould be ewaded to ay peso wo supples foa- cusg te eclave s ewly elected pesdet Aed M.
to tat could esult te kllg of Ubeyda. Tuyae Maaoud Slayo of avg stog tes wt Islast
also pledged tat te foes dettes would be kept goups, ad suggestg tat s poltcal paty Kulye
pvate. Ts s epotedly te st te tat a Soala se- wo te electo lage pat due to suppot fo a boadcuty o cal s o eg suc lage dead-o-alve boutes based etwok of Islasts, cludg al-Sabaab.[336]
o a Al-Sabaab leade.[244]
Te ISSA also descbed D. Moaed Abd Gaboose,
Soallad s ew Iteo Mste, as a Islast wt
stog pesoal coectos wt al-Sabaab , ad pedcted tat te ltat goup would coseuetly be
9.12 Support allegations
epoweed.[337]
I Jauay 2011, Putlad accused Soallad of povdg a safe ave fo Moaed Sad Ato, a as
suggle beleved to be alled wt al-Sabaab. SoI Decebe 2009, te Uted Natos Secuty Cou- allad steuously deed te cages, callg te
cl posed sactos o Etea, accusg te Ho of a sokescee to dvet atteto fo Putlad s ow
Afca couty of ag ad povdg acal ad to actvtes.[338]
lta goups soute Soala s co ct zoes, cludg al-Sabaab.[330] Plae loads of weapos sad to Ato ad s e wee epotedly dg out ad ecevafte beg pusued
be cog fo Etea wee set to at-goveet g edcal atteto Soallad
[339]
by
Putlad
foces
late
2010.
Te Putlad Itelebels soute Soala. AU peacekeepes also ealso
claed
tat
ove
70 Soallad sollgece
Agecy
potedly captued soe Etea soldes ad psoes
des
ad
fougt
alogsde
Ato
s
ltae,
cludg
[331][332]
I 2010, te UN Iteatoal Motoof wa.
[340]
oe
kow
tellgece
o
cal
wo
ded
battle.
Sog Goup (IMG) also publsed a epot cagg te
allad
eda
epoted
Jauay
tat
Ato
s
epeseEtea goveet of cotug to o e suppot to
ebel goups soute Soala, despte te sactos tatve euested ltay assstace fo te Soallad
e deed tat Ato s lta was
aleady placed o te ato. Te Etea ads- autotes, ad tat [341]
lked
to
al-Sabaab.
tato epatcally deed te accusatos, descbg
te as cococted, baseless ad ufouded ad de- Putlad goveet docuets cla tat Ato s ladg cocete evdece to be ade publcly aval- ta wee used as poxy agets 2006. Tey accuse So-
9.12.1 Eritrea
67
9.14. REFERENCES
allad of o eg acal ad ltay assstace to [14] Bye Sklle, yvd (Mac 8, 2008). Hold dee ua AlSabaab ( Nowega). Nowega Boadcastg Codestablze Putlad ad dstact atteto fo attepts
poato. Acved fo te ogal o Mac 13, 2008.
to occupy te dsputed Sool povce.[339]
Reteved Mac 18, 2008.
9.13
See also
Al-Qaeda
9.14
References
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[2] Soala Extest Goup Naes New Leade . Assocated Pess. 6 Septebe 2014. Reteved 11 Septebe
2014.
[15] Soal Al Sabaab cael ewad fo Baack Obaa 'absud'". BBC. Reteved 12 Jue 2012.
[16] UPDATE 3-Soal goveet declaes Islast ebello defeated . Reutes. August 6, 2011. Reteved Jauay 14, 2012.
[17] Cota, Faouk (August 9, 2011). Could Soal fae
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14, 2012.
[18] page 12 (PDF). Reteved Jauay 14, 2012.
[19] Alsa Ryu (Septebe 15, 2010).
Su Mlta
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[20] Soal deal to tackle ltats . BBC News. Mac 15,
2010.
[3] ttp://www.bloobeg.co/ews/2014-09-02/
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[21] Octobe 7, 2011 (Octobe 7, 2011). A act of despeatl
to by Al-Sabaab . Soal Tk Tak. Reteved Jauay 14, 2012.
[4] BBC News - Soala s al-Sabab ltats 'deadly
feud'. Bbc.co.uk (2013-06-20). Reteved o 2013-10- [22] Wte, Stuat. Bts toops dafted to save elepats
29.
fo Al Sabaab teosts | UK | News | Daly Expess .
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[5] Jadst goups acoss globe vyg fo teo spotlgt .
[23] Afca s Wte Gold of Jad: al-Sabaab ad CoFox News. 10 July 2014. Reteved 7 Jauay 2015.
ct Ivoy - Elepat Acto League ( Itala). Elepatleague.og. 2010-07-11. Reteved 2014-01-18.
[6] Al-Sabaab jog al Qaeda, oto goup says .
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[24] Ma De Gaaf (2013-11-10). Bts toops deployed to
save Keya elepats fo llegal slaugte tade tat s
[7] Soala toops boosted as al-Sabaab gts o eteved
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[8] Jo Lee Adeso, Lette fo Mogadsu, Te Most
[25] Cata Stewat (2013-10-06). Illegal voy tade fuds
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64 abstact
Reteved 2014-01-18.
[9] ttp://www.ytes.co/2012/02/22/opo/
ad
dvsve-allace.tl?_=2&ef=alsabab
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Febuay_2012_Daly_Meda_Roudup
[10] Al-Sabaab Wtdaws Fo Hudu . SoalaRepot.
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[11] Abdsad M. Al 2008, 'Te Al-Sabaab Al-Mujad:
A po le of te st Soal teost ogasato', Isttut
f Statege Poltk Sceets ud Wtscaftsbeatug
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26, 2008.
[12] Soala s Al-Sabaab Rebels Ba Soe Ad Goups
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[13] Desgato of Al-Sabaab (Pess elease). Uted
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18, 2008.
[26] ttp://www.aljazeea.co/dept/featues/2014/03/
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tl
[27] SOMALIA: Pesdet says Godae s dead, ow s te
cace fo te ebes of al-Sabaab to ebace peace .
Raxaeeb. 5 Septebe 2014. Reteved 6 Septebe
2014.
[28] Petago Co s Deat of Soala Teo Leade .
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Septebe 2014.
[29] US co s deat of Soala teo goup leade . Assocated Pess. 5 Septebe 2014. Reteved 6 Septebe 2014.
[30] Wasgto s Self-Defeatg Soala Polcy Matt Byde, CSIS Polcy Fou
[31] Dploats stess eed fo all-clusve talks o te futue
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2007. Reteved Febuay 9, 2007.
68
[32] Al Sabaab tes to take cotol Soala . fp.og.
[33] Al-Sabaab . Natoal Couteteos Cete. Reteved 28 Mac 2013.
[34] Scaefe,, Ae; Adew Black. [tt_ews=38628 Cla
ad Co ct Soala: Al-Sabaab ad te Myt of
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Reteved 28 Mac 2013.
[35] Fed, Fed (28 Octobe 2011). A ew beed of teost
s bo . Daily Nation. Reteved 29 Mac 2013.
[36] ttp://www.uffgtopost.co/2014/09/02/
us-stke-soala__5751658.tl
[37] Top Soal ltat klled U.S. opeato, Petago
says, Mke Matez, CNN, Septebe 5, 2014
[38] Sebab s ew leade a devout, utless adle .
Agece Face-Pesse. 7 Septebe 2014. Reteved 11
Septebe 2014.
[39] ttp://www.ewadsfojustce.et/egls/aed_aw_
oaed.tl
[40] Da Abdulle Asalow (May 5, 2011). Al-Qaeda foeg opeatves doate Al-Sabaab executve coucl .
Suates. Reteved Jauay 14, 2012.
[41] Soala Islasts splte ajo ft . Up.co. Octobe 25, 2010. Reteved Jauay 14, 2012.
[42] Soala: Al Sabaab leades code eac ote publcly . allAfca.co. Decebe 18, 2010. Reteved
Jauay 14, 2012.
[43] Uted Natos Secuty Coucl Soala Repot (page
14)" (PDF). Reteved Jauay 14, 2012.
[44] Nato s ay ew battles as advace esues . Allafca.co. Novebe 17, 2011. Reteved Jauay 14,
2012.
[45] Soala: UN Evoy Vsts Mogadsu, Sucde Bobe
Was Al Sabaab . allAfca.co. May 25, 2009. Reteved Mac 17, 2010.
[46] Te Rse ad Fall of Mogadsu s Islac Couts . Ifoawold.co. Jauay 1, 1970. Reteved Jauay 14,
2012.
[47] Soala: Al-Sabaab fos Islac adstato
stategc tow . allAfca.co. May 20, 2009. Acved
fo te ogal o Apl 20, 2010. Reteved Mac 17,
2010.
[48] Soala: Notoous Islast Guella Leade Jos Al
Sabaab . allAfca.co. Febuay 1, 2010. Acved
fo te ogal o Febuay 6, 2010. Reteved Mac
17, 2010.
[49] Secuty Coucl Cottee o Soala ad Etea Issues Lst of Idvduals . Acved fo te ogal o
Jue 28, 2011. Reteved May 21, 2011.
[50] Iba, Moaed (August 9, 2010). Goveet
foces gt ltats oteast Soala . New York
Times. Acved fo te ogal o August 9, 2010.
Reteved August 10, 2010.

[51] Al-Qaeda foeg opeatves doate Al-Sabaab executve coucl . Reteved May 5, 2011.
[52] U.S. co s doe stke klled al Sabaab leade Soala . Reuters. 31 Decebe 2014. Reteved 1 Jauay
2015.
[53] Te se of te Sabab Te Ecoost Dec 18t 2008 .
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2010.
[54] Sucde bobs kll 22 ote Soala, UN t
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[56] Egypt ad te Hydo-Poltcs of te Blue Nle Rve .
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[59] Hoowtz, Alaa (July 27, 2011). Al Qaeda Goup Al
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[60] Sctt, Ec (Jue 6, 2010). Al Sabab Recuts Aecas fo Soal Cvl Wa . The New York Times. Reteved Jue 9, 2010.
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69
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[98] Asley
Jackso
ad
Abd
Ayte,
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wt
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ces,
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70
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2009.
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Guada
21, 2009
[112] Dsbaded Mltat Yout Goup Soala Suppot Al[131] Soal slasts focbly eove teet August 11, 2009
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Souce: Reutes
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[133]
[114] Soal extests post vdeo wag to peacekeepes .
[134] Leaps ad Bouds: Te Rapd Developet of Haakat
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al-Sabab al-Mujadee s Meda, Septebe 21, 2009 .
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[115] Soala: New goup clas Mogadsu attacks . soMac 17, 2010.
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SoalaRepot. 2012-02-22. Reteved 2012-07-07.
[320] Mugsa, Rcad (8 Septebe 2013). Ugada: Is AlSabab Dstegatg?". allAfca.co. Reteved 23
Septebe 2013.
[321] Tsdall, So (22 Septebe 2013). Keya attack
s poduct of butal powe stuggle wt al-Sabaab .
Guardian. Reteved 23 Septebe 2013.
[301] Guled, Abd (Octobe 21, 2011). AU: Soal ltats [322] Afca Teost Goups Statg to Coopeate, U.S.
'dessed up' bodes fo stut . Assocated Pess. ReSays . Bloomberg. 25 Jue 2012.
[323] Al-Qaeda, Boko Haa, ad Al-Sabaab 'ege'". Hur[302] Ndegwa, Alex (Novebe 17, 2011). Al Sabaab s poriyet Daily News. 26 Jue 2012.
pagada wa . The Standard. Reteved Novebe 20,
2011.
[324] Fox ews: Soal extest leade teates US, Keya,
Ugada wt oe attacks May 22, 2014
[303] Oloya, Opyo (August 16, 2011). Ugada: Al-Sabaab
Pogpagada Ca t Cage te Tut O te Goud . al- [325] Soala: Hzbul Isla goup wtdaws allegace, says
'Al Sabaab s weakeed'". Garowe Online. 25 Septebe
lAfrica.com. Reteved Novebe 20, 2011.
[304] Makoka, Kwacets. Nato Teaces te Sabaab
a Tg o Two About Fgtg a Pope Wa . al- [326] Hzbul Isla splts wt al-Sabaab . Sabahi. 24
lAfca.co. Reteved Novebe 10, 2011.
Soala s Al[305] Al-Sabaab teates to attack Keya . AlJazeea. Oc- [327] Kalf, Abdulkad (11 Jue 2012).
Sabaab o e 10 caels fo Obaa s 'captue'". Africa
tobe 17, 2011. Reteved Octobe 17, 2011.
Review. Reteved 12 Jue 2012.
[306] McCoell, Tsta (Febuay 10, 2012). Al Sabaab
[328] Joselow, Gabe (21 Mac 2013). US Posts Bouty o
ad Al Qaeda co-poduce vdeo . Global Post.
Aeca Mltats Soala . VOA. Reteved 22
[307] Wee te Wold s Sek Aweys?". SoalaRepot.
Mac 2013.
1 Febuay 2012. Reteved 2012-07-07.
[329] US o es $3 llo boutes fo 3 Soal extests
lked to al-Qada . Garowe Online. 15 Mac 2014. Re[308]
teved 16 Mac 2014.
[309]
[330] Etea ejects U.N. epot t backs Soal ebels .
[310] Dozes of Yee toops de clases wt al-Qaeda .
Reutes. Mac 16, 2010. Reteved Febuay 9, 2011.
Bbc.co.uk. Mac 5, 2012.
[331] Cowell, Susa (July 29, 2009). AU, Soala ad UN
[311] Soal leade vows to clease couty of Al-Qaeda"".
accuse Etea of aed sabab . Reutes. Reteved
MMegi online.
Mac 17, 2010.
[312] YouGov Opo Poll acoss MENA ego egadg al- [332] Etea psoes of wa te custody of AU"". ISabaab & al-Qaeda ege . 17 Apl 2012. Reteved
depedet.co.ug. July 21, 2009. Reteved Jauay 14,
2008-05-15.
2012.
[313] Al-Sabaab to Cage Nae to Iaaa Islaya . So- [333] Etea dees sedg as to al-Sabab . Al Jazeea.
alaRepot. 5 Decebe 2011. Reteved 2012-07-07.
Novebe 2, 2011. Reteved Novebe 4, 2011.
76
[334] US ts 2 Etea ay o ces wt sactos fo suppotg adcal Soal Islasts . The Washington Post.
Assocated Pess. 2012-07-05. Reteved July 6, 2012.
[335] Etea educes suppot fo al Sabaab - U.N. epot .
Reutes. July 16, 2012. Reteved July 16, 2012.
[336] Ho, Red Sea Baces fo Istablty as Soallad
Moves Towad Islast Reu cato Wt Soala .
Olpce.co. July 14, 2010. Reteved Jauay 14, 2012.
[337] Soallad Pedctos Beag Out: al-Sabaab Teost Goup Epoweed; Etopa May React . Olpce.co. July 30, 2010. Reteved Jauay 14, 2012.
[338] Soallad says Sabaab tes cla a sokescee . soalladpess.co.
[339] Gaowe Ole . Gaowe Ole. Octobe 23, 2010.
[340] Gaowe Ole . Gaowe Ole. Novebe 9, 2010.
[341] Gaowe Ole . Gaowe Ole. Jauay 6, 2011. Reteved Jauay 14, 2012.
9.15
External links
Ryu, A. 2007, 'Soal goveet calls fo peacekeepes , Voice of America News, Febuay 13.
Walke, R. 2008, 'Meetg Soala s Islast sugets , BBC News, Apl 28. Reteved o Jue 8,
2008. (Itevew wt Al Sabaab ebe.)
sog by Al Fst Stop Adds o YouTube
Sabaab ebe Oa Haa/Abu Masoo
Al-Ak
Elepat Acto League (EAL), 2012, Afca s
Wte Gold of Jad: al-Sabaab ad Co ct Ivoy
Al-Sabaab: How Geat a Teat?: Heag befoe
te Cottee o Foeg A as, House of Repesetatves, Oe Huded Tteet Cogess, Fst
Sesso, Octobe 3, 2013
Chapter 10
Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia

Te Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia (ARS)
s a Islast ogazato based te Ho of Afca.
It was ceated Septebe 2007, we ebes of te
Islac Couts Uo ad Soal opposto leades et
Asaa, te captal of Etea, ad uted to oppose
Soala's Tastoal Fedeal Goveet (TFG) ad
te latte s Etopa alles. Te goup was actve utl
Jauay 2009, we ARS ebes wee foally copoated to te TFG palaet followg a peace ageeet.
10.1
Prole
Te ARS was foed 2007 afte ougly 400 delegates, cludg foe Islac Couts Uo Sua
caa Sek Hassa Da Aweys, ICU Executve
caa Saf Sek Aad, foe TFG Speake of
Palaet Saf Hassa Sek Ade, ad te foe
TFG Deputy Pe Mste Husse Moaed Faa,
appoved a costtuto ad cetal cottee. It aed
to eove te Etopa-backed goveet toug ete egotato o foce.
Te Allace ad a 191-ebe Cetal Cottee
caed by Saf Hassa Sek Ade, ad a 10 ebe
Executve Cottee caed by Saf Sek Aad.
Foe ICU leade Sek Hassa Da Aweys explctly
stated e dd ot old ay foal posto te Allace.
Islasts eld 45% of te seats, ex-MPs 25%, ad te est
of te ogazato s seats wee eld by epesetatves of
te daspoa ad cvl socety.[1]
I May 2008, te Allace su eed teal splts ad gtg betwee ts oe adcal ad odeate Islast
ebes ove oldg peace talks wt te o cal Soala goveet.[2]
10.2
Natos Specal Evoy to Soala, Aedou OuldAbdalla. Te cofeece eded wt te aouceet o Jue 9, 2008 tat tey ad sged a 11-pot
peace ageeet pavg te way fo te cessato of all
aed cofotato acoss Soala. Te peace ageeet called fo a 90-day cease e ad set a wtdawal
tetable fo te Etopa toops potectg te TFG.
Accodg to te ageeet, te two sdes ageed to teate all acts of aed cofotato ad to euest
te Uted Natos...to autoze ad deploy a teatoal stablzato foce fo coutes tat ae feds of
Soala excludg te egbog coutes. Te peace
pact also called fo te wtdawal of Etopa toops
peset Soala wt a peod of 120 days of te
sgg of ts ageeet. Bot Soal Pe Mste
Nu Hassa Husse ad ARS Caa Sek Saf
Sek Aad welcoed te peace ageeet as a stoc oppotuty to ed Soala s log co ct. Howeve, ICU leade Sek Hassa Da Aweys ejected
te ageeet, agug tat o oe autozed te ARS
delegates to patcpate at te Djbout cofeece.[3]
10.3 References
[1] BBC NEWS - Afca - Soal sugets attack polce .
News.bbc.co.uk. Reteved 15 Octobe 2014.
[2] Soal Opposto Splts Ad Co ct . Voaews.co.
Reteved 15 Octobe 2014.
[3]
10.4 External links
The Djibouti peace agreement
Betwee May 31 ad Jue 9, 2008, epesetatves of

Soala s Tastoal Fedeal Goveet ad te Allace fo te Re-lbeato of Soala patcpated
a peace cofeece Djbout edated by te Uted
77
New Soal allace teates wa (BBC)
Chapter 11
Ras Kamboni Brigades

Te Ras Kamboni Brigades also kow as te
Ras Kamboni Brigade, Muaskar Ras Kamboni o
Mu'askar Ras Kamboni was a Islast suget
goup actve Soala (ostly te Jubbalads), wc
took pat te at-Etopa sugecy ad late
te sugecy agast te ew Tastoal Fedeal Goveet of Sek Saf Aed. It was fouded by
Hassa Abdulla Hes al-Tuk, wo was a coade of te Islac Couts Uo ad te coade of
ts pedecesso Itaad al Islaya.[2] I Jauay 2009,
afte te Etopa wtdawal tey eged wt te
Asaa-based wg of te Allace fo te Re-lbeato
of Soala, led by Sek Hassa Da Aweys, Jabatul
Islaya ( Islac Fot ), led by Sek Moaed
Iba Hayle ad Muaska Aole ( Aole Scool )
to fo Hzbul Isla ad cotue te wa agast te
TFG.[3] Dug te 2009 Battle of Mogadsu, wee
Hzbul Isla took pat, Hassa Tuk led a goup of gtes fo te Ras Kabo Bgade fo Ksayo to
Mogadsu as efoceets, to jo te battle.[4]
I Febuay 2010, te goup left Hzbul Isla ad joed
Haakat al-Sabaab Mujaedee.[5] Afte Sek Hassa al-Tukey joed al-Sabaab, defectg coade
Sek Aed Moaed Isla Madobe left te ogasato to fo s ow at-al-Sabaab lta, te
Raskabo oveet.
11.1
References
[1] Sabaab absobs soute Islast goup, splts Hzbul

Isla . Logwajoual.og. Reteved 15 Octobe 2014.
[2]
[3] Soala: Islast Goups Mege to Fgt Sek Saf .
Allafca.co. Reteved 15 Octobe 2014.
[4] Soala: Al Sabaab Regsteg 'Jad Recuts ". Allafca.co. Reteved 15 Octobe 2014.
[5] Soala: Notoous Islast Guella Leade Jos Al
Sabaab . Allafca.co. Reteved 15 Octobe 2014.
78
Chapter 12
Muaskar Anole
Muaskar Anole (Aole Scool) also kow as Anoole,
Caanole, Mu'askar Anole, Mucaskarka Caanoole,
Caanoole Mu'askar, Mucaskarka al-Furqan, alFurqan Camp o al-Furqan Forces[3] was a Islast
lta Soala. Te goup patcpated te 20062009 sugecy agast Etopa ad Jauay 2009
eged wt te Asaa based wg of te Allace fo
te Re-lbeato of Soala, led by Sek Hassa Da
Aweys, te Ras Kabo Bgade, led by Sek Hassa Abdulla Hes al-Tuk ad Jabatul Islaya to
fo Hzbul Isla wc becae te secod ost poweful suget goup (afte al-Sabaab) Soala wc
cotued gtg te TFG ad AMISOM peacekeepes, afte Etopa wtdawal. Lttle s kow about
te goup.[4]
O 21 Apl 2009, Aole ad te Ras Kabo bgades
fougt eac ote a vllage called Abdalla Bole, wc
les 40 k west of Ksayo. Ts appeed afte Aole
gtes vaded a vllage called Bulo Haj, wle Ras
Kabo Bgade gtes aved Abdalla Bole ad
tey clased. Te stuato te two vllages was sad to
be tese, 4 people wee klled ad 7 jued dug te
gtg.[5]
12.1
References
[1]
[2] Lette dated 10 Mac 2010 fo te Caa of te
Secuty Coucl Cottee pusuat to esolutos 751
(1992) ad 1907 (2009) coceg Soala ad Etea
addessed to te Pesdet of te Secuty Coucl . Soaltalkado.co. Reteved 15 Octobe 2014.
[3]
[4] Soala: Islasts Wat to Keep Fgtg Agast te
New Goveet . Allafca.co. Reteved 15 Octobe
2014.
[5] Soala: Fgtg Betwee Islast Factos Kll Fou
People . Allafca.co. Reteved 15 Octobe 2014.
79
80
CHAPTER 12. MUASKAR ANOLE
12.2
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LgtadDak2000, Cales Esse, Kbog, Jackja5, AWDasy, Ceabot, Zoba, Luga2453, 3456dtt, Ncolasejoso, Lssup,
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Dave.Dufod, Skycycle, Axea89, Wooooktty, Zg, Etealsleepe, Toussat, Stefaooe, Rjwls, Mayuasu, T!, Koavf,
Jwess11, Mck gold, Eyu100, Buce1ee, MZMcBde, Fuyat, Rk, Belsuae, DVd, Bgwte, Toe, EaoPKeae, Vuva1,
Hay Dude, CabdgeBayWeate, Dysoodepas, Coplae, Ocwa, Paul Magusse, Mapsto86, Tdu, Jos3580, Xaxafad, Caley, BogQuee, DoSt, Nck-D, Tue Paga Wao, SackBot, IveseHypecube, Eagleswgs, Glla, AdewRT,
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Cydebot, AoldPlato, Sea.oylad, Rockya88, Oega933, Yobot, Metalead94, LlHelpa, Badsaws1, Sc32977, Sayeslle,
HCPUNXKID, Lotje, GegKaye, Jo of Readg, Weet, ClueBot NG, Not Atlatcst Usoa, KLBot2, BG19bot, Rglo, Gazktul, Ncolasejoso, Mkeob95, Moat, Decape, TeBlackBadge, Gaafuzz ad Aoyous: 8
Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa Source: ttp://e.wkpeda.og/wk/Moveet%20fo%20Oeess%20ad%
20Jad%20%20West%20Afca?oldd=642544853 Contributors: Stefaooe, Mebe, Buce Hall, Has, Geoge Ho, Dl2000,
Cydebot, Meo25, Epee ece, Ecodes, Kelapstck, G8opoate, Sfa00 IMG, EoGuy, Ratsa26X, Tey J. Cate, Addbot, Laas, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Wkpeda Pegu, AoeBOT, Xbot, AbgalAbeaty, HCPUNXKID, GegKaye, Medzball, RjwlsBot, EausBot, Jo of Readg, Weet, ZoBot, Mcc44, EkoGaf, Skeptod60, Davd O. Joso, Mou2jjel, RJFF, Twllsj,
Jokkokks-Goa, Mod. Touk Had, BG19bot, Dzlke, Has59, BattyBot, Gazktul, Kaza2, Egey, Skuka3118, So,
Cales Esse, Makecat-bot, Zoba, Bowe55, Ncolasejoso, GabeIglesa, Jyasaay, Cspulop, TeMasto, Fusetop,
Qaa, Dakleox, Seafoawte ad Aoyous: 13
Al-Mourabitoun (jihadist group) Source: ttp://e.wkpeda.og/wk/Al-Mouabtou%20(jadst%20goup)?oldd=642544219
Contributors: GCaty, EaoPKeae, RoaSpa, Fluppy, Cydebot, ScebeBke, Laas, GegKaye, Weet, Oa-toos, Davd
O. Joso, Mou2jjel, Gazktul ad Aoyous: 1
Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia) Source: ttp://e.wkpeda.og/wk/Asa%20al-Saa%20(Tusa)?oldd=642544319 Contributors:
BD2412, Bgwte, Cydebot, Elodo21st, Mouou82, Yobot, AoeBOT, J1138, HCPUNXKID, Redose64, Tappst te ok,
GegKaye, Mouat14, Udelyg lk, Davd O. Joso, Twllsj, BG19bot, LoeWolf1992, Tggeppe4, Gazktul, CsGualte,
LgtadDak2000, Cales Esse, Alexsoca, DkvVelduze ad Aoyous: 8
Jabhatul Islamiya Source: ttp://e.wkpeda.og/wk/Jabatul%20Islaya?oldd=642544719 Contributors: Stefaooe, SackBot,
Ocofucus, Cydebot, CoosDelke, Keasa, EoGuy, LlHelpa, SpokBot, Wat was ts guy eatg?, CsGualte, Cales
Esse ad AcdSow
Al-Shabaab (militant group) Source: ttp://e.wkpeda.og/wk/Al-Sabaab%20(ltat%20goup)?oldd=643085948 Contributors:
Ree, Edwad, Llywc, Dakwd,
, Patyeka, WspeToMe, Calossuaez46, Nug, Babbage, Musoo, PBP,
Zgge, Gyofog, Pga002, Adycjp, PFHLa, Wllst, Klee Kocjacc, O'Dea, Dscospste, Dbaca, Bede235, Ga edata, Igoa, Seucj, Geo Swa, Wttcell, BayaTee, Zooouse, Wooooktty, Dael Case, PatGallace, Eke, Stefaooe,
Jwoodge, Rjwls, T!, Koavf, Jwess11, Bkss, FlaBot, Jtaylov, Cobot, Atuse, Bgwte, EaoPKeae, Wavelegt, CabdgeBayWeate, Wels, Fuous Stoage, Bdell555, Tadpole256, Malekaf, De Adstado Ipeo, Adja, SackBot,
Slae, Petecoless, Nckst, Ktetsubu alo, Kudzu1, Skzzk, Cs te spelle, AdewRT, Jpg1966, Baoet, Metallugst, Rbuke,
Wz9999, Cybecoba, Kevla67, Deek R Bullaoe, ByaG, DMacks, Ocofucus, DavdGC, JosuaZ, Mdgtblueowl, Fluppy, Adwsc, Estoy, Yopeso, Cydebot, Clabu, Belleopo5685, Csta75, P3832, Nck Nube, Escabot, Maokwtz, Rdav404,
Yellowdesk, 26oo, Exeda, HazoHatto, Epee ece, TAtoy, VoABot II, JaesBWatso, Nytted, JaGa, Adaa, CoosDelke, Caoc, Adadaley, Fulletal2887, Necoace44, Tagus, Jack248, Bcology, Peafost, VolkovBot, Neodyu-142,
Al etucke, BoogaLoue, DoosAja, TXKBoT, Abtb, Matewbock, AoadeDake, Mapya, Falco8765, Keasa, DatBotto, Psobeak12345, Socology, Baccell, Desaoa, MADHD, ClueBot, Te Tg Tat Sould Not Be, EoGuy, Podzek,
Supetouc, Faolf, Mld Bll Hccup, Jagello, U5K0, Pakwells, RafaAzevedo, Rpp, Eledeel, Autof6, SauelTeGost, Excal,
Jusdafax, Muades, Su Ceato, Dyestubull, Caeacdale, C628, Tgg, Jelly s dave, Vceduod, Loacet, Ek Coell,
XLkBot, MystBot, MattewVatas, Addbot, Fyael, Lado1980, Hatta393, Elodo21st, Feldday-suday, Mooseadley, Ada
1001, Cst17, LaakoBot, CasacBot, Aust.eyasz, Nckds09, Laas, Lgtbot, Jable, Abtaly0, Aaocck, Be Be, Mddayexpess, Luckas-bot, TeSuave, AadaaS, Yobot, Faggle81, Lbs, Aobot, Jalal0, Agae, AoeBOT, Wkedtooftoday,
J1138, Mstaya, Tucox, Dcttsp, Maudas, Matealscetst, Ctato bot, Xbot, Hstocst, Ngt w, Noel baa, JVC3,
Pot calbus, Julle, Styleboadsde, GoucoBot, JaDeFetse, Abce2, Eyob07, Opaedsta, SassoBot, Syee2009, Aauy, Cyfaw,
Sadowjas, Pezbo, Yellowweasel, Suv1v4l1st, D'oBot, Haeous, Gottes, I, Itellgetsu, Yota, Cales Rcadso, 10ete, CeeKeega, Abs1000, T1357, TobeBot, , Lotje, GegKaye, Dak-bot, ToulouseTouses, GGT, Aodaus, Udelyg lk, Ad4094, Tbotc, Rya.opel, ADL Suppote, Quee, RjwlsBot, Mscoceptos2, Salvo gulao, DASHBot, CaadaPegu, EausBot, Jo of Readg, Kaasaaty, Dolescu, WktavBot, ScottyBeg, Dewtec, GogBatty, USA Flgt 621,
DCta, Stocase89, ZoBot, Lateg, Ma4d, H3llBot, SpokBot, Soeoe65, Fyaako, , Toso Yaaguc, Salsbystas, Rakuted14, Cutaee, Gay Dee, ClueBot NG, Spyx098, Gaet G t-Joes, Coppe butto, Sklla1st, Je Sog, Pete Felx St,
Davd O. Joso, YuMaNuMa, Abas64, Twllsj, Patapsco913, Rueelet, Wd, Mod. Touk Had, Delveews, Haza-o,
Not Atlatcst Usoa, Rcad18, Helpful Pxe Bot, Alkoos, Bloodago, Au S Al-Kuda, BG19bot, Bot3skfjs, Moaed
CJ, Muxaadk, Fze, AvocatoBot, Daouet, Teduck0122, Duaeladejo, Copfeak7, R1271, Wacc, Teso, Muwwad,
Redoa75, DebaYakUK, Pecepto C5, CAWyle, Ascet11, Collgwood26, Abgloe91, Deabeave, Sa9127, BattyBot, Heos,
Hgyux, Stoewates, Gazktul, CsGualte, YFdy-bot, Caeo1312, Iaveeoy, JRBaldauf, MadGuy7023, LgtadDak2000,
WsdoSee, Cales Esse, Mogs, Jackja5, Toy Pball, UNOweNYC, Jaesx12345, Wol ukas, Ruby Muay, Nues,
B00b1234, AbustBot, 1ST7, AcdSow, Caoleuj, Acoolbeveage, Wawale, Felxo7, Lz, Lgtsles, Helwga, ODIjpose,
Scopobaage, Vetcog utulze, Uayyadbo, DavdHesWalke, ElasMatM, Kopeso012, Nu103, Kokobeg10000, Supekaocks, HofbauRudy, StaMa87, WpegLo, Blzzo, ZakaZee ad Aoyous: 320
82
Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia Source: ttp://e.wkpeda.og/wk/Allace%20fo%20te%20Re-lbeato%20of%

20Soala?oldd=629741511 Contributors: Igoa, Ngtstallo, Pasats, Pete G Wee, De Adstado Ipeo, AdewRT,
Wz9999, Deek R Bullaoe, Rgadou, Jo elo , Joy1963, Keasa, AllebogoBot, U e, PxelBot, DuZBoT, SlvoeBot,
Good Olfactoy, Addbot, LaakoBot, Mddayexpess, Yobot, Agae, LuceBOT, DlBot, Mosweto, SpokBot, Wat was ts guy
eatg?, Catleu, Mak Aste, Cales Esse ad Aoyous: 6
Ras Kamboni Brigades Source: ttp://e.wkpeda.og/wk/Ras%20Kabo%20Bgades?oldd=629748597 Contributors: Stefaooe, SackBot, Wz9999, Deek R Bullaoe, Ocofucus, Adwsc, Cydebot, CoosDelke, Sgalead, Keasa,
Ulc1313, , Jo of Readg, SpokBot, Wat was ts guy eatg?, Catleu, Cales Esse, AcdSow ad Aoyous: 1
Muaskar Anole Source: ttp://e.wkpeda.og/wk/Muaska%20Aole?oldd=642544858 Contributors: Rpyle731, Rc Faboug,
Stefaooe, SackBot, Deek R Bullaoe, Ocofucus, Adwsc, Cydebot, CoosDelke, Keasa, Spazue, MattewVatas, GegKaye, SpokBot, Wat was ts guy eatg?, Catleu, Cales Esse ad AcdSow
12.2.2 Images
File:AQMI_Flag.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: Ow wok Original artist: Yo
File:AQMI_logo.png Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/e/0/0b/AQMI_logo.pg License: Fa use Contributors:
ttp://www.exae.co/atcle/algea-tel-sevce-al-aeda-plag-wave-of-kdappgs-of-westees Original artist: ?
File:Abubakar_Shekau_octobre_2014.jpg Source:
ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/b/be/Abubaka_Sekau_
octobe_2014.jpg License: Publc doa Contributors: VOA Original artist: VOA
File:Africa_satellite_orthographic.jpg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/e/2/21/Afca_satellte_otogapc.jpg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Al-Qaida_au_Maghreb_Islamique_combattants.png Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/4/4a/Al-Qada_
au_Mageb_Islaue_cobattats.pg License: Publc doa Contributors: VOA Fec, ttp://www.lavoxdelaeue.co/cotet/
des-ssles-et-des-ouettes-sass-das-le-sud-de-lalg%C3%A9e-/1860445.tl Original artist: VOA (co ed by te VOA bug
te coe)
File:Allah-green.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/4/4e/Alla-gee.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: Coveted to SVG fo Iage:Isla.pg, ogally fo e:Iage:Ift32.gf, uploaded to te Egls Wkpeda by M100pecet o
4 Febuay 2003. Ogally descbed as Coped fo Publc Doa atwok . Original artist: ?
File:Ambox_current_red.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/9/98/Abox_cuet_ed.svg License: CC0
Contributors: self-ade, sped by Goe globe cuet evet.svg, usg Ifoato co3.svg ad Eat clp at.svg Original artist:
Vpesake151, peubag, Tkgd2007 (clock)
File:Ambox_important.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/b/b4/Abox_potat.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: Ow wok, based o of Iage:Abox scales.svg Original artist: Dsuat (talk cotbs)
File:Ansar_al-Sharia_Tunisia_Logo.jpg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/e/5/54/Asa_al-Saa_Tusa_Logo.jpg
License: Fa use Contributors: Logo ca be see o te goup s Facebook page - ttp://www.facebook.co/pages/%D8%A3%D9%86%
D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%91%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%AA%
D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3/384445241626362 Original artist: ?
File:Attentat_Nyanya_VOA2.jpg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/b/b5/Attetat_Nyaya_VOA2.jpg License:
Publc doa Contributors: VOA Original artist: VOA
File:Chibok_kidnapping_destruction_VOA.jpg
Source:
ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/4/42/Cbok_
kdappg_destucto_VOA.jpg License: Publc doa Contributors: ttp://www.lavoxdelaeue.co/eda/potogalley/
otua-akaata-sakadae-a-cboka-dauka-21-ga-aflu-2014/1899611.tl?z=0&zp=1 Original artist: Yao Dauda
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/e/4/4a/Coos-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Edit-clear.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/e/f/f2/Edt-clea.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: Te
Tango Desktop Project. Original artist:
Te people fo te Tago! poject. Ad accodg to te eta-data te le, spec cally: Adeas Nlsso, ad Jakub Stee (altoug
ally).
File:Flag-map_of_Somalia.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/a/a5/Flag-ap_of_Soala.svg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Ow wok Original artist: Dawek
File:Flag_African_Union.jpg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/5/5f/Flag_Afca_Uo.jpg License: CC BY
3.0 Contributors: Ow wok Original artist: Delco
File:Flag_of_Ahlu_Sunnah_Waljamaca.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/2/22/Flag_of_Alu_Sua_
Waljaaca.svg License: Publc doa Contributors:
Flag_of_Alu_Sua_Waljaaca.pg Original artist: Flag_of_Alu_Sua_Waljaaca.pg: Igoa
File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/7/77/Flag_of_Algea.svg License: Publc doa
Contributors: SVG pleetato of te 63-145 Algea law "on Characteristics of the Algerian national emblem" ("Caactstues du
Dapeau Alge", Egls). Original artist: Ts gapc was ogaly daw by Use:SKopp.
File:Flag_of_Ansaru.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/9/93/Flag_of_Asau.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Ow wok, based o age ee Original artist: AoldPlato
File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/e/b/b9/Flag_of_Austala.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
83
File:Flag_of_Benin.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/0/0a/Flag_of_Be.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: Ow wok Original artist: Daw by Use:SKopp, ewtte by Use:Gabbe
File:Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/3/31/Flag_of_Buka_Faso.svg License:
Publc doa Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Cameroon.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/4/4f/Flag_of_Caeoo.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: Daw by Use:SKopp Original artist: (of code) cs:Use:-xf File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/e/c/cf/Flag_of_Caada.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Caucasian_Emirate.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/1/19/Flag_of_Caucasa_Eate.svg
License: Publc doa Contributors: Vectozato: Ow wok Original artist: AoldPlato
File:Flag_of_Chad.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/4/4b/Flag_of_Cad.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: Quelle Foto: ttp://www.cwflags.co/fotw/flags/td.tl Original artist: SKopp & otes (see upload log)
File:Flag_of_Djibouti.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/3/34/Flag_of_Djbout.svg License: CC0 Contributors: Fo te Ope Clp At webste. Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/7/71/Flag_of_Etopa.svg License: Publc doa
Contributors: ttp://www.etopa.et/type/Aac/ope/blls/1998/654.ae..pdf Original artist: Daw by Use:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1996-2009).svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/b/bb/Flag_of_Etopa_%281996%
29.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: take fo te le stoy of Flag_of_Etopa.svg Original artist: Daw by SKopp, spl ed
by Fboacc
File:Flag_of_Europe.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/b/b7/Flag_of_Euope.svg License: Publc doa
Contributors:
Fle based o te spec cato gve at [1]. Original artist: Use:Vedy p, Use:-x -, Use:Paddu, Use:Ngtstallo, Use:Fuakos,
Use:Jeltz, Use:Dbebe, Use:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/e/c/c3/Flag_of_Face.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Jabhat_al-Nusra.jpg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/a/a4/Flag_of_Jabat_al-Nusa.jpg License: Publc doa Contributors: Ow wok Original artist:
File:Flag_of_Jihad.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/3/30/Flag_of_Jad.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: Ukow Original artist: Ukow
File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/4/49/Flag_of_Keya.svg License: Publc doa
Contributors: ttp://www.keyacves.go.ke/flag_specfcatos.t Original artist: Use:Pubaa80
File:Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/d/d7/Flag_of_Laska-e-Taba.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Ow wok Original artist: AoldPlato
File:Flag_of_Libya.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/0/05/Flag_of_Lbya.svg License: Publc doa
Contributors: Fle:Flag of Lbya (1951).svg Original artist: Te souce code of ts SVG s <a data-x-el='ofollow' class='exteal text'
ef='ttp://valdato.w3.og/ceck?u=ttp%3A%2F%2Fcoos.wkeda.og%2Fwk%2FSpecal%3AFlepat%2FFlag_of_
Lbya.svg,<spa>,&,</spa>,ss=1'>vald</a>.
File:Flag_of_Mali.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/9/92/Flag_of_Mal.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Mauritania.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/4/43/Flag_of_Mautaa.svg License: Publc
doa Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Morocco.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/2/2c/Flag_of_Moocco.svg License: Publc doa
Contributors: adala.justce.gov.a (A) Original artist: Deelso83, Zscout370
File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealad.svg License:
Publc doa Contributors: ttp://www.c.govt.z/fles/NZ%20Flag%20-%20popotos.JPG Original artist: Zscout370, Hug Jass
ad ay otes
File:Flag_of_Niger.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/f/f4/Flag_of_Nge.svg License: Publc doa Contributors:
Te but oage colo te top bad ad ccle s Patoe(166), .e. RGB(224,82,6) = #E05206 o sRGB CRT scee, o
CMYK(0,65%,100%,0) fo pocess coated pt, BUT NOT lgt oage #FF7000 wc s soewee betwee Patoe(130C) ad Patoe(151), ad s eve lgte ta X11 oage! See ttp://www.seocosultats.co/css/colos/coveso/100/ Te cetal wte bad s
pla D65 efeece wte = RGB(255,255,255) = #FFFFFF.
Original artist: Made by: Plppe Vedy Use:vedy_p, see also f:Utlsateu:vedy_p.
File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/7/79/Flag_of_Ngea.svg License: Publc doa
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Norway.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/d/d9/Flag_of_Noway.svg License: Publc doa
Contributors: Ow wok Original artist: Dbebe
File:Flag_of_Puntland.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/7/7a/Flag_of_Putlad.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: Fle:Flag of Putlad.pg by J. Patck Fsce Original artist: Ow wok
File:Flag_of_Senegal.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/f/fd/Flag_of_Seegal.svg License: Publc doa
Contributors: Ogal upload fo Opeclpat : Seegal. Howeve, te cuet souce code fo ts SVG le as alost otg
coo wt te ogal upload. Original artist: Ogal upload by Ngtstallo
84
File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/4/48/Flag_of_Sgapoe.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: Te dawg was based fo ttp://app.www.sg/wo/42/Natoal-Flag.aspx. Colos fo te book: (2001). The
National Symbols Kit. Singapore: Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. pp. 5. ISBN 8880968010 Patoe 032 sade fo
ttp://www.patoe.co/pages/patoe/colofde.aspx?c_d=13050 Original artist: Vaous
File:Flag_of_Somalia.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/a/a0/Flag_of_Soala.svg License: Publc doa
Contributors: see below Original artist: see upload stoy
File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/e/9/9a/Flag_of_Spa.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Taliban.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/2/24/Flag_of_Talba.svg License: Publc doa
Contributors: Te text s te Saada; copae Iage:Flag of Jad.svg, Iage:Haas ag2.pg, Iage:Flag of Saud Aaba.svg Original
artist: Based o Talba ag (Flag of Afgasta 1997-2001) at FOTW (stead of dect copy of text fo Saud Aaba ag).
File:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/c/ce/Flag_of_Tusa.svg License: Publc doa
Contributors: ttp://www.w3.og/ Original artist: etaeu: BEN KHALIFA WISSAM
File:Flag_of_Turkistan_Islamic_Party.svg Source:
ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/b/b7/Flag_of_Tuksta_
Islac_Paty.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Ow wok Original artist: MPegu20. Based o ag by Gazktul see ee.
File:Flag_of_Uganda.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/4/4e/Flag_of_Ugada.svg License: CC0 Contributors: Fo te Ope ClpAt Lbay webste. Original artist: tobas
File:Flag_of_al-Qaeda.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/3/30/Flag_of_Jad.svg License: Publc doa
Contributors: Ukow Original artist: Ukow
File:Flag_of_the_Islamic_Courts_Union.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/2/2e/Flag_of_te_Islac_
Couts_Uo.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: Reaed veso of Iage:Icu ag.svg Original artist: ogally uploaded
Use:Igoa
File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Source: ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/2/20/Flag_of_te_Netelads.svg License: Publc doa Contributors: Ow wok Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_Somali_Police_Force.gif Source:
ttp://upload.wkeda.og/wkpeda/coos/7/78/Flag_of_te_Soal_
Polce_Foce.gf License: Publc doa Contributors: Ow wok Original artist: Jolle
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ANONINTEL

Islac Extests ad Mltat Goups

Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002present)

Tele ad ode of evets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ed of te Algea cvl wa ad tal ltat actvtes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb

As Sala st Goup fo Peacg ad Cobat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

As al-Qaeda te Islac Mageb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Boko Haa foudg ad ealy yeas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Leades, stuctue ad ebes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tes to ote desgated teost goups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Respose by Ngea autotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Desgato as a teost ogazato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Uted States esposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Afca Coalto foce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fec ad Bts assstace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.10 Exteal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa

Captue ad sezue of Gao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Al-Mourabitoun (jihadist group)

Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia)

Desgato as a teost ogazato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Al-Shabaab (militant group)

Collaboato wt AQIM ad Boko Haa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.10 Splt wt Hzbul Isla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.12 Suppot allegatos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.13 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.15 Exteal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10 Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia

10.4 Exteal lks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11 Ras Kamboni Brigades

12.2 Text ad age souces, cotbutos, ad lceses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.2.3 Cotet lcese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002present)

of State, ad slaly classed as a teost ogazato

Algea ad ote Mageb states a ected by te ac- 1.1.2 2002

O May 5, 2002, 15 goveet soldes ae klled

Timeline and order of events

O Jue 23, 2002, ltats klled 6 cvlas a

Wt te Aed Islac Goup of Algea's decle, te

O July 17, 2002, ltats klled 7 cvlas

Soe beleve tat El Paa actually woks fo te Algea

O Septebe 19, 2002, 15 people ae epoted to

Te GSPC as declaed ts teto to attack Algea,

O Octobe 2, 2002, ltats klled 13 cvlas

CHAPTER 1. INSURGENCY IN THE MAGHREB (2002PRESENT)

O Octobe 22, 2004, ltats attacked a vecle

O Jauay 6, 2003, ltats abused a ltay

Betwee 22 Febuay ad 24 Mac 2003, te Free

OMay 16 2003, 2003 Casablaca bobgs klled

I Septebe 2003, Nabl Saaou was epoted to

O Apl 9, 2005, ltats klled 14 people at a fake

O July 18, 2005, Islast ltats klled ve

O May 2, 2004, t was epoted tat te pevous 1.1.6 2006

te goup, s epoted to ave called o ts eag ebes to accept a aesty o eed by te

O Jue 28, 2004, te ay klled tee Islac extests a ad ea te captal, Alges.[39]

O Apl 7, 2006, gtes abused a goveet

O Septebe 20, 2004, ltats klled 4 people

O Apl 26, 2006, a sucde bobe attacked te

1.1. TIMELINE AND ORDER OF EVENTS

O Jauay 5, 2007 gtes klled 18 soldes a

A US C-130 plae was attacked by a ace gu

O Septebe 15, 2007 a bob exploded fot of

CHAPTER 1. INSURGENCY IN THE MAGHREB (2002PRESENT)