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Formula 1 2014
A new era begins
for motor racing
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F1 2014 CONTENTS
CONTENTS
4
FORMULA 1 ENGINES
We look at how engine designers and engine builders have
coped with the new 1.6 litre V6 engines
10
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
With development the name of the game, we detail the
framework in which the FIA is limiting costs
14
MCLAREN ECU
McLaren introduced the standard ECU to the Formula 1 grid
in 2013. We take a look at it in detail
18
20
FORMULA 1 GEARBOXES
Xtrac takes us through the changes to the gearbox in 2014,
including the increase in the number of gears to eight
24
FORMULA 1 RULES
Formula 1 changes, and how the teams are coping with a
significant change in the rule book
32
FORMULA 1 TYRES
Once the key to performance and the subject of debate,
Pirelli has quietly introduced a who new range of tyres
36
FORMULA 1 CARS
We take a look at the entire Formula 1 grid, detailing their
testing performance and the technical partners
51
F1 2014 ENGINES
New power
generation
Radical rulebook changes bring turbocharging back
to F1 and make hybrid systems much more potent
but fuel management will be particularly important
By SAM COLLINS
F1 2014 ENGINES
All the energy from fuel and battery is so precious that we have to identify
where deployment of the energy will be beneficial over the whole lap
Formula 1 u Digital Edition
The new 1.6-litre power units are noticeably larger than the 2013 2.4-litre V8s due to the various additional subsystems required
F1 2014 ENGINES
DYNO DRAMAS
The development of the turbo engine has had
some unexpected side effects for the staff at
Renaultsport F1, with Rob White among a number
of employees who lost their car parking places
at the firms factory on the outskirts of Paris.
Fundamentally the big thing we are looking for is
thermal efficiency, and the way that will come is
from combustion development. The big meat of
that is understanding the combustion system, and
the interactions between the combustion system
and the supercharging system.
CONNECTING
INTELLIGENCE
Interpreting the system requirements
of top level motorsport designers takes
more than simply applying tried and tested
formulae, it takes years of experience
and intuitive thinking. Blending this with
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customers in F1, endurance and WRC in
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hard-line manufacture cnc machining
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Filtration
F1 2014 ENGINES
The detail of the rulebook in relation to the powertrain marking the first major changes
in over six years looks set to provide a huge shot in the arm for top-level racing
By SAM COLLINS
After you supply the homologation dossier and the power unit to the
FIA, there can be no change to the spec without their prior approval
Formula 1 u Digital Edition
Function details
Upper/lower crankcase
Upper/lower crankcase
Cylinder head
Combustion
Valves drive
Valve drive
Covers
Covers closing the areas in contact with engine oil cam covers,
cam-timing covers
Crankshaft
Crankshaft
Con rods
Pistons
Weight
Inlet system
Inlet system
Pressure charging
Pressure charging
Pressure charging
Pressure charging
Electrical system
Ignition system
Lubrication
All parts in which circulates oil under pressure (oil pump gears,
channels, piping, jets) and not mentioned elsewhere in the table
Friction coatings
1
Complete. All internals including bearings, casing
Position, transmission
Power electronics
Position, transmission
Power electronics
ERS
Wiring loom
ES
ES
BMS
ERS cooling/lubrication
MGU-K
MGU-K
For 2019 +
2020
MGU-K
For 2018
MGU-H
For 2017
(Above) temperature
1
stickers have been
From ancillary to power source. Includes position of the ancillariesintroduced
3 for 2014,
as far as drive is concerned
which read1 the max
Including filter. Excluding internal if no impact on body
temperature
Any scavenging system
1 reached
by the tyre1 tread while
Oil/air separator, oil tank, catch tank
theyre being
Include power unit mounted water pipes
1 pre-heated
by teams in
PU mounted fuel system components (eg high pressure
2 their blankets
Plenum and associated actuators. Excluding pressure charging,
trumpets and throttle associated parts and actuators
MGU-H
For 2016
Inlet system
MGU-H
For 2015
For 2015
For 2016
For 2017
For 2018
For 2019
For 2020
66
66
66
66
66
66
61
51
51
43
32
25
20
15
48
38
30
23
15
15
23
63
63
% PU being frozen
23
23
35
95
95
F1 2014 ENGINES
The game will become working out which areas of development will
be the ones to provide you the best return on investment
POINTS OF INTEREST
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The current ECU is one size fits all, but teams will be able to use software to develop the new module, although the FIA still has control over driver aids
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Heightened sensors
mologated
MEASUREMENT
F1 2014 TRANSMISSIONS
Changing gears
With so much focus on the new F1 engines, a transmission rule change has slipped through
almost unnoticed. But it has created opportunities and headaches for manufacturers
By SAM COLLINS
F1 2014 TRANSMISSIONS
Redacted internals
from the Xtrac gearbox,
which will be used in
the 2014 F1 season
SUPER STEEL
Xtracs new XM033 steel could be a crucial link for some
teams struggling to cope with the increased demands
of the new power unit, and with rumours of failing
input shafts rife in the paddock, the new material could
be just what the teams need. It is an ultra high strength
(2000MPa) shaft and gear steel, which offers improved
bearing properties due to its higher alloy content.
XM033 offers the advantage of high core strength
for shafts, but also improved bearing properties for
integrated rolling contact surfaces. Due to the balance
of alloying elements, properties of surface hardness
(>700Hv), core strength (2000MPa) and elevated
tempering temperature (300degC) means that the
alloy is ideally suited for arduous applications such as
cross-shafts, integral bearing drive and clutch-shafts
and highly stressed gears.
The result is a readily carburisable material able
to simultaneously exhibit bearing properties and
high core strength. This material is readily suited to
driveshafts with integral bearings, now becoming
popular in many motorsport applications.
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F1 2014 RULEBOOK
Unravelling
the regs
The new rulebook has produced innovation and
controversy across the board, but meeting the
new demands has caused headaches for engineers
By SAM COLLINS
SAFETY CONCERNS
F1 2014 RULEBOOK
The new regulations based around the nose of the Formula 1 cars have been controversial and have led to a
raft of significantly different designs. The regulations themselves have come under scrutiny as the noses are
so low that designers fear that they will submarine under cars, and launch them
F1 2014 RULEBOOK
Packaging the power unit is a challenge, not least due to
its high cooling demands and high weight. The units proved
to be unreliable in testing, leaving many teams struggling
to even get their cars to run on track
CM
MY
CY
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F1 2014 RULEBOOK
The cooling system on the cars is proving to be a major packaging issue. Here on the
Caterham CT05, two heat exchangers are visible, as is the lower side impact structure
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F1 2014 TYRES
Treading carefully
After a troubled 2013 season, Pirelli is confident that its new crop of tyres will perform
By SAM COLLINS
(Above) temperature
stickers have been
introduced for 2014,
which read the max
temperature reached
by the tyre tread while
theyre being pre-heated
by teams in their blankets
F1 2014 TYRES
XPB
Our testing data so far indicates that the 2014 tyres are more
consistent and durable than their predecessors
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F1
2014 THE
GRID
FEATURE
TITLE
Marine Engineering
Formula
1 u Digital Edition
u Digital Supplement
Formula
1 u Digital
Edition
Marine Engineering
u Digital
Supplement
cLaren revealed
images of its 2014
car just before the
start of the Jerez
pre-season test, and the car
remains without a full livery. In a
statement the team said: We have
responded to the disappointment
of our 2013 season by pragmatically
framing our approach to the
technical challenge. The new
MP4-29 is a sensible and calculated
response to the new regulations.
But it is very much a frozen
snapshot of the design teams
steep development curve, and,
as such, is a machine that will
potentially undergo more technical
change throughout a single season
than any other car in McLarens long
and illustrious history.
The challenge for 2014 is to
build-in both performance and
reliability something that can no
longer be taken for granted given
Engine
Mercedes-Benz PU106A Hybrid ,
Internal Combustion Engine: Capacity
1.6 litres, Cylinders Six, Bank angle
90, No of valves 24, Max rpm ICE
15,000 rpm, Max fuel flow rate 100
kg/hour (above 10,500 rpm)
Fuel injection
High-pressure direct injection (max
500 bar, one injector/cylinder),
Pressure charging Single-stage
compressor and exhaust turbine on
a common shaft, Max rpm exhaust
turbine 125,000 rpm
ERS
MGU-K maximum speed 50,000rpm,
max power 120kW, max energy
recovery 2MJ/lap, max energy
deployment 4MJ/lap
MGU-H Maximum speed 125,000rpm,
max power unlimited, max energy
recovery unlimited, max energy
deployment unlimited. Energy store
Lithium-ion battery
Lubricants and fluids
Mobilith SHC
Radio
Kenwood
Steering
Williams power-assisted rack
and pinion
Fuel system
ATL Kevlar-reinforced rubber bladder
Electronic systems
FIA SECU standard electronic
control unit
Cooling system
Aluminium oil, water and gearbox
radiators
Cockpit
Six point driver safety harness with
75mm shoulder straps and HANS
system, removable anatomically
formed carbon fibre seat
Engine
Mercedes-Benz PU106A hybrid
ICE capacity 1.6 litres, six cylinders,
90deg bank angle, 24 valves
Max rpm ICE 15,000rpm
max fuel flow rate 100 kg/hour
(above 10,500 rpm)
Fuel injection
High-pressure direct injection
(max 500 bar, one injector/cylinder),
Pressure charging: single-stage
compressor and exhaust turbine
on a common shaft
max rpm exhaust turbine 125,000rpm
ERS
Mercedes AMG HPP
Dimensions
Overall length: 5000mm
Overall height: 950mm
Overall width: 1800mm
ith uncertainty
about the impact
of the new rules,
the Ferrari-powered
Sauber C33 was designed to be
as flexible as possible to allow the
Swiss engineers to react to any
design trend that emerges. Perhaps
the most visually striking element
of the Sauber C33-Ferrari is the
very low, snout-like nose. The front
wing pylons attachments on the
nose have been moved out as far
as possible allowed by the
regulations to channel as much air
as possible under the car.
The front suspension concept
has changed little, with its springs
and dampers again pushrodactuated. However, the changes
to the regulations regarding the
chassis profile have called for some
detail adjustments.
The side crash elements have
had a significant influence on
the form of the sidepods, which
is clearly visible in the design of
the car. The cooling air intakes are
slightly larger than those of last
Engine
Ferrari 059/3 1.6 litre six cylinder
single turbo. V6 90 degree. Bore
80mm, stroke 53mm, 4 valves per
cylinder, 500 bar-direct injection
ERS
Battery energy per lap 4MJ, MGU-K
power 120kW, MGU-K max revs
50,000rpm, MGU-H max revs
125,000rpm
Dimensions
Overall length: 5300mm
Overall height: 950mm
Overall width: 1800mm
Track
Front 1460mm
Rear 1416mm
Brake system
Brembo pads and discs, brake by wire
Steering
Scuderia Toro Roso
Fuel system
ATL Kevlar-reinforced rubber bladder
with Scuderia Toro Rosso internals
Electronic systems
FIA SECU standard electronic control
unit
Cooling system
Scuderia Toro Rosso for radiators,
heat exchangers, intercoolers
Cockpit
Seatbelts: OMP/Sabelt
Engine
Renault Energy F1-2014, 1.6 litre 90
degree 6-cylinder. Max rpm 15,000,
24 valves. Cylinder block in aluminium
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GO DIGIT
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Wing fundamentals
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Spotlight on Le Mans
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Equivalence of Technolo
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