Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
On
Undertaken at
Submitted To:-
Submitted By:-
Lecturers
B.Tech Final Year
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“Broadband and Switch Room”
ACKNOWLAGEMENT
I wish to express my profound thanks to all those who helped in making this
training successful. My lecturers and friend provided the much needed
guidance, moral support and encouragement on numerous occasions.
MTNL was setup on 1st April 1986 by the government of India to upgrade the
quality of telecom services, expand the telecom network, and introduce new
services and to raise revenue for telecom development needs for India’s
leading and one of Asia’s largest telecom operating companies. Beside
having a strong financial base, MTNL has achieved the market share of
approx. 13% of the Indian telecommunication networking with a costumer
base of over 4.74 million lines.The government of India currently holds
56.25% stake is the company.
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BOARD OF DIRECTOR
(As on 26-06-2009)
SCOPE OF TRAINING
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After achieving the proper goal of the engineer has enter in professional life.
According to this life one has to serve an industry, may be public or private
or self own. for the efficient work in the field he must be well aware of
practical knowledge as well as theoretical knowledge. Since we belong to the
electronic field it is really helpful to take training at a place that clears a
doubt and inquisitively regarding.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Broadband
3. Features of Broadband
4. Dial-UP Internet
5. Switch Room
6. Types Of Switch
7. Router
10. Internet
13. DSL
14. ASDL
16. IPTV
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Broadband:-Overview
MTNL has launch broadband services under Brand name Tri Band. The
services shall be provided on the existing copper infrastructure, initially
Broadband Internet Service, other services such as VPN, multicasting, video
conferencing, video-on-demand and broadcast application shall also be
added in future.
In data communications
In DSL
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The various forms of digital subscriber line (DSL) services are broadband in
the sense that digital information is sent over a high-bandwidth channel
(located above the baseband voice channel on a single pair of wires).
In Ethernet
In power-line communication
Power line have also been used for various types of data communication.
Although some systems for remote control are based on narrowband
signaling, modern high-speed systems use broadband signaling to achieve
very high data rates
In video
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The estimated growth for Broadband and Internet subscribers in the country
envisaged through various technologies is as follows:
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There are more than 4.5 lakh route kms. of optical fibre laid by BSNL /
MTNL and more than 1 lakh route kms laid by private operators. The
spread of the networks of private service providers have to play an
important role in bringing the fibre to homes as well as the rural areas
and they are expected to focus on it.
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There are more than 40 million copper loops in the country available with
BSNL and MTNL out of which 14 million loops are in rural areas. Copper
cable network of these operators is a combination of old and new cable
and this makes provisioning of Broadband on all the available copper
loop technically unfit . Therefore, around 25-30% of the remaining 26
million loops, i.e. approximately 7 million loops can be leveraged for
broadband service by BSNL and MTNL taking into account the condition /
life of copper cable and demand potential.
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High speed data download for Broadband Internet data speed starts from
256 kbps to 2 Mbps
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‘Use now and pay later’ in telephone bill. It provides a means to bill
based on Volume of data downloaded.
Can share Broadband connection to create own LAN network i.e. more
than one PC can be connected.
Broadband Communications:-
A class of communication channel capable of supporting a wide range of
frequencies, typically from audio up to video frequencies. A broadband
channel can carry multiple signals by dividing the total capacity into
multiple, independent bandwidth channels, where each channel operates
only on a specific range of frequencies. The term has come to be used for
any kind of internet connection with download speed of more than 56 kbps,
usually some kind of DSL, e.g. ADSL. A broadband connection is typically
always connected, in contrast to a dial-up connection, and a fixed monthly
rate is charged, often with a cap on the total amount of data that can be
transferred. Domestic broadband connections typically share a telephone
line with normal voice calls and the two uses can occur simultaneously
without interference.
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Dial-up Internet access is a form of Internet access that uses telephone lines The user's
computer or router uses an attached modem connected to a telephone line to dial into an
Internet service provider's (ISP) node to establish a modem-to-modem link, which is then used to
route Internet Protocol packets between the user's equipment and hosts.
The term was coined during the early days of computer telecommunications when modems were
needed to connect dumb terminals or computers running terminal emulator software to
mainframes, minicomputers, online services and bulletin board systems via a telephone line.
Dial-up connections to the Internet require no infrastructure other than the telephone network.
As telephone access is widely available, dial-up remains useful to travelers. Dial-up is usually
the only choice available for rural or remote areas where broadband installations are not
prevalent due to low population and demand. Dial-up access may also be an alternative for
users on limited budgets as it is offered for free by some ISPs, though broadband is increasingly
available at lower prices in many countries due to market competition.
Dial-up requires time to establish a usable telephone connection and perform handshaking for
protocol synchronization before data transfers can take place. In locales with telephone
connection charges, each connection incurs an incremental cost. If calls are time-metered, the
duration of the connection incurs costs. Dial-up access is a transient connection, because either
the user or the ISP terminates the connection. Internet service providers will often set a limit on
connection durations to prevent hogging of access, and will disconnect the user — requiring
reconnection and the costs and delays associated with it. Technically-inclined users often find a
way to disable the auto-disconnect program such that they can remain connected for days. This
is particularly useful for downloading large files such as videos.
Dial-up Internet access is offered through a number of Internet service providers (ISPs). Most
ISPs lease a set of telephone numbers, sometimes local, sometimes national, that dial into
network pipelines that feed into the Internet. Subscribers to the ISP normally pay a monthly or
yearly fee. For this fee, the subscriber can access the Internet any time of the day or night to
cruise the World Wide Web, send and receive email, participate in IRC chat rooms and USENET
newsgroups.
Before a person can subscribe to a dial-up service, he or she must have a computer and dial-up
modem. A modem is an inexpensive component that fits into a free slot inside the computer.
There are also external modems that sit alongside the computer, connected to the computer by a
serial or alternate type cable. A telephone line feeds into the modem.
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The modem is controlled by software in the computer; for example, the Network Connections
utility that comes with Microsoft Windows operating systems. Here you can setup a profile for
the ISP, which will tell the modem what phone number to call and how to communicate with the
dial-up service. The ISP itself provides this information.
Upon joining a dial-up service, the subscriber chooses a username and password. Once the
modem calls the phone number and makes a connection, a "handshake" takes place in which
information is exchanged between the computer modem and the remote server. The username
and password is supplied by the modem. This grants the user access through the dial-up gateway
to the Internet.
Dial-up service is the least expensive but also the slowest type of Internet access.
SWITCH ROOM
A network switch is a device that forwards and
filters OSI Layer 2 datagrams (chunk of data communication) between ports
(connected cables) based on the MAC addresses in the packets. This is
distinct from a hub in that it only forwards the frames to the ports involved
in the communication rather than all ports connected. A switch breaks the
collision domain but represents itself a broadcast domain. Switches make
forwarding decisions of frames on the basis of MAC addresses. A switch
normally has numerous ports, facilitating a star topology for devices, and
cascading additional switches. Some switches are capable of routing based
on Layer 3 addressing or additional logical levels; these are called multi-
layer switches. The term switch is used loosely in marketing to encompass
devices including routers and bridges, as well as devices that may distribute
traffic on load or by application content (e.g., a Web URL identifier).
Electronic Switches
The first Electronics Switching Sytem were not entirely digital. The Western
Electric 1ESS Switch had reed relay metallic paths which were stored-
program-controlled. Equipment testing, changes to phone numbers, circuit
lockouts and similar tasks were accomplished by typing on a terminal.
Northern Telecom SP1, Ericsson AKE, Philips PRX/A, ITT Metaconta, British
Telecom TXE series and several other designs were similar. These systems
could use the old electromechanical signaling methods inherited from
crossbar and step-by-step switches. They also introduced a new form of data
communications: two 1ESS exchanges could communicate with one another
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using a data link called Common channel interoffice signaling . This data link
was based on CCITT 6, a predecessor to SS7.
Digital Switch
Switch design
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The most well-known use of packet switching is the Internet and local area
network. The Internet uses the internet protocol suite over a variety of Link
Layer protocols.
Routers
Port Switch
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ISPs may provide Internet e-mail accounts to users which allow them to
communicate with one another by sending and receiving electronic
messages through their ISP's servers. (As part of their e-mail service, ISPs
usually offer the user an email clients software package, developed either
internally or through an outside contract arrangement) ISPs may provide
other services such as remotely storing data files on behalf of their
customers, as well as other services unique to each particular ISP.
End-user-to-ISP connection
For users and small business, the most popular options include dial-up DSL ,
broadband wireless, cable modem,fiber to premises (FTTH), and integrated
service digital network (ISDN).
When using a dial-up or ISDN connection method, the ISP cannot determine
the caller's physical location to more detail than using the number
transmitted using an appropriate form ofCaller IDs; it is entirely possible to
e.g. connect to an ISP located in Mexico from the USA. Other means of
connection such as cable or DSL require a fixed registered connection node,
usually associated at the ISP with a physical address.
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ISP interconnection
Just as their customers pay them for Internet access, ISPs themselves pay
upstream ISPs for Internet access. An upstream ISP usually has a larger
network than the contracting ISP and/or is able to provide the contracting ISP
with access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no
access to.
Peering
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LAN
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A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a broad area
(i.e. any network whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional,
or national boundaries . Less formally, a WAN is a network that uses routers
and public communications links. Contrast with personal area networks
(PANs), local area networks (LANs), campus area networks (CANs), or
metropolitan area networks (MANs), which are usually limited to a room,
building, campus or specific metropolitan area (e.g., a city) respectively.
Hubs
A network hub contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it
is copied unmodified to all ports of the hub for transmission. The destination
address in the frame is not changed to a broadcast address.
Bridges
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A Network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer
(layer 2) of theOSI model. Bridges do not promiscuously copy traffic to all
ports, as hubs do, but learn which MAC address are reachable through
specific ports. Once the bridge associates a port and an address, it will send
traffic for that address only to that port. Bridges do send broadcasts to all
ports except the one on which the broadcast was received.
Internet
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer network that
use the standard Internet protocol (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users
worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private and
public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global
scope that are linked by a broad array of electronic and optical networking
technologies. The Internet carries a vast array of information resources and
services, most notably the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World
Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail.
Terminology
The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used in everyday speech
without much distinction. However, the Internet and the World Wide Web are
not one and the same. The Internet is a global data communications system.
It is a hardware and software infrastructure that provides connectivity
between computers. In contrast, the Web is one of the services
communicated via the Internet. It is a collection of interconnected
documents and other resources , linked by hyperlinks and URLs. The term
the Internet, when referring to the Internet, has traditionally been treated as
a proper noun and written with an initial capital letter. There is a trend to
regard it as a generic term or common noun and thus write it as "the
internet", without the capital.
Communication
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Social impact
The Internet has enabled entirely new forms of social interaction, activities,
and organizing, thanks to its basic features such as widespread usability and
access. Social networking websites such as Facebook and MySpace, Orkut
have created a new form of socialization and interaction. Users of these sites
are able to add a wide variety of information to their personal pages, to
persue common interests, and to connect with others. It is also possible to
find a large circle of existing acquaintances, especially if a site allows users
to represent themselves by their given names, and to allow communication
among existing groups of people. Sites like meet-up.com exist to allow wider
announcement of groups which may exist mainly for face-to-face meetings,
but which may have a variety of minor interactions over their group's site.
Wireless Broadband
Wireless Broadband is a fairly new technology that provides high-speed wireless and data
network access over a wide area. According to the 802.16-2004 standard, broadband means
'having instantaneous bandwidth greater than around 1 MHz and supporting data rates greater
than about 1.5 Mbit/s. This means that Wireless Broadband features speeds roughly equivalent
to wired broadband access, such as that of ADSL or a cable modem.
Few Wireless Internet Service Providers (WISPs) provide download speeds of over 100 Mbit/s;
most broadband wireless access services are estimated to have a range of 50 km (30 miles) from
a tower. Technologies used include LMDS and MMDS, as well as heavy use of the ISM bands
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and one particular access technology is being standardized by IEEE 802.16, also known as
WIMAX. WIMAX is highly popular in Europe but has not met full acceptance in the United
States because cost of deployment does not meet return on investment figures.
Wireless Router
Also called Mobile Broadband, wireless broadband technologies include new services from
companies such as Verizon, Sprint, and AT&T Mobility, which allow a more mobile version of
this broadband access. Consumers can purchase a PC card, laptop card, or USB equipment to
connect their PC or laptop to the Internet via cell phone towers. This type of connection would
be stable in almost any area that could also receive a strong cell phone connection. These
connections can cost more for portable convenience as well as having speed limitations in all
but urban environments.
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WiMAX covers a couple of different frequency ranges. Basically, the IEEE 802.16 standard
addresses frequencies from 10GHz to 66GHz. The 802.16a specification, which is an extension
of IEEE802.16, covers bands in the 2GHz-to-11GHz range. WiMAX has a range of up to 30
miles with a typical cell radius of 4–6 miles.
WiMAX's channel sizes range from 1.5 to 20MHz as well, and offer a WiMAX-based network the
flexibility to support a variety of data transmitting rates such as T1 (1.5Mbps) and higher data
transmitting rates of up to 70Mbps on a single channel that can support thousands of users. This
flexibility allows WiMAX to adapt to the available spectrum and channel widths in different
countries or licensed to different service providers.
Wi-Fi wireless networks provide all the functionality of wired networks, without the need for
physical connections. Data is sent over various radio frequencies depending on the service.
Typical Wi-Fi connection speeds are 11 and 54 Mbps. In practice, throughput is about half the
connection speed. Wireless Networks basically consists of computers equipped with wireless
NICs, which may be USB, PCI, Mini PCI, CF card, PCMCIA/CardBus, or other interface.
Connectivity to a wired network requires a wireless access point (AP) used as a bridging device.
Connectivity to the Internet usually requires a wireless router, which includes an access point.
AP's are typically located near the centre of the wireless client concentration.
Wi-Fi Channels
Wi-Fi uses spectrum near 2.4 GHz, which is standardized and unlicensed by international
agreement, although the exact frequency allocations vary slightly in different parts of the world,
as does maximum permitted power. However, channel numbers are standardized by frequency
throughout the world, so authorized frequencies can be identified by channel numbers.
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A Wireless Access Point (AP) is the central bridge device used in an Infrastructure (as opposed
to Ad Hoc) wireless network. Traffic from the wireless side of the bridge is sent to the Ethernet
(wired) side of the bridge, and vice versa. The wireless access point controls all traffic with
wireless client radios.
WiFi Configuration
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b) To configure Wireless setting Click Wireless Tab and you will get window
as given below:
* Activate Access Port radio button (WiFi would not work without it)
You can filter/allow Mac address by activating wireless MAC address filter as
desired by clicking Activated tab. You have to enter the mac address of your
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As below one USER is allowed to access the WiFi Service from this Access
point. i. e. 00:14:A4:19:74:8C. If you enter WiFi Card MAC addresses of other
Laptops/Computers (Maximum 8 Laptops/Computers are allowed)
C) To configure LAN(Local Area Network) settings like DNS, DHCP Click LAN
TAB as shown below:
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IMPORTANT:
SSID The SSID is a unique name to identify the ADSL Router in the wireless
LAN. Wireless clients associating to the ADSL Router must have the same
SSID.
Broadcast SSID Select No to hide the SSID such that a station can not
obtain the SSID through passive scanning. Select Yes to make the SSID
visible so a station can obtain the SSID through passive scanning.
WirelessLAN::WEP
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) encrypts data frames before transmitting
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over the wireless network. Select Disable to allow all wireless computers to
communicate with the access points without any data encryption.Select 64-
bit WEP or 128-bit WEP to use data encryption.
Key#1~Key#4 The WEP keys are used to encrypt data. Both the ADSL
Router and the wireless clients must use the same WEP key for data
transmission.If you chose 64-bit WEP, then enter any 5 Characters each key
(1-4). If you chose 128-bit WEP, then enter 13 characters for each key (1-
4).The values must be set up exactly the same on the Access Points as they
are on the wireless client stations. The same value must be assigned to Key
1 on both the access point (your ADSL Router) and the client adapters, the
same value must be assigned to Key 2 on both the access point and the
client stations and so on, for all four WEP keys.
WirelessLAN::WPA-PSK
Wi-Fi Protected Access, pre-shared key. Encrypts data frames before
transmitting over the wireless network.
Pre-shared Key The Pre-shared Key are used to encrypt data. Both the
ADSL Router and the wireless clients must use the same WPA-PSK key for
data transmission. Key Length 8 – 64 characters.
WirelessLAN::MAC-Filter
You can allow or deny a list of MAC addresses associated with the wireless
stations access to ADSL Router.
Status Use the drop down list box to enable or disable MAC address
filtering.
Action Select Deny Association to block access to the router, MAC
addresses not listed will be allowed to access the router. Select Allow
Association to permit access to the router, MAC addresses not listed will be
denied access to the router.
NOTE: You Should always use WiFi Facility with Activating the Security
features highlighted above.
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The download speed of consumer DSL services typically ranges from 384
kilobits per second (kbps) to 20 megabits per second (Mbps), depending on
DSL technology, line conditions and service-level implementation. Typically,
upload speed is lower than download speed for ADSL and equal to download
speed for the rarer Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line(SDSL).
The DSL modem will make a plan on how to exploit each of the bins
sometimes termed "bits per bin" allocation. Those bins that have a good
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) will be chosen to transmit signals chosen from a
greater number of possible encoded values in each main clock cycle. The
number of possibilities must not be so large that the receiver might mishear
which one was intended in the presence of noise. Noisy bins may only be
required to carry as few as two bits, a choice from only one of four possible
patterns, or only one bit per bin in the case of ADSL2+, and really noisy bins
are not used at all. If the pattern of noise versus frequencies heard in the
bins changes, the DSL modem can alter the bits-per-bin allocations, in a
process called "bitswap", where bins that have become more noisy are only
required to carry fewer bits and other channels will be chosen to be given a
higher burden. The data transfer capacity the DSL modem therefore reports
is determined by the total of the bits-per-bin allocations of all the bins
combined. Higher signal-to-noise ratios and more bins being in use gives a
higher total link capacity, while lower signal-to-noise ratios or fewer bins
being used gives a low link capacity.
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Image- DSL
A DSL Modem
Early DSL service required a dedicated “dry loop”, but when the FCC
required ILECs to lease their lines to competing DSL service providers (such
as Earthlink), shared-line DSL became available. Also known as DSL over
Unbundled Network Link, this "unbundling of services" allows a single
subscriber to receive two separate services from two separate (often
competing) companies on one cable pair. The DSL service provider's
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ADSL depends on advanced digital signal processing and creative algorithms to squeeze so
much information through twisted-pair telephone lines. In addition, many advances have been
required in transformers, analog filters, and analog/digital (A/D) converters. Long telephone
lines may attenuate signals at 1 MHz (the outer edge of the band used by ADSL) by as much as
90 dB, forcing analog sections of ADSL modems to work very hard to realize large dynamic
ranges, separate channels, and maintain low noise figures. On the outside, ADSL looks simple—
transparent synchronous data pipes at various data rates over ordinary telephone lines. The
inside, where all the transistors work, is a miracle of modern technology.
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ADSL will play a crucial role over the next decade or more as telephone companies enter new
markets for delivering information in video and multimedia formats. New broadband cabling
will take decades to reach all prospective subscribers. Success of these new services depends on
reaching as many subscribers as possible during the first few years. By bringing movies,
television, video catalogs, remote CD-ROMs, corporate LANs, and the Internet into homes and
small businesses, ADSL will make these markets viable and profitable for telephone companies
and application suppliers alike.
Image - ADSL
ADSL transmits more than 6 Mbps to a subscriber and as much as 640 kbps more in both
directions. Such rates expand existing access capacity by a factor of 50 or more without new
cabling. ADSL can literally transform the existing public information network from one limited
to voice, text, and low-resolution graphics to a powerful, ubiquitous system capable of bringing
multimedia, including full-motion video, to every home this century.
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Than go to Tools tab and click on system and click save and reboot
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go on Status tab and check the status of wan which should be pvc0
connected.
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If we want connect adsl modem through USB Port then we have to install the
driver from the cd which will be provided with the modem.
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Coaxial cable
Coaxial cable, or coax, is an electrical cable with an inner conductor
surrounded by a tubular insulating layer typically of a flexible material with a
high dielectric constant , all of which are surrounded by a conductive layer
called the shield, and finally covered with a thin insulating layer on the
outside. The term coaxial comes from the inner conductor and the outer
shield sharing the same geometric axis. Coaxial cable was invented by
English engineer and mathematician Oliver Heaviside.
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signals. One advantage of coax over other types of transmission line is that
in an ideal coaxial cable the electromagnetic field carrying the signal exists
only in the space between the inner and outer conductors. This allows
coaxial cable runs to be installed next to metal objects such as gutters
without the power losses that occur in other transmission lines, and provides
protection of the signal from external electromagnetic field.
How it works
If an ordinary wire is used to carry high frequency currents, the wire acts as
an antenna, and the high frequency currents radiate off the wire as radio
waves, causing power losses. To prevent this, in coaxial cable one of the
conductors is formed into a tube and encloses the other conductor. This
confines the radio waves from the central conductor to the space inside the
tube. To prevent the outer conductor, or shield, from radiating, it is
connected to electric ground, keeping it at a constant potential.
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The dimensions and spacing of the conductors are uniform. Any abrupt
change in the spacing of the two conductors along the cable tends to reflect
radio frequency power back toward the source, causing a condition called
standing waves. This acts as a bottleneck, reducing the amount of power
reaching the destination end of the cable. To hold the shield at a uniform
distance from the central conductor, the space between the two is filled with
a semi rigid plastic dielectric. Manufacturers specify a minimum bend radius,
to prevent kinks that would cause reflections. The connectors used with coax
are designed to hold the correct spacing through the body of the connector.
Connectors
Important parameters
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On 14 October 2004, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission adopted rules to facilitate
the deployment of "Access BPL" -- i.e., use of BPL to deliver broadband service to homes and
businesses. The technical rules are more liberal than those advanced by the US national
amateur radio organization, the ARRL, and other spectrum users, but include provisions that
require BPL providers to investigate and correct any interference they cause. These rules may
be subject to future litigation.
On 8 August 2006 FCC adopted a memorandum opinion and an order on broadband over power
lines, giving the go-ahead to promote broadband service to all Americans. The order rejects
calls from aviation, business, commercial, amateur radio and other sectors of spectrum users to
limit or prohibit deployment until further study is completed. FCC chief Kevin Martin said that
BPL "holds great promise as a ubiquitous broadband solution that would offer a viable
alternative to cable, digital subscriber line, fiber, and wireless broadband solutions", and that
BPL was one of the agency's "top priorities".
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US power and telecommunications companies had meanwhile started tests of the BPL
technology, over the protests of the radio groups. A fter claims of interference by these groups,
many of the trials were ended early and proclaimed successes, though the ARRL and other
groups claimed otherwise.
Some of the same providers conducting those trials later began commercial roll-outs in limited
neighborhoods in selected cities, with some level of user acceptance but also many documented
cases of interference reported to the FCC by Amateur Radio users. Some wireless users filed a
petition for reconsideration with the FCC in February 2005.
IPTV services may be classified into three main groups: live television, time-
shifted programming, and content on demand. It is distinguished from
general Internet-based or web-based multimedia services by its on-going
standardization process and preferential deployment scenarios in subscriber-
based telecommunications networks with high-speed access channels into
end-user premises via SET-TOP Boxes or other Customer Service Equipment.
Video on demand
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Connectivity Checkup
Telephone
Instrument
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POTS
Telephone
Splitte
ADSL CPE
USB or LAN
a). For LAN go to Network Connections and check local area connection is
enable and TCP/IP Properties settings in PC, use the following IP address
192.168.1.2 to 254 and Gateway 192.168.1.1 (In case of Using USB Cable
with UT-300R2UTKD Modem, IP address 192.168.1.3 to 34 Gateway
192.168.1.2) and DNS Server Address as: Preferred DNS (Primary)
59.179.243.70 and Alternate DNS (Secondary): 203.94.243.70
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In the command prompt, type ‘ping 192.168.1.1’ and press Enter. Confirm
that you are getting reply from 192.168.1.1.If the reply is not received, it
indicates connectivity problem between PC and ADSL CPE.
In the command prompt, type ‘ping 59.179.243.70’ and press Enter. If the
reply is received, connectivity is ok otherwise check CPE setting.
WEBSITE:-
www.delhi.mtnl.in
http://www.mtnl.org
http://www.scribd.com
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CONCLUSION
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