ME 323 : I.

C Engines
Combustion in I.C Engines

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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Slide 1

INTRODUCTION

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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 Combustion
Conditions for combustion
Ignition Limits
Combustion Equations
Stoichiometric Combustion
Air requirement
Composition of air
January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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 Air-fuel ratio
Fuel-air ratio
Relative air-fuel ratio
Equivalence ratio
Pre-mixed and Diffusion combustion
Swirl/Squish/Turbulence
January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

4
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26, 2015
Slide 4

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

5
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Slide 5

For all calculation : O2 = 21% ; N2 = 79% and ratio of N2/O2 is 3.76

Average molecular mass of air is 28.967 or 29 kg/kmol.
January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

6
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26, 2015
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January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

7
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 Swirl :

The orderly motion of the air particularly almost parallel to

the axis of the engine.

Very much required for diesel engines.

Squish/Squash :

The radial inward motion of the air-fuel mixture towards

(squish) and away from the axis of the engine (squash).

Very much required for the gasoline engines.

Turbulence :

Random mixing of the burned and unburned gases

very much required for both Otto and Diesel engines.

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

8
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26, 2015
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January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

9
JanuarySlide
26, 2015
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January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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26, 2015
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Normal Combustion
in SI Engines

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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26, 2015
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January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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January
26, 2015
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January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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26, 2015
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Combustion in SI engine

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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January
26, 2015
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January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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26, 2015
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COMBUSTION QUALITY
Flames detected
between

Type of cycle

- 450 and TDC

early burn cycle

TDC and 45

Fast burning cycles

450 and 900

slow burn cycles

90 and BDC

Late burn cycles

BDC and TDC

delayed burn cycles

Flames not detected

misfires and partial burn

cycles

Good combustion is almost entirely made up of fast burn cycles.

poor combustion consists of a high proportion of late and
delayed burn cycles.
January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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26, 2015
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EFFECT OF ENGINE VARIABLES

ON IGNITION LAG
1. Fuel
2. Mixture ratio:

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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26, 2015
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3. Initial temperature and pressure

4. Electrode gap :

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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26, 2015
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5. Turbulence:

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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26, 2015
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EFFECT OF ENGINE VARIABLES ON FLAME

PROPAGATION
1. Fuel-air ratio :

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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26, 2015
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Rate of Burning

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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26, 2015
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January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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26, 2015
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2. Compression Ratio

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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3. Intake temperature and pressure

4. Engine load
5. Turbulence
6. Engine Speed
7. Engine size

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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January
26, 2015
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January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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25
January
26, 2015
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Combustion Chambers
for
Four Stroke SI Engines

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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26, 2015
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Early Ricardo turbulent combustion chamber (1968)

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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26, 2015
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Old type Combustion Chambers for SI engines

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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28
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26, 2015
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January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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29
January
26, 2015
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January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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30
January
26, 2015
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January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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31
January
26, 2015
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January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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32
January
26, 2015
Slide 32

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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33
January
26, 2015
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Combustion Chambers
for
Two Stroke SI Engines

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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34
January
26, 2015
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January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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35
January
26, 2015
Slide 35

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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36
January
26, 2015
Slide 36

Abnormal Combustion
in SI Engines

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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37
January
26, 2015
Slide 37

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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38
January
26, 2015
Slide 38

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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39
January
26, 2015
Slide 39

p-t diagram of a normal cycle

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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40
January
26, 2015
Slide 40

p-t diagram of a knocking cycle

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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41
January
26, 2015
Slide 41

Knock Limited Parameters

Knock Limited Compression Ratio
Knock Limited Inlet Pressure
Knock Limited Indicated Mean Effective Pressure
Performance number is defined as the ratio of Klimep with the fuel in
question to Klimep with isooctane when the inlet pressure is kept
constant.
Relative performance number, rpn :

rpn

Actual Performance number

Performance number corresponding to the imep of 100

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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42
January
26, 2015
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EFFECT OF ENGINE VARIABLES ON KNOCK

Density factors
Time factors
Composition factors

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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43
January
26, 2015
Slide 43

Density Factors:
Compression Ratio
Mass of Inducted Charge
Inlet Temperature of the Mixture
Temperature of the Combustion Chamber Walls
Retarding the Spark Timing
Power Output of the Engine

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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44
January
26, 2015
Slide 44

Time Factors:

Turbulence

Engine Speed

Flame Travel Distance

Engine Size

Combustion Chamber Shape

Location of Spark Plug

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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45
January
26, 2015
Slide 45

Composition Factors:

Fuel-Air Ratio:

Octane Value of the Fuel:

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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46
January
26, 2015
Slide 46

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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47
January
26, 2015
Slide 47

KNOCK RATING OF SI FUELS

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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48
January
26, 2015
Slide 48

Normal Combustion
in CI Engines

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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49
January
26, 2015
Slide 49

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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50
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26, 2015
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Schematic representation of a fuel jet

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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51
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26, 2015
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Disintegration of a fuel jet

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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52
January
26, 2015
Slide 52

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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53
January
26, 2015
Slide 53

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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54
January
26, 2015
Slide 54

Effect of fuel-air ratio on power output of CI engine

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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55
January
26, 2015
Slide 55

Stages of combustion in CI engines

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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56
January
26, 2015
Slide 56

P-t diagram showing delay period

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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57
January
26, 2015
Slide 57

Steps of combustion process in CI engine

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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58
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26, 2015
Slide 58

Combustion Rate (CI)

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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26, 2015
Slide 59

Effect of varying the amount of fuel

injected on P- diagram

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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60
January
26, 2015
Slide 60

FACTORS AFFECTING THE DELAY PERIOD

Compression ratio
Engine speed
Power output
Atomization of fuel and duration of
injection
Injection timing
Quality of the fuel
Intake temperature
Intake pressure

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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61
January
26, 2015
Slide 61

Effect of compression ratio on maximum air

temperature and minimum autoignition temperature
January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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62
January
26, 2015
Slide 62

Effect of speed on ignition delay in a diesel engine

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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63
January
26, 2015
Slide 63

Effect of injection timing on indicator diagram

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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64
January
26, 2015
Slide 64

Effect of engine variables on ignition delay

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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65
January
26, 2015
Slide 65

Abnormal Combustion
in CI Engines

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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66
January
26, 2015
Slide 66

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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67
January
26, 2015
Slide 67

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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68
January
26, 2015
Slide 68

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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69
January
26, 2015
Slide 69

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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70
January
26, 2015
Slide 70

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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71
January
26, 2015
Slide 71

Combustion Chambers for

Four Stroke CI Engines

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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72
January
26, 2015
Slide 72

CI Engine Combustion chambers

Open chamber or DI engine
Divided chamber or IDI engine

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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73
January
26, 2015
Slide 73

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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74
January
26, 2015
Slide 74

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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75
January
26, 2015
Slide 75

Phases of Combustion in
Toroidal open combustion
chamber

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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76
January
26, 2015
Slide 76

M-Combustion chamber

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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77
January
26, 2015
Slide 77

IDI Combustion chambers

Swirl generation:
Induction induced swirl
Compression induced swirl
Combustion induced swirl

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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78
January
26, 2015
Slide 78

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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79
January
26, 2015
Slide 79

Combustion in Ricardo swirl Chamber - Comet

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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80
January
26, 2015
Slide 80

Swirl chambers

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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81
January
26, 2015
Slide 81

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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82
January
26, 2015
Slide 82

Pre-combustion chambers

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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83
January
26, 2015
Slide 83

Mercedes Benz
Pre-combustion System

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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84
January
26, 2015
Slide 84

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

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85
January
26, 2015
Slide 85

Advantages of DI engines
Fuels of poorer ignition quality can be
used.
Single-hole injection nozzles and
moderate injection pressures can be
used and can tolerate greater degrees
of nozzle fouling.
Higher fuel-air ratios can be used
without smoke.

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide
86
January
26, 2015
Slide 86

Disadvantages of IDI Engines

More expensive cylinder construction.
More difficult cold starting because of
greater heat loss through the throat.
Poorer fuel economy due to greater
heat losses and pressure losses
through the throat, which result in
lower thermal efficiency and higher
pumping loss.
January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide
87
January
26, 2015
Slide 87

Knock Rating of CI Engine Fuel

Cetane number
Variable compression ratio engine
CFR Engine

January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide
88
January
26, 2015
Slide 88

THE END
January
26,
2015
Dr. J. M.
Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide
89
January
26, 2015
Slide 89