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  • General Ontology From Bergmann Realism

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    from Gustav Bergmann Realism

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    148 vizualizări62 pagini

    General Ontology From Bergmann Realism

    Încărcat de

    lolsignup
    from Gustav Bergmann Realism

    Drepturi de autor:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca PDF sau citiți online pe Scribd
    Indicator pentru conținut neadecvat
    din 62
    Part I General Ontology ‘secrION ox FACTS AND THINGS era, tbe an entity, to Bae sie! sauna the ne. ‘who woe Chee Words diferent T canot ren bope ta erstand ees Tareube en using then Fore arom! ‘ha Ko, that what oti i car alee a ine ou wt Sieaye cuaverly, Not do { utdertand any but the aust silly Atbvocal we of xs There ancervera kinds of ext silent from ‘heh other, not jot ae cul fer frome dog, i ao dilly tat the ers fll te previo of cues Wak oe one he ean probably ditina, 801 shal abe i for sod wrieplielpeeph cement tpg toy ‘dal wb of eutcogy are univoc ‘Tho second mont uifutal noi that of estiet Some ‘ethieare asto be caativcats a tbr, Fat one enya be” bother en for the fort be «costume lth ater bee, 4 General Oicegn ‘Tis ue of in’ wil abrays te marked br douhle gator, Rogie speaking entity inert and any if i hast eorattonns sak ith he matheraatiians, i tba a other contnect i Rect Otherwie ith compler of, aynonymansty, u comple {quilibeation,roashly speaking, covere w certain feature ao Sotology. tls mg world the subsistent I ell exintere is “in” alr Hie the one Hall particularity ein all particulars; an so on) fer this feature mais Yo the moet part wo diflorence Tor what in ahis hak 861 2h fr Uae tt port agar In some eoiteats ‘coutitect ompotent' abd “part anv inten shangeable In sttology, mT shall peal, they ate wut. The thine vack wil be employed to expeces three dillerest mrenitgs. Thee: ancy ‘on: of the main themes ofthis book. Ts weld K completely or one ‘to introduce Ht sareally, wil tke much time and grat eee or 1 ‘rub to strike it, homey lightly, at nee, ‘Thi roquire tat inthe toys few parneraphs 1 us without explanation oie ors whee tea ‘ootogs will only afterwards be wsturitely plained ‘Mang plidosophers divide the entities they rcegeiae int tio kine ‘One kind in simple; the other, sompler. Vet they da net havea cer ation of complex. rom thie lek of clarity spring min oes There inlet isthe Chara I want to sir ‘Let ut glance at my own ontology which, inevitally, wil have to serve a8 foil throughout, particaarly shew i comes to evalsatine i. Taving resents ‘ity val sbetala ‘iter dincuning it wherever that wil lp, o, ac at thie very {rom imponving it whesever 1 ‘fo the foi comple are "tacts a ll “facta! ne conaplexonol) ‘pes aro “ings” all “ahi” ate wine, “Thing,” ial, ‘ne the only catetitucita of “arta” Wao "tat" bas at lst we 2 stituctt of the ontological kind all “mecus," which in turn kindof the ontatogcal kind 1 cll “suhsatents” ‘The words whict in the lat ‘Spphar between dau ‘quater are among those which will afterwards not be tect with! Previews expiaiation, Fach eta for an outegral Kit. Sul bn ‘a aloo called seniors Ht, hal ne thie word 30 Tahal take & momen te fee H fren pert arn bait ‘To distinc sbratly betwee “thingy” abd “acta” anal so have har satton of comple i, a8 ww sal ee, vrtay one aoa te sae *Thitgs” are sonatitaens of acta" he to ‘eatery’ mre ane ves saat "hinge and fact" are wo fundaunetal categorie al ) 4 inate ie ne; Poca ont Things ' ‘entologie which cleaty distinguish betmonn the tp. pom soother tumeof the woe taken no sense nea of the nia of sn stag ‘hat Chey a0 “in” Chon of soother Td the a tae th sale ee ‘couvesiont. 80 [shall xy, fot (netance, thatthe thre fondant ‘etegoes ofthe Si re thone of hing,” “Tact” and “wtotenees ‘The ack af elaty of which ¥acetme ome plowplcts inthe doe ‘inetioneteen “things” atl Tarts” iy av ue abl nes lntinaely 8 unnoticed ambiguity of “aang, Take ‘mr, anieral." The ter, we al abe hd not “fueta" Yet mau: ghilssptrm cng ‘util cow yal, have vided “univers” tat thine whack ann le andl those which are “complex.” ‘Thee donb quotes, anew ‘eomplex’, market ust wa antilpataey use bat, te, ho uid mbit ef shall prewndy stow, a“uaiveea,” sine ten “thin” anno even though i may in same other venwe be “compen,” be 8 ‘somples in exactly the sune seneein whicha "fact? 080 In the foil, for example groen, aqua, and being both green ga ‘exiare are Uhre “niverele” The Bet tra are supe, rat ey we tag anflyaeraeve that they ae: The think ofthe kind which E, Yom hhae-clled “eompls." Now Ie that gree cat hea “wow ‘fling both green and aquare yo exactly te mene een in ich eaten of soine acts," such 8 aby, a opel big meh, ive alte one hi sews the abit, oe atderstatis Phe tmp ion. Charly, (ling) gr att being tol eon and sqaare Rive smsthing to do i such ote and this xomabing in such that ws Jong an omtalogits wl a 2 necuate 48 thay ave ben ft 00 fm ‘hey wil be torpedo speak and thik of the former (are) a ‘canstituont, ar part, or compaceat, af te later (being both ven asd ‘rquare). Nor is t euxy to he corupietely accurate in these matters. ‘Fo Jig fram Us roc ana, spite ofall ert my co fig i ie inde dict we anything. Nor can oe do ious an eerie Aenninalogy to safeguard the distinctions be hae rake) We shall ‘foun scan chime another ward to stand forthe “esmpleiiy” of ‘Thave struck tbe thene. To purus i further ght ow would ane Tet unprotend, het thal ease innocent of allvetalogeal "ie of al the were wih tho preccong paragrpn appear : ‘bali qtr, an ogi a te egg. a wan | Fg anetti amply atl el’ a they were " hned withaut, of cou, the abt. re mua dere ae boi. Minds bow tin a well Vitalin theslven Bw ot Room anything, Th 8 General Ontelogy Lioeton cuts deep, Whether it mikes minds wid todten two ote logit Kinds depends show ote uses “ontclogical™. Upon one yar dant. There hangs 4 point. ‘ach ontology barn ground plan. What that means wil praca, ow tne nny ontology artieulate and. worth while, todas ‘minds are cnstrurted upon the same ground pla. Call world wt (ot minds tut otberwiae The ours twncala. Minds being the vty nowt, our work wil abd the treated wocld will wat, era xtclopal groan of Knowing. Otherwise, mina are tings any things That is why och will be guined abd nothing Tas i for quit some tit we sal imi omar to the treated etd. Hn this word ‘hore ae tres, stones, table, colr patches, and 0 a. As woody Spon, ween these entities. I shall ere cll then ornary Jeter rina dings, serve object” and hing’ without the quahiy Ig adjetive tor x mone toca we, ‘What ate the constitoeate of ah anisary thing? Lat ua simply st farther by considering momenta eros tection of = truncated werd in whieh there ave tae kiss of ebloe patches sad nothiag ela, Cor indie een round the othe, gre and quar: Fed round, wre and snare ane prepotier of dinary abjocs, The peapetica of 11 "Yeoctio’. The sathemstical respetabity ofthe tatter sony de what Teanaot ence. Wethave come tthe wd of direct argument. Or if you place me hve rearhed one of the “pretiaex™ whi ry 00 ‘telogy rea. Tony that icone Ching ‘To diemins the funtion 8 ‘ot of al is another thing Ne ontologist can afford tao that. Nor lal we be able o ignore nthe book ‘Frege's in function ontlogy. Hani 0 aticulate and elaborate ‘ioc of dkctis that it mist be dalectically proba even sone res lel diestt dtintne “rings, that mf ar tbeir own ontabogieal ground. Frog’ challenge have tis! © seat sleeshore. This book is ot shout hth, Even a, we shall nt bo se te ignore the functional syle. Mare at Sm expt, i wi = throughout Hi nded our antifod. Why that wl be wo One: Pata ahd Thing € (aoa Ne ore some which are oe en sas which vp ih a, The st shpasenio wih we nd jt ee cts ak “Phe cat ye, ed atl room, uni the sacs ‘mak sph, Wists the ontologies eee sma that Tid “al” bene mete ea Te Grin at Fall conine in the copier sgl Teese anno smerely eur anil, to which X shall urn only when it wil ie eck to take ens ascan‘rhat I uae to be incuntly sofa Ts iy stl, then, the ution has oly ces meet tary ‘hag ite comps quien we amon te sane ada ‘chat hem In the para, wt nin to te qetion, eich Groat ed sd cova, epertiay, must tae a alt ne hoa ‘Sess “sooner” them, as Uae ad oral tv a soe ‘This third contr [eas nara tha nora in wo spot oly the soa? Meson, well x ov ol hati Hut I wl oat peje nang sale Zoned with for quite wns tine we use that 4 alo fas tha by eaping that in val spots oral the sume mobs ‘Sirus sever times A ert br rh i he ble ot ‘ings A retus door wot noo a furer ey to nl lo iat A toy Silvie We rské evs wlered woes on talste nace, Thal 2 Besdeys famous arguments nich I take toe ania. Thin der Stes betvean que end eae i pround thal tsoeran Stall. Tn a one say, steal. Qualia ge thing oem, end on ate With oes oh Ree Aj feta, all things ar ice qt all ebtent, Her mee Stes hice eh el sua! no "OU mor fps, hee ar iat eet fo eter nk es aimee How aba hep thetntAve hyo, tag? ifernce ietween an rdnary ting na, 00 ape ol > 7 The diference sion By Ustad Gemsos fr this anemer ao acutely the fyniott “the qurston reas who hot at stating ata fut fn ef mie, bt flonan cv, shi ron oe nr +e ‘oe genera ones vf onic ison rock net fom ety Ta ith pe © cr i i a a, en el yun Bach pt eta fate plo, Prowl ws sone thm = w Gomera Ontclogy en. ia ire nates a rae on peter toenail iets shen ange is ra airing amare ne ee ia cremmanminn trac Seema Serine Fn nt nudlice, The claim that my “principle of genoral ontology” really... Assné fae thesabeaf the argument dha the qualities and the risen “ic pot are all it conatituents. Cal the nau ». Consider two ‘pls; oe, call the ft, omainting of » and the tw qualita os other, cl it fhe sted, a the te. qualities groandlng Mc ana eval, and aps, = 'The ft pla sthassts Ube conti ‘ols of «Ast the sont, eh Ure ead ben apo whan Auemte i echuusts, there ei fact nana. Wut Sethe gral sien? Ts the complex me th ie nly dine anger, fn the frst te, ‘tous int ied, the mci stually coments the br goa Jinko «complex This plex fart at Ue eiremstas that eo! the iee eins whieh are its ona tuets tet sore {so ison the eam tthe gf he it ep tere ts complies whos contitueninit eats 1 the cameo the sr, tae ‘is oom romple® Tht te deren ‘The apt wi entity, Tho fit trig i Hot TL lowes fron st “peers” that eno be Ue triple, What, the, 3 Xba ‘hereto postin et wis al thee nthe can. ‘re tbe Sor ulin thee +: tare $s one cones (lc) TPs sakes, Ono the toate pone a tr amy thst Ae complex: Th ir doe in the fl po thx altarstive her = ‘sstsgrial dilerence betwen things ad dane things. Theta act cneplose), ot sing. In the fl, far sstance, an ont | ‘ae thine; ple ce st tig bt are, the pared, sre ‘toe shalerateal ogee, ihecoeed une polly a eae ere ne nen tition inthe parm ats, she in int i in hin» Sisk arcu, 68 88 Perea eter Saas ‘pe the om: eh iho a nae Sastre i ee ieee en rn i eens fe mn Wes arnt man eng he tmerey-atcuck a theme. Now I am reuly to sippert tae nee iiss nt reas cacapyr Peo Do eteshcnuncumnes Cae Terapia ine wie canes en bk fee ieee ae “ln bc thi at uterine reba tote nan oe Site Wee! Toe ane Ge psoas eee eis etch (rma) neces caniy chin tc ea eens oe ia ee ee ee ee ne aU ewes omeas Toe nee already ted by m binary rxas(e), wat does it mean toe the pir of sirloin lgecamepne oy rs alannah ie aa oe aoe eoatce iecncons nee ee eee oe opel a crea ee yp od eee acme cit we sloae do, For there resvains, irreducibly, the + head pepe rye Pemapertnger re eee rn se emcer nae caste ‘That shores the apparent way out to bem dead end, The meres alterma: ee cece We have extablinhed what before has been inersiy assertad! one Sosa began gumapeoemareery HUAlities into different eategornn. Presestly we shall we that if one ate e eshonnaanen acorns : Pet eels oleae ores ate Peeters re itctecoranet ener ooneengeiconerpeicoronritiy which are yathered im the neat paragraph. Moku al naga tamactira ereneantieae Mee accent ve karetond Gases Pi meat Onan me nal thing bt fot complete). (0 There are no things hick ‘Suton couty theme nemo sh I tt vitae fan proposes immediately yield a 6th. Ono wi oesut cade enon ar eee eke dager of ether orton or cerietcy mosing the dstastion betwee sirople and vorplex What ‘Tiraheostelogy af uch se be ie? In tho extrere casei wil hry the ooming ce fate As long as We oce sabesteporie, fn readies etegorc fend tare nthe Yl thas of thing Sanson, ad fel, ll te etition wl elon, t-m sinle eatipery ‘Archaeol things are they fata" Literally, the question inks ereics he io calorie stand fll together. Yet {thal venture {lag nigh nom what happened ia the taiton. ta manner of opal lig that tanner, sa wink o6ecwnnot do without when teyng to omplos ones? The snomer is whist eas would expist. They ate ire nearly be spl ings, ‘Thm features, we se, ao structurally so comeested thal a ve ‘nay ie Hey 40 pomem ide eof thers call three. hore re clot of Ge ullAhing ") Perhoge this = Pe cts return ik, Hk is will pay lection imc ac ew cn sie aoa es tl mmr, he ot ina rie tae a a sh ate inch lower ees tat» SHE AN nen Fig Mtoe cy oaea eal oot Se Oe Reet Pine ia nth Si He aes ey a tite ke rant Tres Ded ensmin daca. Ipeicsat mesa ay aR, Bg re ad Pacanmarecmnerns areata el oni i Grncesneseta Severn, "otrtey mesa thee. Let ws sgrveto call the subvategory co ehh tong ae terme eine araesnge (LEE Tek oe iteell inatend of “derived", I avoid because of its linguists ‘hat they fave muantonsituente. Groen sud syune, fo tenon, ate oat meager eatorapbar lager ee ai fr thee farts the Get aed te need eigen as Be ce er nce eee eee eee ee eens ceri et pep liepel lpr lrmennie ‘a0 for all connectives. (With this, by tho way, Frege agtors, Fur be Secret oe Ree cme tc cece mae anes ORS aor hilpe a ae oe rhe erence {tie my barat eit I ean ott mgr, Noi, tay ‘oat al its with the two aaj“ premisees tak facia nee and a) hats mere lection eatin ars) ote Me have com upae a ditartion nich war natal anna i Gren wu, ting tot rim aul square, ae three thing Te it {ar slap, the thd devin I flows tht nthe En ope inet isin green ind thal ro! and “ering both gn snl 08 does wa lal forte rae en in ta Foren it ne i the late, srry form ote, whi i at wate the se hove ntaligiad stata i the test fat OF at ater For Ue corsage word An nh cing th os ba nae tala fot 8 ut Faker vpnjobton ttt a casas. language we ahd ae "U-the), no on otters sand ft canons ior janet (qutiabmates), Mon othe etentnaiy Ke ei “ éeaeral Ontiogs fins the aiabinite des no Naren. OvcRelony, when it aig amino wil he tanked by belles, tn haiig Yh goes Tas fey tien my woe ofa’ extension of «ela, ae ecto whi oof coarse limited 0 the: fo. CMhereras es nara be a principle of poner ontology tha aceileotise,sneny( ‘clam but erly (in oe cas) the extension of one is wot ny cnr, Bat hese et xp ey meso ee omg Se ‘othe fi ‘The things othe oi are either characters (universals) oF pactculan, ‘The lator areal simple A character either wimp ae dervod. Fi both groen and square, for instance, whioh we already know cy Sorivel thing, in derinelcbracter. Pe clasre ofthe fol ace wn ered charter. the fo, Ton, Dick, and Harry are very complex facts Rat ‘ok things Ios ety wn dono harm if wo borrow ther nantes sot ‘which forthe ime being we peed. Ta an ontology ‘cm the fl alii aoe hart) Take now the property of being either identeal with Tors or len Seal wi Disk or ieathal with Harry: The fil umuge tis prover, 4 derived haste of the sort Kell aan. Dijanstam, of et of terms, ism wes: becgdentical with barter kied of sl {Senn 7 af foie hia fa at Th, ol uy rts in shih theo a snes. "The tings thos ee mst oF Ie ks the Reman ty; ad pews byar acm all beng to thovar t= Gen sep bel Ui the ln te, Ta, Dik, a Har = Secee: a tp clara ie = onan, 88 dived sharncter mich at bt qunsconstiaurats wh! sn thnor oe he Uhr mnt gpm at wands cine oe ‘annie andi 6 Tom, Dic and ary Teter sens lee» On ag ies secs wc se ag tefl and20.00. lis nly qsacinmttuea ane Betesisey mec earn .- foe thee ay eet ma fey ransn why not very estos heen. The teenies ofa collection ted vot oll Spent bec camegrene hm it soe eeeene brent onthe siete fosters cmon vee Fans ‘eollecion’ but also that { can einsstntly toil asec callections toes. Hut 1 also undarosk to cosines nn, ons fannie you, that a certain propestion wack T nocd sos weeny jprene nat jst of may wamontology bot all! Prowl [allan Fim for thevecomioents Firs, Bome may suspect that the ssintion betes cane ‘allectians is one too. many, Usha dispel the susp ‘siruetiaral root. Nomsinalstn, ae I shall ethetinas um { Tnwadly. is the doctrine thas there i oly ne type eshstagee) ot Ahings (That makes for nn afhsity~or shout one ay stant” eta melons a at fe fr wer nh 40 things) The ditto between sues stil alata the saber band, or, more precoety, betwen lave wd thor eallstinsa ‘hich are their extensions. prosapgaivon the remacnitiao of wt fast 90 Apes, one of the cinco toc, the other af the things in ite extensnn. 9 Famloabiot thus cant av Lath clases and calcio. Une mach emure be opts fr th hover type. That 3 (ce of his nin sn cen tal he wl ead ae he shee expe ‘enim a mle) yummy fr hat allections; and he will adi quite comity do. hoe hat stance do tt exit The rectal st ol he wap an ‘Byeutually, | promise, | would sme Briel wit fll dev Wingo tho oo cla nel ranon, which Isl gine wt no, tha! mae Jetatun cron lamer. rk we kein yoo son why the tio a sag stanly titi bab * General Onions ‘Posie several psphia wt Wich rie expat te merken aclty on tomonersiel and Uerfon tmespntionvtatmoar tho zather opal one Thane sea tmratt for nota, tae fo aslo a four things eg ‘muita ft this Domine ey the teeta oof pom 1A wus ie cd only clare it. sere wy fr concn ryote elation whieh ite sion but a coe, or vney Bowe alti of hs Soe tre exacts lant ww eaten Cal thi the oe Corrente else a0) tection, tbe repeating co te sor cntditon te enti na Tall. The alice ‘ponte somber. Tat ales the on-onerormapenion Ata af common sme. Tn Ske world there for ery po ‘clei, whi Jalen a exist, 8 lum, we ool in tevam wiremeadeane. ewe, This w te aden Sok ssh srr. obvious ren forthe octlogical tats af roa being ery ow nde Bhd Soe thee ate ns expemions alii length, we ann 44 iste callin welds the exprnion whit, i we cos ssn ii ecg a ne wen, ‘he mitotane orev pos sells I one dds le emo be mod baa to appa tol Senet ahora common, ft a mat ot gh, On have long aka; hop there wil ell be tne t pes ‘es hgh ot hm Un tle Yok they have no pace We a ‘ait iit sures to fae calles. Or Jou aa, we ma ae! Fats oe Thing Ipomoea rr nest cn nes it Berta sire The cacie act feinary things or qualities. Hs wee o!'qaxity” art agen ee ether ae ee ~~» their pate ee eter 1 ahartanimee ales lpratinoape ape ee “tothe tame cotoloscal Lind (eatneory). provide only teen Ree Pie erg apa at nnictic ees Rector nosne see 1 oeatahielip sega nina ‘things. One thing's overlapping asather wn he conan apahe pm ea in ‘Tapping: what 1 shail presently calls “connection.” As for ercriapy Pete tert cat aectie Ths os “Tay diagnos that these theve are the fundamental nexus Seer nso wo daca Tapp Scere ey eae pated ere pae ane acne og epee Poe eert ad tend tino eh fame Fleas io incre rom epi le stacey tf roel ea Gann de Hee etn eh eee pad mone Tie lode dein fr oy oi nan eee eka tse be Fo am 3 as cam ret teal bom ey {hom what hn tee uid ane repeated. The rersoun for my tnd {die wy rar thi his are that fe short wd, eve nace pe ‘ety. at aed nore ylation view of what [take to ti fect rtar. 1 als Lite to Bite chasis and climion, ‘To, thon, isa pice we bave recy paid. So T shall not,» sea a obit, see wl the gsiotion tht he ‘Boosh! binary function comndinating to any two thins {om utd eny one thin, ef 8) Of this function several props ‘which boca esi are tre. Bu, w fem ably = 0) Diving) = ote, 0) oa Wd Sela) a ‘ete vh a) = risy oly, 2) wy ‘le lds = ote, 9h (0) et ht ai ay crete (0,0 a ta ro Stone sie 1 #0). Aa a 00, We aeel not worry about a compete wt of [ken The obeve neo make be flowing propos ass 4) Ose ay safely nigpres the nabsiph s abi inn (6) Por every Garena nih ine fa tu cota eee, 18 thie woes whi there are no sass, ts 3 beta, was thee exceptions, in all wap Phy old ureespos ons ae a fll, tho tlLelnses af the severs! hn Pa a ng 2 cc opimntlegy’, PAs the roe in imine, sar the at raat ePreomaestt ‘ple be col wot That loures wn oe els oF ko tay hn mr formas ne i Heath Fon an otalogit's ration, whch ea meri nebo bearer antl caphy eae achat fe ee Sed sual ote words 1 Inte eater, deme tr dee tention even

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