Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr.

3/2011

CONSIDERATII PRIVIND LIMITELE

CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE

LEGALE ALE DREPTULUI DE

LEGAL LIMITS OF THE PRIVATE

PROPRIETATE PRIVAT

PROPERTY RIGHT REGULATED BY

REGLEMENTATE DE NOUL COD

THE NEW CIVIL CODE

CIVIL

Lect. univ. Ana Maria DIACONU

Departamentul tiine Juridice
Facultatea de Administraie Public i Studii
Politice Comparate
Universitatea Constantin Brncuidin
Trgu-Jiu
Abstract: Premisele limitrii dreptului de
proprietate rezult din prevederile art. 555 alin. l din
Noul Cod civil1 care, n partea sa final, precizeaz
c dreptul de proprietate se exercit n limitele
determinate de lege, la care se adaug dispoziiile
art. 44, alin.1, teza a II a din Constituia Romniei,
potrivit crora coninutul i limitele dreptului de
proprietate sunt stabilite de lege.
Noul cod civil distinge intre limitele
materiale2 i limitele juridice3 ale dreptului de
proprietate, acestea din urm fiind clasificate in
limite legale, limite convenionale si limite judiciare.
Cuvinte cheie: drept de proprietate, limite
legale, drept de trecere, fond dominant, servitutea
legal de trecere

University Lecturer Ana Maria DIACONU

Juridical Sciences Department
Faculty of Public Administration and
Compared Political Sciences
Constantin Brncui University of TrguJiu
Abstract: The premises of limiting the
property right results from the stipulations of art. 555
paragraph l of the New Civil Code27 that, in its final
part, specifies that the property right is exerted in the
limits determined by the law, where we add the
stipulations of art. 44, paragraph 1, the 2nd thesis of
the Romanian Constitution, according to which the
content and the limits of the property right are
established by the law.
The New Civil Code distinguishes between
the material limits28 and the juridical limits29 of the
property right, the latter ones being classified in legal
limits, conventional limits and judicial limits.
Key words: property right, legal limits, right
of way, dominant grounds, legal servitude of way

1. Introduction.
1. Introducere.
Potrivit art. 602 alin. (1) din Noul
Cod civil legea poate limita exercitarea
dreptului de proprietate fie n interes public,
fie n interes privat.
Deoarece Codul civil nu precizeaz
dac limitarea dreptului de proprietate se
face prin lege organic sau nu, prin raportare
la
dispoziiile
constituionale privind
protecia proprietii indiferent de formele
sale, se poate aprecia c limitrile legale
reglementate de Codul civil pot fi stabilite
doar prin lege organic.

According to art. 602 paragraph (1)

of the New Civil Code, the law may limit the
exertion of the property right either in public
interest, or in private one.
As the Civil Code does not specify
whether the limitation of the property right is
made by organic law or not, by report to the
constitutional stipulations regarding the
property protection irrespective of its forms,
we may appreciate that the legal limitations
regulated by the Civil Code may be
established only by an organic law.
Also, in report to the interest
protected by these limitations, art. 602

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De asemenea, n raport de interesul

ocrotit prin aceste limitri, art. 602 alin. (2)
precizeaz c limitele legale n interes privat
pot fi modificate ori desfiinate temporar prin
acordul prilor, sub rezerva ndeplinirii
formalitilor de publicitate aplicabile, ceea
ce nseamn c aceste norme au caracter
dispozitiv i nu imperativ, cum este cazul
limitrilor n interes public.
n concordan cu art. art. 44 alin. 7
din Constituie4, Noul cod civil instituie
obligaia proprietarului de
respectare a
sarcinilor privind protecia mediului i
asigurarea bunei vecinti, precum i de
respectare a celorlalte sarcini care, potrivit
legii sau obiceiului, revin proprietarului.

paragraph (2) specifies that the legal limits in

private interest may be changed or temporary
abolished by the agreement of the parties,
under the reserve of accomplishing the
applicable advertising formalities, meaning
that these norms have a dispositive, not
imperative feature, as it is the case of the
limitations in public interest.
According to art. 44 paragraph 7 of
the Constitution,30 the New Civil Code
institutes the owners obligation to respect
the targets regarding the environmental
protection and the providing of a good
neighbourhood, and also to respect the other
targets that, according to the law or to the
custom, belong to the owner.

2. Analiza
limitelor
legale
ale
2. Analysis of the legal limits of
dreptului
de
proprietate
privat
the private property right regulated by the
reglementate de Noul Cod civil
New Civil Code
Cod civil n vigoare a preluat opinia
doctrinar5
conform
creia servituile
The Civil Code in force took over the
naturale i legale ( reglementate n Codul doctrinaire31 opinion according to which
civil de la 1865 n capitolul I Titlul IV, natural and legal servitudes (settled in the
Despre servitui ce se nasc din situaia
Civil Code from 1865 in chapter I Title IV,
locurilor i Despre servituile stabilite prin
lege (art. 576-619), nu sunt, de fapt, On servitudes appearing from the situation
servitui, ci restricii legale aduse dreptului of the places and On servitudes established
de proprietate ce izvorsc din raporturile de by law (art. 576-619), are not, in fact,
vecintate, astfel nct n concepia acestui servitudes, but legal restrictions brought to
nou act normativ ele sunt considerate drept the property right appearing from the
limite legale ale dreptului de proprietate, proximity rapports, so that in the conception
fiind reglementate
n seciunea I a
of this new normative document, these are
capitolului III din Cartea a III-a a noului Cod
considered as legal limits of the property
civil.
n consecin, n categoria limitelor right, being settled in section I of chapter III
legale consacrate de Noul Codul civil se from Book III of the new Civil code.
ncadreaz : folosirea apelor, pictura streAs a consequence, in the category of
inii, vederea asupra proprietii vecinului, the legal limits consecrated by the New Civil
dreptul de trecere i alte limitri legale (cum Code, there are: the using of waters, the drop
ar fi: dreptul de trecere pentru utiliti, of eave, the view on the neighbours
dreptul de trecere pentru efectuarea unor property, the right to pass and other legal
lucrri i dreptul de trecere pentru reintrarea limitations (the right to pass for the utilities,
n posesie).
the right to pass for accomplishing certain
Limitele dreptului de proprietate works and the right to pass for re-entering
privat referitoare la folosirea apelor sunt the possession).
reglementate n art. 604-610 din Codul civil
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sub denumirea de reguli ce privesc curgerea

fireasc sau provocat a apelor, irigaiile,
ntrebuinarea izvoarelor,
precum i
obligaia proprietarului cruia i prisosete
apa.
n privina regulilor referitoare la
curgerea fireasc a apelor, aceste sunt
reglementate de art. 604 din Noul cod civil
i constituie o limit att pentru proprietarul
fondului inferior, ct i pentru proprietarul
fondului superior. Proprietarul fondului
inferior este obligat s nu ntreprind nimic
prin care s mpiedice curgerea fireasc a
apelor provenite de pe terenul superior.
Prin excepie, dac fondul inferior
este prejudiciat de curgerea apelor, atunci
proprietarul acestuia poate s fac lucrrile
necesare schimbrii direciei apelor, cu
respectarea
a dou condiii:
s aib
autorizarea justiiei i s suporte cheltuielile
ocazionate de efectuarea lucrrilor.6
La rndul su proprietarul fondului superior
este obligat s nu efectueze nicio lucrare de
natur s agraveze situaia fondului inferior.
Art. 605 N.C.civ. instituie reguli
privind curgerea provocat a apelor, ipotez
n care proprietarul fondului inferior nu poate
mpiedica curgerea apelor. n acest sens,
poate fi vorba de nirea apelor, pe fondul
superior ori din cauza unor lucrri subterane
sau din secarea terenurilor mltinoase ori a
apelor folosite n scop casnic, agricol sau
industrial, cnd acestea urmeaz a se vrsa
ntr-un curs de ap sau ntr-un an . n ceea
ce l privete pe proprietarului fondului
superior, acestuia i revin dou obligaii, i
anume: s aleag calea i mijloacele de
scurgere de natur s aduc prejudicii
minime fondului inferior; s plteasc o
despgubire just i prealabil ctre
proprietarul fondului inferior.
Despgubirea just se refer la acoperirea
ntregului prejudiciu produs fondului
inferior, ns despgubirea prealabil este
mai greu de ndeplinit, avnd n vedere
caracterul instantaneu, n cele mai multe
cazuri, a curgerii provocate i a dificultii de
estimare a cuantumului despgubirii nainte

The limits of the private property

right referring to the use of waters are
regulated in art. 604-610 of the Civil Code
called rules regarding the natural or
provoked flow of waters, the irrigations, the
use of springs, and also the obligation of the
owner who has a lot of water.
Regarding the rules referring to the
natural flow of waters, these are regulated by
art. 604 of the New Civil Code and it is a
limit both for the owner of the lower fund
and for the owner of the higher fund. The
owner of the lower fund is forced to
accomplish nothing that could stop the
natural flow of the waters coming from the
higher field.
As an exception, if the lower fund is
prejudiced by the water flow, then its owner
may accomplish the works necessary for the
change of the water direction, by respecting
two conditions: having the justice
authorization
and
supporting
the
expenditures
occasioned
by
the
accomplishment of the works.32
At his turn, the owner of the higher
fund is forced to accomplish no work able to
aggravate the situation of the inferior fund.
Art. 605 of the New Civil Code
institutes the rules regarding the provoked
water flow. In this sense, it may be about the
water spring, on the higher fund or because
of certain underground works or of the
drying up of the swampy fields or of the
waters used domestically, agriculturally or
industrially when they are to empty in a
water flow or in a water or in a dyke.
Regarding the owner of the higher fund, he
has two obligations, namely: choosing the
way and the means of flow able to bring
minimum prejudices to the lower fund;
paying a fair and prior compensation to the
owner of the lower fund.
The fair compensation refers to the
cover of the entire prejudice produced to the
lower fund, but the prior compensation is
harder to accomplish, considering the
instantaneous feature, in most of the cases, of
the provoked flow and of the difficulty to

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de a se produce.7
Potrivit alin 3 al art. 605 din noul
Cod aceste dispoziii nu se aplic n cazul n
care pe fondul inferior se afl o construcie
cu curte i grdin sau un cimitir.
Dup cum s-a apreciat in doctrin8
Noul cod civil instituie, prin art. 606 i 607
reguli privind buna vecintate i care trebuie
respectate i aplicate exprimnd buna
credin ce se impune n relaiile de
vecintate.
Astfel, conform art. 606, proprietarul
care vrea s foloseasc pentru irigarea
terenului su apele naturale i artificiale de
care poate dispune n mod efectiv are dreptul
ca, pe cheltuiala sa exclusiv, s fac pe
terenul riveranului opus lucrrile necesare
pentru captarea apei. n acest caz limita
const n obligaia
ce-i incumb
proprietarului fondului riveran de a nu se
opune efecturii de ctre un proprietar vecin
a lucrrilor necesare pentru irigarea terenului
su.
Pentru ca proprietarul terenului ce
urmeaz a fi irigat s-i poat exercita
dreptul de a efectua lucrrile de captare
trebuie ndeplinite unele condiii, respectiv s
suporte cheltuielile lucrrii; s aleag calea i
mijloacele de scurgere de natur s aduc
pagube minime proprietarului fondului
riveran i s plteasc o despgubire
proprietarului
fondului
riveran. De
asemenea, intervine si in acest caz excepia
prevzut de alin 3 al art. 605 din noul Cod
de care am fcut vorbire anterior.
Articolul 607, alin 1. din Noul cod
civil
reglementeaz o alt limitare a
dreptului de proprietate instituind obligaia
proprietarului cruia i prisosete apa pentru
necesitile curente de a oferi surplusul, n
schimbul unei juste i prealabile compensaii,
proprietarului care nu i-ar putea procura apa
necesar pentru fondul su dect cu o
cheltuial excesiv.
Potrivit alineatului (2) al art. 607 C.
civ. proprietarul surplusului de ap nu se
poate fi scutit de aceast obligaie prin
invocarea faptului c ar acorda acestuia o

estimate the quantum of the compensation

before it is produced.33
According to paragraph 3 of art. 605
of the new Code, these stipulations are not
applied if there is a building with a yard and
a garden or a cemetery on the lower fund.
As it was appreciated in the
doctrine,34 the New Civil Code institutes, by
art. 606 and 607 the rules regarding the good
neighbourhood and that should be respected
and applied by expressing the good faith that
is imposed in the neighbourhood relations.
Thus, according to art. 606, the
owner that wants to use, for the irrigation of
his field, the natural and artificial waters that
he efficiently disposes of, has the right to do,
on his exclusive support, on the opposite
river field, the works necessary for catching
the water. In this case, the limit consists of
the obligation that devolves upon the owner
of the river fund not to oppose to the
accomplishment by a neighbouring owner of
the works necessary for irrigating his field.
For the owner of the field that is to be
irrigated to be able to exert his right of
accomplishing the works of catching, some
conditions should be accomplished, namely
supporting the work expenditures; choosing
the way and the means of flow able to bring
minimum damage to the owner of the river
fund and paying a compensation to the
owner of the river fund. Also, in this case it
appears the exception stipulated by
paragraph 3 of art. 605 of the new Code we
previously talked about.
Article 607, paragraph 1 of the New
Civil Code regulates another limitation of the
property right instituting the obligation of the
owner who has a lot of water for the current
necessities of offering the surplus, in
exchange for a fair and prior compensation,
the owner who could purchase the water
necessary for his fund only by excessive
expenditures.
According to paragraph (2) of art.
607 of the Civil Code, the owner of the water
surplus cannot be dispensed by this
obligation by invoking the fact that he could

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alt destinaie dect satisfacerea nevoilor

curente, ns dac dovedete c destinaia
pretins este real, atunci poate solicita
despgubiri suplimentare proprietarului aflat
la nevoie, n plus fa de despgubirea pe
care acesta din urm deja o pltea i n lipsa
invocrii unei alte destinaii pentru surplusul
de ap.
n ceea ce privete ntrebuinarea
izvoarelor, art. 608 din Codul civil, dispune
c proprietarul fondului pe care se afl un
izvor poate acorda orice
ntrebuinare
acestuia, cu dou excepii, care reprezint,
totodat limite legale ale exercitrii dreptului
de proprietate, respectiv obligaia de a nu
aduce atingere drepturilor dobndite de
proprietarul fondului inferior atunci cnd
ntrebuineaz ntr-un anume fel izvorul, la
care se adaug obligaia de a nu schimba
cursul izvorului dac prin aceast schimbare
ar lipsi cetenii unei localiti de apa
necesar pentru satisfacerea nevoilor
curente.9
n conformitate cu prevederile art.
609, alin 1 i 2 proprietarul fondului pe care
se afl izvorul poate cere repararea
prejudiciilor cauzate de persoana care, prin
lucrrile efectuate, a secat, a micorat ori a
alterat apele sale i dac starea de fapt o
permite, poate pretinde restabilirea situaiei
anterioare atunci cnd apa era indispensabil
pentru exploatarea fondului su. n ipoteza
n care izvorul se ntinde pe dou fonduri
nvecinate, dispoziiile alin. (1) i (2) se
aplic n mod corespunztor, inndu-se
seama de ntinderea izvorului pe fiecare
fond.
n categoria limitelor legale se
ncadreaz si cele ce privesc pictura
streinii, distana lucrrilor intermediare
cerute pentru construcii, lucrri i plantaii,
precum i vederea asupra proprietii
vecinului.
Acestea sunt reglementate de art.
611-616 din Noul civil, fiind consacrate si
de vechiul Cod civil (art. 610-615) drept
servitui legale cu aceleai denumiri i cu o
semnificaie aproape identic.10

grant it another destination different from

satisfying the current needs, but if he proves
that the claimed destination is require
additional compensations to the owner in
need, in plus to the compensation that the
latter one had already been paying and in the
absence of the invocation of another
destination for the water surplus.
Regarding the use of springs, art. 608
of the Civil Code states that the owner of the
fund where there is a spring may grant it any
use, except for two situations representing at
the same time the legal limits of exerting the
property right, respectively the obligation of
not reaching the rights gained by the owner
of the lower fund when it uses the spring in a
certain way, where we add the obligation of
not changing the spring flow if this change
would divest the citizens of a locality of the
water necessary for satisfying the current
needs.35
According to the stipulations of art.
609, paragraph 1 and 2 the owner of the fund
where the spring is may require the
reparation of the prejudices caused by the
person who, by the accomplished works, has
dried out, has decreased or has damaged his
water and if the state of fact allows it, he
may claim the reestablishment of the
previous situation when the water was
indispensable for exploiting its fund. If the
spring lies on two neighbouring funds, the
stipulations of paragraph (1) and (2) is
correspondingly applied, considering the
extension of the spring on each fund.
In the category of the legal limits,
there are also the ones regarding the drop of
the eave, the distance of the intermediary
works required for constructions, works and
plantations, and also the view on the
neighbours property.
These are regulated by art. 611-616
of the New Civil Code, being also
consecrated by the old Civil Code (art. 610615) as legal servitudes having the same
names and an almost identical signification.36
Thus, referring to the drop of the
eave, the new regulation (art. 615) stipulates

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Astfel, referitor la pictura streinii,

noua reglementare ( art. 615) prevede c
proprietarul este obligat s i construiasc
streain casei astfel nct apele provenind de
la ploi s nu se scurg pe fondul
proprietarului vecin.
n privina
distanei lucrrilor
intermediare
cerute
pentru
anumite
construcii, lucrri i plantaii, Noul cod civil
in art. art. 612-613, instituie obligaia
proprietarului de a respecta o anumit
distan minim fa de linia de hotar.
Aceasta este de 60 centimetri11 n cazul
construciilor, lucrrilor sau plantaiilor,
respectiv 2 metri 12n cazul arborilor, cu
excepia acelora mai mici de 2 m, a
plantaiilor i a gardurilor vii.13
Aceste reguli se aplic n msura n
care legea regulamentul de urbanism sau
obiceiul locului nu prevd dispoziii contrare.
Orice derogare de la distana minim
prevzut de art. 612 se poate face prin
acordul prilor exprimat printr-un nscris
autentic.
Limitele legale privitoare la vederea
asupra
proprietii
vecinului
sunt
reglementate de art. 614-616, din Noul Cod
civil i vizeaz fereastra sau deschiderea n
zidul comun, distana minim pentru
fereastra de vedere , fereastra de lumin.
Astfel art. 614 din cod prevede in
mod expres c nu se permite se fac fereastra
sau deschiderea n zidul comun dect cu
acordul proprietarilor, iar art. 615 instituie
obligaia meninerii unei distane de cel puin
cel puin 2 metri ntre fondul vecin i
fereastra pentru vedere, respectiv de l metru,
dac fereastra nu este paralel cu linia de
hotar, acestea constituind distane mai mari
fa de vechea reglementare.
Noul cod civil preia soluia adoptat
de practica judiciar privind fereastra de
lumin, recunoscnd in art. 616 dreptul
proprietarului de a-si deschide, fr limit de
distan, ferestre de lumin dac sunt astfel
construite nct s mpiedice vederea spre
fondul nvecinat.
Noul Cod civil romn reglementeaz

that the owner is forced to build the house

eave so that the waters coming from the rain
should not drain off on the fund of the
neighbouring owner.
Regarding the distance of the
intermediary works required for certain
constructions, works and plantations, the
New Civil Code in art. art. 612-613,
institutes the owners obligation to respect a
certain minimum distance to the border line.
This has 60 centimetres37 in case of
constructions,
works
or
plantations,
respectively 2 metres 38 in case of the trees,
except for the ones smaller than 2 m, for the
plantations and for the hedges.39
These rules applied as much as the
law of the urbanism regulation or the local
custom stipulates no contrary stipulations.
Any derogation from the minim distance
stipulated by art. 612 may be made by the
agreement of the parties expressed by an
authentic paper.
The legal limits regarding the view
on the neighbours property are regulated by
art. 614-616, of the New Civil Code and they
refer to the window or the opening in the
common wall, the minimum distance for the
vision window, the light window.
Thus art, 614 of the code expressly
stipulates that it is not allowed to make the
window or the opening in the common wall
unless we have the owners agreement, and
art. 615 institutes the obligation to keep a
distance of at least 2 metres between the
neighbouring fund and the vision window,
respectively measuring 1 metre, if the
window is not parallel to the border line, as
they constitute bigger distances than in the
old regulation.
The New Civil Code takes over the
solution adopted by the judicial practice
regarding the light window, acknowledging
in art. 616 the owners right to open, with no
distance limit, light windows if they are built
so that they could stop the view to the
neighbouring fund.
The New Romanian Civil Code is

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dreptul legal de trecere in art. 617 620,

calificndu-l drept o limit legal a dreptului
de proprietate.
Astfel, conform art. 617, alin 1. din
Noul Cod civil, proprietarul fondului care
este lipsit de acces la calea public are
dreptul s i s permit trecerea pe fondul
vecinului su pentru exploatarea fondului
propriu.
n vechiul Cod civil dreptul de trecere
avea natura juridic a unei servitui de
trecere stabilit de lege, drept real,
dezmembrmnt al dreptului de proprietate.
Doctrina de specialitate 14 a
argumentat n mod judicios, c exist
distincie ntre dreptul legal de trecere i
servitutea legal de trecere, deosebire care
privete att natura juridic diferit a celor
dou instituii dar i mijloacele juridice de
aprare a acestora.
Astfel,
nu trebuie confundat
servitutea legal de trecere stricto sensu,
reglementat n art. 616-619 C.civ.din
vechiul Cod civil (art. 617-620 din Noul
Cod civil), cu servitutea de trecere stabilit
prin fapta omului, aceasta din urm fiind, de
regul, un dezmembrmnt veritabil al
dreptului de proprietate privat, i numai
uneori o simpl restrngere a exercitrii
acestui drept n raporturile de vecintate.15
n opinia literaturii de specialitate de
dat recent16 dreptul de trecere, ca limit
legal a dreptului de proprietate, constituie
posibilitatea proprietarului fondului care este
lipsit de acces la calea public (fondul
dominant) de a avea acces la calea public
prin fondul vecinului (fondul aservit) n
vederea exploatrii fondului propriu.
Rezult c, in viziunea noii
reglementri titularul dreptului de trecere
poate fi doar proprietarul unui fond care
este un teren lipsit de acces la calea public
(denumit fond dominant, deci terenul n
favoarea cruia se stabilete dreptul de
trecere). Aceast formulare conduce la
concluzia c nu vor mai beneficia de drept de
trecere proprietarii acelor terenuri care au o
cale de acces la drumul public, dar aceasta

governing the right of way in art. 617-620

qualifying it as a legal limit of ownership.
So, in according with art. 617, al. 1 of
The New Romanian Civil Code - the owner
of the fund which is deprived of access to a
public way has the right to be allowed for
him the passing on his neighbor fund in order
to exploit his own fund.
In the former Civil Code, the right of
way had a juridical nature of a servitude of
way established by law, real law,
dismembered property.
The specialty doctrine40 stated in a
judicious way that there is a distinction
between the legal law of way and the legal
servitude of way, difference concerning the
different juridical; nature of the two
institutions but also their juridical means of
defense.
So, it shouldnt be confused with the
legal passage servitude stricto sensu, settled
in art. 616-619 Civil code from the former
Civil Code (art. 617-620 from the New Civil
Code), with servitude of way established
though the action of the human being, this
latter being, commonly, a veritable
dismemberment of the private property right,
and only sometimes a simple limitation of
exercising this right in proximity rapports.41
In the opinion of recent time specialty
literature42 the right of way, as legal limit of
the property right, constitutes the possibility
of the owner of the ground connected to the
access at the public road dominant ground)
to have access at the public road from the
ground of the neighbor (locked ground) for
the exploitation of own ground.
It results that, in the vision of the new
settlement, the titular of the right of way can
be only the owner of a ground which is a
field attached on access to the public road

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presupune inconveniente grave sau este

periculoas, situaie permis de vechiul Cod
civil si acceptat, n egal msura de
doctrina si practica judiciara.17
Dreptul de trecere are caracter
imprescriptibil i se stinge n momentul n
care fondul dominant dobndete un alt acces
la calea public.
Exercitarea dreptului de trecere trebuie
s se fac cu respectarea urmtoarelor
condiii: s nu se aduc dect o minim
stnjenire exercitrii dreptului de proprietate
asupra fondului aservit; dac mai multe
fonduri vecine cu fondul dominant au acces
la calea public, trecerea se va face pe fondul
cruia i s-ar aduce cele mai puine
prejudicii.18
De asemenea o prevedere special este
aceea c daca dac lipsa accesului la drumul
public se datoreaz unor acte juridice de
partaj, vnzare etc., va trebui meninut calea
de acces anterioar.19
O alt prevedere cu caracter de noutate
coninuta de Nou Cod civil este aceea c,
dac lipsa accesului este imputabil
proprietarului fondului dominant, instana
judectoreasc nu poate stabili dreptul de
trecere n lipsa acordului proprietarului
fondului aservit (pe care se solicit trecerea).
Chiar n situaia n care acest acord ar exista,
proprietarul fondului aservit va trebui s fie
despgubit cu dublul despgubirii ce i s-ar
cuveni n mod obinuit.20 Cu privire la acest
ultim caz, in literatura de specialitate s-a
considerat c prevederea ca despgubirea s
fie dubl este dificil de ndeplinit atta
vreme ct ce nu se poate ti cu exactitate
care este cuantumul despgubirii pentru ca
aceasta s fie dublat.21
n acest sens, legiuitorul a oferit soluia,
instituind,
cu titlu general c pentru
pierderile suferite ca urmare a exercitrii
dreptului de trecere de ctre proprietarul
fondului dominant, proprietarul fondului
aservit trebuie s fie despgubit, iar n cazul
n care prile nu se neleg de comun acord
cu privire la valoarea despgubirilor, este
chemat
s
se
pronune
instana

(named dominant ground, so the field in

favor of which is established the right of
way). This formulation leads to the
conclusion that the owners of these fields,
having a road of access to the public road,
would not take advantaged on the right of
way, but this supposes grave inconvenient or
is dangerous, situation permitted by the
former Civil Code and accepted, in equal
extent by the judicial doctrine and practice.43
The right of way has an indefeasible
character and ceases at the moment when the
dominant grounds achieve another access to
the public road.
Exercising the right of way should be
realized by respecting the following
conditions: not to be brought but a minimal
encumbrance for exercising the right of
property on the locked ground; in case
several closed grounds with the dominant
one have an access to the public road, the
passage would be done on the grounds of
that bringing less prejudices.44
Also, a special provision is the one
that, in case the lack of the access to public
road is due to some juridical partition or sale
deeds, etc, should be maintained the previous
road of access .45
Another provision with novelty
character, contained in the new Civil Code is
the one that, in case the lack of access is
imputable to the owner of the dominant
grounds, the trial instance is not able to
establish the right of way, in the absence of
the consent of the locked grounds owner (of
which the right of way is requested). Even in
case when this consent would exist, the
owner of the locked grounds should be
reimbursed with the double of the
indemnification that normally would be due
to him.46 Concerning this latter case, in the

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judectoreasc (conform art. 620 din Noul

Cod civil)
Potrivit dispoziiilor art. 619 din Codul
civil referitoare la ntinderea i modul de
exercitare a dreptului de trecere, acestea sunt
determinate prin nelegerea prilor, prin
hotrre judectoreasc sau printr-o folosin
continu pe timp de zece ani.22
Alte limite legale prevzute n noul
Cod civil se refer la: dreptul de trecere
pentru utiliti (art. 621)23 cum ar fi, de pild,
reelele edilitare de natura conductelor de ap
sau gaz, cablurile electrice subterane sau
aeriene i alte asemenea; dreptul de trecere
pentru efectuarea unor lucrri (art. 622),24
cum sunt lucrrile necesare unui fond
nvecinat ori dreptul de trecere pentru
reintrarea n posesie a unui bun ajuns
ntmpltor pe fondul respectiv (art. 623) 25.
Spre deosebire de dreptul legal de
trecere, stabilit n interes privat, n cadrul
raporturilor de vecintate, dreptul de trecere
pentru utiliti este stabilit de lege n interes
public, n beneficiul
autoritilor publice
competente sau a celor crora li s-a acordat
dreptul de a realiza asemenea reele edilitare.
De asemenea, trebuie menionat c, pentru
realizarea lucrrilor n domeniul minier, n
cel petrolier sau n cel al energiei electrice,
exist prevederi speciale,26 ce instituie de
pild servitutea de trecere de suprafa sau
servitutea legal de trecere.
O noutate in materie o reprezint
reglementarea de ctre Noul cod civil in art.
624 a strii de necesitate care permite
folosirea sau chiar distrugerea unui bun al
altuia, pentru a se apra pe sine ori pe altul
de un pericol iminent. n aceast situaie,
proprietarul bunului folosit sau distrus are
dreptul s cear o despgubire, numai de la
cel care a fost salvat. Noul Cod civil
precizeaz c proprietarul care a provocat
sau a favorizat apariia pericolului nu poate
cere nici o despgubire.
Sub denumirea de Reguli speciale art.
625 din cod precizeaz c ngrdirile legale
reglementate de art. 604 624
se
completeaz cu dispoziiile legilor speciale

specialty literature, it has been considered

that the provision that indemnification be
double can hardly be accomplished
meanwhile it cannot be exactly known which
is the total of the indemnification for that to
be doubled.47
To this extent, the legislator offered
the solution, establishing, as a general title
the fact that losses suffered as a result of
exercising the right of way by the owner if
the dominant grounds, the owner of the
locked grounds should be indemnified, and
in case parties do not reach a common
agreement concerning the values of the
indemnifications, it is called to be
pronounced the trial instance (according to
the art. 620 from the New Civil Code).
According to the dispositions of art. 619
from the Civil Code concerning the
elongation and the modality of exercising the
right of way, these are determined by the
consent of the parties, by judicial decision or
by continuous usage for a period of ten
years.48
Other legal limits stipulated in the
new Civil Code refer to: the right to pass for
the utilities (art. 621)49 such as, for example,
the town networks like the water or gas
conducts,
the
underground
or
air
underground electric cables and others such;
the right to pass for accomplishing certain
works (art. 622)50, such as the works
necessary for a neighbouring fund, or the
right to pass for re-entering the possession of
a good that has accidently got to the
respective fund (art. 623).51
Unlike the legal right of way,
established in private interest, as part of
proximity rapports, the right of way for
utilities is established by law in public
interest, in the benefit of the competent
public authorities or of the ones to whom has
been granted the right to realize also some

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privind regimul juridic al anumitor bunuri,

cum ar fi terenurile i construciile de orice
fel, pdurile, bunurile din patrimoniul
naional-cultural, bunurile sacre ale cultelor
religioase, precum i altele asemenea.
Menionm c potrivit art. 59 din Legea
nr. 71/2011 pentru punerea n aplicare a
Legii nr. 287/2009 privind Codul Civil,
dispoziiile art. 602- 625 ( cele cu privire la
limitele legale) din noul Cod Civil nu se
aplic situaiilor juridice nscute anterior
intrrii n vigoare a acestuia.
Bibliografie:
Codul civil 2011 pe intelesul tuturor,
Editura Adevarul Holding, Bucuresti, 2011;
C. Brsan, Drept civil. Drepturi reale
principale, Ediia a a III-a revzut i
adugit, Editura Hamangiu, Bucureti,
2008;
L. Dnescu, L. Popoviciu, Dreptul de
proprietate privat n noul Cod, in Codul
civil, adnotat de expertii Caselor de
avocatura de top din Romania, Colectia Lex
Dex, Saptamina Financiar;
B. Florea, Civil Law. The Main Real
Rights, Universul Juridic Press, Bucharest,
2011;
V. Terzea, Servituile in dreptul civil
romn, Editura C. H. Beck, Bucureti, 2006;
M. Uliescu ( ccordonator), Noul Cod
civil. Comentarii., ediia a II a, , revzuta si
adaugita,
Editura
Universul
Juridic,
Bucureti, 2011;
M. Uliescu, A. Gherghe, Drept civil.
Drepturile
reale
principale,
Editura
Universul Juridic, Bucureti, 2011;
O. Ungureanu, C. Munteanu, Tratat de
drept civil. Bunurile. Drepturile reale
principale, Editura Hamangiu, Bucureti,
2008;
V. Stoica, Servitutea legal de trecere,
Dreptul nr. 11/2003;
V. Stoica, Drept civil. Drepturile reale
principale, Editura C. H. Beck, Bucureti,
2009.

urbanistic nets. Also, it should be mentioned

that, to realize activities in the mining or
petroleum field or in the one of electricity,
there are special provisions,52 establishing,
for instance, the servitude of way on surface
or the legal servitude of way.
A new element in matter is
represented by the regulation by the New
Civil Code in art. 624 of the necessity state
allowing the use or even the destruction of
another persons good, in order to protect
himself or another person from an imminent
danger. In this situation, the owner of the
used or destructed good has the right to
demand compensation, only from the one
who was saved. The New Civil Code
specifies that the owner who has provoked or
favoured the appearance of the danger can
demand no compensation.
Under the name of Special Rules, art.
625 of the code specifies that the legal
borders regulated by art. 604 624 are
completed by the stipulations of the special
laws regarding the juridical system of certain
goods, such as the fields and the
constructions of any kind, the forests, the
good of the national-cultural patrimony, the
sacred goods of the religious cults and others
such.
We mention that, according to art. 59 of
Law no. 71/2011 for applying Law no.
287/2009 regarding the Civil Code, the
stipulations of art. 602- 625 (the ones
regarding the legal limits) of the new Civil
Code are not applied to the juridical
situations born before its enforcement.
Bibliography:
Civil code 2011 to be understood by
everybody, Adevarul Holding Publishing
House, Bucharest, 2011;
C. Brsan, Civil law. Main real laws,
Third edition revised and complemented,
Hamangiu Publishing House, Bucharest,

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2008 ;
L. Dnescu, L. Popoviciu, Law of
private property in the new Civil Code, in
Civil Code, annotated by the experts of the
Top Lawyers house in Romania, Collection
Lex Dex, Financial Week.;
B. Florea, Civil law. Main real rights,
Juridical Universe Publishing House,
Bucharest, 2011;
V. Terzea, Servitudes in Romanian
Civil Law, C. H. Beck Publishing House,
Bucharest, 200;
M. Uliescu (coordinator), New Civil
Code. Commentaries, second edition, revised
and added, Juridical Universe Publishing
House, Bucharest, 2011;
M. Uliescu, A. Gherghe, Civil law.
Main real rights, Juridical Universe
Publishing House, Bucharest, 2011;
O. Ungureanu, C. Munteanu, Civil
law treaty. Goods. Main real laws,
Hamangiu Publishing House, Bucharest,
2008;
V.
Stoica, Legal right of way
servitudes, Law no. 11/2003
V. Stoica, Civil law. Main real laws,
C. H. Beck Publishing House, Bucharest,
2009;

Legea nr. 287/2009 privind Codul civil a fost publicat n Monitorul Oficial al Romniei, Partea I, nr. 511 din
24 iulie 2009, a fost modificat prin Legea nr. 71/2011 si rectificat in Monitorul Oficial al Romniei, Partea I,
nr. 427 din 17 iunie 2011 i n Monitorul Oficial al Romniei, Partea I, nr. 489 din 8 iulie 2011. Legea nr.
287/2009 a fost republicat n temeiul art. 218 din Legea nr. 71/2011 pentru punerea n aplicare a Legii nr.
287/2009 privind Codul civil, publicat in Monitorul Oficial al Romniei, Partea I, nr. 409 din 10 iunie 2011.
2
Conform art. 556, alin 1 din Noul Cod civil, dreptul de proprietate poate fi exercitat n limitele materiale ale
obiectului su. Acestea sunt limitele corporale ale bunului care formeaz obiectul dreptului de proprietate, cu
ngrdirile stabilite prin lege. Astfel, limitarea privete att corporabilitatea bunului, ct i voina legiuitorului.
3
Alineatul 2 al art. 556 din Noul Cod civil precizeaz posibilitatea limitrii exercitrii atributelor dreptului de
proprietate prin efectul legii, iar alin. 3 al aceluiai articol menioneaz c proprietatea poate fi limitat i prin
voina proprietarului, cu excepiile prevzute de lege.
4
Art. 44, alin .7 din Constituie : Dreptul de proprietate oblig la respectarea sarcinilor privind protecia
mediului i asigurarea bunei vecinti, precum i la respectarea celorlalte sarcini care, potrivit legii sau
obiceiului, revin proprietarului.
5
n acest sens a se vedea O. Ungureanu, C. Munteanu, Tratat de drept civil. Bunurile. Drepturile reale
principale, Editura Hamangiu, Bucureti, 2008, p. 527; C. Brsan, Drept civil. Drepturi reale principale,
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Ediia a a III-a revzut i adugit, Editura Hamangiu, Bucureti, 2008, p. 52; Pentru o tratare detaliat a
acestei problematici se vedea V. Terzea, Servituile in dreptul civil romn, Editura C. H. Beck, Bucureti,
2006, p. 13- 206
6
A se vedea B. Florea, Drept civil. Drepturile reale principale, Editura Universul Juridic, Bucureti, 2011,
p. 55
7
A se vedea B. Florea, op.cit. p. 56
8
A se vedea M. Uliescu ( ccordonator), Noul Cod civil. Comentarii., ediia a II a, revzut i adugit,
Editura Universul Juridic, Bucureti, 2011, p. 83
9
A se vedea B. Florea, op.cit. p. 58
10
M. Uliescu, A. Gherghe, Drept civil. Drepturile reale principale, Editura Universul Juridic, Bucureti,
2011, p. 118
11
Art. 612, din Noul Cod civil dispune: Orice construcii, lucrri sau plantaii se pot face de ctre
proprietarul fondului numai cu respectarea unei distane minime de 60 de cm fa de linia de hotar, dac nu
se prevede altfel prin lege sau prin regulamentul de urbanism, astfel nct s nu se aduc atingere
drepturilor proprietarului vecin. Orice derogare de la distana minim se poate face prin acordul prilor
exprimat printr-un nscris autentic.
12
Art. 613, alin. 1 din Noul Cod civil prevede c n lipsa unor dispoziii cuprinse n lege, regulamentul de
urbanism sau a obiceiului locului, arborii trebuie sdii la o distan de cel puin 2 metri de linia de hotar,
cu excepia acelora mai mici de 2 metri, a plantaiilor i a gardurilor vii.
13
Conform art. 613. alin 2 n caz de nerespectare a distanei, proprietarul vecin este ndreptit s cear
scoaterea ori, dup caz, tierea, la nlimea cuvenit, a arborilor, plantaiilor ori a gardurilor vii, pe
cheltuiala proprietarului fondului pe care acestea sunt ridicate. De asemenea, alin. 3 al aceluiai articol
prevede dreptul proprietarului fondului peste care se ntind rdcinile sau ramurile arborilor aparinnd
proprietarului vecin de a le tia, precum i dreptul de a pstra fructele czute n mod natural pe fondul su.
14
A se vedea, V. Stoica, Drept civil. Drepturile reale principale, Editura C. H. Beck, Bucureti, 2009, p.
119
15
Pentru o analiz detaliat a se vedea V. Stoica, Servitutea legal de trecere, n Dreptul nr. 11/2003, pp.
53-65.
16
A se vedea B. Florea, op.cit, p. 59
17
V. Stoica, op.cit. p. 121.
18
A se vedea B. Florea, op.cit. p. 59
19
A se vedea M. Uliescu ( ccordonator), op. cit. p.85
20
L. Dnescu, L. Popoviciu, Dreptul de proprietate privat n noul Cod, in Codul civil, adnotat de expertii
Caselor de avocatura de top din Romania, Colectia Lex Dex, Saptamina Financiar, p. 140
21
M. Uliescu, A. Gherghe, Drept civil. Drepturile reale principale, Editura Universul Juridic, Bucureti,
2011, p. 119
22
Codul civil 2011 pe intelesul tuturor, Editura Adevarul Holding, Bucuresti, 2011, p. 243;
23
Astfel, conform art. 621 din Noul Cod civil, alin 1 Proprietarul este obligat s permit trecerea prin
fondul su a reelelor edilitare ce deservesc fonduri nvecinate sau din aceeai zon de natura conductelor
de ap, gaz sau altele asemenea, a canalelor i a cablurilor electrice, subterane ori aeriene, dup caz,
precum i a oricror alte instalaii sau materiale cu acelai scop.
24
Potrivit art. 622, din Noul Cod civil, alin 1. de asemenea, proprietarul este obligat s permit folosirea
fondului su pentru efectuarea unor lucrri necesare fondului nvecinat, precum i accesul vecinului pe
terenul su pentru tierea crengilor i culegerea fructelor, n schimbul unei despgubiri, dac este cazul.
25
n acest sens art. 623 , alin 1 din Noul Cod civil prevede c proprietarul unui fond nu poate mpiedica
accesul altuia pentru a redobndi posesia unui bun al su, ajuns ntmpltor pe fondul respectiv, dac a fost
ntiinat n prealabil, iar alin 2 al aceluiai articol precizeaz c n toate cazurile, proprietarul fondului are
dreptul la o just despgubire pentru prejudiciile ocazionate de reintrarea n posesie, precum i pentru cele
pe care bunul le-a cauzat fondului.
26
A se vedea, n acest sens, urmtoarele acte normative: Legea nr. 85 din 18 martie 2003 a minelor,
publicat n Monitorul Oficial al Romniei, Partea I, nr. 197 din 27 martie 2003 , Legea nr. 238 din 7 iunie
2004 a petrolului i Legea nr. 13 din 9 ianuarie 2007 a energiei electrice, publicat n Monitorul Oficial al
Romniei, Partea I, nr. 51 din 15 ianuarie 2007, cu modificrile i completrile intervenite ulterior.
27
Law no. 287/2009 concerning Civil Code has been published in the Official Gazette of Romania, Part I,
no. 511 from 24 July 2009, has been modified by Law no. 71/2011 and rectified in the Official Gazette of
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Romania, Part I, no. 427 from 17 June 2011 and in the Official Gazette of Romania, Part I, no. 489 from 8
July 2011. Law no. 287/2009 has been republished based on art. 218 from Law no. 71/2011 to apply the
Law no. 287/2009 concerning Civil Code, published in the Official Gazette of Romania, Part I, no. 409
from 10 June 2011.
28
According to art. 556, paragraph 1 of the New Civil Code, the property right may be exerted in the
material limits of its object. These are the corporal limits of the good forming the object of the property
right, with the borders established by the law. Thus, the limitation regards both the good corporal feature
and the legislators will.
29
Paragraph 2 of art. 556 of the New Civil Code specifies the possibility to limit the exertion of the
attributes of the property right by the law effect, and paragraph 3 of the same article mentions that the
property may be also limited by the owners will, except for the situations stipulated by the law.
30
Art. 44, paragraph 7 of the Constitution: The property right forces to respect the targets regarding the
environmental protection and the providing of a good neighbourhood, and also the respecting of other
targets that, according to the law or the custom, belong to the owner.
31
To this extent, to be seen O. Ungureanu, C. Munteanu, Civil law treaty. Goods. Main real laws,
Hamangiu Publishing House, Bucharest, 2008, p. 527; C. Brsan, Civil law. Main real laws, Third edition
revised and complemented, Hamangiu Publishing House, Bucharest, 2008, p. 52; For a detailed treaty of
this problem, to be seen V. Terzea, Servitudes in Romanian Civil Law, C. H. Beck Publishing House,
Bucharest, 2006, p. 13- 206
32
See, B. Florea, Civil Law. The Main Real Rights, Universul Juridic Press, Bucharest, 2011, p. 55
33
See, B. Florea, op. cit. p. 56
34
To be seen M. Uliescu (coordinator), New Civil Code. Commentaries, second edition, revised and added,
Juridical Universe Publishing House, Bucharest, 2011, p. 83
35
See, B. Florea, op. cit. p. 58
36
M. Uliescu, A. Gherghe, Civil law. Main real rights, Juridical Universe Publishing House, Bucharest,
2011;
37
Art. 612, of the New Civil Code states: Any construction, work or plantation may be made by the fund
owner only by respecting a minimum distance of 60 cm to the border line, unless it is differently stipulated
by the law or by the urbanism regulation, so that we do not reach the neighbouring owners rights. Any
derogation from the minimum distance may be made by the agreement of the parties expressed in an
authentic paper.
38
Art. 613, paragraph 1 of the New Civil Code stipulates that, in the absence of certain stipulations
contained in the law, the urbanism regulation or the one of the local custom, the trees should be planted at
the distance of at least 2 metres from the border line, except for the ones smaller than 2 metres, for the
plantations and the hedges.
39
According to art. 613. paragraph 2 in case of non-respecting the distance, the neighbouring owner has the
right to require the taking out or, where applicable, the cutting, at the appropriate height, of the trees, of the
plantations or of the hedges, on the support of the owner of the fund where they are raised. Also, paragraph
3 of the same article stipulates the right of the owner of the fund where there are lied the roots or the
branches of the trees belonging to the neighbouring owner to cut them, and also to keep the fruits naturally
fallen down on his fund.
40
To be seen, V. Stoica, Civil law. Main real laws, C. H. Beck Publishing House, Bucharest, 2009, p. 119
41
For a detailed analysis, to be seen V. Stoica, Legal right of way servitudes, in Law no. 11/2003, p. 53-65
42
To be seen B. Florea,op.cit. p. 59
43
V. Stoica, op.cit. p. 121
44
B. Florea, op. cit. p. 59
45
To be seen M. Uliescu (coordinator), op. cit. , p. 85
46
L. Dnescu, L. Popoviciu, Law of private property in the new Civil Code, in Civil Code, annotated by
the experts of the Top Lawyers house in Romania, Collection Lex Dex, Financial Week., p. 140
47
M. Uliescu, A. Gherghe, Civil law. Main real rights, Juridical Universe Publishing House, Bucharest,
2011, p. 119
48
Civil code 2011 to be understood by everybody, Adevarul Holding Publishing House, Bucharest, 2011, p.
243
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49

So, according to art. 621 from the New Civil Code, paragraph 1 The owner compels to allow the
passage by his grounds of the urbanistic nets servicing adjacent grounds or from the same area of the type
of water, gas or other similar pumps, of the channels and or the electrical cables, underground of aerial,
depending on case, as well to any other installations or materials with the same purpose.
50
According to art. 622, from the New Civil Code, paragraph 1. also, the owner is obliged to allow the
usage of his grounds to realize some works which are necessary to some activities, as well as the access of
the neighbor on this grounds or for cutting branches and collecting fruits, in exchange of some
indemnifications, it adequate.
51
To this extent art. 623, paragraph from the New Civil Code indicates that the owner of a ground cannot
present the access of another to re-obtain the possessions of his property, arrived by change on those
grounds, in case it has been announced previously, and paragraph 2 of the same article indicates that, in all
cases, the owner of the grounds has the right to a correspondent indemnification for prejudices caused by
re-entering in possession, as well as for the ones that the property caused the grounds.
52
To this extent, to be seen the following normative documents: Law no. 85 from 18th March 2003 of
mines, published in the Official Gazette of Romania, Part I, no. 197 from 27th March 2003 , Law no. 238
from 7th June 2004 of the petroleum and Law no. 13 from 9th January 2007 of the electricity, published in
the Official Gazette of Romania, Part I, no. 51 from 15th January 2007, with the modifications and
completions realized ulterior .

Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 3/2011

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